Kukula, Zitsanzo ndi Zotsatira Zodzikonda Zomwe Zilipo Zomwe Zolaula Zimagwiritsidwa Ntchito ku Polish University Ophunzira: Phunziro Lachigawo (2019)

Ndemanga za YBOP: Zomwe zapezazi zikugwirizana ndi zonena za YBOP, pomwe zikuwononga kwambiri zoyankhula za naysayers (kulumikiza ku pepala lonse).

Chiwerengero cha anthu:

  • Ophunzira a 6463 (2633 amuna ndi 3830 akazi), zaka za 18-26 zaka. Zambiri za deta kuchokera kumagulu omwe akugwiritsa ntchito (n = 4260)
  • Pafupi a 80% a ophunzira awonetsedwa ku zolaula (zaka zapakati pa nthawi yoyamba: zaka 14).
ZOTHANDIZA (Phunzirani momveka bwino m'mawu ofotokozera):
  1. Kupirira / kukula: Chodziwika kwambiri chodzidzimutsa cholakwika Zotsatira zolaula zimagwiritsidwa ntchito: kufunika kokakamiza kwambiri (12.0%) ndi zowonjezera zowononga (17.6%) kuti afike pachimake, ndi kuchepa kwa kukhutira kugonana (24.5%) ......  Kafukufukuyu akuwonetsanso kuti kuwonekera koyambirira kumatha kulumikizidwa ndi zomwe zingayambitse kukhumba zogonana monga zikuwonetsedwera pakufunika kolimbikitsana kwanthawi yayitali komanso zolimbikitsa zogonana zomwe zimafunikira kufikira pachimake mukamadya zolaula, ndikuchepetsa kukhutira kwakugonana .. .. Zosintha zingapo za Zithunzi zolaula zomwe zimachitika panthawi yomwe zidawonekera zidanenedwa: kusinthira mtundu wazinthu zolaula (46.0%), kugwiritsa ntchito zinthu zomwe sizikugwirizana ndi kugonana (60.9%) ndipo zimafunikira kugwiritsa ntchito kwambiri (zachiwawa zinthu (32.0%)…
  2. Amitengo yayikulu pamalingaliro, ngakhale “ozindikira”: Dkugwiritsira ntchito mowa ndi kudzidzimitsa yekha kunanenedwa ndi 10.7% ndi 15.5%, motero. Kugonana kwa amuna ndi akazi omwe anali achiwerewere kunali kofanana!
  3. Kuchotsa zizindikiro: ngakhale osaletsa (onani patebulo): 51% idayesera kusiya ngakhale kamodzi, ndi 72.2% ya omwe akumana ndi zochotsa: Insomnia, Irritability, Kutetemera, Kupsinjika, kuda nkhawa, kuchepa kwa Libido, Kukhumudwa, Maloto osokoneza, kusokonezeka, kusungulumwa ...
  4. Wachinyamata = mavuto ena: Zaka zoyamba kugwiritsidwa ntchito poyang'ana zolaula zimakhudzidwa ndi kuwonjezeka kwa zotsatira zowononga za zolaula kwa achinyamata - zomwe zimapezeka kwambiri kwa akazi ndi amuna omwe amawonekera pa zaka 12 kapena pansipa. Ngakhale kuti kufufuza pamtanda sikulola kulolera kafukufuku, zotsatirazi zingasonyeze kuti ubwana wothandizana ndi zolaula zingakhale ndi zotsatira za nthawi yaitali ....
  5. Ophunzira akukhulupirira kuti zolaula ndizofunika pa umoyo: Phunziroli, ophunzira omwe adafunsidwa kawirikawiri amasonyeza kuti zolaula zimakhala ndi zotsatira zovuta pa ubale, chikhalidwe, kugonana, ndipo zingakhudze chitukuko cha umoyo pa ubwana ndi unyamata. Ngakhale zili choncho, ambiri a iwo sankagwirizana ndi zofunikira zotsutsa zolaula ....
  6. Ena mAmuna amafunikira zinthu zamwano (koma): kafukufukuyu akupeza kuti kufunika kokhala ndi zolaula zowonongeka kwambiri kaŵirikaŵiri kunenekedwa ndi amuna akudzifotokoza okha kuti ndi achiwawa.
  7. Koma, akazi ambiri amayamba kuchita zachiwerewere zachiwawa: Zithunzi zolaula zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito pochitika nthawi zinafotokozedwa: kusinthira mtundu wina wa zinthu zosaoneka bwino (46.0%), kugwiritsa ntchito zipangizo zomwe sizikugwirizana ndi kugonana (60.9%) ndipo zimayenera kugwiritsa ntchito zambiri zinthu zoopsa (zachiwawa) (32.0%). The kumapeto kwache kunali kofala kwambiri ndi akazi kumadziwona ngati achidwi poyerekeza ndi omwe amadziona ngati osazindikira ...
  8. Ndiye zolaula! Makhalidwe osagwirizana ndi zotsatira: Ndizosiyana, palibe umunthu wa umunthu, womwe unadziwonetsera wekha mu phunziro ili, unasiyanitsa zolaula zomwe anaphunzira. Zotsatira izi zimatsimikizira lingaliro lakuti kupeza ndi kupezeka pa zolaula pakali pano ndizokulu kwambiri kuti zifotokoze makhalidwe ena apadera a anthu ogwiritsa ntchito awo. Komabe, tawonetseratu zosangalatsa zokhudzana ndi ogulitsa omwe adawonetsa kuti akufunika kuona zolaula zoopsa kwambiri. Monga tawonetsera, kugwiritsidwa ntchito mobwerezabwereza zakuthupi kungathe kugwirizanitsa ndi chilakolako chomwe chimapangitsa kufunika kokhala ndi zinthu zoopsa zowonjezera kugonana [32].

Mfundo yofunika - ngati kafukufuku amafunsadi mafunso oyenera, zimawulula zenizeni. Kafukufuku wambiri amadalira mafunso opanda pake (Monga PCES kapena CPUI-9). Tikufuna maphunziro ochulukirapo ngati awa.

Int. J. Environ. Res. Thanzi Labwino 2019, 16(10), 1861;

https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph16101861

Aleksandra Diana Dwulit ndi Piotr Rzymski *

Dipatimenti ya Environmental Medicine, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, 60-806 Poznan, Poland

Kudalirika

Kufufuza kumeneku kwa ophunzira a ku Poland (n = 6463) amayesa kuchuluka kwa kayendedwe ka zithunzi zolaula, zotsatira zake zokhazokha, kuwonongera kwa zolaula zomwe amadzionera, komanso malingaliro a zotsatira za zolaula ndi udindo wake. Pafupi a 80% a ophunzira awonetsedwa ku zolaula (zaka zapakati pa nthawi yoyamba: zaka 14). Kusindikiza mavidiyo kunasankhidwa kachitidwe kawiri kawiri. Mulojekiti ya ogwiritsa ntchito zamakono (n = 4260), kugwiritsa ntchito tsiku ndi tsiku komanso kudziyesa wokha kunanenedwa ndi 10.7% ndi 15.5%, motsatana. Ambiri mwa omwe adafunsidwapo sananene kuti zoyipa zilizonse zokhudzana ndi zolaula zimakhudzana ndi kugonana, kugonana, komanso kukondana. M'malo mwake, oposa kotala limodzi la ophunzira muubwenzi adanenapo zabwino zake. Zotsatira zoyipa zomwe zimawonedwa zolaula zimaphatikizira: kufunika kokakamiza kwakanthawi (12.0%) ndi zina zambiri zogonana (17.6%) kuti ufike pachimake, ndikuchepetsa kukhutitsidwa ndi kugonana (24.5%). Amuna ndi akazi omwe ali ndi Index Mass Mass> 25 kg / m2 nthawi zambiri amafotokoza kuchepa kwa ubale wawo womwe umakhudzana ndi zolaula. Zaka zoyambira kuwonekera koyamba zimalumikizidwa kwambiri ndi kusowa kwakukakamiza kwakanthawi komanso zoyeserera zakugonana kuti zitheke zolaula mukamagwiritsa ntchito zolaula, kuchepa pakukhutira ndi kugonana, ubale wabwino, kunyalanyaza zosowa zofunikira ndi ntchito chifukwa chogwiritsa ntchito zolaula, komanso kudzizindikira Kuledzera kwa akazi ndi abambo. Zomwe zinali zovuta kwambiri nthawi zonse zimawonedwa pazaka <zaka 12 ponena za kuwonekera zaka> 16. Malinga ndi ophunzira ambiri omwe adafunsidwapo, zolaula zitha kukhala ndi zotsatirapo zovuta paumoyo wamunthu, ngakhale zoletsa kufikira siziyenera kuyendetsedwa. Phunziroli limapereka chidziwitso chazambiri zakugwiritsa ntchito zolaula kwa achikulire achichepere aku Poland.
Mfundo zolaula; kuphunzira; ophunzira oyunivesite; zotsatira zoziganizira; kufufuza mafunso

1. Introduction

Makampani oonera zolaula akhala akukula mofulumira chifukwa cha kuwonjezeka kwa intaneti kwapadera komanso kupita patsogolo kwamakono, makamaka pakusakanikirana ndi mafilimu omwe amalola omvera kupitirizabe kuwona zinthu, nthawi zambiri kanema, popanda kuwunikira [1]. Choncho, n'zosadabwitsa kuti zinthu zolaula zilipo tsopano ndipo zimapezeka mosavuta pa intaneti pomwe zidafunidwa ndipo nthawi zina zimakhala zovuta kupeŵa [2,3].
Malingana ndi ziwerengero zomwe zinafalitsidwa ndi Pornhub, webusaiti yayikulu pa intaneti yomwe ili ndi zifukwa zomveka bwino, gulu la zithunzi zolaula likuwonjezeka ndipo limayimilira ndi amuna (oposa 70% mwa ogwiritsa ntchito) ndi achinyamata, pansi pa zaka 34 [4]. Malingana ndi deta iyi, pa 70% a anthu akuluakulu a ku US, omwe ali ndi zaka 18-30, amavomereza kuwonerera zolaula kamodzi pa mwezi pamene pafupifupi 60% a ophunzira a koleji amavomereza kuti azigwiritsa ntchito kamodzi pamlungu [5]. Achinyamata amakhalanso gulu lofunika kwambiri la owonerera zolaula pa Intaneti omwe amawagwiritsa ntchito m'mayiko monga Taiwan ndi Sweden akuyerekezera kuti akufika pa 59% ndi 96%, motero [6,7].
Ngakhale kuti zolaula zili ndi mbiri yakale, mosakayikira zipangizo zamakono zakhala zikuyendetsa kumalo atsopano. Zaperekedwa tsopano m'mitundu yosalekeza yosagwirizana ndi kugonana kudzera m'mabuku a pa Intaneti omwe akupezeka pa Intaneti pafupipafupi kudzera mu chipangizo chilichonse chokhala ndi Intaneti, makamaka ngati zithunzi zolaula, zomwe zimati ndizo zowonongeka kwa mitundu yonse ya zinthu zofotokozera [8,9]. Zosangalatsa, zosiyana, ndi mphamvu zowonongeka zomwe zithunzi zolaula zingathe kugwiritsidwa ntchito kwa ogula ake zimasonyeza kuti zingagwire ntchito monga zozizwitsa zosaneneka [10,11,12]. Komabe pali zifukwa zotsutsana ndi zotsatira zomwe zingagwire ntchito kwa ogula ake. Kafukufuku wina adafotokoza kuti nthawi yayitali yogwiritsira ntchito correlates ndi erectile dys function, decreased libido [12,13,14,15], chidwi chachikulu pa zolaula kuposa kugonana ndi anthu enieni [13,16], ndi kuchepetsa kugonana ndi chiyanjano chaukwati [15,17,18,19,20]. Munthu ayenera kudziwa kuti zochuluka za kufufuzazi sizingathe kuwona zomwe zikuchitika, komanso kuti pali zofukufuku zina zomwe zimapanga ndemanga zosiyana. Mwachitsanzo, kufufuza kwa magawo osiyanasiyana ndi kufufuza kwa kuyesera sikulephera kupeza mgwirizano pakati pa kuwonongeka kwa erectile ndi zolaula zimagwiritsa ntchito [21,22,23,24], kafukufuku wina amasonyezanso kuti amuna omwe ali ndi matenda opatsirana pogonana, monga erectile dysfunction, angagwiritse ntchito zolaula zambiri, kuphatikizapo zikhalidwe zomwe amadziona kuti ndizovuta [24]. Palinso zofufuzira zomwe zimalumikizana bwino pakati pa zolaula zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito mwa amuna ndi chilakolako chawo chogonana, chilakolako cha makhalidwe aumunthu komanso ogonana [23], komanso maphunziro omwe akusonyeza kuti zolaula zimatha kuchepetsa makhalidwe owopsa a kugonana [25], kusonyeza kuti amayi omwe ali ndi zibwenzi za nthawi yaitali omwe amagwiritsa ntchito zolaula nthawi zambiri amatha kuwunikira chikhumbo chogonana kwa anzawo ndi kupereka chikhumbo chokwanira chogonana [26], ndikugogomezera kuti kuonera zolaula pazochitika zogonana amuna kapena akazi okhaokha zikugwirizana ndi kuwonjezeka kwa kukhutira ndi kugonana [27]. Zonsezi, pakufunika kufufuza zolaula zimagwiritsidwa ntchito pakati pa magulu osiyanasiyana komanso pogwiritsa ntchito njira zosiyanasiyana zofufuzira zomwe zikuphatikizapo magawo otsogolera, otsogolera, komanso otsogolera.
Kulimbana ndi zolaula si matenda omwe amadziwika bwino mu ICD-10 kapena DSM-5, choncho, ena ofufuza amawatcha kuti "zolaula zolaula" [28,29,30]. Umboni wochokera ku maphunziro a ubongo umasonyeza kuti ungagwirizane ndi chizoloŵezi cha mankhwala osokoneza bongo, ndikugawana njira zofananako ndi zomwe zimachitika ku mankhwala osokoneza bongo [31,32,33,34,35] ngakhale kuti mikangano pankhaniyi ilipo [35,36] ndi zina zotengera zodzikakamiza zokhudzana ndi kukakamiza, kukhudzidwa mtima kapena makhalidwe osokoneza bongo analangizidwa kuti afotokoze zolaula ndi zovuta kwambiri [24,36]. Nkhani zina zoyambirira zimasonyeza kuti naltrexone, yomwe imagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri pochiza mowa ndi opioid dependence, ikhoza kugwiritsidwa bwino ntchito kwa odwala omwe amawaona kuti ndi zolaula [37,38].
Zimadziwika kuti anthu ambiri amayesetsa kuchita zachiwerewere ndikupeza zogonana mpaka pakati pa 20s [39,40]. Choncho, zimatha kuganiza kuti achinyamata omwe amaonera zolaula akhoza kuimira zinthu zina kapena kukhala mbali yawo. Izi, zimathandizanso kumvetsetsa momwe anthuwa angawonere zolaula. Pachifukwachi, kafukufuku wina adayankha nkhaniyi pofufuzira magulu a ophunzira a koleji koma kukula kwazitsanzo nthawi zambiri sikunali kokwera kapena kumangokhala pakati pa amodzi okha [41,42,43,44,45,46]. Izi ndizochititsa chidwi kuti apitirize kufufuza zambiri zomwe zingawononge magulu akuluakulu ndikufufuza momwe khalidwe lirilonse lingakhudzire kusiyana kwa zochitika zolaula. Mwachitsanzo, zingakhale zosangalatsa ngati makhalidwe apadera angagwirizane ndi zolaula zimagwiritsidwa ntchito monga momwe maphunziro ena akale adanenera kuti angakhudze zogonana, monga zachilendo kufunafuna [47]. Zochita zogonana zingathenso kuthandizidwa ndi maonekedwe monga Body Mass Index [48], komabe palibe zambiri zomwe zimadziwika ngati zingagwirizane m'njira iliyonse ndi zolaula zimagwiritsidwa ntchito. Komanso, zolaula zogwiritsira ntchito zolaula zingadalire ngati ophunzirawo ali osakwatira kapena pachibwenzi; Izi zanenedwa posachedwapa kuti gulu lachiwirili limakonda kugwiritsa ntchito mobwerezabwereza [49].
Cholinga cha kafukufuku wamakono pa intaneti chinali kuyesa kuchuluka kwa zolaula, kugwiritsa ntchito zolaula, kuyesa kugwiritsa ntchito komanso kudziwonetsa zochitika zowonongeka koteroko, zomwe zimadziwika ndi zotsatira za zolaula kugwiritsa ntchito, ndi kuchuluka kwa chizoloŵezi chodziwonetsera zolaula pakati pa azimayi a ku Poland ndi amuna a ku yunivesite a zaka zapakati pa 18-26. Mgwirizanowu wa magawowa ndi chiwerengero cha thupi (BMI), chikhalidwe cha ubale wapamtima, ndi makhalidwe khumi ndi asanu ndi atatu omwe amadziwika kuti ali ndi umunthu adayesedwa. Kuwonjezera apo, ophunzira amalingalira za zotsatira zomwe zokhudzana ndi zolaula zimagwiritsidwa ntchito komanso udindo wake walamulowo anayesedwanso. Phunziroli limapereka chidziwitso chachikulu pa zochitika zosiyanasiyana zolaula zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito kwa achinyamata.

2. Zida ndi njira

2.1. Kufufuza

Kufufuza zochitika zowononga zolaula, zotsatira zozidziŵitsa zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito ndi momwe amagwiritsira ntchito, komanso momwe zimawonedwa ndi ophunzira a ku yunivesite ya Polish, osadziwika, kufufuza pa intaneti pogwiritsa ntchito kafukufuku wopangidwa, wokonzedwa bwino. Monga tawonetseredwa kale, kafukufuku wochokera pa tsamba la pa intaneti akuwombera mwayi wopeza deta lonse lonse ndikufikira magulu ena a anthu [50,51]. Kusadziwika kwa phunziroli kunatsimikiziridwa kuti kuthetsa manyazi omwe angagwirizane ndi kugwiritsira ntchito zolaula [52]. Monga taonera posachedwapa, kufufuza zolaula zolaula sikukuwonjezereka ntchito zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito pophunzira ophunzira [53,54].

Funso lofunsidwa mu kafukufuku wamakonoli likufuna kuyesa:

  • kufalikira kwa zolaula kumagwiritsira ntchito ndi zaka zoyamba kutsogolo gulu la ophunzira;
  • (ii) mawonekedwe ndi mafupipafupi omwe amagwiritsidwa ntchito, (ii) kuchuluka kwa ntchito imodzi, iii) kugwiritsira ntchito mawonekedwe aumwini (incognito mode) ndi mawindo ambiri pamene akuwonera zolaula pa Intaneti, ndi (iv) kumwa kunja kwa malo okhala;
  • nthawi zambiri kuyesa kuthetsa zolaula kumagwiritsidwa ntchito pagulu la omwe akugwiritsa ntchito panopa, komanso kufalikira ndi kuopsa kwa zotsatira zake (kugwiritsa ntchito mfundo zazing'ono zinayi);
  • zomwe zimadziwika ndi zotsatira zolaula zokhudzana ndi zolaula (i) zosintha zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito monga kusinthira mtundu wachinayi, kupititsa patsogolo kuzinthu zowonongeka (zachiwawa), kuyang'ana zinthu zosagwirizana ndi kugonana, (ii) kukhutira kugonana, (iii) (iv) Kusintha kwa nthawi yokakamiza ndi chiwerengero cha zokakamiza zomwe zimafunikira kuti munthu awonetsere zolaula, komanso (v) kunyalanyaza zosowa zofunika (monga kugona, kudya) ndi ntchito (mwachitsanzo, kugwirizanitsa kunyumba, ntchito ) chifukwa cha zolaula amagwiritsidwa ntchito;
  • kufalikira kwa chizoloŵezi chodziona kuti ndizoloŵera kugwiritsa ntchito zolaula; ndi
  • malingaliro ambiri pa zolaula: (i) zotsatira zake zokhudzana ndi ubale wa anthu, thanzi labwino ndi kugonana, komanso chitukuko cha umoyo pa ubwana ndi unyamata, (ii) kuthekera kuti zingayambitse chiwerewere, (iii) zaka zamalire zopanda zolaula kufotokozera, ndi (iv) malamulo omwe alipo lero ku Poland (mwayi woonera zolaula).
Zowonjezereka zofunikira pa phunziroli zinali dziko la Poland, zaka 18-26 zaka, akazi kapena amuna, ndi ophunzira a yunivesite. Zotsatirazi zinatsimikiziridwa ndi mayankho omwe anaperekedwa ku mafunso omwewo. Mafunso okhazikika omwe anatsirizidwa anali kufufuzidwa. Zizindikiro za chiwerengero cha anthu omwe anafukufukuwo anaphatikizapo amuna, anaphunzira sayansi (zachipatala, zachilengedwe, zachikhalidwe, kapena zina), ndi BMI (yowerengedwa kuchokera kulemera kwa chiwerengero ndi kutalika). Mafunsowa adapezeka pa intaneti kwa nthawi ya chaka (February 2017-August 2018). Popeza kale zinanenedwa kuti khalidwe la munthu lingakhudze zogonana monga zachilendo kufunafuna [47], anasankha mikhalidwe yaumunthu anali kudzidziŵika ndi ophunzira pokhala ndi mwayi wosankha chimodzi chosemphana ndi makhalidwe omwe amawayenerera bwino. Mipatayi yotsatirayi yotsatiridwa ndi DeNeve ndi Cooper [55] anakonzedwa; Zina mwazinthu izi ndi izi: Kufotokozera / kudzimva, kulemba / kukhumba mtima, kukhumba / manyazi, chidwi / chosakondweretsa, osasamala / osasamala, osangalala / achisoni, odekha / okwiya, okhulupilira / ozindikira, komanso osowa mtendere.
Pofuna kuyandikira gulu lalikulu la ophunzira, mayitanidwe oti amalize maphunzirowa adatumizidwa ndi masunivesites, ndipo adapangidwa kudzera mu ma TV ndi ma intaneti. Phunzirolo linavomerezedwa ndi Komiti Yakale Yogwiritsa Ntchito Zachilengedwe za Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Poznan, Poland (kuvomereza # 68 / 17 yomwe inatulutsa 5th January, 2017).

2.2. Kusanthula Kwasanthu

Mavoti onse a 9070 adasonkhanitsidwa omwe 2606 sanakumanepo ndi ndondomeko yoyikidwa (30.5%), kapena inali yosakwanira (69.5%) ndipo kotero, anachotsedwa kuti asapewe zotsatira zabodza. Zomwe ankafufuzazo zinachitidwa pogwiritsa ntchito Statistica v.13.1 (StatSoft Inc., Tulsa, OK, USA). Popeza zambiri za deta sizikugwirizana ndi kufotokoza kwa Gaussian (Shapiro-Wilk test; p <0.05), njira zopanda malire zinagwiritsidwa ntchito kuyesa zotsatira. Kuti muwone kusiyana pakati pa magulu awiri kapena atatu odziyimira pawokha, mayeso a Mann-Whitney U ndi Kruskal – Wallis ANOVA adagwiritsidwa ntchito, motsatana. Kusiyanasiyana kwa dichotomous data kunayesedwa ndi mayeso a Pearson χ2. Kuti muwone mayanjano omwe ali pakati pazaka zoyambira kuwonekera koyamba, kuchuluka kwa anthu ndi zikhalidwe zawo, komanso zomwe zimawonetsedwa pazomwe zolaula zimagwiritsa ntchito (zosowa zolimbikitsa kwakanthawi komanso zosowa zambiri zakugonana kuti zitheke kugwiritsira ntchito zolaula, kuchepa pakukhutira ndi kugonana, kuchepa kwachikondi ubale, kunyalanyaza zofunika zofunika, kunyalanyaza ntchito komanso kudziona kuti ndi zolaula), komanso zomwe zimachitika chifukwa chosiya zolaula, magwiridwe anthawi zonse (ORs) okhala ndi chidaliro cha 95% (95% CI) adawerengedwa molingana kuzinthu zoperekedwa ndi Bland ndi Altman [56] pogwiritsa ntchito MedCalc (MedCalc, Ostend, Belgium). Zaka zoyamba zolaula zinagawidwa m'magulu anayi malinga ndi kugawa kwa anthu pakati pa anthu: ≤12, 13-14, 15-16, ndi zaka ≥16. A pchiwerengero cha p <0.05 imawonedwa ngati yofunikira powerengera.

3. Zotsatira

3.1. Zizindikiro za anthu

Gulu lophunziridwa linapangidwa ndi ophunzira a 6463 (2633 amuna ndi 3830 akazi), a zaka za 18-26 zakale, akuimira mankhwala (14.4%), zamoyo (7.3%), zachikhalidwe (19.2%), ndi zina (59.1%) sciences. Zizindikiro za chiwerengero cha chiwerengero cha anthu omwe anawerengedwa zimaperekedwa Gulu 1.
Gulu 1. Chiwerengero cha chiwerengero cha gulu lophunziridwa la ophunzira a yunivesite (n = 6463).
Table

3.2. Kukula kwa Zithunzi Zolaula Gwiritsani Ntchito

Kuwonetsa zolaula kunalengezedwa ndi maphunziro a 78.6%n = 5083; 3004 wamkazi ndi 2079 mwamuna). Mulojekitiyi, omwe akugwiritsa ntchito lero amapanga 83.8% (n = 4260; 2520 wamkazi ndi 1740 amuna), pamene ena onse (n = 823; 484 wamkazi ndi 339 amuna) adanena kuti athetsa ntchito yake. Kufalikira kwa chiwonetsero kunali kofanana ndi akazi (78.4%) ndi ophunzira amuna (79.0%) (p > 0.05, test2 mayeso). Kutanthauza ± M'badwo wa SD woyamba kuwonetsa zolaula anali 14.1 ± 3.0 (wapakatikati 14.0) wopanda kusiyana pakati pa amuna ndi akazi (p > 0.05, Mann-Whitney U mayeso). Palibe kuyanjana pakati pa m'badwo uno ndi mikhalidwe iliyonse, mkhalidwe wa ubale udadziwika (p > 0.05 munthawi zonse, χ2 mayeso).
Poyerekeza ndi ophunzira omwe sanaonepo zolaula (n = 1380), mwamuna ndi mwamuna, kudya zolaula sizinali zosiyana mu BMI (p > 0.05, Kruskal-Wallis ANOVA). Komabe, kugwiritsira ntchito zolaula pafupipafupi kunali kwakukulu pakati pa akazi omwe anali pachibwenzi poyerekeza ndi amuna okhaokha (64.0 vs. 60%; p <0.05, test2 mayeso). Kuchuluka kwa azimayi omwe amadziona kuti ndi ochezeka komanso amuna omwe amadziona kuti ndi odalira anali ochulukirapo pagulu lowonera zolaula (73.6 vs. 70.2% ndi 58.9 vs. 53.8%, motsatana; p <0.05 pazochitika zonsezi, χ2 mayeso). Palibe mayanjano ena pakati pazofala zolaula komanso mikhalidwe ya ophunzira achikazi ndi amuna omwe amadziwika (p > 0.05 munthawi zonse, χ2 mayeso).

3.3. Zitsanzo za Zithunzi Zolaula Gwiritsani Ntchito

Mu gawo la otsatsa omwe alipo (n = 4260), kawiri kaŵiri kawiri kawiri kawiri kawiri kagwiritsidwe kogwiritsira ntchito zinthu zomveka bwino kamodzi pa sabata. Kugwiritsira ntchito tsiku ndi tsiku kunanenedwa ndi 10.7%, popanda kusiyana pakati pa ophunzira ndi akazi (p > 0.05, test2 mayeso) (Chithunzi 1a). Ogwiritsa ntchito tsiku ndi tsiku, onse azimayi ndi azimayi a sukulu, sanali osiyana ndi omwe amagwiritsa ntchito zolaula mobwerezabwereza mwa BMI (p > 0.05, Mann-Whitney U test) komanso momwe maubwenzi amakondera komanso mawonekedwe (p > 0.05 munthawi zonse, χ2 mayeso).
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Chithunzi 1. Nthawi zambiri zolaula zimagwiritsidwa ntchito (a) ndi mawonekedwe ake (b) mu gulu lofunsidwa la ophunzira ophunzira ku yunivesite (n = 4260).
Mavidiyo a pa Intaneti adasankhidwa kuti agwiritsidwe ntchito mobwerezabwereza pa chiwerengero cha anthu omwe amawerengedwa. Mafomu ena ankaphatikizapo kujambula, mabuku, anime / manga, komanso mobwerezabwereza, zojambula zomvera (Chithunzi 1b). Kuwerengera kutalika kwa zolaula zolaula zomwe sizinapitirire 1h pokhapokha ngati 86.8% yafukufuku. Ambiri mwa ophunzira adavomereza kugwiritsa ntchito njira zawo (76.5%, n = 3256) ndi mawindo ambiri (51.5%, n = 2190) pofufuza zolaula pa intaneti. Kugwiritsira ntchito malo osakhala kunalengezedwa ndi 33.0% (n = 1404). Palibe mwa njira izi zosiyana pakati pa ophunzira ndi akazi (p > 0.05 munthawi zonse, χ2 mayeso).

3.4. Kuyesera Kuthetsa Zithunzi Zolaula Gwiritsani Ntchito

Ena mwa omwe anafunsidwa omwe adadziwonetsa kuti ali owonetsa zamakono (n = 4260), 51.0% adavomereza kuti awonetsere kuyesa kumayesa kugwiritsa ntchito izo popanda kusiyana kulikonse kwa zoyesayesazi pakati pa amuna ndi akazi (p > 0.05; test2 mayeso). 72.2% ya omwe akuyesera kusiya zolaula adawonetsa zomwe zidachitika, ndipo zomwe zimawonedwa kawirikawiri zimaphatikizapo maloto okonda zolaula (53.5%), kukwiya (26.4%), kusokonezeka kwa chidwi (26.0%), komanso kusungulumwa ( 22.2%) (Gulu 2). Poyerekeza ndi amuna omwe ali pachibwenzi, amodzi amanena kuti nthawi zambiri zowonongeka zowonongeka-OR (95% CI) zinali 1.22 (1.01-1.5) (p <0.05). BMI ndi zikhalidwe zawo sizinapezeke kuti zimasiyanitsa kwambiri zomwe zimachitika chifukwa cha kutha kwakukhudzana ndi magawo azaka zazimuna ndi zachimuna.
Gulu 2. Zomwe zimadziwika kuti zimayendera zimayesedwa ndi anthu poyesera kuthetsa zolaula zimagwiritsa ntchito (n = 2169).
Table

3.5. Zotsatira Zomwe Mumazionera Zolaula Gwiritsani Ntchito

Mtengo wa ophunzira omwe akugwiritsa ntchito zolaula (n = 4260) omwe amanyaziridwa ndi ntchitoyi ndi 49.1%, ndipo anali okwera kwambiri kuposa akazi (57.8 vs. 42%; p <0.05, test2 mayeso). Zosintha zingapo zakugwiritsa ntchito zolaula zomwe zimachitika munthawi ya chiwonetserocho zidanenedwa: kusinthira mtundu wazinthu zolaula (46.0%), kugwiritsa ntchito zinthu zomwe sizikugwirizana ndi kugonana (60.9%) ndipo zikuyenera kugwiritsidwa ntchito mopitilira muyeso (zachiwawa) zakuthupi (32.0%) (Chithunzi 2a). Ambiriwa amadziwika kawirikawiri ndi akazi omwe akudziyesa kuti ndi okhudzidwa poyerekezera ndi omwe amawaganizira kuti ndi osafunikira (32.3 vs. 26.7%; p <0.01, test2 test), ndi amuna achiwawa poyerekeza ndi bata (32.8 vs. 24.2%; p <0.05 χ2 mayeso). Kulimbikitsana kwanthawi yayitali komanso zolimbikitsa zogonana zimafunikira kufikira pachimake pakugwiritsa ntchito zolaula kunanenedwa ndi 12.0% ndi 17.6%, mwa omwe adafunsidwa, motsatana (Chithunzi 2b). Ambiri mwa maphunziro omwe sanaphunzire sanazindikire zotsatirapo zolakwika za zolaula zimagwiritsidwa ntchito pa kukhutirana ndi kugonana komanso ubale wawo ndi 7% ndi 28% akufotokoza zotsatira zopindulitsa pazigawozi (Chithunzi 2c, d).
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Chithunzi 2. Kusintha kwodzidzimutsa kwa zochitika zolaula kumagwiritsa ntchito nthawi yomwe imagwiritsidwa ntchito (a), zomwe zimadziwika kuti zimadziwika ndi zolaula zogwiritsira ntchito zolaula pogwiritsa ntchito mankhwalawa (b), kukhutira kugonana (c), chikondi chaukondana (d), ndi kunyalanyaza zosowa ndi ntchito zofunika nthawi imodzi m'moyo wawo (e) mu gulu lofunsidwa la ophunzira a yunivesite (n = 4260).
Zovuta zowonjezera chikhalidwe cha ubale zinali zazikulu pa ophunzira ndi akazi omwe ali ndi BMI ≥ 25 (OR = 1.44, 95% CI: 1.09-1.92, p <0.01, ndi OR = 1.35, 95% CI: 1.02-1.79, p <0.05, motsatana) potengera magawo azakugonana a BMI <25 kg / m2, komanso akazi ndi amuna omwe anena manyazi pa zolaula zawo (OR = 3.38; 95% CI: 2.65-4.31, p <0.001 ndi OR = 4.68, 95% CI: 3.45-6.36, p <0.001) ponena za anzawo omwe sanakumane nawo. Kunyalanyaza zosowa zoyambira (mwachitsanzo, chakudya kapena kugona) ndi ntchito (mwachitsanzo, kunyumba, kuntchito) chifukwa chogwiritsa ntchito zolaula zidachitikapo kamodzi ndi ophunzira a 14.8 ndi 19.3%, motsatana (Chithunzi 2e). Zomwe zimayambitsa kukakamiza kwanthawi yayitali komanso zolaula zambiri zimayenera kufikira zolaula, kuchepa kukhutitsidwa ndi kugonana, komanso kunyalanyaza zosowa zofunikira ndi ntchito zinali zazikulu mwa akazi ndi amuna omwe adawonetsedwa kale zolaula ndi apamwamba kwambiri OR (95% CI) mfundo zomwe zimawonedwa nthawi zonse kwa anthu omwe awululidwa zaka <12 poyerekeza ndi omwe adawululidwa zaka 16Gulu 3). Palibe mayanjano ena ofunika pakati pa zotsatira za zolaula zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito komanso chiwerengero cha anthu kapena chikhalidwe cha ophunzira ndi abambo anadziwika.
Gulu 3. Zomwe zimakhala zosiyana (95% nthawi yokhudzika) zotsatila zosiyana za zolaula zimagwiritsidwa ntchito pokhala ndi zaka zoyamba kuwonetsedwa kwa akazi (n = 3004) ndi mwamuna (n = 2079).
Table

3.6. Zithunzi Zolaula Zodziwika Zokha

Kukula kwa chizoloŵezi chodziwonetsera zolaula m'magulu onse owerengedwa (n = 6463) anali 12.2%, pamene ali pansi pa omwe akugwiritsa ntchito masiku ano (n = 4260) ilo linali la 15.5% (n = 787) popanda kusiyana pakati pa ophunzira ndi akazi (p > 0.05, test2 mayeso). Mgwirizano wapakati pazaka zoyambira kuwonera zolaula ndikusokoneza umawonetsedwa Gulu 3. Kwa akazi ndi amuna a ORs (95% CI) anali 4.23 (2.85-6.28) ndi 7.25 (4.16-12.63), motero, pa quartile yochepa kwambiri ya zaka zoyambirira zowonetseredwa poyerekezera ndi quartile kwambiri.
Bungwe la BMI ndi chibwenzi sichidagwirizanitsa ndi chizoloŵezi chodziletsa kwa ophunzira amuna ndi akazi (p > 0.05 munthawi zonse, χ2 mayeso). Kuphatikiza apo, palibe mikhalidwe yomwe idawululidwa ndi anthu omwe ali ndi vuto lodziona zolaula kupatula pagulu lamwamuna momwe pafupipafupi anthu olowererapo amapezeka poyerekeza ndi ophunzira achimuna omwe samanena kuti ali ndi vuto (71.3% vs. 64.5%; p <0.05, test2 mayeso). OR (95% CI) yodziyesa wodziwika mwa amuna olowerera anali 1.31 (1.01-1.71, p <0.05) ponena za gulu la anthu otsogola.

3.7. Maganizo Onse pa Zithunzi Zolaula

Malingaliro a ambiri omwe adafunsidwa ophunzira, zithunzi zolaula zingasokoneze ubwino wa maubwenzi a anthu (58.7%), thanzi labwino (63.9%) ndi kugonana kwabwino (67.7%), komanso kusokoneza chitukuko cha maganizo muunyamata ndi unyamata (78.1%). Malingaliro ameneŵa sanali osiyana pakati pa kugonana kwagwirizano (p > 0.05, test2 test) kupatula zotsalazo zomwe zimafotokozedwa pafupipafupi ndi ophunzira achikazi (82.3 vs. 72.1%; p <0.001, test2 mayeso). Poyerekeza ndi anzawo achimuna, akazi nthawi zambiri amawonetsa kuti pali zaka zabwino zowonera zolaula (37.6 vs. 31.7%; p <0.001, test2 test), kuyerekezedwa m'magulu onse ogonana kumatanthauza ± SD (apakatikati) azaka 17 ± 2 (17) zaka (p > 0.05, Mann-Whitney U mayeso). Ambiri mwa ophunzira omwe adafunsidwayo adavomereza zakupezeka kwa zolaula pa mwana (26.8%, n = 1732) kapena lonse lonse (66.6%, n = 4306). Poyang'ana 67.8% (n = 4381) lamulo lamakono ku Poland (kutseguka kwa zipangizo zakale) zokhudzana ndi zolaula sayenera kusinthidwa, 24.1% (n = 1558) adalimbikitsa zoletsedwa, ndipo ena onse analibe lingaliro pankhaniyi. Maganizo pazinthu zonsezi sizinali zosiyana pakati pa ophunzira ndi akazi (p > 0.05 munthawi zonsezi, χ2 mayeso).

4. Kukambirana

Pakhala pali chidwi chochuluka pakuphunzira mbali zosiyanasiyana za zolaula zolaula. Kafukufuku wamakono akufufuza izi m'mayunivesite akuluakulu a zaka zapakati pa 18-26-gulu lomwe liyenera kuyembekezera kugonana. Monga tawonetsera, ku United States pafupifupi zaka zambiri zoyamba kugonana ndi zaka 17-18 [57]. Zotsatira za phunziroli zimapereka chidziwitso chofala ndi zochitika zolaula zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito, ndi momwe zimawonetsedwera m'magulu a ophunzira ku yunivesite ku Poland. Zimasonyeza kuti ophunzira ambiri amagwiritsa ntchito zolaula ndipo mavidiyo osakanizika, omwe amawonekera pa intaneti ndiwo mawonekedwe otchuka kwambiri, momwe angathere mosavuta ndi chipangizo chilichonse chokhala ndi intaneti.
Mlingo wa kufotokozera monga momwe tafotokozera apa uli m'zigawo zomwe zimawonedwa kwa achinyamata mu maphunziro apitalo [58,59]. Malinga ndi chiwerengero cha chiwerengero chomwe chimaperekedwa pachaka ndi ntchito yaikulu kwambiri yolaula zolaula pa Intaneti. Kuwonetsa komanso kuwona zochitika zosiyanasiyana za matenda a matenda, kuchuluka kwa ntchito, makamaka pafupipafupi, ndipamwamba pakati pa amuna [4,45,60,61]. Zomwezo zinagwirizanitsidwa mu kafukufuku wakale pogwiritsa ntchito kukula kochepa kwa Polish (n = 1135) ndi German (n = 1303) ophunzira [59]. Mosiyana ndi izi, kafukufuku wamakono sanapeze kusiyana kwakukulu pakati pa kugonana kwa magulu, osati kokha pakufala kwa zolaula, koma nthawi zambiri. Komabe, kafukufuku waposachedwapa wasonyeza kuti chiwerengero cha akazi akuwonetsa zolaula m'madera osiyanasiyana a dziko chikuwonjezeka [62], ndipo kenako, ambiri a iwo akhoza kuvomereza. N'kuthekanso kuti kuchuluka kwa zolaula kumagwiritsidwa ntchito kwa akazi monga momwe taonera panopa, chifukwa cha kudzipereka mwadzidzidzi-kutchuka kosadziwika pa Intaneti kungakope anthu ogula zithunzi zolaula kuposa anthu omwe sagwirizana ndi zipangizo zolaula.
Maphunziro angapo apitalo adayang'ana pa zotsatira zoipa zomwe zingawononge zolaula [63]. Kafukufuku wamakono akuwonetsa kuti pafupifupi 25% ndi 15% ofufuza ophunzira anazindikira kuti zolaula zimakhudza kwambiri kugonana ndi chiyanjano chawo, motero. Komabe, zindikirani kuti ambiri mwa anthu omwe anafunsidwa sanafotokoze zotsatira zolakwika pa kugonana kwawo, ndipo sanazindikire kusintha kulikonse kwa kugonana komwe kudzachitike panthawi ya zolaula. Komanso, ambiri mwa iwo sankazindikira kuti zolaula zinkasokoneza ubwino wa ubale, ndipo kotheka gawo limodzi mwa magawo atatu anawonetsa kuti zolaula zinapindulitsa. Chochititsa chidwi n'chakuti ngakhale kuti ambiri mwa ophunzira sanawononge zotsatira za kugonana kwawo, kugonana ndi kukondana pakati pawo, makamaka amawonetsa lingaliro lakuti zolaula zimagwiritsira ntchito kuwononga thanzi laumunthu. Izi, zikhoza kuwonetsa kuti zolaula zomwe achinyamata akuwona sizingayendetsedwe ndi zochitika zawo koma ndi zikhalidwe zawo, ndi malingaliro opangidwa ndi olamulira ndi mauthenga.
Komabe, mapangidwe a phunziroli sangathe kuganizira zazing'ono, zosagwirizana ndi zotsatira zodzionetsera zolaula zimagwiritsidwa ntchito (zoipa, zabwino, kapena ayi) zisonyeza kuti zotsatira zake zingakhale zogwirizana ndi makhalidwe awo. Kuwonjezera pa BMI ndi zaka zoyamba kutsogolo, zomwe zikufotokozedwa pambuyo pake, zosiyana, monga kukhutira kugonana, mbiri ya kugonana (chiwerengero cha zibwenzi, zaka zoyamba kugonana ndi zina zotero), kukakamiza, ndi kukhudzidwa kungakhale kofunikira kuti ganizirani. Maphunziro ena amafunikanso kufufuza nkhaniyi ngakhale kuti zingakhale zovuta kukhazikitsa chifukwa cha kufufuza magawo osiyanasiyana. Chifukwa chakuti nthawi zambiri zithunzi zolaula zimagwiritsidwa ntchito pakati pa achinyamata, zingaganizedwe kuti nkhani yomwe ikugwiritsidwa ntchito ikhoza kukhala yofunikira pomvetsetsa zotsatira zomwe zingakhudzidwe. Mwachitsanzo, kafukufuku wambiri wasonyeza kuti zolaula zimagwiritsidwa ntchito molakwika ndi chiyanjano cha kugonana [64] pamene kafukufuku waposachedwapa wagwilitsila nchito kuti kugwiritsidwa ntchito kwabwino kumagwirizanitsa ndi kukweza kugonana pakati pa okondedwa ndi kugonana kwawo [65]. Ndizomveka kuti anthu omwe ali ndi vuto la kugonana angagwiritse ntchito zolaula zambiri, akutsindika kufunikira kwa maphunziro a nthawi yaitali omwe machitidwe okhudzana ndi kugonana omwe akulembedwera amatha kukhazikitsidwa.
Monga momwe taonera mu phunziro lino, akazi akuwonetsa zolaula nthawi zambiri amanyansidwa, kunyalanyaza, ndi manyazi [27], ndipo izi zikhozanso kuchepetsa kufunitsitsa kwawo kulongosola kapena kukambirana mgwirizano uliwonse ndi zinthu zomveka bwino [66]. Izi zimalimbikitsa kugwiritsa ntchito mafukufuku osadziwika pa intaneti pa zochitika zowononga zolaula zowonongeka ngakhale kuti zikuwonetseratu zoperewera monga momwe tafotokozera pambuyo pake. Phunziroli likuwonetsa kuti oposa theka la ophunzira aakazi akuwonetsa zolaula, nambala yopambana kwambiri kuposa momwe amachitira amuna awo, amanenetsa kuti achite manyazi ndi ntchitoyi. Kusiyana kumeneku kungabwere kuchokera ku zokhudzana ndi chikhalidwe komanso kuvomereza zolaula kwambiri pakati pa akazi poyerekeza ndi amuna, komanso kuti akazi ena nthawi zambiri amawaphatikizira ndi kusakhulupirika, ngakhale kuti zochitika zotsutsana zanenedwa pambali iyi [67,68,69]. Zingaganize kuti manyazi ameneŵa angapangitse kuti anthu azivutika ndi zolaula. Kafukufukuyu akuwonanso kuti amai omwe amachita manyazi ndi zolaula zawo nthawi zambiri amadziwa kuti kumwa kwake kumakhudzanso chikondi chenicheni. Komabe, wina ayeneranso kuzindikira kuti mgwirizano woterewu unkachitika kawirikawiri m'maphunziro aamuna. Kuchita manyazi ndi zolaula kungachititse kuti musakambirane ndi mnzanuyo, ndipo zingakulepheretseni kudalira ubale. Zonsezi zimatsimikizira kuti abwenzi ayenera kukambirana momasuka za zolaula zomwe zimagwirana ntchito.
Ndizosiyana, palibe umunthu wa umunthu, womwe unadziwonetsera wekha mu phunziro ili, unasiyanitsa zolaula zomwe anaphunzira. Zotsatira izi zimatsimikizira lingaliro lakuti kupeza ndi kupezeka pa zolaula pakali pano ndizovuta kwambiri kuti zifotokoze makhalidwe ena apadera a anthu ogwiritsa ntchito. Komabe, tawonetseratu zosangalatsa zokhudzana ndi ogulitsa omwe adawonetsa kuti akufunika kuona zolaula zoopsa kwambiri. Monga tawonetsera, kugwiritsidwa ntchito mobwerezabwereza zakuthupi kungathe kugwirizanitsa ndi chilakolako chomwe chimapangitsa kufunikira kuwona zinthu zowonjezereka kuti zikhale zofanana zogonana [32]. Komabe, posachedwapa zikuwonetseratu kuti makampani oonera zolaula samapangitsa kuti anthu azichita zachiwawa komanso zochititsa manyazi, ndipo mavidiyo omwe akukhamukira amachitirako zinthu zochepa komanso amatsitsa malonda kuchokera kwa oonera pa Intaneti [70]. Monga momwe anawonetsera kafukufuku wa ku Italy ku sukulu ya sekondale, ochepa mwa iwo (18.8%) anali ndi ziwawa zowonongeka / zonyansa ndi chiŵerengero chapansi cha akazi [71]. Kafukufukuyu akupeza kuti kufunika kokhala ndi zolaula zosaonongeka kunkachitika kawirikawiri ndi amuna akudzifotokoza okha kuti ndi achiwawa. Chiyanjano pakati pa zolaula ndi chiwawa chachitika kale: Kuwonekera mwachidwi kwa zinthu zachiwawa panthaŵi ina kunanenanso kuti kuwonjezeka kwa kasanu ndi kamodzi pa zovuta za khalidwe lodzikweza lokha lachiwerewere [72]. Mmodzi ayenera, komabe, azindikire zomwe zilipo panopa sangalepheretse kuthetsa vutoli (amuna achiwawa nthawi zambiri amakonda zachiwawa zolaula). Izi zingafunikire maphunziro otsogolera otsogolera. Chochititsa chidwi, mu maphunziro omwe alipowa akufotokoza kuti pang'onopang'ono amafunika kufufuza zida zambiri zowononga zachiwawa mobwerezabwereza akudziona kuti ali ndi chidwi. Choncho, zikhoza kuganiziridwa kuti zolaula zowonongeka zimakopa akazi ndi chidwi chenicheni pa kugonana, ngakhale kuti izi zifunanso kufufuza kwina.
Chochititsa chidwi cha kafukufukuyu ndi chakuti kunenepa kwambiri / kunenepa (≥25 kg / m2) Ophunzira achikazi ndi achimuna adazindikira kuti zolaula zimasokoneza ubale wawo pafupipafupi kuposa omwe ali ndi BMI <25 kg / m2. Kwa achinyamata, zolaula zingawonetsere malingaliro awo okhudzana ndi kugonana, ndipo zakhala zikugwiritsidwa ntchito ngati magwero a kugonana [3]). Izi sizingayambitse mavuto aakulu ngati zolaula sizikuwoneka ngati chitsimikizo chachikulu chazinthu zoterezi, ndipo ngati zongoganizira, sizolondola chifukwa cha chiwerewere [73]. Zithunzi zolaula nthawi zambiri zimakhala zachilendo kapena zochitika zoopsa kwambiri ndi ochita masewero ndi ojambula omwe, pofuna kuti azigwirizana ndi mawonekedwe apamwamba, nthawi zambiri amachita opaleshoni ya pulasitiki kapena amagwiritsa ntchito mankhwala kuti apitirize kukhala okonzeka [74]. Zonsezi, izi zingayambitse chilakolako chogonana chimene nthawi zambiri sichikutheka, komanso kusagwirizana pakati pa zokopa za thupi ndi zolaula, makamaka omwe ali olemera kwambiri kapena olemera kwambiri. Zingaganizedwe kuti zolaula zikhoza kupititsa patsogolo zotsatira, zomwe zakhala zikuwonedwa m'maphunziro apitalo, momwe akazi olemerera anaweruzidwa ndi amuna awo omwe ali ochepetsetsa / okhwima komanso ngati masewera osauka kwa malingaliro awo okondedwa awo [75]. Komanso, BMI yakhala ikuwonetsedwa kuti ndi yofunika kwambiri ya erectile dysfunction [76], bungwe lomwe lingayambitsenso kusemphana pakati pa luso la kugonana la amuna ndi zomwe zimawonetsedwa ndi ojambula zithunzi.
Zaka zoyamba kugwiritsidwa ntchito poyang'ana zolaula zimakhudzidwa ndi kuwonjezeka kwa zotsatira zowononga za zolaula kwa achinyamata - zomwe zimapezeka kwambiri kwa akazi ndi amuna omwe amawonekera pa zaka 12 kapena pansipa. Ngakhale kuti phunziro lopanda magawo sililola kulolera kuwonetsa, zotsatirazi zingasonyeze kuti ubwana wothandizana ndi zolaula zingakhale ndi zotsatira za nthawi yaitali. Zakhala zikuwonetsedweratu kuti kuyambira koyambirira kumathandizira kutsata malingaliro oipa a kugonana [77]. Kafukufuku wamakono akuwonetsa kuti anthu omwe anawonekera kale anali oyenera kunyalanyaza zosowa ndi ntchito zofunika pamoyo wawo kamodzi kokha m'moyo wawo chifukwa cha zolaula zogwiritsidwa ntchito, ndipo adazindikira zotsatira zake zoipa pa ubale wabwino kawirikawiri. Kaya zotsatirazi zimachokera ku chinyengo chachinyengo chomwe chikuwonetsedwa ndi kukakamizidwa, kuvutika maganizo, ndi kukhumudwa sikudziwika, ngakhale kuti zotsatirazi zakhala zikudziwika kale pakati pa ogulitsa zolaula [32,34]. Kafukufuku wamakono akuwonetsanso kuti kuwonetsedwa koyambirira kungawonetsedwe ndi zovuta zokhudzana ndi kugonana monga momwe ziwonetsedwera ndi kufunika kokakamiza kwa nthawi yaitali komanso zowonongeka zowonongeka zomwe zimafunikila kuti zifike poyerekeza ndi kugwiritsira ntchito zolaula, komanso kuchepetsa kugonana. Monga momwe tawonetsera pofufuza, kuganizira zolaula kungawonongeke-kulembetsa malamulo omwe anthu akuluakulu amapereka kudzera mwa kuchepa kwa nkhani yofiirira komanso kusintha kwake kwachangu ndi kampani ya prefrontal cortex [32]. Potsirizira pake, ophunzira omwe anali atadziwika kale omwe anali ophunzira azimayi anali osiyana kwambiri ndi zomwe ankadziona kuti ndizozoloŵera zolaula-chinthu chodabwitsa chomwe chinachitika pamtunda wa 12.2% mwa gulu lofunsidwa. Koma wina ayenera kuzindikira kuti izi sizitanthauza kuti anthu omwe adaphunzirawo anali oledzera ku zolaula mu lingaliro la sayansi. Monga tawonetsa posachedwapa, kudziletsa kwathunthu sikungakhale chizindikiro chenicheni cha zovuta zolaula ntchito [29]. Komabe, kufufuza koyambirira kwawonetsa kale kuti ngati lingaliroli liripo nthawi zambiri limagwirizanitsidwa ndi kuwonjezeka kwa maganizo m'maganizo [78]. Zonsezi, monga kuwonetsa zolaula pa intaneti ndizosatheka kupezeka kwa mibadwo yachinyamata, zomwe zapeza pa phunziro lino zikuthandiza lingaliro lakuti chitetezo cha ana kuyambira pachiyambi choyambirira chiyenera kuikidwa patsogolo.
Kuletsedwa kwa zolaula kumapezeka kukhala nkhani yandale. Ambiri mwa mayiko, kuphatikizapo Poland, amalola kuti anthu achikulire athe kuonera zolaula. Posachedwapa, chifukwa cha kuwonjezeka kwa chiwerengero cha maumboni olembedwa, boma la Nepal linaletsa kugawanika kwa zolaula. Phunziroli, ophunzira omwe adafunsidwa kawirikawiri amasonyeza kuti zolaula zimakhala ndi zotsatira zovuta pa ubale, chikhalidwe, kugonana, ndipo zingakhudze chitukuko cha umoyo pa ubwana ndi unyamata. Ngakhale izi, ambiri mwa iwo sankagwirizana ndi zofunikira zotsutsa zolaula. Kwa nthawi yaitali, lamulo lolepheretsa kuonera zolaula, limaletsa malo ena owonetsa zolaula, kapena kugwiritsa ntchito njira zowonetsera zaka zingakhale zovuta kapena zodula kuti zigwiritse ntchito. Komabe, mayiko monga United Kingdom akulingalira zoletsedwa pogwiritsa ntchito machitidwe owonetsera zaka zolaula pa Intaneti kuti ateteze ana kuti asawonongeke, ndipo atsimikizire kuti anthu akuluakulu (≥18 a zaka zakubadwa) adzakhala ndi mwayi wolongosola momveka bwino.
Ngakhale kuti kafukufuku wamakono akuwonetsa zina zamtengo wapatali zokhudzana ndi zolaula m'magulu akuluakulu komanso osiyana omwe amaphunzira ku yunivesite, palinso zochepa zomwe ziyenera kufotokozedwa pofuna kutanthauzira deta. Choyamba, kufanizirana kochuluka komwe kumachitika pamene kufufuza deta popanda kukonzekera kumawonjezera mwayi wa zolakwika za mtundu wa 1. Komabe, kukonzedwa kosavuta kwa Bonferroni kungakhale kotheka kwambiri, ndipo kuonjezera chiopsezo cha zolakwika za mtundu II [79]. Komabe, kusowa kwa kulangizidwa koteroko kumayenera kuganiziridwa mukutanthauzira kwa zomwe apeza pa phunzirolo. Komanso, munthu wosadziwika komanso wachinsinsi pa kafukufukuyu sanathenso kutanthauzira deta. Kuwonjezera pamenepo, zotsatira zowonetsedwa za zolaula zimagwiritsidwa ntchito podzipenda ndi anthu omwe amafufuza, ndipo sanatsimikizidwe pazitsamba zamagetsi. Chofunika kwambiri, kupanga mapangidwe ophatikizana pamtundu uliwonse sikulola kulolera kulikonse. Izi zimagwirizananso ndi ORs akale anawerengera mayanjano pakati pa zaka zoyamba kuwonetsa zolaula komanso zotsatira zozizwitsa zolaula. Zaka zoyamba kufotokozedwa poyang'aniridwa ndi ophunzira ayenera kuchitiranso mosamala m'malo momangoganizira. Monga tafotokozera kale, kukonda kudzipereka sikungathetsedwe mwachindunji pokhapokha pokhapokha pokhapokha pokhapokha pokhapokha pokhapokha pokhapokha pokhapokha paliponse pamene mukumasulira zolaula zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito makamaka makamaka zazimayi, kapena chiwerengero chodziŵika chodziletsa. Komanso, sizidziwika kuti zolaula zimagwiritsidwa ntchito bwanji m'magulu ophunzirira osiyanasiyana mosiyana ndi kugonana monga anthu omwe anafunsidwa sanafunsidwe kuti adziwe. Komabe, kafukufuku wina wakale amasonyeza kuti nkhani za kugonana ndi amuna kapena akazi okhaokha zingakhale zogwiritsa ntchito kwambiri zolaula [80]. Pomalizira pake, mayanjano pakati pa chipembedzo cha anthu omwe anafunsidwa ndi zolaula sanaganizidwe. Monga momwe chisonyezedwera, chipembedzo chingakhale chinthu china chimene chimayambitsa kuvutika kwa oonera zolaula [81].

5. Zotsatira

Kafukufukuyu akufotokoza kuti zithunzi zolaula zimagwiritsidwa ntchito pakati pa ophunzira a ku Poland, ndipo amafotokoza kuti njira zake zogwiritsira ntchito zingakhale zofanana ndi akazi ndi amuna, ngakhale kuti kale poyamba ankachita manyazi ndi ntchito zoterezi. Kufika koyambirira kwa zaka zoyambirira (≤12 zaka) kunapezeka kuti kugwirizana kwambiri ndi zotsatira zosiyana zodzionetsera za zolaula zimagwiritsa ntchito kudziwonetsera okha pazaka zapunivesite (18-26 zaka). Zomwe akupezazi zimachirikiza lingaliro lakuti kuyesedwa koletsedwa zakale kuti ateteze ana ndi achinyamata kuti asatengeke msangamsanga kungakhale kopindulitsa ngakhale wina azindikire kuti phunziroli liri ndi chigawo chotsutsana ndipo sichikutsimikiza.

Zopereka za Wolemba

Kulingalira: ADD ndi PR; njira: ADD ndi PR; kufufuza: ADD; kulemba-choyambirira kukonzekera kukonzekera: ADD ndi PR

ndalama

Kafukufukuyu sanalandire ndalama zopezeka kunja.

Mikangano ya Chidwi

Olembawo amanena kuti palibe kutsutsana kwa chidwi.

Zothandizira

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