Chilakolako cha kugonana, chikhalidwe, mawonekedwe ophatikizira, kutengeka, ndi kudzidzimvera ngati zowonongeka pa zochitika zogonana ndi anthu ena (2019)

Health JMIR Ment Health. 2019 Jan 21; 6 (1): e9978. yani: 10.2196 / maganizo.9978.

Varfi N1, Rothen S1, Jasiowka K1, Akhate T1, Bianchi-Demicheli F1, Khazaal Y#1.

Kudalirika

MALANGIZO:

Chiwerengero chowonjezeka cha kafukufuku chikukhudzana ndi mbali zosiyanasiyana za machitidwe okhudzana ndi kugonana kwa pa Intaneti, vuto la anthu ena ali ndi kuchepetsa kugwiritsira ntchito kugonana kwachisawawa ngakhale kulimbikitsa moyo wa tsiku ndi tsiku.

KUCHITA:

Cholinga cha phunziroli chinali kufufuza momwe zingakhazikitsire pakati pa zokhudzana ndi kugwiritsira ntchito mankhwala osokoneza bongo, zomwe zimayesedwa ndi Compulsive Internet Use Scale (CIUS) zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito pa kugwiritsira ntchito pa Intaneti, komanso zinthu zina zamaganizo ndi maganizo, kuphatikizapo chilakolako chogonana, maganizo, ndi kudzidalira, mwa kulingalira zaka, kugonana, ndi kugonana kwa ogwiritsa ntchito pa Intaneti.

ZITSANZO:

Kafukufuku wochokera pa Webusaiti unayendetsedwa mmalo momwe ophunzira adayesedwa kuti azisintha ndi zida zotsatirazi: CIUS inasinthidwa kugwiritsa ntchito kugonana kwa pa Intaneti, Sexual Desire Inventory, ndi Short Depression-Happiness Scale. Kuwonjezera pamenepo, kalembedwe kameneka kanayankhidwa ndi Zomwe Zachitika mu Ubale Wolimba-Wowonongeka (questioned) ndikudandaula. Kusakhudzidwa kunayesedwa pogwiritsa ntchito Kufulumizitsa, Kukonzekera (kusowa), Kupirira (kusowa), Kufunafuna Kwambiri, Kuthamanga Kwabwino Kwambiri. Kudzilemekeza kwathunthu kunayesedwa ndi 1-item Self-Esteem Scale.

ZOKHUDZA:

Chitsanzo cha maphunziro a 145 anamaliza kuphunzira. Kugwiritsira ntchito mankhwala ozunguza bongo kumagwirizanitsidwa ndi zilakolako zakugonana, maganizo opsinjika mtima, mawonekedwe osagwirizana, komanso amuna okhaokha koma osati ndi chikoka.

MAFUNSO:

Kugwiritsira ntchito pa Intaneti pogwiritsa ntchito kugonana ndi ntchito ya chilakolako chogonana, kukhumudwa, komanso kusagwirizana.

MAFUNSO: khalidwe lachiwerewere; kukhudzidwa; intaneti; kugonana

PMID: 30664470

DOI: 10.2196 / maganizo.9978

Introduction

Background

Intaneti imagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri m'moyo wa tsiku ndi tsiku, kuphatikizapo mafunso okhudzana ndi thanzi [1-4] komanso zolinga zokhudzana ndi kugonana [5]. Kugonana pa Intaneti ndi khalidwe lofala lomwe limatanthawuza zochitika zokhudzana ndi kugonana zomwe zili ndi cholinga chokwaniritsa kukwaniritsa kugonana kapena kugonana [6]. Kugonana pa Intaneti kumaphatikizapo zinthu zosiyanasiyana monga kukambirana, chibwenzi, kufufuza masiku osayanjanako, kugonana, kusewera kwa webcam, zenizeni, ndi zolaula. Zochita izi zikhoza kugawidwa ngati zokhazokha (kutanthauza zowonera zolaula), kugawanika (kutanthauza, kuyankhulana), ndi ntchito zopanda ntchito (mwachitsanzo, zofuna zokhudzana ndi kugonana kufunafuna) [7].

Kugwiritsiridwa ntchito moyenera kwa pa Intaneti kungathandize kuti chidziwitso cha kugonana chiwonjezereke komanso kuyankhulana kosagwirizana ndi kugonana ndi anzanu [8]. Mofananamo ndi omwe amachita zochitika zina za intaneti monga kusewera [9-11], komabe, ena ogwiritsa ntchito pa Intaneti amagwiritsa ntchito mankhwala osokoneza bongo ndi zotsatira zovuta [12,13]. Zitsanzozi kaŵirikaŵiri zimafotokozedwa kuti ndizogwiritsa ntchito molakwika komanso mosagwiritsidwa ntchito pazochitika zogonana zomwe zimayambitsa mavuto kapena kuwonongeka kwa ntchito ndipo zimapitirizabe ngakhale mavuto [14,15]. Palibe mgwirizano wokhudzana ndi kulingalira kwa matendawa [12,16], ngakhale kuti nthaŵi zambiri imatchedwa kuledzera kwa pa Intaneti [17-20]. Komabe, monga momwe zilili ndi machitidwe ena okhudzana ndi vuto la intaneti [21], mwina ndi ambulera yomwe imatanthawuza mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya machitidwe a pa Intaneti (zithunzi zolaula pa Intaneti, zithunzi zolimbitsa thupi, kukambirana, etc) ndi njira zosiyanasiyana (ie, kulimbitsa mtima monga kukondweretsa kugonana ndi kukonda zolaula , kapena kuponderezedwa kolakwika chifukwa chovutika maganizo tsiku ndi tsiku) [12,22,23].

Maphunziro angapo afotokoza kufanana pakati pa kugonana kwachinsinsi ndi zovuta zina, kuphatikizapo kuchepetsa kulamulira oyang'anira akuluakulu (kuthekera kusankha zochita kapena maganizo mogwirizana ndi zolinga zamkati) [24], kusonkhana pakati pa zolaula zokhudzana ndi zolaula komanso zogwiritsa ntchito kwambiri [25,26], mgwirizano pakati pa kugwiritsidwa ntchito kwachisawawa (kugwiritsira ntchito njira zowonongeka zochitika pazomwe zikuchitika pa tsamba la cybersex) ndi chilakolako cha kugonana [27], ndi zizindikiro zenizeni za kugwiritsira ntchito mankhwala ozunguza bongo ndi kugonana (kumverera kutaya mphamvu poigwiritsa ntchito) [23] ndi njira zowonongeka ndi zolakwika za machitidwe opatsirana pogonana [28]. Ngakhale kuti zikuoneka kuti ndizofunika kwambiri pa sayansi, kafukufuku wokhudzana ndi kugonana kwa pa Intaneti akungokhalabe [25]. Makamaka, zifukwa zokhudzana ndi chitukuko ndi kusungidwa kwa mankhwala osokoneza bongo amakhalabe pansi [12]. Izi zikhoza kufotokozedwa mwa kusagwirizana pankhani zowonongeka kotere.

Zomwe zingatheke kuti anthu azitha kugwiritsira ntchito mankhwala osokoneza bongo amatha kupeza chidwi choyamba. Chilakolako cha kugonana chimasonyeza mphamvu zomwe zimapangitsa munthu kuyang'ana kapena kusiya khalidwe la kugonana [29] ndikulimbikitseni anthu kugonana. Komabe, ngakhale kufunika kwa chilakolako chogonana monga chikhalidwe chogonana [22,30], maphunziro pa mgwirizano pakati pa chilakolako chogonana ndi kugonana pa Intaneti akusowabe. Mogwirizana ndi mauthenga ena onyansa khalidwe labwino ndi kugwiritsa ntchito kwambiri intaneti [9,31], kafukufuku wambiri pa ma psychopathological correlates ya kugwiritsira ntchito mankhwala osokoneza bongo afupipafupi nthawi zambiri amatanthauzira kugwirizana ndi matenda a maganizo monga maganizo ovutika maganizo [22]. Kudzichepetsa kwenikweni kunkaphatikizanso ndi kutumizirana zithunzi zolaula (kugawana zithunzi za kugonana) [32], zovuta kuchita [33], ndi chizolowezi chogonana [34]. Kuwonjezera apo, mogwirizana ndi maphunziro ena pa masewera a intaneti ovuta [35], kafukufuku wina adawonetsa kuti kugonana ndi machitidwe opatsirana pogonana ndi mbali yothetsera khalidwe lomwe likufuna kuthetsa malingaliro oipa [20,36].

Mfundo yowonjezera imanena kuti chifukwa cha kuyanjana kwao ndi makolo ndi achibale, anthu amachititsa zikhulupiliro zokhudzana ndi ubale wawo ndi ena zomwe zimapangitsa kukhala ndi chibwenzi, kugonana, kugonana ndi makhalidwe awo amtsogolo monga momwe zimakhalira.37]. Makamaka, akhoza kukhala ndi mafilimu osakayika. Mwachitsanzo, kalembedwe kotsutsana kogwirizana ndi maubwenzi apamtima, kupeŵa kugwirizanitsa, komanso kuwonjezeka kwa kufufuza kwachinsinsi. Mosiyana ndi zimenezo, nkhawa yokhudzana ndi nkhawa ikukhudzana ndi nkhaŵa zokhudzana ndi kukanidwa ndi kukanidwa, mwatsogolere kutsogolera anthu kuwerengera muzochita zomwe zimayesayesa kutsimikiziridwa kuti azigwirizana nawo komanso kutsimikiziridwa mobwerezabwereza chitetezo chotere [38].

Makhalidwe akuluakulu oterewa amawoneka kuti amakhudza zokhudzana ndi kugonana, maubwenzi apamtima, ndi makhalidwe achiwerewere ndi kukhutira [39]. Kugwirizana koyenera kunkachitika kale pakati pa kukhudzidwa ndi kusakanikirana komanso kugonana [40]. Komanso, [41] akuwonetsa kuti vutoli limagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri ndi anthu omwe ali ndi nkhawa monga kusokonezeka maganizo kapena kupewa [42] ndi zowopsya zochitika zapitazo [19].

Kuwonjezera pamenepo, kukhudzidwa ndi chidziwitso ndizomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito pazinthu zamaganizo komanso zamaganizo zokhudzana ndi matenda a ubongo zomwe zimatsogolera kukwaniritsa machitidwe popanda kuyembekezera mwachidwi [43]. Kukhudzidwa ndi chilakolako chokhalira ndi chidziwitso chokhudzana ndi khalidwe lauchidakwa [44], kuphatikizapo vuto la masewera [45] ndi intaneti njuga [21]. Komabe, pokhala ndi chibwenzi, mgwirizanowu pakati pa chilakolako chogonana ndi chilakolako chofuna kugonana sichimathandizanso [20], komanso mu maphunziro omwe asanthula bungwe ili, zotsatira zotsatizana zinapezeka. M'maphunziro ena, kusowa kwa akuluakulu oyang'anira akuluakulu [25,26] ndi zinthu zosafuna kugonana zinkagwirizana ndi kugonana kwachisawawa [25,26]. Mosiyana, Wetterneck et al [46] sanapeze kusiyana kulikonse pakati pa zowonongeka pakati pa zolaula zosavuta ndi zosadziletsa.

Chidziwitso chaposachedwa cha kudzikonda ndikuthamangira, Kukonzekera (kusowa), Kupirira (kusowa), Kufunafuna, Kuchita Zinthu Mwachangu (UPPS-P) Makhalidwe Okhudzidwa, omwe amamasuliridwa ndi chikhalidwe chokhazikika m'zinenero zambiri [47-50]. Chidulechi chikugwirizana ndi zosiyana siyana zomwe zimayesedwa ndi msinkhu: kusafulumira (kukhala ndi mtima wofuna kuchita zinthu mopanda nzeru), kukonzekera (kusowa), chipiriro (kusowa), kufunafuna maganizo, ndi changu chofulumira (chizoloŵezi cha Chitani mofulumira mukakhala ndi maganizo abwino). Kafukufuku waposachedwapa [20] adasonyezeratu kuti kuipa koipa komanso kuipa kumakhudzidwa kwambiri poyesa kugwiritsira ntchito mankhwala ozunguza bongo, pamene palibe mayanjano ena omwe adapezeka ndi zochitika zina zosayesedwa, monga kusowa kukonzekera, kusowa chipiriro, kapena kufulumizitsa bwino (chizoloŵezi chochita zinthu mopupuluma pamene ali ndi maganizo abwino ).

Ngakhale kuti zingatheke kukhala ndi pakati, kugonana kungatchulidwe monga kugonana amuna kapena akazi okhaokha, kugonana ndi amuna kapena akazi okhaokha [51]. M'maphunziro apitalo, amuna omwe amagonana amuna kapena akazi okhaokha komanso amuna kapena akazi okhaokha amasiyanitsa kusiyana kwa kugwiritsira ntchito cybersex (zochitika zogonana mobwerezabwereza pa Intaneti kusiyana ndi zomwe zimalembedwa ndi amuna kapena akazi okhaokha) [52]. Kuwonjezera apo, anthu omwe ali m'magulu ang'onoang'ono ogonana, makamaka chifukwa cha tsankho, ali ndi chiopsezo chowonjezereka cha kusagwirizana kwa thanzi, monga matenda osokoneza bongo [53] ndi kuvutika maganizo [54].

Zolinga

Cholinga cha phunziroli chinali kufufuza zogwirizana pakati pa kugonana kwa ozunguza bongo ndi matenda ena a maganizo, kuphatikizapo chilakolako cha kugonana, maganizo, chikhalidwe chogwirizanitsa, ndi kukhudzidwa, poganizira zaka, kugonana, ndi kugonana (kugonana amuna kapena akazi okhaokha, amuna kapena akazi okhaokha, kapena amuna kapena akazi okhaokha) ogwiritsa ntchito pa Intaneti. Tikuyembekeza kuti tidzakhala ndi zotsatira za zisankho zomwe zasokonekera pa Intaneti.

Njira

Njira Yogwirira Ntchito

Otsatirawa anali ndi ogwiritsa ntchito malo ochezera a pa Intaneti ndi maofesi omwe adatumizidwira kudzera pa malonda pa masewera enaake ndi mawebusaiti (malo oonera zolaula, malo ochezera a pa Intaneti, ndi malo ochezera achibwenzi). Kuti adziphatikizidwe, ophunzira adayenera kukhala zaka zoposa 18 komanso kumvetsetsa zilankhulo za mayankho (French kapena English). Panalibe chisonkhezero chochita nawo. Ophunzirawo adapereka chilolezo ndipo amaliza mafunsowa mosadziwika kudzera pazolumikiza za SurveyMonkey. Mayankho a kafukufuku adatumizidwira pazolumikizidwe zotetezedwa Zosungira Zowonjezera. Maadiresi a pulogalamu ya intaneti adagwiritsidwa ntchito pokhapokha kuti ayang'anire kutenga nawo mbali. Phunzirolo silinagwiritse ntchito mayina, maina a mayina, kapena ma adelo a mainawo, ndipo detayi inafufuzidwa mosadziwika. Pulogalamu yophunzirira inavomerezedwa ndi Komiti ya Ethical ya Achipatala ku Geneva University.

Zitsanzo

Ndondomeko yowatenga anthu inachititsa kuti anthu a 761 atsegule kuti agwirizane ndi phunziroli, omwe 605 adawapatsa chilolezo. Ndondomeko yomaliza yomaliza wophunzirayo inachepa pambali pafunsolo. Pakati pa maphunziro a 605 omwe adapereka chilolezo, 358 idapitirira kudutsa gawo la anthu. Zotsatira za 226 zokha zinapitiliza kumapeto, gawo la mafunso. Pambuyo ponyalanyaza malingaliro adachotsedwa, zitsanzo zoyambirira zidaphatikizapo olowa 145.

Zida

Kugwiritsa Ntchito Intaneti Moyenera

The Compulsive Internet Use Scale (CIUS) [55] ali ndi zinthu 14 zomwe zawerengedwa pa tsamba la 5-tsamba la Likert kuyambira 0 (ayi) mpaka 4 (kawirikawiri). Maphunziro apamwamba amasonyeza kugwiritsa ntchito kwambiri mankhwala osokoneza bongo. Kafukufuku wammbuyo adanena zabwino zokhazikika pazowona kudutsa nthawi ndi kudutsa zitsanzo zosiyanasiyana [55]. Kukula kumaphatikizapo zinthu zokhudzana ndi makhalidwe osiyanasiyana monga kuwonongeka, kuthandizidwa, kuchotsa, kuthana ndi mavuto komanso kusamvana. Zitsanzo zosiyana ndi lingaliro la lingaliro la CIUS, yankho la 1-chinthu linasungidwa mobwerezabwereza monga chitsanzo choyenera kwambiri [55-59]. Zinthu za CIUS zimapempha za kugwiritsa ntchito intaneti (mwachitsanzo, "Kodi zimakuvuta kusiya kugwiritsa ntchito intaneti ukakhala pa intaneti?"). Kuti tiwone mozama za ntchito za pa Intaneti, tinapempha ophunzira kuti ayankhe mafunsowa podziwa kuti mawuwo Intaneti makamaka amanena za kugwiritsira ntchito pa Intaneti. CIUS ndi mayeso ena a ma intaneti akuyendetsedwa bwinobwino kuti agwiritse ntchito pa intaneti yogwiritsira ntchito masewera a pa intaneti, kutchova njuga pa intaneti [60], ndi pa Intaneti [20,61] popanda kusintha kwa katundu wawo wa psychometric.

Kufuna Kugonana Mwachidziwitso

Kulimbana ndi zinthu za 14 pa chiwerengero cha Likert, Sexual Desire Inventory (SDI) idagwiritsidwa ntchito poyesa chilakolako cha kugonana (mwachitsanzo, "Mukayamba kuona munthu wokongola, kodi mukukhumba motani?") [62].

Zinthu zinayi zimachokera ku 0 (osati konse) ku 7 (kamodzi pa tsiku). Zinthu zina zimayankhidwa pazithunzi za 9-tsamba yochokera ku 0 (palibe chikhumbo) ku 8 (chikhumbo cholimba). Maphunziro apamwamba a SDI amasonyeza chilakolako chapamwamba cha kugonana.

Kupsinjika Kwake Kwambiri-Chimwemwe Chokhalira

Kusokonezeka Kwachidule-Chisangalalo Choyipa (SDHS) chinagwiritsidwa ntchito poyesa kusiyana kwa kusinthasintha kwa maganizo (mwachitsanzo, "Ndinamva wosakhutira ndi moyo wanga") kukhala wachimwemwe (mwachitsanzo, "Ndinasangalala") m'nthawi ya 7. Icho chimapangidwa ndi zinthu 6, 3 zabwino ndi 3 zoipa, zowerengedwa pa 4-Point Likert tsamba kuyambira 0 (konse) mpaka 3 (kawirikawiri). Zomwe zili m'munsizi, zimapangitsa kuti zizindikirozo zikhale zovuta [63].

Zochitika mu Maubwenzi Otsatira-Mafunso Othandizidwa

Zomwe Zakachitikira Mafunso Ogwirizana-Revised (ECR-R) zinagwiritsidwa ntchito poyesa kalembedwe kazithunzi [64,65]. Zotsatirazi zikuphatikizapo zinthu za 18 za nkhawa zomwe zimadziwika ndi chikondi chachikulu komanso mantha (monga, "Nthawi zambiri ndimadandaula kuti mnzanga sakufuna kukhala ndi ine") ndi zinthu za 18 chifukwa chodziwidwa ndi mantha ndi chikondi kupambana (mwachitsanzo, "Sindikonda kusonyeza mnzanga mmene ndimamverera pansi"). Zinthuzo zilivoterezedwa pa tsamba la 7-Likert yochokera ku 1 (yosagwirizana kwenikweni) mpaka 7 (kugwirizana kwathunthu). Kafukufuku wochuluka anawonetsa kukhulupiliranso kuyesedwa kwa mayesero komanso kusonkhana bwino kwa masewera a subscale ndi zochitika zina za nkhawa tsiku ndi tsiku ndi kupezeka ndi mnzake wapamtima [66].

Kukhalitsa, Kukonzekera (Kuperewera), Kupirira (Kutaya), Kufunafuna Kwambiri, Kufunika Kwambiri) Kuchita Zinthu Zopweteka Zomwe Mumachita

UPPS-P Impulsive Behavior Scale [67], m'ndandanda yake yaifupi ya 20 [47], amagwiritsidwa ntchito kuyesa kusaganizira malinga ndi miyeso ya 5: kufulumizitsa bwino (kuchitapo kanthu mwamphamvu pamene akukumana ndi maganizo abwino), kuchitapo kanthu koipa (kuyang'ana mwamphamvu pamene akukumana ndi maganizo oipa, mwachitsanzo, "Ndikwiyitsa ine nthawi zambiri ndimachita zinthu popanda kuganiza"), kusowa kukonzekeretsa (chizoloŵezi chosanyalanyaza zotsatirazo asanayambe kuchita), kusowa chipiriro (zovuta kuika patsogolo pa ntchito yovuta kapena yovuta), ndi kufunafuna maganizo. Mayankho amavomerezedwa pa tsamba la 4-tsamba la Likert lochokera ku 1 (ogwirizana kwambiri) ku 4 (osagwirizana kwenikweni). Kukhazikika kwa retest wabwino kunanenedwa kale [47]. Poganizira za ma multicomponents, chiwerengerocho chinali chokhudzidwa kwambiri poyesa kuledzera [68]. Muzochita zina, zina mwazochita zozizwitsa zomwe zikuwonetsedwa ndi UPPS-P, makamaka kufunika kosafulumira [69-72], malingana ndi khalidwe loyesedwa ndi chitsanzo, changu chofulumira [71], kusowa kukonzekera [69] kusowa kwa chipiriro [73], ndi kufunafuna [68], kale anali okhudzana ndi makhalidwe oledzera.

Chidziwitso Chokha Chokha Chokha

Chiwerengero ichi cha 1 ("Ndili ndi kudzikuza") chinkagwiritsidwa ntchito kuyeza kudzidalira kwathunthu [74]. Ophunzirawo amaliza chinthu chimodzi pazithunzi za 5-tsamba yochokera ku 1 (osati yeniyeni yeniyeni) mpaka 5 (zowona zenizeni). Chidziwitso Chokha Chokha Chokha (SISE) chinasonyeza kutsimikizirika kwabwino kwazinthu zina zoyesa kudzidalira monga Rosenberg Self-Esteem Scale [74]. Chifukwa cha chinthu chimodzi chokha cha SISE, kugwirizana kwa mkati kumayenera kukhala koyenera mwa kutanthauzira ndipo sizingatheke kulinganiziridwa. Mu chitsanzo ichi, msinkhu uwu nthawi zambiri unagawidwa.

Ukalamba, mwamuna kapena mkazi, chikwati (osakwatira, muukwati-wokwatirana, muukwati osati wosakwatiwa, wamasiye, kapena mkazi wamasiye), ndi kugonana (kuyesedwa ndi funso kufunsa ngati nkhaniyo inadzifotokoza yekha kugonana amuna kapena akazi okhaokha, amuna kapena akazi okhaokha, kapena amuna kapena akazi okhaokha).

Kusanthula

Chifukwa cha kukula kwakukulu kwa chiwerewere ndi chikwati, chiŵerengero cha anthu chinkafaniziridwa pakati pa abambo ndi amai pogwiritsa ntchito mayeso enieni a Fisher, pamene mayeso achiwerengero cha Wilcoxon anachitidwa kwa zaka. Ponena za miyeso yosiyana, pamene zinthu zosowa zikuyimira zosachepera kapena zofanana ndi 10% ya zinthu zonse padera (16.6% kwa SDHS chifukwa zili ndi zinthu 6 zokha), yankho losowa linalowetsedwa ndi tanthauzo la mayankho a zinthu zomwe zili payeso (kutanthauza kutanthauza munthu). Kusinthika kwa mkati kunayesedwa ndi Cronbach alpha [75]. Kuti tione zosiyana zomwe zimagwiridwa ndi mapikiti apamwamba pa CIUS, tachita chitsanzo chophatikizana. Kusinthika kumadalira ndi chiwerengero cha CIUS, ndipo zosiyana ndizoyimiridwa ndi SDI, chiwerengero cha SDHS, ECR-R ikugwirizanitsa, UPPS-P akugwirizanitsa, SISE, kugonana, ndi kugonana. Nthawi yogwirizana pakati pa kugonana ndi kukondana ndi kugonana inaphatikizidwanso mu chitsanzo. Monga panali maphunziro a 19 omwe sananene za chaka chawo chobadwira, zaka sizinaphatikizedwe mu chitsanzo. Izi siziyenera kufotokozera kukondera chifukwa chogwirizana pakati pa zaka ndi chiwerengero cha CIUS chinali pafupi ndi 0 ndipo sizinafikire ziwerengero.

Njira yosakanikirana yofanana ndi chiwerengero cha ziwerengero zomwe zili ndi zotsatira zofanana, monga momwe zimakhalire zovuta zatsopano, komanso zotsatira zosawonongeke [76]. Zotsatira zopanda phindu zimathandiza kupanga deta zadongosolo; Choncho, mtundu umenewu ndi woyenera kuyanjanitsa, chifukwa ukusowa kudziimira payekha. Mu chitsanzo ichi, tingaganize kuti anthu omwe adadzazidwa m'Chifalansa pamasamba a mafunsowa anali ofanana kwambiri kusiyana ndi anthu omwe anadzazidwa muyeso la Chingerezi; Choncho, chilankhulo chinkawonetsedwa ngati zotsatira zosasintha.

Kuti mudziwe ngati chitsanzo choyesedwacho chinali chovomerezeka, tinkachita kafukufuku wotsalira komanso zizindikiro zapadera. Kukhazikitsanso kachiwiri kunasonyeza kuti zowonongeka zimagawidwa, kuti panalibe makhalidwe abwino, komanso kuti anali homoscedastic. Ponena za kugonana kwachilendo, kusiyana kwakukulu kwa inflation ndipamwamba kuposa 4, zomwe zikuwonetsa kuti palibe mavuto a collinearity omwe analipo [77]. Kufufuza kunkachitika ndi R 3.1.0 (R Core Team, 2014) [78]. Phukusili (R Corore Team, 2017) idagwiritsidwa ntchito kuyendetsa mtundu wosakanikirana.

Results

Chiwerengero cha Ophunzira

Phunziroli linaphatikizapo ophunzira a 145. Pamene tidafanizitsa 145 kuphatikizapo maphunziro omwe ndi omwe adapereka zaka zawo, kugonana, ndi kugonana, palibe kusiyana kwa chiwerengero.

Gulu 1 amasonyeza chiwerengero cha ophunzira. Chitsanzocho chinapangidwa ndi amuna 60.0% (87 / 145) ndi akazi a 40.0% (58 / 145). Zaka zapakatikati za zitsanzozo zinali zaka 31 (zaka: 18-70 zaka). Akazi anali aang'ono kuposa amuna (zaka 28 vs zaka 36.5, motero, P= .014). Pankhani yaukwati, 37.9% (55 / 145) ya omvera anali osakwatira, 39.3% (57 / 145) mu ubale-osakwatirana, 20.7% (30 / 145) mu ubale-wokwatira, ndipo 2.1% (3 / 145) amasiye kapena akazi amasiye. Kugonana ndi kugonana pakati pa kugonana nawonso anayezetsedwa: 77.9% (113 / 145) a ophunzirawo akunena kuti akugonana, 7.6% (11 / 145) kukhala amuna okhaokha, ndipo 14.5% (21 / 145) akugonana. Pakati pa amuna, 79% (69 / 87) amawonetsa kuti akugonana, 6% (6 / 87) kukhala amuna okhaokha, ndipo 13% (12 / 87) akugonana; pakati pa akazi, 75% (44 / 58) adanena kuti akugonana, 8% (5 / 58) kukhala amuna okhaokha, ndipo 15% (9 / 58) akugonana.

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Gulu 1. Chiwerengero cha anthu.
Onani gome ili

Zida

Gulu 2 imasonyeza njira ndi SD zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito komanso Cronbach alpha [75] monga muyeso wa kusasinthika kwamkati ndi kudalira kwake kwa 95%. Chida chilichonse chinali ndi kusakhazikika kwamkati (> 0.80) kwamphamvu (> 0.90) kwamkati, koma sikelo yachangu ya UPPS-P idagwera pamitundu yovomerezeka (> 0.70).

Zotsatira za Zojambula Zowonongeka

Zotsatira za mtundu wosakanikirana wazomwe zikufotokozedwa Gulu 3. Zotsatira zofunikira kwambiri pa zolemba za CIUS (onani zolemba zovomerezeka) zinali zochepa zowerengera za SDHS (kutanthauza zovuta zambiri), zotsatiridwa ndi zilembo zapamwamba zosagwirizana, amuna, komanso chilakolako chogonana. Mavuto ena (nkhawa, attachments UPPS-P, SIUS, kugonana, komanso kugwirizana pakati pa kugonana ndi kugonana) sanafike powerenga ziwerengero za CIUS.

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Gulu 2. Kufotokozera za zida.
Onani gome ili
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Gulu 3. Zotsatira za mtundu wosiyana wazithunzi.
Onani gome ili

Kukambirana

Zofufuza Zazikulu

Cholinga cha phunziroli chinali kufufuza za kugonana kwa pa Intaneti ndi kufufuza zogwirizana pakati pa kugonana kwa pa Intaneti ndi zifukwa zomwe zingatheke, monga chilakolako cha kugonana, maganizo, chikhalidwe chogwirizanitsa, ndi kukhudzidwa mtima, poganizira zaka, kugonana, ndi kugonana a ogwiritsa ntchito pa Intaneti. Tinazindikira kuti kugwiritsira ntchito mankhwala ozunguza bongo, monga momwe a CIUS anawonetsera kuti agwirizane ndi kugonana, akukhudzana ndi chilakolako cha kugonana, kukhumudwa, chizoloŵezi chodziletsa, ndi amuna. Monga momwe taonera Gulu 3 (coefficients), zotsatira zimasonyeza kuti zofunikira kwambiri pa CIUS zambiri ndi mtima wachisoni, wotsatiridwa ndi kusinthasintha kalembedwe, amuna, ndi chilakolako chogonana. Kuwonjezereka kwa UPPS-P, kudzidalira, ndi kugonana sizimakhudza kwambiri kugonana kwa pa Intaneti.

Chilakolako cha kugonana ndi chofunikira kwambiri pa chiwerewere ndipo chimagwirizana kwambiri ndi kugonana kwaubale [79]. Mu phunziro lino, chilakolako chogonana chokwanira chinagwirizanitsidwa kwambiri ndi kugwiritsira ntchito mankhwala osokoneza bongo. Kupeza uku kukugwirizana ndi kugwiritsidwa ntchito kosangalatsa [26] ndi zofukufuku zapitazo zikusonyeza kusonkhana pakati pa kugwiritsira ntchito cybersex ndi kukakamiza ndi kukhumba zolemba zolaula zinazake [80]. Zotsatirazo zimasonyeza kuti mwina mbali imodzi ya kugwiritsira ntchito mankhwala ozunguza bongo ndi ogwirizanitsa ndi chitsimikizo chotere. Chilakolako cha kugonana chimadziwikanso chifukwa cha kusinthidwa kokhudzana ndi maganizo achisoni [81]. Kusintha pakati pa chilakolako cha kugonana, kusinthika kwa maganizo, ndi kugwiritsira ntchito pa Intaneti kungayesedwe pa maphunziro a m'tsogolomu pogwiritsa ntchito njira zomwe zimagwirizana ndi zochitika zapakati pa nyengo [82].

Kupeza chiyanjano pakati pa kugwiritsira ntchito mankhwala osokoneza bongo ndi maganizo okhumudwa kumagwirizana ndi maphunziro ena omwe amasonyeza kufunika kwa maulumikizano pakati pa kugonana ndi machitidwe opatsirana pogonana ndi zosiyana zosiyanasiyana za maganizo ndi maganizo [22,26]. Zotsatirazi zikugwirizananso ndi mauthenga ena a mgwirizano pakati pa masewera ochuluka a intaneti [83] kapena intaneti njuga [21] ndi kusokonezeka maganizo. Mabwenzi oterewa amasonyeza kuti kugonana kwachinsinsi pa Intaneti kumakhala mbali yothetsera khalidwe lomwe likufuna kuthetsa maganizo okhumudwitsa [20,35,36,84]. Chotsatirachi chimatsegula mkangano, monga chachitika kwa machitidwe ena ozunguza ma intaneti, za chikhalidwe choyenera cha matenda [16] ndi kumvetsetsa mokwanira kwa bungwe lotero [85]. Kukhazikitsidwa kotheka kwa matenda a psychopathological, omwe angapangitse kukhumudwa kwakukulu koyambitsana ndi zotsatira zolakwika za kugwiritsira ntchito mankhwala osokoneza bongo (kudzipatula ndi kuchepetsa kugonana kosagwirizana ndi kugonana), sizingatheke [86], ndipo motero, maphunziro opitilira ena akuyenera.

Tinapezanso mgwirizano pakati pa kugwiritsira ntchito mankhwala ozunguza bongo komanso kupewa kugwirizana koma osati nkhawa. Zotsatirazi ndizogwirizana ndi zomwe za maphunziro ena zomwe zimatanthawuza zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito mosagwiritsidwa ntchito mopanda chitetezo pogwiritsa ntchito intaneti kwambiri [19] ndi Intaneti [41]. Beutel et al [42] adapeza kuwonjezeka kwa kugwiritsidwa ntchito kogonana pa intaneti ndikofunikira pakumangika ndi nkhawa. Zotsatira zawo zidalephera, komabe, kuti zitheke kuwerengera kulumikizana pakati pakufunika kogwiritsa ntchito intaneti komanso kupewa kuphatikizika. Kusiyana kotereku kungafotokozedwe ndi kusiyanasiyana kwa njira zowunikira ogwiritsa ntchito pa intaneti. M'malo mwake, kafukufuku wa Beutel et al adagwiritsa ntchito zinthu zina zokhudzana ndi machitidwe a cybersex (mwachitsanzo, "Ndasanthula zida zogonana pa intaneti…") ndi zinthu ziwiri zokha zokhudzana ndi chiwerewere (mwachitsanzo, "Ndikukhulupirira kuti ndimakonda kugwiritsa ntchito intaneti" ndipo "Ndalonjeza kuti ndisiya kugwiritsa ntchito intaneti pazogonana"). Kuphatikiza apo, zinthu zinali pamiyeso yayikulu (zowona kapena zabodza), zomwe zimachepetsa kuthekera kowona kusiyanasiyana. Mgwirizanowu womwe umapezeka ndi zomwe ungapewe ukhoza kufotokozedwa chifukwa chakusakhutira komanso kuwopa maubale apamtima, zomwe zimapangitsa kuwonjezeka kwa zochitika pa intaneti zomwe nthawi zambiri zimakhudzana ndi kuyanjana. Phunziroli, kuchepa kwa mgwirizano pakati pazakugonana ndi anthu omwe ali ndi vuto lodana ndi anzawo mwina mwina chifukwa chakuchepa kwazitsanzo. Wina atha kuyerekezera kusiyanasiyana kwamawonekedwe azinthu pazochitika zapadera pa intaneti (mwachitsanzo, kuphatikiza nkhawa kungakhale ndi kulumikizana kochulukirapo pawebusayiti ndi omwe angakhale nawo pachibwenzi chifukwa choyembekezera kukanidwa). Maphunziro owonjezera ayenera kuwunika mwatsatanetsatane zochitika zakugonana pa intaneti. Ngakhale pali kusiyana kotere pamaphunziro, masitayelo osatetezeka amathandiza kwambiri pakukonda kugwiritsa ntchito intaneti. Monga akunenera kwina [19], kufufuza koteroko kuli koyenera kufufuza zachipatala ndi kuchiritsidwa kwa chizolowezi chogwirizanitsa kwa odwala omwe amachita nawo chiwerewere.

Kusaganizira komanso kugwiritsira ntchito mowa mwauchidakwa sikunagwirizane kwambiri mu phunziro lathu. Zotsatira za phunziroli zikusiyana ndi zomwe zafukufuku wina zokhudzana ndi maulumikizano pakati pa makhalidwe a UPPS-P ndi mauthenga othandizira okhudzana ndi intaneti [21,45]. Zotsatira za phunziro ili ndi zosiyana ndi za maphunziro apitalo zomwe zikuwonetsa mayanjano ena pakati pa kugonana kwachisawawa ndi kukhudzidwa [20,46]. Komanso, pogwiritsa ntchito PPS-P yofanana, Wery et al [20] anasonyeza kuti mu gulu la amuna, kufunika kofulumira kunayanjana ndi zotsatira zolakwika poyesa kugwiritsira ntchito zolaula pa Intaneti. Komabe, mphamvu za gululo sizinali zolimba, monga momwe olemba amavomerezera akufotokozera chiwerengero cha 1.03 (95% CI = 1.01-1.06). Mu phunziro lina, Wetterneck et al [46] anawonetsa mgwirizano wawung'ono pakati pa kusakhudzidwa kwanthawi ndi maola ochuluka a ntchito zolaula sabata. Komabe, sanafotokoze kusiyana kwakukulu pakati pa kagulu ka anthu ogwiritsira ntchito zolaula komanso olamulira.

Malingana ndi zochitika zoterezi, wina angaganize kuti zinthu zina zomwe zingasokoneze chiwerewere zingakhale zovuta kwambiri pa khalidweli. Izi zingapangitse kusokonezeka pakati pa maphunziro. Komanso, kusiyana kotereku kumakhudzidwa ndi kukula kwake, mtundu wina wa ntchito za cybersex (mwachitsanzo, kusiyana pakati pa kugonana ndi kugonana ndi chibwenzi), ndi zina zomwe zikuwongolera. Mwachitsanzo, phunziro lathu linaphatikizapo ndondomeko za kugwirizanitsa, kumanga osati kuphatikizapo maphunziro omwe tatchulidwa kale. Komabe, sitingathe kupatulapo mwayi wosinthidwa pa ntchito zapamwamba pamene munthu akuyang'ana pa Intaneti pazinthu zinazake [24] kapena pamene mukugwirizana ndi zifukwa zoipa ndi kugwiritsa ntchito Intaneti [20]. Maphunziro ena omwe angakhalepo chifukwa cha kukhudzidwa ndi chilakolako chokhudzana ndi kugonana pa Intaneti akufunikira.

Kudzidalira sikudali ndi zotsatira pa CIUS. Chotsatira ichi chimatsutsana ndi maphunziro ena omwe amasonyeza, mwachitsanzo, mgwirizano pakati pa kudzichepetsa komanso kutumizirana zithunzi zolaula (kugonana zithunzi za kugonana) [32]. Kusiyana kumene pakati pa maphunziro kungakhale chifukwa cha zitsanzo zazitsanzo, zochita za anthu pa Intaneti, kapena njira zowunika. Phunziroli, mwachitsanzo, linayesa kudzidalira kwathunthu ndi funso la 1 yekha. Kuwonjezera pamenepo, zotsatira za ntchito zogonana pa Intaneti pa kudzidalira sizingatheke. Zofuna zokhudzana ndi kugwirizana pakati pa ntchito zoterozo ndi kudzidalira, kuphatikizapo omwenso angathetsere zotsatirapo monga mantha a kuyesa kosayesa [33], amafunika.

Phunziroli linasonyezanso mgwirizano pakati pa chiwerewere chogonana ndi amuna komanso amuna, monga momwe adapezera mobwerezabwereza [17,42,46,87,88]. Kusiyanasiyana kwa chikhalidwe cha anthu kumathandiza kuti izi zitheke. Komanso, kuthekera kusiyana pakati pa abambo ndi amai mu chilakolako chogonana, kukakamiza kugonana, komanso kuyanjana kwawo kungapangitse kusiyana kwakukulu [89]. Mapangidwe a mawebusaiti okhudzana ndi kugonana ndi mafoni apulogalamu amatha kuthandizira kusiyana kwa kusiyana pakati pa amuna ndi akazi pa kugonana kwa pa Intaneti. Kusiyana kwa kusiyana pakati pa amuna ndi akazi kunali kofala kwambiri pa matenda ozunguza bongo; maphunziro owonjezereka amafunika kuti amvetse njira zowoneka [90].

Pakati pa anthu ogwiritsa ntchito Intaneti pa Intaneti, phunziro lathu silinasonyeze kuti pali kusiyana pakati pa zaka zambiri ndi kugonana kwa pa Intaneti. Kafukufuku wambiri pa Intaneti akukhudza achinyamata komanso achinyamata [17]. Maphunziro ena oyambirira (kumayambiriro a 2000s), komabe, adawonetsa kuti akuluakulu akuluakulu kuposa zaka 50 sanachedwe kugwiritsidwa ntchito pa Intaneti pogonana kuposa achinyamata akuluakulu [91]. Zotsatira za phunziroli zikutheka kuti zikufotokozedwa ndi kugwiritsira ntchito pa Intaneti pa Intaneti (osati pa kugwiritsira ntchito pa Intaneti) komanso chifukwa cha kusinthika kwa anthu komanso kukhala ndi mwayi wambiri pa intaneti m'zaka zonse.

Mu phunziro lino, kugonana sikungakhudze khalidwe loyesa. Mofananamo, palibe zotsatira zopezeka pakati pa kugonana pakati pa amuna ndi akazi komanso kugonana. Komabe, kugonana kumayang'aniridwa ndi magulu akuluakulu a 3 (kugonana amuna kapena akazi okhaokha, amuna ndi akazi okhaokha, komanso amuna okhaokha). Maphunziro amtsogolo angapindule ndi kuyesedwa kowonjezereka kwa kugonana [51] ndi zigawo zake zomwe zingatheke (mwachitsanzo, kuganiza molakwika ndi kusagwirizana pakati pa anthu) [92] komanso kuchokera ku zowunikira za chidziwitso cha amai ndi vuto lake lofanana [93].

Kugonana pa Intaneti kumagwirizanitsa ndi kugwiritsa ntchito mankhwala osokoneza bongo kwa ochepa chabe omwe amagwiritsa ntchito [20]. Izi zikuwonetsedwanso ndikutanthauza (Gulu 2) ndi apakatikati (13 ya 56) ya ma CIUS maphunziro mu phunziro ili. Komabe, kwa iwo omwe ali ndi zizoloŵezi zamagwiritsidwe ntchito, njira zosamalirako ndizochepa kwambiri ndipo zimatsutsidwa; ambiri mwa maphunziro ochepa oyambirira m'munda adayesera kubereka zomwe zadziwika kale kuchokera ku matenda a psychotherapy a matenda osokoneza bongo [12].

Zomwe anapeza pa phunziro lino zimakhala ndi zovuta zachipatala. Zikuwoneka kuti ndibwino kuganizira za kugwiritsira ntchito machitidwe ozunguza bongo pa Intaneti pazinthu zogwirizana kwambiri ndi maganizo osiyanasiyana. Makamaka ayenera kuperekedwa kwa miyezo ya wodwalayo. Thandizo la maganizo liyenera kugwirizana ndi zosowa za wodwala aliyense. Anthu omwe ali ndi chizoloŵezi chopewera, mwachitsanzo, akhoza kupindula ndi njira ya psychotherapeutic yokonzera kuphatikiza mankhwala osokoneza bongo ndi zosokoneza. Kafukufuku wamtsogolo wa kufufuza ndi chithandizo cha mankhwala ozunguza bongo akufunika m'zipatala.

sitingathe

Zolephera zambiri za phunziroli ziyenera kuganiziridwa. Chitsanzocho chinali chochepa koma chokwanira pa ziwerengero zowerengera. Komanso, chitsanzocho chinadziwika ndi zosankha zosankha zokha [94]. Zokambirana zapakati sizinalole kuti pakhale kusiyana pakati pa nthawi ndi nthawi. Kuwonjezera apo, phunziroli silinaganizire ntchito zosiyanasiyana za kugonana pa Intaneti zomwe zingakhudze kugwiritsira ntchito pa Intaneti pogwiritsa ntchito machitidwe osiyanasiyana ndi anthu a pa Intaneti. Pomalizira, palibe mgwirizano wogwirizana ndi kugonana kwa pa Intaneti, ndipo motero, phunziroli linagwiritsa ntchito CIUS yomwe idasinthidwa ndi cybersex monga wothandizila. Kugwiritsa ntchito njira yowonjezera m'malo mogwiritsira ntchito gulu limodzi, komabe, amalola kuwonetsetsa zina mwazovuta za kugwiritsira ntchito mankhwala osokoneza bongo pogwiritsa ntchito chida chofufuzira chokwanira chokhudzana ndi kugwiritsa ntchito ma intaneti operekedwa.

Mawuwo

Ngakhale zofooka izi, phunziroli likuwonetsa kuti kugonana kwachinsinsi kumakhudzidwa ndi kalembedwe kodziletsa, kukhumudwa, ndi chilakolako cha kugonana. Amuna ali pangozi yaikulu. Kudziona ndi kudzikonda sikukuwoneka kukhala ndi chikoka chachikulu pa zolaula pa Intaneti. Kufufuzanso kwina, kuphatikizapo maphunziro opindulitsa, kumafunika kumunda.

Kuvomereza

Palibe ndalama zothandizira pa phunziro lino. Olembawo ayamika ophunzirawo.

Mphatso za Olemba

NV, YK, FBD, ndi SR anaphatikizidwa mu lingaliro ndi kapangidwe ka phunziro. SR, YK, ndi NV anaphatikizidwa mu kufufuza ndi kufotokozera deta. TL, KJ, ndi YK anaphatikizidwa pakulembetsa ophunzira. NV, YK, KJ, TL, SR, ndi FBD ankalemba nawo zolembazo.

Mikangano ya Chidwi

Palibe adanenedwa.

Zothandizira

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