Zopereka Zogonana, Makhalidwe Abwino, Zaka Za Kugonjetsedwa ndi Kutaya Nthawi kwa Zizolowezi za Zizolowezi (kuphatikizapo chiwerewere). (2018)

Front Psychiatry. 2018 Oct 16; 9: 497. onetsani: 10.3389 / fpsyt.2018.00497.

Valero-Solís S¹, Granero R^2,3, Fernández-Aranda F^2,4,5, Mtumiki T^2,4, Mestre-Bach G^2,4, Mallorquí-Bagué N^2,4, Martín-Romera V⁶, N Aymamí N⁴, Gómez-Peña M⁴, Del Pino-Gutiérrez A⁷, Baño M⁴, Moragas L⁴, Menchón JM^4,5,8, Jiménez-Murcia S^2,4,5.

Kudalirika

Chiyambi ndi zolinga: Kuwonjezeka kwa kuchuluka kwa zizolowezi zamakhalidwe padziko lonse lapansi kwadzetsa kukula pakufufuza kwamalingaliro pazomwe zapereka pachiwopsezo / zoteteza pamavuto awa. Cholinga cha phunziroli chinali kuwunika momwe anthu amagonana, msinkhu wamavuto oyambira komanso nthawi yayitali pazachipatala pazomwe amachita.

Njira: Chitsanzo chathu chinali kuphatikizapo odwala omwe akudwala matenda a njuga (GD, n = 3,174), intaneti yotchova njuga matenda (IGD, n = 45), kugula mokakamiza (CB, n = 113), ndi chizolowezi chogonana (SA, n = 34).

Results: Chiyanjano cha mabungwe pakati pa zosiyana ndi zosiyana ndizogwirizana kwambiri ndi khalidwe lachizolowezi chogonana: (a) kwa a GD-amuna oyambirira kumayambiriro kwa matendawa anali okhudzana ndi kupsyinjika kwa GD, pamene azimayi a GD atangoyamba kumene adagwirizanitsidwa ndi zachilendo kufunafuna ; (b) kwa IGD-amuna, kuchedwa mofulumira kumagwirizanitsa ndi chizoloŵezi chowopsa, matenda okhudza ubongo, ndi kukanika kwakukulu ndi kudzidalira; (c) kwa amayi a CB, kumayambiriro oyambirira anali okhudzana ndi kuchuluka kwa ndalama za kudalira malipiro komanso kuchepetsa kudzipiritsa, ndipo nthawi yayitali idanenedweratu za ngongole zowonjezereka; kwa anthu a CB, kumayambiriro oyambirira komanso nthawi yayitali yokhudzana ndi kupewa, kudziletsa, kudzipangira, komanso kugwirizana; ndipo (d) kwa amuna a SA, kumayambiriro kwa nthawi yochedwa ndi nthawi yayitali yokhudzana ndi matenda aakulu.

Zokambirana ndi Zotsatira: Zotsatirazi ndizofunikira popanga mapulogalamu oletsa kupewa ndi kuchiza omwe amachititsa kuti zizoloŵezi zowonongeka zikhale zosiyana.

MAFUNSO: zaka; zizolowezi zamakhalidwe; kukakamiza kugula; vuto lakutchova njuga; intaneti njuga njoka; chizolowezi chogonana

PMID: 30386263

PMCID: PMC6198171

DOI: 10.3389 / fpsyt.2018.00497

Introduction

Zizoloŵezi za khalidwe labwino zimaphatikizapo gulu lopanda chikhalidwe lodziwika bwino lomwe likudziwika ndi kukakamizidwa kukhala ndi khalidwe lachidule, losagwirizana ndi mankhwala lomwe lingapangitse kulimbikirabe ngakhale kudziŵa zotsatira zovuta (1-3). Pakati pa mavutowa, anthu amalephera kuthetsa machitidwe ovuta kapena ovuta, motero kuwonongeka kwakukulu m'banja, ntchito ndi malo amtundu wa moyo wawo (4, 5). Kumayambiriro kwa chikhalidwechi, kutengeka kwakukulu kumafuna kupeza mphotho yomweyo (kuyimitsa bwino), koma panthawi yomwe chikhalidwecho chimachitika, chizoloŵezi choledzera chimakhala chokakamiza ndipo cholinga chake ndi kuchepa6). Pa kafukufukuyu, awonetsanso kuti zochitika zapadera ndi za transdiagnosis zimatha kufotokozera bwino momwe zizindikiro zimayendera komanso kugwirizanitsa zinthu muzochitika zonsezi, kuphwanya, komanso ngakhale kuyankha mankhwala.2).

Zowonjezereka kwambiri za zizoloŵezi za khalidwe ndikutchova njuga (GD), kugula mokakamiza (CB), chizolowezi chogonana (SA) ndi vuto la kusewera kwa intaneti (IGD). M'masinthidwe atsopano a DSM-5, GD idaphatikizidwa m'gulu latsopano la matenda omwe amatchedwa "Kugonana ndi Matenda a Addictive Disorders," pomwe kuthekera kwa kuphatikizapo makhalidwe ena (monga CB, SA, ndi IGD) chifukwa chosowa umboni wovomerezeka.

Zizolowezi za makhalidwe zimapezeka mwa anthu onse awiri, koma kufalikira kumasiyana malinga ndi subtype: amuna amalemba maperesenti apamwamba ku GD, IGD, ndi SA, pamene akazi amafotokoza chiwerengero cha CB (7). Malingana ndi msinkhu, mavutowa amapezeka mmoyo wawo wonse, koma magawo awiri akuoneka kuti ali ndi chiopsezo chachikulu: msinkhu / ukalamba ndi ukalamba (8).

Kafukufuku wofufuza zomwe zimachitika pa nthawi yoyamba ikusonyeza kuti odwala omwe ali ndi kalembedwe amapanga kagulu kakang'ono kamene ali ndi makhalidwe abwino komanso osakhudzidwa mtima, pamene odwala omwe amayamba msanga amapanga chigawo chokhala ndi chiopsezo chachikulu chokhala ndi vuto lachisokonezo komanso nkhawa, omwe amatha kutchova njuga ngati matenda osokoneza bongo. Njira yothetsera mavuto awo (9, 10). Kuyambirira kwa GD (poyerekeza ndi chiyambi chakumbuyo) kumawoneka kuti chikugwirizana ndi kuchepa kochepa kwa matenda a maganizo, kuwonjezeka kwa masewera a umunthu B, masewera apamwamba mu umunthu wofuna kutengeka ndi kuchepetsa zozizwitsa mwadzidzidzi (11, 12).

Ponena za CB, zotsatira zowonjezereka ndi zosakhulupirika zakhala zikudziwika, kuyambira 1 mpaka 20% malingana ndi chiyambi cha zitsanzo, malingaliro, ndi ziyeso (13-17). Dokotala yemwe ali ndi kachilombo ka HIV, akuwonetsanso kuti odwala omwe ali ndi CB amakumana ndi matenda ambiri am'thupi, omwe amamwa mowa mopitirira muyeso komanso / kugwiritsa ntchito mankhwala osokoneza bongo, vuto la kudya, matenda a maganizo,18). Kusiyanitsa kwakukulu kwa kugonana kwa CB kwafotokozedwa: chiwopsezo, kufalikira, ndi chiwerengero cha kuyambitsa ndi kusagwiritsidwa ntchito molakwika ndizopambana kwa amayi (1).

Maphunziro okhudza IGD amasonyeza kuti pakati pa 3.7 ndi 13.0% a anthu akuluakulu ambiri amakumana ndi njira zovuta kugwiritsa ntchito intaneti (19, 20), ndipo IGD ikufala kwambiri muzitsanzo zazing'ono (21). Mgwirizanowu wa IGD umaphatikizapo makhalidwe akuluakulu okhudzidwa ndi chiopsezo, kutengeka, kuchepetsa kuchepetsa kuchepetsa, kutetezeka kwambiri kwa kukanidwa pakati pa anthu komanso kusemphana maganizo pakati pa anthu, kusamvana komanso kusemphana maganizo.22-24).

Pomalizira, kufufuza pa SA kumatsimikizira kuti kufalikira kwa amuna kuli koyerekeza bwino poyerekeza ndi akazi (25-28). Mipingo yapamwamba ya chikhalidwe, chikhalidwe chokwanira mu makhalidwe aumphawi kufunafuna ndi zochepa zomwe zimapewa kuwonongeka koopsa ndizoopsa kwa SA (29, 30). Kafukufuku wina wasonyeza kuti SA imayenderana ndi makhalidwe a anthu osagwirizana ndi anthu, kusowa mantha, kukhudzidwa kwaokha, kudzipereka, komanso kukonda kwambiri (31).

Mfundo yakuti GD yokha imaphatikizidwa mu DSM-5 imachokera ku kusowa kwa mgwirizano pokhudzana ndi zizoloŵezi zowonongeka monga matenda a m'maganizo (32). Izi zikhoza kufotokozera kukula kwa matendawa mosiyana ndi zizoloŵezi zina zamakhalidwe. Zimakhalanso zovuta kudziwa kuchuluka kwa mikhalidwe yomwe silingavomerezedwe ngati matenda komanso osataya zida zogwiritsira ntchito (33). Kukhala ndi chidziwitso cha zizoloŵezi zimenezi kumapangitsa kuti mudziwe zambiri zokhudza kugonana, kupewa ndi kuchiza machitidwe ena oledzera (34). Chimodzimodzinso, kuphatikizapo zizoloŵezi zina zowonongeka kungakhale ndi zotsatira pa ntchito zaumoyo zomwe zingaperekedwe ndipo zingathandize kuchepetsa kukanika kwa odwala kupeza chithandizo (34).

Zolinga

Pofuna kudziwa bwino, chiŵerengero chochepa cha maphunziro ayeza kuchuluka kwa zokhudzana ndi kugonana, kuyamba ndi nthawi ya chizoloŵezi choledzera muzitsanzo zosiyana siyana kuphatikizapo zizoloŵezi zosiyana zokhudzana ndi khalidwe. Choncho, cholinga cha phunziroli chinali kuyesa kulemera kwake kwa mitunduyi mu malo ochizira matenda omwe akufuna odwala omwe ali ndi GD, IGD, CB, ndi SA.

Njira

ophunzira

Chitsanzocho chinaphatikizapo n = 3,366 odwala omwe akutsata chithandizo omwe amapita kuchipatala omwe amadziwika ndi makhalidwe oipa ku Barcelona, Spain. Kulemba ntchito kunachitika pakati pa January-2005 ndi Setember-2016. Zowonjezereka zowonjezereka zinaphatikizapo zoyenera kuziyeza za GD, IGD, CB, kapena SA monga chifukwa chachikulu chofunsira komanso kukhala ndi zaka zoposa 18. Njira zopatulapo zinali ndi kulemala kwaumunthu kapena matenda aakulu (monga schizophrenia kapena matenda ena a psychotic kapena matenda a bipolar).

Chiwerengero cha ophunzira omwe sanatengedwe chifukwa cha kusokonezeka kwa zizoloŵezi zosiyana siyana za khalidwe ndizochepa (n = 5, 1 wodwala yemwe anafotokoza GD + CB, 1 amene anapereka GD + SA, 2 ndi CB + SA, ndi 1 ndi SA + IGD). Koma mbali zina za IGD ndi SA zinaphatikizapo akazi owerengeka (n ≤ 2), amayi omwe sagwirizane nawo adatulutsidwa m'magulu awiriwa kuti asatengeke chifukwa cha zotsatira za amayi omwe ali otsika kwambiri m'magulu awiriwa.

Njira

Funso lodziŵika ndi vuto la kutchova njuga malinga ndi zofunikira za DSM (35)

Mafunso awa a 19-amathandiza kuti awonetse DSM-5 (32) zizindikiro za matenda a GD. Kusinthika ndi kutchova njuga zakutchire kumayambiriro koyambirira kunali zabwino kwambiri (r = 0.77 kwa zitsanzo zowonetsera ndi r = 0.75 chifukwa cha njuga zachipatala;35). Kusinthasintha kwapakati pa kusintha kwa Spanish kumagwiritsidwe ntchito mu phunziroli kunali α = 0.81 kwa anthu ambiri ndi α = 0.77 kwa zowononga zitsanzo za mankhwala (36). Mu phunziro ili, chiwerengero cha DSM-5 chiwerengero cha GD chinaganiziridwa, ndipo kugwirizana kwa mkati kunali α = 0.804 mu chitsanzo.

Zoganizira za kugula mokakamiza (37)

Zomwezi, zomwe zavomerezedwa mokwanira m'madera ofufuza, zinagwiritsidwa ntchito kutsimikizira kukhalapo kwa CB mu chitsanzo. Mndandanda wa mafunso akufufuza "kugula malingaliro, malingaliro ogwirizana, malingaliro apadera, ndi kuchuluka kwa nkhawa ndi kugula ndi kugula" (38).

Kuzindikira kwa IGD molingana ndi Griffiths ndi Hunt (39, 40)

Pofufuza kuzindikiritsa kwa IGD ndikukhazikitsa chiwerengero cha kudalira matendawa, akatswiri azachipatala akuyang'anizana ndi maso ndi maso poganizira zadongosolo la Griffiths ndi Hunt (39, 40). Kuyankhulana kumeneku kunayambanso zinthu monga maulendo a khalidwe lovuta, zosokoneza zomwe zimagwira ntchito tsiku ndi tsiku chifukwa cha kugwiritsira ntchito masewera a intaneti, kukhalapo kwa kulekerera ndi mavuto oletsa kudziletsa, komanso chiwerengero cha DSM-5 [malinga ndi Gawo III, (32)].

Zomwe zimayendera matenda ozunguza kugonana malinga ndi DSM-IV-TR (32)

Kuti aone SA, batri ya zinthu zinkaperekedwa, zomwe zinali zotsatiridwa ndi DSM-IV-TR (41) mu zovuta zokhudzana ndi kugonana osati zosazindikiratu gawo (302.9). Pofufuza, chithandizochi chachipatala chinapatsidwa kulemera kwakukulu: "kukhumudwa ndi chizoloŵezi choyanjana ndi kugonana mobwerezabwereza chokhudzana ndi okondedwa omwe akudziwana ndi anthu okhawo monga zinthu zomwe zingagwiritsidwe ntchito."

Zolemba zamatsenga ndi chikhalidwe-zowonongeka (TCI-R) (42)

Ili ndi funso lothandizira la 240 lomwe lidali lovomerezeka lomwe limayesa miyeso isanu ndi iwiri: chikhalidwe chachinayi (kufunafuna zachilengedwe, kupewera koyipa, kudalira mphoto ndi kupitiriza) ndi miyeso itatu ya makhalidwe (kudziyendetsa, kugwirizana, ndi kudzipangira). Zinthu zonse zimayesedwa payeso ya 5-tsamba la Likert. Baibulo lovomerezeka lachi Spanish linagwiritsidwa ntchito (43). Masikelo mu mtundu wokonzedwanso waku Spain adawonetsa kusasinthasintha kwamkati (Cronbach's alpha α amatanthauza mtengo wa 0.87). Mu phunziroli, magawo osasinthika amachokera kuzabwino (α = 0.70 pazinthu zachilendo zofunafuna subscale) mpaka zabwino kwambiri (α = 0.859 zolimbikira subscale).

Mndandanda wa zizindikiro -zokonzedwa (44)

Mafunsowa akuwonetsa mavuto osiyanasiyana a maganizo ndi zizindikiro za psychopathological. Mafunsowa ali ndi zinthu 90 ndipo amayimira zizindikiro zisanu ndi zinayi zapadera: kugwirizanitsa, kukakamizidwa, kukakamizika, kukhumudwa, kukhumudwa, kukhumudwa, kukhumudwa, kukhumudwa, ndi kuganiza zamaganizo. Zimaphatikizansopo ziwerengero zitatu za padziko lonse: (1) chiwerengero cha mphamvu padziko lonse (GSI), chokonzekera kuyeza kuvutika kwa maganizo; (2) chisonyezero chenichenicho chodetsa nkhawa (PSDI), kuti azindikire kukula kwa zizindikiro; ndi (3) chidziwitso chabwino (PST). Baibulo lovomerezeka lachi Spanish linagwiritsidwa ntchito (45). Mulingo wovomerezeka wa ku Spain udapeza ma index a psychometrical abwino, osasinthasintha mkati mwa 0.75 (alpha ya Cronbach). Kafukufukuyu akuwunika kuchuluka kwa GSI padziko lonse lapansi ngati gawo la psychopathological state (kusasinthasintha kwa zitsanzo zathu ndikwabwino pamlingo uwu, α = 0.981).

Zina zamagulu ndi zochitika zachipatala

Zowonjezereka za anthu, zachipatala, ndi zogwirizana ndi anthu / mabanja zinawerengedwa pogwiritsa ntchito machitidwe owonetsetsa azinthu omwe akugwiritsidwa ntchito pakhomo (onani)46). Zolembazo zinaphatikizapo zaka za vutoli, chiwerengero cha ngongole chifukwa cha chizoloŵezi ndi chikhalidwe cha anthu omwe amawerengedwa kupyolera mu ndondomeko ya Hollingshead (kafukufuku wopangidwa kuti apange chikhalidwe cha anthu omwe adziŵerengera maphunziro ndi maphunziro awo;47).

Kayendesedwe

Akatswiri a zamaganizo ndi odwala matenda opatsirana pogonana, omwe akhala ndi zaka zoposa 15 zokhudzana ndi matenda ozunguza bongo, anawunikira maulendo aŵiri akuyang'aniridwa ndi achipatala kuti athe kupeza chithandizo chachipatala ndikudziwitsanso chithandizo cha kuchipatala kwa wodwala aliyense. Zotsatira zonse zomwe zasanthuledwa mu phunziro lino zimagwirizana ndi kuunika pamsana, kuyambira kumayambiriro kwa mankhwala.

Kusanthula kusanthula

Kusanthula kwa Statistical kunachitika ndi Stata 15 ya Windows. Ma coefficients a Pearson adalumikiza kuyanjana pakati pazaka zoyambira komanso kutalika kwa zovuta zomwe zimachitika ndikumunthu komanso mawonekedwe azachipatala. Zopereka zenizeni zakugonana kwa odwala, kuyambiranso, komanso kutalika kwavuto pakuchepetsa kwachizolowezi chawo ndi matenda amisala adayesedwa ndi kuponderezedwa koipa kwakanthawi kochepa komanso kuwongolera kosiyanasiyana kwamagulu (pochulukitsa ngongole ndi mphotho ya SCL-90-R GSI). Mitunduyi idaphatikizira ndikuyesa kuyanjana koyamba ndi kugonana komanso kutalikirana kwakanthawi: (a) pazoyanjana zoyenera, zomwe zimachitika mu msinkhu wa omwe akutenga nawo mbali zimawerengedwa m'magulu atatu omwe amafotokozedwera magawo 1 ndi 3 azaka kuyamba [koyambirira (koyambira asanakwanitse zaka 20), pakati (kuyambira pakati pa 20 ndi 35 zaka) ndikuchedwa (kuyambira atakwanitsa zaka 35)]; ndi (b) pazosagwirizana zosagwirizana, zoyeserera zazikulu zimayesedwa ndikumasuliridwa. Mitundu yodziyimira payokha idapezedwa pagulu lililonse lazidziwitso (GD, CB, IGD, ndi SA). Zopereka zogonana sizinafufuzidwe ku IGD ndi SA, popeza palibe azimayi omwe adaphatikizidwamo chifukwa chakuchepera kwawo kwamagulu.

Ethics

Phunziroli linayendetsedwa molingana ndi chidziwitso chaposachedwa cha Declaration of Helsinki. Komiti ya Ethics ya Bellvitge Hospital (Barcelona, Spain) inavomereza maphunzirowo, ndipo inasaina chilolezo chovomerezedwa kuchokera kwa onse omaliza.

Results

Zizindikiro za chitsanzo

Gawo lapamwamba la Table Table11 Zimaphatikizapo kufotokoza zosiyana siyana za maphunziro a anthu. Kutanthauza zaka zowerengera kuti zitsanzo zonse zinali ndi zaka 42.5 (SD = 13.5, ndi zaka zambiri pakati pa 18 ndi 75 a zaka zapakati), kutanthauza kuti zaka zakubadwa zoyamba za khalidwe labwino ndi 29.9 zaka zakubadwa (SD = 11.5) ndi tanthauzo Kutalika kwa matendawa kunali 6.2 zaka (SD = 5.9).

Gulu 1

Chitsanzo chofotokozera: Mitundu ya anthu ndi zamagulu.

	GD; n = 3,174		IGD; n = 45		CB; n = 113		SA; n = 34
	n	%	n	%	n	%	n	%	χ²	p
GENDER
akazi	283	8.9	0	0	85	75.2	0	0	502.6
Amuna	2891	91.1	45	100	28	24.8	34	100
KUYAMBIRA
Spain	2934	92.4	39	86.7	111	98.2	33	97.1	8.65	0.034
Wosamukira kwawo	240	7.6	6	13.3	2	1.8	1	2.9
EDUCATION
chachikulu	1905	60.0	24	53.3	43	38.1	9	26.5	85.40
Secondary	1092	34.4	20	44.4	46	40.7	16	47.1
University	177	5.6	1	2.2	24	21.2	9	26.5
CIVIL STATUS
Single	1212	38.2	41	91.1	43	38.1	9	26.5	57.43
Wokwatiwa - mnzake	1534	48.3	3	6.7	51	45.1	17	50.0
Osudzulana - olekanitsidwa	428	13.5	1	2.2	19	16.8	8	23.5
SOCIAL INDEX
High	46	1.4	1	2.2	4	3.5	2	5.9	53.27
Mapakati-apakati	138	4.3	0	0.0	18	15.9	4	11.8
sing'anga	339	10.7	6	13.3	14	12.4	4	11.8
Zamkatikati-otsika	967	30.5	12	26.7	32	28.3	14	41.2
Low	1684	53.1	26	57.8	45	39.8	10	29.4
NTCHITO
Osagwira ntchito	1414	44.5	36	80.0	53	46.9	15	44.1	22.69
Akugwira ntchito	1760	55.5	9	20.0	60	53.1	19	55.9
^aZOKHUDZA IFEYO
Ayi	374	11.8	2	4.4	13	11.5	2	5.9	3.43	0.330
inde	2800	88.2	43	95.6	100	88.5	32	94.1
	Nenani	SD	Nenani	SD	Nenani	SD	Nenani	SD	F	P
ZAKA, SINDIKIRA NDI DURATION
Zaka (zaka zazaka)	42.8	13.5	22.6	8.4	42.6	11.5	42.6	11.9	33.76
Matenda oyamba (zaka zakubadwa)	29.9	11.5	19.3	8.1	32.9	12.0	33.7	13.0	16.82
Kusokonezeka kwa nthawi (yrs)	6.2	6.0	3.3	2.5	6.8	5.8	6.0	5.7	3.90	0.009
PSYCHOLOGY: SCL-90R
Gawo la GSI	1.05	0.72	0.86	0.76	1.58	0.91	1.25	0.78	20.21
ZINTHU ZOCHITA: TCI-R
Kusaka kwachilendo	108.9	14.3	103.7	13.1	114.9	14.4	110.8	14.3	7.85
Kuvulaza koopsa	101.1	17.0	102.6	22.8	111.0	19.7	102.1	17.5	10.80
Kudalira kwa mphoto	98.5	14.8	92.3	17.1	103.2	17.0	100.5	15.2	5.84	0.001
Kulimbikira	108.5	20.1	93.6	20.8	106.8	18.8	103.6	21.1	8.20
Kudziyendetsa	127.0	21.1	127.1	25.7	124.1	23.9	116.9	19.6	2.91	0.033
Cooperativeness	130.4	16.3	126.8	18.5	133.9	15.7	127.4	15.1	2.57	0.053
Kudzipatula	64.0	15.3	57.2	14.1	65.4	16.5	63.1	14.0	2.97	0.031

Tsegulani muwindo losiyana

Zindikirani.

^aMafunsowo apambuyo chifukwa cha mavuto okhudzana ndi chizoloŵezi choledzera.

GD: vuto lakutchova njuga. IGD: Matenda a masewera a intaneti. CB: kugula mokakamiza. SA: Kugonjetsa kugonana.

SD: kusokonekera kofanana. - Izi sizinapezeke pa gulu ili.

Gawo lomaliza la Table Table11 imasonyeza kugawidwa kwa mitundu ya mankhwala ndi kuyerekezera pakati pa kugonana kwa subtypes. Gulu la IGD linaphatikizapo ocheperapo kwambiri, omwe ali ndi zaka zochepa kwambiri pa matenda omwe amayamba ndi kusokonezeka nthawi. Ponena za umunthu, CB imavomerezedwa kwambiri, kufunafuna, kupeweratu kuwonongeka, kudalira misonkho komanso kudzipatula, kutsatiridwa ndi GD.

Mgwirizano pakati pa zaka zoyambira ndi nthawi yokhala ndi zochitika zachipatala ndi umunthu

Table Table22 kuphatikizapo matrix yolumikizana kuti awonetse mgwirizano pakati pa zaka zakubadwa (zaka zakubadwa) ndi nthawi (zaka) za chizoloŵezi chilichonse cha chizoloŵezi ndi mankhwala. Kwa gulu la GD, mayanjano awiri adatuluka: mu gawo lachimuna, kuyambira kumayambiriro koyambirira kunalumikizidwa ndi chiwerengero cha DSM-5, ndipo mu chiwerengero cha amayi, kuyambira kumayambiriro kunayanjanitsidwa ndi chikhalidwe chapamwamba kufunafuna zambiri.

Gulu 2

Chiyanjano pakati pa zaka zoyambirira ndi nthawi ya BA ndi zikhalidwe zamankhwala komanso umunthu.

	GD				IGD		CB				SA
	Women n = 283		Men n = 2,891		Men n = 45		Women n = 85		Men n = 28		Men n = 34
	Kuyamba	Durat.	Kuyamba	Durat.	Kuyamba	Durat.	Kuyamba	Durat.	Kuyamba	Durat.	Kuyamba	Durat.
DSM-5 chiwerengero chonse	-0.24	0.10	-0.19	0.05	0.44	-0.05	-	-	-	-	-	-
Cumulate ngongole	-0.14	0.00	-0.01	0.04	-	-	-0.15	0.25	0.03	0.18	-0.59	0.50
PSYCHOLOGY: SCL-90R
Gawo la GSI	-0.11	0.04	-0.04	0.10	0.25	0.11	-0.03	0.06	0.36	-0.11	-0.18	0.07
ZINTHU ZOCHITA: TCI-R
Kusaka kwachilendo	-0.18	0.15	-0.25	0.02	0.01	-0.05	-0.19	-0.04	-0.05	0.23	0.16	-0.14
Kuvulaza koopsa	-0.15	-0.06	0.07	0.07	0.26	0.08	-0.12	-0.12	0.34	-0.21	-0.08	0.07
Kudalira kwa mphoto	0.02	0.06	0.04	-0.07	-0.10	-0.11	-0.27	0.07	-0.07	0.17	0.17	-0.06
Kulimbikira	-0.02	-0.06	-0.03	-0.07	-0.10	0.02	0.02	0.12	-0.01	0.27	-0.18	0.09
Kudziyendetsa	0.06	-0.04	0.06	-0.09	-0.23	-0.15	0.07	0.09	-0.25	0.25	-0.03	0.14
Cooperativeness	0.01	0.00	0.09	-0.07	-0.13	-0.06	-0.05	0.13	-0.28	0.01	0.02	0.24
Kudzipatula	0.19	-0.03	0.16	0.05	0.35	0.22	0.29	0.08	0.19	0.31	0.01	0.08

Tsegulani muwindo losiyana

Zindikirani. GD, vuto lakutchova njuga; IGD, vuto la kusewera pa intaneti; CB, kugula mokakamiza; SA, chizolowezi chogonana.

Zindikirani. Bold: kulumikizana kwapakatikati (| r |> 0.24) kupita kumtunda wabwino (| r |> 0.37). - Palibe pagululi.

Kwa amayi omwe amapezeka kuti ali ndi CB, zaka zazing'ono zimayamba kugwirizana ndi ziwerengero zowonjezera malipiro komanso kuchepetsa kudzipiritsa, ndipo nthawi yayitali yothetsera vutoli imakhudzidwa ndi ngongole zowonjezereka. Kwa amuna omwe ali ndi matendawa (CB): (a) msinkhu wa chiyambi unalumikizidwa kuti athe kuchepetsa maphunziro a SCL-90R ndi machitidwe olepheretsa kukhumudwitsa, ndizochita zozizwitsa kwambiri ndi kuyanjana; (b) Kutalika kwa matenda omwe akugwirizana ndi maulendo apamwamba m'zinthu zaumunthu, kudziletsa ndi kudzipangira.

Kwa amuna omwe anakumana ndi zifukwa za SA, nthawi yayitali inali yokhudzana ndi zida zapamwamba.

Zopereka za kugonana, zaka zoyambira, ndi nthawi yokhala ndi vuto lalikulu

Table Table33 lili ndi machitidwe osiyana siyana omwe amayamikira zenizeni za kugonana, msinkhu komanso nthawi ya chisokonezo cha khalidwe lachizoloŵezi chokhalitsa. Zitsanzo zosiyana zimapezeka pa matenda alionse (GD, CB, IGD, ndi SA) komanso payekhapayekha (chiwerengero cha DSM-5, ma cbsulate, ndi SCL-90R GSI chiwerengero). Mwachitsanzo, Model-1 ikuyesa zopereka zazodziimira payekha (kugonana, msinkhu ndi nthawi) pa chiwerengero chotsatira cha DSM-5 makamaka kwa GD subsample. Pachifukwa chilichonse, zolakwika zofanana (SE), 95% nthawi yodalirika (95% CI ya B), zowerengera zosiyana (Wald-chisquare chifukwa cha kugonjetsedwa kwachibadwa ndi T pofuna kugwirizanitsa ntchito) p-ndondomeko yafotokozedwa.

Gulu 3

Zopereka za kugonana, kuyambira ndi nthawi yaitali pa zolemba zosiyana za BA.

	B	SE	95% CI (B)	^ckuwirikiza kawiri	p
GAMBLING DISORDER; n = 3,174
[Model-1] ^aChiwerengero: Njira za DSM-5
(Sankhani)	2.126	0.095	1.94	2.31	505.20	0.001
Kugonana (0: akazi; 1: mwamuna)	-0.075	0.070	-0.21	0.06	1.16	0.282
Nthawi (zaka)	0.002	0.003	0.00	0.01	0.44	0.508
Chiyambi cha msinkhu (zaka zakubadwa)	-0.005	0.002	-0.01	0.00	9.18	0.002
[Model-2] ^aChiwerengero: cumulate ngongole
(Sankhani)	10.068	0.256	9.57	10.57	1543.67	0.001
Nthawi (zaka)	0.012	0.004	0.01	0.02	10.58	0.001
^dKugonana (kumayambiriro koyambirira)	0.579	0.304	-0.02	1.18	3.63	0.057
^dKugonana (kumalo osasuntha)	0.323	0.106	0.12	0.53	9.29	0.002
^dKugonana (kumayambiriro koyambirira)	0.950	0.108	0.74	1.16	77.35
Zaka za kuyamba (kwa akazi)	-0.027	0.007	-0.04	-0.01	16.28
Chiyambi cha kuyamba (mwa amuna)	0.023	0.002	0.02	0.03	106.92
Kuyanjana: Kugonana kumayamba	0.050	0.007	0.04	0.06	50.62	0.001
[Model-3] ^bChitsitsimutso: SCL-90R GSI
(Sankhani)	1.703	0.158	1.39	2.01	10.74	0.001
Nthawi (zaka)	0.011	0.002	0.01	0.02	5.08
^dKugonana (kumayambiriro koyambirira)	-0.433	0.163	-0.75	-0.11	-2.65	0.008
^dKugonana (kumalo osasuntha)	-0.634	0.074	-0.78	-0.49	-8.63
^dKugonana (kumayambiriro koyambirira)	-0.422	0.073	-0.57	-0.28	-5.76
Zaka za kuyamba (kwa akazi)	-0.007	0.004	-0.02	0.00	-1.76	0.048
Chiyambi cha kuyamba (mwa amuna)	-0.002	0.001	0.00	0.00	-1.46	0.143
Kuyanjana: Kugonana kumayamba	0.005	0.004	0.00	0.01	-1.82	0.068
ZOKHUDZA KWAMBIRI; n = 113
[Model-4] ^aChiwerengero: cumulate ngongole
(Sankhani)	11.149	0.437	10.29	12.00	652.20	0.001
Kugonana (0: akazi; 1: mwamuna)	-0.497	0.246	-0.98	-0.01	4.07	0.044
Nthawi (zaka)	0.064	0.019	0.03	0.10	11.39	0.001
Chiyambi cha msinkhu (zaka zakubadwa)	-0.022	0.012	-0.05	-0.00	3.64	0.050
[Model-5] ^bChitsitsimutso: SCL-90R GSI
(Sankhani)	1.861	0.342	1.18	2.54	5.44	0.001
Nthawi (zaka)	-0.010	0.016	-0.04	0.02	-0.66	0.508
^dKugonana (kumayambiriro koyambirira)	-0.430	0.572	-1.56	0.70	-0.75	0.453
^dKugonana (kumalo osasuntha)	-0.735	0.284	-1.30	-0.17	-2.59	0.011
^dKugonana (kumayambiriro koyambirira)	0.043	0.318	-0.59	0.67	0.13	0.893
Zaka za kuyamba (kwa akazi)	-0.003	0.009	-0.02	0.01	-0.36	0.719
Chiyambi cha kuyamba (mwa amuna)	0.024	0.015	-0.01	0.05	1.61	0.112
Kuyanjana: Kugonana kumayamba	-0.733	0.406	-1.54	0.07	-1.81	0.074
Pitani ku menyu yoyamba n = 45 (ANTHU OKHA)
[Model-6] ^aChiwerengero: Njira za DSM-5
(Sankhani)	0.752	0.540	-0.31	1.81	1.94	0.164
Nthawi (zaka)	0.005	0.072	-0.14	0.15	0.01	0.940
Chiyambi cha msinkhu (zaka zakubadwa)	0.020	0.021	-0.02	0.06	0.93	0.335
[Model-7] ^bChitsitsimutso: SCL-90R GSI
(Sankhani)	0.231	0.372	-0.52	0.983	0.62	0.539
Nthawi (zaka)	0.051	0.049	-0.05	0.150	1.05	0.298
Chiyambi cha msinkhu (zaka zakubadwa)	0.023	0.014	-0.01	0.052	1.63	0.110
SEX ADDICTION; n = 34 (ANTHU OKHA)
[Model-8] ^aChiwerengero: cumulate ngongole
(Sankhani)	14.942	1.237	12.52	17.37	145.88	0.001
Nthawi (zaka)	0.151	0.193	-0.23	0.53	0.62	0.432
Chiyambi cha msinkhu (zaka zakubadwa)	-0.259	0.045	-0.35	-0.17	32.84
[Model-9] ^bChitsitsimutso: SCL-90R GSI
(Sankhani)	1.651	0.449	0.74	2.57	3.68	0.001
Nthawi (zaka)	-0.005	0.025	-0.06	0.05	-0.18	0.856
Chiyambi cha msinkhu (zaka zakubadwa)	-0.011	0.011	-0.03	0.01	-1.01	0.321

Tsegulani muwindo losiyana

^aKugonjetsa kwachisokonezo.

^bKugonjetsa kwapakati pafupipafupi.

^cWald-chisquare chifukwa cha vuto loipa lachibwana ndi T pofuna kugonjetsa mzere.

^dChifukwa cha kugonana koyenera kugonana poyambira, zotsatira zogonana zimapezeka m'magulu atatu otchulidwa ndi zaka zoyambira: oyambirira (asanayambe zaka 20), akukhala pakati (kuyambira pakati pa 20 ndi 35 a zaka), ndi mochedwa (inayamba pambuyo pa zaka 35). Bold: ofunika kwambiri (0.05 mlingo).

Mu gulu la GD, chiwerengero choposa cha DSM-5 chinkagwirizanitsidwa ndi zaka zoyambirira (B = -0.005; p = 0.002), pomwe sipanapezeke zowerengera zokhudzana ndi kugonana kwa odwala kapena kutalika kwa matendawa, ndipo palibe kuyanjana pakati pa kugonana ndi kuyamba ndi nthawi yomwe idapezeka pazomwezi (Model-1 mu Table Table3).3). Kwa BA subtype, pamene cumulate ngongole ikuyendetsedwa (Model-2 mu Table Table3)3) chiwerengero ichi chikuwonjezeka kwa odwala omwe akhala ndi nthawi yayitali, ndipo kugonana kwa nthawi yoyamba kunasungidwa monga koyenera: (a) kugonana kosagonana kumasonyeza kuti abambo amatha kubweza ngongole zambiri, ndipo kusiyana kumeneku kunakula ndi zaka zoyambira ; ndipo (b) zotsatira zosawerengeka za msinkhu woyamba zimasonyeza kuti, kwa amayi, poyamba, kubwezera ngongoleyo kwa amuna, okalamba akuyamba, kukwera ngongole.

Kwa katswiri wa GSI wa SCL-90-R (Model-3 mu Table Table3),3), matenda opatsirana pogonana ndi ofanana ndi kukula kwa matendawa, ndipo kugonana kwachangu poyambira kunalinso kotanthauzira kufotokozera zotsatirazi: (a) Zotsatira za kugonana zimasonyeza kuti amayi nthawi zonse amalembedwa m'magulu a psychopathological poyerekezera ndi amuna, koma kukula kwake chifukwa kusiyana kunadalira nthawi yoyamba ya matendawa (zotsatira zake zinali zolembedweratu pakati pa 20 ndi 35); ndipo (b) msinkhu wa kuyambira kwa matendawa unali chabe chiwerengero cha matenda opatsirana maganizo kwa amayi, pamene chiyambi cha vutoli sichinali chofunikira pofotokozera GSI miyezo ya amuna.

Kwa gulu la CB, sungani ngongole chifukwa chogula (Model-4 mu Table Table3)3) adawonjezeka kwa amayi omwe ali ndi nthawi yayitali komanso adakali aang'ono. Palibe kugwirizana pakati pa kugonana ndi msinkhu komanso nthawi yaitali. Chitsanzo chomwe chinasinthidwa pa chiwerengero cha psychopathological padziko lonse mu CB (Model-5 mu Table Table3)3) adagwiritsanso ntchito kugonana pakati poyambira, ndipo zotsatira za vutoli zimasonyeza kuti vuto lalikulu la maganizo lidalembetsedwa kwa amayi poyerekeza ndi amuna, koma odwala okha omwe anafotokoza zaka zoyambirira za matendawa (pakati pa 20 ndi 35).

Kwa IGD ndi SA subsamples, kugonana sikudaphatikizidwe muzitsanzo chifukwa palibe amayi omwe anaphatikizidwa m'magulu awa. Kwa IGD, palibe chiwerengero chokhazikika cha nthawi yaitali ndipo chinayambira kuti chifotokoze chiwerengero cha DSM-5 (Model-6 mu Table Table3)3) komanso ma psychopathological global (Model-7 mu Table Table3).3). Kwa amuna ku gulu la SA, ngongole za cumulate zawonjezeka kwa odwala omwe ali ndi zaka zing'onozing'ono (Model-8 mu Table Table3),3), pamene nthawi yayitali ndi kuyambira sizinathandize ku maganizo (Model-9 mu Table Table33).

Zokambirana ndi zolingalira

Kafukufukuyu anawonetsa mgwirizano pakati pa chiwerewere, msinkhu wa msinkhu komanso khalidwe lachizoloŵezi cha mankhwala m'zipatala za phenotype (kuphatikizapo kuvutika kwa matenda, matenda a psychopathological ndi makhalidwe). Kusiyanitsa pakati pa GD, IGD, CB, ndi SA, anayesedwa, pofuna kuwunikira kuti pangakhale njira yowonongeka ya chizoloŵezi chogonana.

Chiyanjano cha kugonana, kuyamba ndi nthawi yaitali ndi kuuma, ndi matenda a psychopathological

Zotsatira zathu zikuwonetsa kuti, chonse, mawonekedwe amtundu wa maubwenzi anali osiyana kutengera matenda omwe amapezeka. Ponseponse, ntchito yathu imapereka umboni watsopano wazinthu zingapo zomwe zimapangitsa kuti munthu akhale ndi zizolowezi zina, zomwe zopereka zake monga zaka zoyambira, kutalika kwa chisokonezo kapena mikhalidwe yaumunthu imasiyananso kutengera mtundu wazachipatala komanso za odwala kugonana. Kafukufuku wam'mbuyomu anali atapeza kale zotsatira zofananira pakusiyana kwamakhalidwe azikhalidwe, ndikuwona kuti akuyenera kuwonedwa ngati gawo lazachipatala (1, 48).

Malumikizidwe apadera azaka zoyambiriranso amawoneka kuti amadalira mtundu wazachipatala komanso kugonana kwa odwala. Kuyanjana kotereku ndikofunika kwambiri kwa GD ndi CB: a) mu GD, koyambirira koyambirira kumalumikizidwa kwambiri ndi amuna ndi b) ku CB, koyambirira koyambirira kumalumikizidwa ndi kuopsa kwakukulu kwa vuto lokonda mwa amayi (omwe adafalitsa subtype iyi yodziwitsira poyerekeza ndi amuna, yomwe ikugwirizana ndi kafukufuku wamagulu omwe adanenedwa kale komanso kusanthula kwaposachedwa (18, 49).

Chiyanjano cha kugonana, chiyambi ndi nthawi ndi umunthu

Mitundu yamayanjano pakati poyambira komanso kutalika kwa chizolowezi chomachita ndi umunthu ndiyosiyananso kutengera mtundu wazachipatala komanso kugonana kwa omwe akutenga nawo mbali. Mu GD, zaka zoyambilira zoyambilira zimalumikizidwa ndi kufunafuna kwachilendo mwa amuna, zomwe zimawoneka ngati zogwirizana ndi kafukufuku wamatenda azitsanzo zamwamuna zomwe zimawona zaka zoyambira ngati njira yolumikizira pakati pazinthu zongofuna zachilendo ndi zolumikizana za GD (monga zovuta za matenda ndi psychopathology (11).

Ku CB, kumayambiriro koyambira kunkagwirizana ndi kukhulupilira kwapadera kwa amayi, komanso ndi zochepa zomwe zimawathandiza kuti asawonongeke komanso kuti azitha kugwirizanitsa ntchito komanso kugwirizanitsa amuna. Zotsatirazi zikhoza kusonyeza kuti amayi omwe anakumana ndi vutoli akhoza kukhala ovomerezeka kwambiri kuti apeze chivomerezo chokwanira komanso kufotokozera mavuto ambiri polimbana ndi mavuto kapena zovuta, pamene amuna adzakhala ndi zolinga zambiri, zogwira mtima komanso odzidalira. Kuwonjezera apo, kwa gulu la CB, nthawi yaitali ya matendawa ikugwirizana ndi kupitiriza, kudzilamulira, ndi kudzipangira, zomwe zikuwoneka zofanana ndi zochitika m'maphunziro apitalo (50, 51). Chifukwa cha kusowa kwathu kwa amayi ku gulu la SA, sikutheka kupanga mgwirizano pakati pa umunthu ndi miyeso ya kugonana kwa odwala omwe ali ndi vutoli. Zingakhale zopindulitsa kuti maphunziro a m'tsogolomu azitha kuphatikizapo zitsanzo zosiyanasiyana. Komabe, tinadziŵa kuti chitsanzo chathu cha SA chinaloledwa kuti chikhale chokwanira poyerekeza ndi odwala GD, ndipo chofunika kwambiri, kudzichepetsa.

Zoperewera ndi mphamvu

Ngakhale kuti ali ndi kukula kwakukulu kwachitsanzo (zomwe zimapereka mphamvu zazikulu zowonjezereka kwa ambiri kulingalira ndi kufanizirana), chiwerengero cha odwala m'magulu ena chinali ochepa. Chimodzimodzinso, chifukwa cha ubale wapakati pakati pa kuchuluka kwa chizoloŵezi chogonana ndi kugonana, kufalitsa kwa abambo ndi amai kunalibe kusiyana pakati pa magulu. Izi ziyenera kutsutsana, kuphatikizapo odwala onse omwe adapita ku bungwe lachipatala ndikuwatsata njira zowonongeka / zochotsamo, choncho kufalitsa kwa amuna ndi akazi ndikofanana ndi nthawi yomwe mavutowa akuchitika m'dziko lathu (52), zomwe zimapereka zakunja zogwirizana ndi zotsatira zathu.

Kumbali inayi, ntchitoyi cholinga chake ndikudziwitsa odwala, zaka zawo, komanso kutalika kwa matendawa makamaka ku chizoloŵezi chochita makhalidwe omwe amalembetsa chiwerengero chachikulu pa chipatala chapadera chachipatala ku Spain, choncho magulu onse ogwirizana omwe awonetsedwa. Kafukufuku wam'tsogolo ayenera kukhazikitsidwa kuti awonetse zopereka zazithunzizi pazochitika zachipatala za odwala omwe akupereka mankhwala osokoneza bongo amodzimodzi.

Zochita ziwiri zafukufuku wathu ndi kukula kwakukulu kwachitsanzo ndi kuphatikizapo magulu osiyanasiyana a maphunziro amene amakumana ndi zizindikiro za BA. Mphamvu ina yowonjezera ndi kuphatikizidwa ndi kusanthula njira zambiri zamaganizo, zomwe zimaphatikizapo kukhwima kwa BA, chikhalidwe chonse cha maganizo ndi umunthu.

Zotsatira

Zotsatira za phunziroli zimapereka umboni watsopano wazinthu zingapo zomwe zimakhudzana ndi zizolowezi zamakhalidwe, zomwe zopereka zosiyanasiyana monga zaka zoyambira, kutalika kwa chisokonezo kapena mikhalidwe iyenera kukhala ndi gawo losiyana kutengera mtundu wazachipatala komanso za odwala kugonana. Zotsatira zathu zitha kukhala zothandiza pakuwunika kwamtsogolo kwamachitidwe oyeserera ofotokozera njira zoyambira zomwe zimayambitsa kuyambika ndikukula kwa chizolowezi chilichonse chamakhalidwe. Monga momwe zimakhalira zovuta kwambiri, zophatikizika zingapo, maphunziro owonjezera m'malo osiyanasiyana amafunikira: kafukufuku wamagetsi (mwachitsanzo maphunziro amitsempha kuzindikira madera, maukonde, ndi magwiridwe antchito / zidziwitso zomwe zimakhudzidwa), ndi maphunziro azachipatala (kuzindikira zonse phenotypes ndi chitukuko chakukula kwachidziwitso chilichonse). Pomaliza, kumvetsetsa mwatsatanetsatane zamakhalidwe azikhalidwe komanso zomwe zimayambitsa kusinthaku, zingathandize kuti pakhale njira zothandizira kupewa komanso kuchiza. Chisamaliro chapadera chiyenera kulipidwa pakuthandizira kwa zikhalidwe za anthu, makamaka zogonana zomwe zimawoneka kuti ndizovuta kwambiri kuchipatala cha odwala kutengera mitundu ina yakunja. Ntchito zodzitetezera m'maganizo zithandizira pakuwunika ndikuwunika zida zogwiritsa ntchito posanthula mtundu wina uliwonse, ndikupereka mapulogalamu othandizira kuti athe kuyang'anira ma phenotypes ena. Izi ndizofunikira makamaka pamitundu ina yamakhalidwe, omwe pali zida zochepa zoyezera komanso mapulani ochepa amtundu wa mankhwala (monga CB kapena SA).

Pitani ku:

Zopereka za wolemba

SV-S, RG, FF-A, JM, ndi SJ-M zinapanga kuyesera kuchokera pa zotsatira zapitazo ndi zomwe zinachitikira NM-B, NA, MG-P, AdP-G, MB, ndi LM. SV-S, RG, VM-R, GM-B, TS, FF-A, ndi SJ-M anayesa kuyesa, kufufuza deta, ndipo analemba cholemba choyamba cha mndandandawo. SJ-M, TS, GM-B, RG, ndi FF-A zinasinthiranso malembawo.

Kusamvana kwa mawu achidwi

Olembawo akunena kuti kufufuza kunkachitika popanda mgwirizano uliwonse wa zamalonda kapena zachuma zomwe zingatengedwe kuti zingatheke kukangana.

Pitani ku:

Kuvomereza

Thandizo la ndalama linalandiridwa kudzera mwa Ministerio de Economía y Competitividad (kupereka PSI2011-28349 ndi PSI2015-68701-R). FIS PI14 / 00290, FIS PI17 / 01167, ndi 18MSP001-2017I067 adalandira thandizo kuchokera kwa Ministerio de Sanidad, Servicios Sociales e Igualdad. CIBER Fisiología Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBERobn) ndi CIBER Salud Mental (CIBERSAM), zonsezi ndizochitika za ISCIII. GMB imathandizidwa ndi thandizo la AGAUR (2018 FI_B2 00174), lomwe limathandizidwa ndi European Social Fund (ESF) "ESF". Pothandizidwa ndi Secretariat of University and Research of Ministry of Business and Knowledge of Government of Catalonia. Tikuthokoza Pulogalamu ya CERCA ndi Generalitat de Catalunya chifukwa cha chithandizo. Tikuthokozanso Fondo Europeo de Desarrollo Regional (FEDER) ndi pulogalamu yawo, "Una manera de hacer Europa" (Njira Yowakhazikitsa Yuropa).

Pitani ku:

Zothandizira

1. Fattore L, Melis M, Fadda P, Fratta W. Kusiyana kwa kugonana ndi matenda osokoneza bongo. Front Neuroendocrinol. (2014) 35: 272-84. 10.1016 / j.yfrne.2014.04.003 [Adasankhidwa] [CrossRef]

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6. Koob GF, Volkow ND. Matenda osokoneza bongo. Neuropsychopharmacology (2010) 35: 217-38. 10.1038 / npp.2009.110 [Nkhani yaulere ya PMC] [Adasankhidwa] [CrossRef]

7. MacLaren VV, Best LA. Zizoloŵezi zambiri zoledzera achinyamata: zoyamba za ophunzira za kafukufuku wamfupi wa PROMIS. Chizolowezi Behav. (2010) 35: 252-55. 10.1016 / j.addbeh.2009.09.023 [Adasankhidwa] [CrossRef]

8. Guillou-Landréat M, Grall-Bronnec M, Vénisse JL. Zizolowezi zosokoneza bongo. Onetsani Medicale (2012) 41: 1271-5. 10.1016 / j.lpm.2012.07.024 [Adasankhidwa] [CrossRef]

9. Álvarez-Moya EM, Jiménez-Murcia S, Mami Aymamí, Gómez-Peña M, Granero R, Santamaría J, wt al. Kufufuza mwachidule zitsanzo za anthu otchova njuga. Kodi J Psychiatr. (2010) 55: 498-506. 10.1177 / 070674371005500804 [Adasankhidwa] [CrossRef]

10. Black DW, Shaw M, Coryell W, Crowe R, McCormick B, Allen J. Ukalamba kumayambiriro kwa njuga ya DSM-IV ku mankhwala osapereka mankhwala: oyambirira mpaka pofika mtsogolo. Khalani Psychiatr. (2015) 60: 40-6. 10.1016 / j.comppsych.2015.04.007 [Nkhani yaulere ya PMC] [Adasankhidwa] [CrossRef]

11. Jimenez-Murcia S, Granero R, Tarrega S, Angulo A, Fernandez-Aranda F, Arcelus J, et al. . Kusagwirizana pakati pa msinkhu wa kuyambira pa vuto lakutchova njuga, njira yopenda njira. J Gambl Stud. (2016) 32:327–40. 10.1007/s10899-015-9537-y [Adasankhidwa] [CrossRef]

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15. Maraz A, van den Brink W, Demetrovics Z. Kukula ndi kumangika kuvomereza kwachinyengo kugula alendo. Kupuma kwa maganizo. (2015) 228: 918-24. 10.1016 / j.psychres.2015.04.012 [Adasankhidwa] [CrossRef]

16. Müller A, Mitchell JE, wa Zwaan M. Kugula mokakamiza. Am J Addict. (2015) 24: 132-7. 10.1111 / ajad.12111 [Adasankhidwa] [CrossRef]

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19. Griffiths MD, Meredith A. Kusokoneza bongo ndi mankhwala ake. J Contemp Wosintha. (2009) 39:247–53. 10.1007/s10879-009-9118-4 [CrossRef]

20. Weinstein AM. Kusewera kwa masewera a pakompyuta ndi mavidiyo-Kuyerekezera pakati pa osewera masewera ndi osagwiritsa ntchito masewera. Am J Addict Alcohol Abuse (2010) 36: 268-76. 10.3109 / 00952990.2010.491879 [Adasankhidwa] [CrossRef]

21. Haagsma MC, Pieterse ME, Peters O. Kukula kwa masewera owonetsa mavidiyo mu netherlands. Cyberpsychol Behav Soc Netw. (2012) 15: 162-168. 10.1089 / cyber.2011.0248 [Adasankhidwa] [CrossRef]

22. Buono Athaka, Athaka Akha, Athaka Akhaka, Akhaka Akhaka CJ, Printz DMB, Athakacha RM, et al. . Kuchepetsa kuchepa kwa osewera osewerera masewero: kujambula kwa nthawi pakati pa osewera mpira. Cyberpsychol Behav Soc Netw. (2017) 20: 104-108. 10.1089 / cyber.2016.0451 [Nkhani yaulere ya PMC] [Adasankhidwa] [CrossRef]

23. Kneer J, Rieger D, Ivory YD, Ferguson C. Kuzindikira zoopsa za kusewera kwa masewera a digito: kuyankhulana ndi osewera ndi alangizi. Int J Ment Health Addict. (2014) 12:585–99. 10.1007/s11469-014-9489-y [CrossRef]

24. Weinstein A, Abu HB, Timor A, Mama Y. Kuchepetsa kuchepetsa, kuwopsa, ndi kukanidwa pakati pa anthu omwe ali ndi intaneti ndi mavidiyo osewera masewera. J Behav Addict. (2016) 5: 674-82. 10.1556 / 2006.5.2016.081 [Nkhani yaulere ya PMC] [Adasankhidwa] [CrossRef]

25. Erez G, Pilver CE, Potenza MN. Kusiyanasiyana kwa kugonana pakati pa kugonana pakati pa kugonana ndi matenda a maganizo. J Psychiatr Res. (2014) 55: 117-25. 10.1016 / j.jpsychires.2014.04.009 [Nkhani yaulere ya PMC] [Adasankhidwa] [CrossRef]

26. Garcia FD, Thibaut F. Kuledzera kwa kugonana. Am J Addict Alcohol Abuse (2010) 36: 254-60. 10.3109 / 00952990.2010.503823 [Adasankhidwa] [CrossRef]

27. Kraus SW, Voon V, Potenza MN. Kodi khalidwe loyenera la kugonana liyenera kuonedwa kuti ndiloledwetsa? Bongo (2016) 111: 2097-106. 10.1111 / kuwonjezera.13297 [Nkhani yaulere ya PMC] [Adasankhidwa] [CrossRef]

28. Krueger RB. Kuzindikira za kugonana kapena kugonana kumagwiritsidwa ntchito pogwiritsa ntchito ICD-10 ndi DSM-5 ngakhale kukanidwa kwa matendawa ndi American Psychiatric Association. Bongo (2016) 111: 2110-1. 10.1111 / kuwonjezera.13366 [Adasankhidwa] [CrossRef]

29. Derbyshire KL, Grant JE. Zotsatira zokhudzana ndi kugonana: kuphunzira koyambirira. J Behav Addict. (2015) 4: 35-6. 10.1556 / 2006.4.2015.004 [Nkhani yaulere ya PMC] [Adasankhidwa] [CrossRef]

30. Farré JM, Fernández-Aranda F, Granero R, Aragay N, Mallorquí-Bague N, Ferrer V, et al. . Kusokoneza bongo ndi kutchova njuga: zofanana ndi kusiyana. Khalani Psychiatr. (2015) 56: 59-68. 10.1016 / j.comppsych.2014.10.002 [Adasankhidwa] [CrossRef]

31. Kastner RM, Sellbom M. Kugonana kwa amuna okhaokha kumaphunziro a koleji: udindo wa maganizo. Munthu Wodziwika Dif. (2012) 53: 644-9. 10.1016 / J.PAID.2012.05.005 [CrossRef]

32. Association of Psychiatric Association. Buku lodziŵitsa komanso lowerengera la matenda a m'maganizo. 5th ed. Washington, DC: Association of American Psychiatric Association; (2013).

33. Petry N. Zizolowezi Zochita: DSM-5? Pambuyo pake. (2015) Ipezeka pa intaneti pa: https://books.google.es/books?hl=es&lr=&id=syImCgAAQBAJ&oi=fnd&pg=PP1&dq=Behavioral+Addictions:+DSM-5+and+Beyond+Edited+by+Dr+Nancy+Petry&ots=kT8U-edD7G&sig=EZ-Cr8KK7sTTDpsMbWdV2pf5ZuQ (Kufikira May 18, 2018)

34. Petry NM, Zajac K, Ginley MK. Zizolowezi za makhalidwe monga matenda osokonezeka: kukhala kapena osakhala? Annu Rev Clin Psychol. (2018) 14:399–423. 10.1146/annurev-clinpsy-032816-045120 [Nkhani yaulere ya PMC] [Adasankhidwa] [CrossRef]

35. Stinchfield R. Kutsimikizika, kutsimikizirika, ndi kugawa molondola kwa chiwerengero cha DSM-IV njira zowunikira za kutchova njuga. Am J Psychiatr. (2003) 160: 180-2. 10.1176 / appi.ajp.160.1.180 [Adasankhidwa] [CrossRef]

36. Jiménez-Murcia S, Stinchfield R, Álvarez-Moya E, Jaurrieta N, Bueno B, Granero R, et al. . Kutsimikizika, kutsimikizirika, ndi kufotokoza molondola kwa kumasuliridwa kwa Chisipanishi kwa chiwerengero cha DSM-IV njira zowunikira za kutchova njuga. J Gambl Stud. (2009) 25:93–104. 10.1007/s10899-008-9104-x [Adasankhidwa] [CrossRef]

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39. Griffiths MD, Yendani N. Masewera a pakompyuta akusewera paunyamata: zizindikiro ndi zizindikiro za anthu. J Community Appl Soc Psychol. (1995) 5: 189-193. 10.1002 / casp.2450050307 [CrossRef]

40. Griffiths MD, Yendani N. Kudalira pamaseŵera a pakompyuta ndi achinyamata. Psychol Rep. (1998) 82: 475-80. 10.2466 / pr0.1998.82.2.475 [Adasankhidwa] [CrossRef]

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46. Jiménez-Murcia S, Aymamí-Sanromà M, Gómez-Peña M, Álvarez-Moya E, Vallejo J. Protocols De Tractament Cognitivoconductual Pel Joc Patològic I D'altres Addiccions Palibe Tòxiques. Barcelona: Hospital Universitaria de Bellvitge, Departement de Salut, Generalitat de Catalunya; (2006).

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48. Granero R, Fernández-Aranda F, Mestre-Bach G, Steward T, Baño M, Agüera Z, ndi al. . Njira yothetsera chidziwitso cha chizoloŵezi cha kugula mwachangu: zotsatila za zotsatira za mankhwala. Eur Psychiatr. (2017) 39: 57-65. 10.1016 / j.eurpsy.2016.06.004 [Adasankhidwa] [CrossRef]

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Zopereka Zogonana, Makhalidwe Abwino, Zaka Za Kugonjetsedwa ndi Kutaya Nthawi kwa Zizolowezi za Zizolowezi (kuphatikizapo kuledzera). (2018)

Introduction

Zolinga

Njira

ophunzira

Njira

Funso lodziŵika ndi vuto la kutchova njuga malinga ndi zofunikira za DSM (35)

Zoganizira za kugula mokakamiza (37)

Kuzindikira kwa IGD molingana ndi Griffiths ndi Hunt (39, 40)

Zomwe zimayendera matenda ozunguza kugonana malinga ndi DSM-IV-TR (32)

Zolemba zamatsenga ndi chikhalidwe-zowonongeka (TCI-R) (42)

Mndandanda wa zizindikiro -zokonzedwa (44)

Zina zamagulu ndi zochitika zachipatala

Kayendesedwe

Kusanthula kusanthula

Ethics

Results

Zizindikiro za chitsanzo

Gulu 1

Mgwirizano pakati pa zaka zoyambira ndi nthawi yokhala ndi zochitika zachipatala ndi umunthu

Gulu 2

Zopereka za kugonana, zaka zoyambira, ndi nthawi yokhala ndi vuto lalikulu

Gulu 3

Zokambirana ndi zolingalira

Chiyanjano cha kugonana, kuyamba ndi nthawi yaitali ndi kuuma, ndi matenda a psychopathological

Chiyanjano cha kugonana, chiyambi ndi nthawi ndi umunthu

Zoperewera ndi mphamvu

Zotsatira

Zopereka za wolemba

Kusamvana kwa mawu achidwi

Kuvomereza

Zothandizira

Links Quick