Kukula ndi kutsimikizika kwa Chiwopsezo cha Kugonana kwa Bergen-Yale Wokhala Ndi Zitsanzo Zazikulu Zadziko Lonse (2018)

Front Psychol. 2018; 9: 144.

Idasindikizidwa pa intaneti 2018 Mar 8. do: 10.3389 / fpsyg.2018.00144

PMCID: PMC5852108

Cecilie S. Andreassen,^1,^* Ståle Pallesen,¹ Mark D. Griffiths,² Torbjørn Torsheim,¹ ndi Rajita Sinha³

Kudalirika

Maganizo omwe amachititsa kuti anthu azigonana ("chizoloŵezi chogonana") ndi mtundu wa chizoloŵezi cha khalidwe lokhala ndi zizoloŵezi zokhudzana ndi khalidwe lokhala ndi khalidwe lokhala ndi khalidwe lodziwika bwino lakhala akudziwika kwambiri m'zaka zaposachedwapa, komabe pali kutsutsana kwakukulu ponena za kugwiritsidwa ntchito kwa lingaliro. Kuwonjezera apo, maphunziro ambiri apitalo adadalira zitsanzo zazing'ono zachipatala. Phunziroli likupereka njira yatsopano yowunika kugonana - Bergen-Yale Sex Addiction Scale (BYSAS) -yizikidwe pazinthu zowonongeka (ie, ulesi / chilakolako, kusintha kwa maganizo, kulekerera, kuchotsa, nkhondo, mavuto, ndi kubwerera / kutayika ya ulamuliro). Pogwiritsa ntchito kufufuza, mtanda wa BYSAS unaperekedwa kwa anthu akuluakulu a ku 23,533 ku Norwegian (zaka za 16-88; amatanthauza (± SD) zaka = 35.8 ± 13.3 zaka], pamodzi ndi zikhalidwe zovomerezeka za machitidwe asanu a Big, narcissism, kudzidalira, komanso kuchuluka kwa zizolowezi zogonana. Kafukufuku wowunikira komanso wotsimikizira (RMSEA = 0.046, CFI = 0.998, TLI = 0.996) adathandizira yankho la chinthu chimodzi, ngakhale kudalira kwapakati pazinthu ziwiri (Zinthu 1 ndi 2) kudapezeka. Kuphatikiza apo, sikeloyo inali yosasinthasintha mkati (Cronbach's α = 0.83). Bungwe la BYSAS limalumikizidwa kwambiri ndi gawo lofotokozera (r = 0.52), ndipo adawonetseratu zofanana ndizo zowonongeka ndi zosayera. The BYSAS inali yogwirizana kwambiri ndi extroversion, neuroticism, nzeru / malingaliro, ndi kudana, komanso kusagwirizana ndi chikumbumtima, kugwirizana, ndi kudzidalira. Zolemba zambiri pa BYSAS zinali zofala pakati pa anthu omwe anali amuna, osakwatira, aang'ono, ndi maphunziro apamwamba. The BYSAS ndi mwachidule, komanso psychometrically yodalirika ndi yowona muyezo woyesa kugonana zolekerera. Komabe, kuonjezera kwa BYSAS kumafunika m'mayiko ena ndi maiko ena.

Keywords: kugonana, kugonana, kukula kwa chiyero, kuchuluka kwa maganizo, khalidwe lachisanu la umunthu, kulongosola, kudzidalira, chiwerengero

Introduction

Zaka zaposachedwapa kufufukira ku khalidwe lachiwerewere losavuta komanso lokhazikika likuwonjezeka (Kraus et al., 2016). Chizoloŵezi chogonjetsa, chokwanira, ndi chovuta cha kugonana chafotokozedwa pogwiritsa ntchito malemba osiyanasiyana kuphatikizapo (pakati pa ena) kugonana, kugonana, chilakolako chogonana, erotomania, nymphomania (mwa akazi), satyriasis (mwa amuna), kugonana, ndi kudalira kugonana (Kafka, 2010; Karila et al., 2014; Kingston, 2015; Wéry ndi Billieux, 2017). Pakhala pali mkangano wochuluka pazaka zambiri zokhudzana ndi kuti khalidweli ndilo lingaliro labwino kwambiri monga matenda osokoneza bongo, kuledzera, kapena matenda odziteteza (Karila et al., 2014; Piquet-Pessôa et al., 2014), ndipo motero adafotokozedwa molingana ndi zosiyana siyana (Campbell ndi Stein, 2015; Kingston, 2015).

Pambuyo pa kafukufuku watsopano wotsutsa kuti kugonana kuli ndi mphamvu yovuta-mwina yomwe imayimira pakati pa maulendo a ubongo ndi azing'onoting'ono omwe amadziwika kuti akuphatikizidwapo ndi mphotho ndi chisangalalo-chilakolako chokhudzana ndi kugonana kwachiwerewere monga kuledzera kwakula mwamsanga (Holstege et al., 2003; Hamann et al., 2004; Goodman, 2008; Griffiths, 2012; Kor et al., 2013; Karila et al., 2014; Voon et al., 2014; Kingston, 2015). M'nkhaniyi, "chizolowezi chogonana " zikhoza kutanthauzidwa kuti ndizochita zogonana kwambiri (mwachitsanzo, malingaliro, maliseche, kugonana, zolaula) kudutsa mauthenga osiyanasiyana (cybersex, kugonana kwa foni, etc.). Komanso, omwe ali ndi vutoli amafotokoza kuti chilakolako chawo chogonana ndi chosasinthika, ndipo amathera nthawi yochuluka yoganizira ndi kuchita nawo zogonana zomwe zimakhudza mavuto ena ambiri m'miyoyo yawo.

"Kugonana kwapabanja" sikunatchulidwe m'matenda a maganizo. Komabe, a Mitundu Yonse ya Matenda (ICD-10; Bungwe la World Health Organization, 1992), kuphatikizapo kugonana kwambiri komanso kugonana monyanyira monga zizindikiro, zidagawidwa kukhala satyriasis (kwa amuna) ndi nymphomania (kwa akazi), pomwe "kugonana mwachinyengo" pakali pano kumaganiziridwa (monga vuto lodziletsa) kuti alowe m'tsogolo ICD-11 (Grant et al., 2014). Sewero laposachedwa (lachisanu) la Kusanthula ndi Buku Lophatikiza la Mavuto a Mitsempha (DSM-5; Association of Psychiatric Association, 2013) yawonjezeranso kuzindikira kuti palibe mankhwala osokoneza bongo (Petry, 2015) kuphatikizapo kutchova njuga ngati khalidwe lachizoloŵezi chokhala ndi khalidwe labwino pamasewero akuluakulu ndi masewera a masewera a intaneti mu gawo la zotsatira zowonjezera (chikhalidwe cha kuphunzira mozama). Ngakhale kusokoneza kugonana (mwa mtundu wa "matenda a hypersexual") kunaperekedwa (Kafka, 2010) ndi kuyesedwa ndi DSM-5 gulu la ntchito, pamodzi ndi mayendedwe oyenerera (Kafka, 2010; Reid et al., 2012), anakanidwa chifukwa cha kusowa kwa kafukufuku pazomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito poyesa matenda komanso kupatukana kwa momwe angagwiritsire ntchito matendawa (Kafka, 2013; Campbell ndi Stein, 2015).

Mogwirizana ndi izi, kuchepetsa kafukufuku wam'mbuyomu ndi kusabvomerezana kwakukulu kwa momwe kugwiritsira ntchito kugonana kumayenera kukhazikitsidwa, kumvetsetsa, ndi kuyesedwa (Reid, 2016). Choncho, kuyerekezera kosadziwika kosawerengeka pakati pa osalankhula (zosankha zosankha) zomwe zimachokera ku 3 kufika ku 17% (ndipamwamba) zafotokozedwa. Malingana ndi ziwerengero za chiwerengero cha anthu, kafukufuku wasonyeza mgwirizano wokhazikika pakati pa kugonana ndi msinkhu, amuna ammimba, umoyo umodzi, ndi maphunziro apamwamba (kwa kafukufuku waposachedwapa onani Kafka, 2010; Sussman et al., 2011; Karila et al., 2014; Campbell ndi Stein, 2015; Wéry ndi Billieux, 2017). Komabe, adanenedwa kuti amayi ambiri adziwikidwa muzofukufuku, ndipo chifukwa chake sadziwa pang'ono za momwe amachitira chiwerewere (Dhuffar ndi Griffiths, 2014, 2015; Klein et al., 2014).

Kafukufuku wagwirizana ndi chizoloŵezi chogonana ndi umunthu zomwe zimayimira makhalidwe ena oledzera (Karila et al., 2014), kuphatikizapo kuchuluka kwa maganizo ndi chidziwitso ndi kuchepa kwa chikumbumtima ndi kugwirizana (Schmitt, 2004; Pinto et al., 2013; Rettenberger et al., 2016; Walton et al., 2017). Zizindikirozi zimatanthawuza umunthu omwe amafunitsitsa kufunafuna, kukhudzidwa mtima, osasamala, osaganizira ena, mosiyana ndi kudzichepetsa, kukhudzidwa mtima, kudziletsa, komanso kukhudzidwa ndi chiyanjano. Kafukufuku wochepa omwe amagwiritsa ntchito njira zisanu za umunthu (Costa ndi McCrae, 1992; Wiggins, 1996) mmawu awa adapeza kuti kukhala omasuka kukhala osagwirizana ndi chizolowezi chogonana (Schmitt, 2004; Pinto et al., 2013; Rettenberger et al., 2016; Walton et al., 2017). Komabe, zikuwoneka kuti "umunthu wolowa manja" omwe amayamikira zochitika za "borderline" ali pachiopsezo chogonjetsa kugonana, kusiyana ndi chikhalidwe, anthu oganiza bwino komanso osamala (monga Elmquist et al., 2016). Zizolowezi zogonana zokhudzana ndi kugonana zakhala zikugwirizana kwambiri ndi chithunzithunzi (Black et al., 1997; Raymond et al., 2003; Kafka, 2010; Kasper et al., 2015) komanso okhudzana ndi kudzidalira (Cooper et al., 1999, 2004; Delmonico ndi Griffin, 2008; Kor et al., 2014; Doornwaard et al., 2016).

Kukula kwakukulu mu "chizoloŵezi chogonana" zonse zoganiza ndi zovomerezeka zakhala zikugwirizana ndi kuwonjezereka kofulumira kwa zida monga Kugonana Kugonana Kuyesedwa (SAST; Carnes, 1989) ndi SAST-Revised (SAST-R; Carnes et al., 2010), Phunziro laling'ono la mafunso la PROMIS-sexually subscale (SPQ-S; Christo et al., 2003), PATHOS¹ (Carnes et al., 2012), ndi mayeso a Short Internet Addiction Test (Young, 1998) amasinthidwa kuti azitha kugonana pa Intaneti (s-sex IAT; Laier et al., 2013; Pawlikowski et al., 2013; Wéry et al., 2016a). Ngakhale mamba ena ovomerezeka apangidwa, amayesa kuganiza kuti "kugonana ndi amuna okhaokha" ndi vuto lachinyengo, lopanda chilakolako, kapena / kapena kugonana kwachisawawa (mwachitsanzo, Kalichman ndi Rompa, 1995; Coleman et al., 2001; Reid et al., 2011).

Zomwe tazitchulazi zimasiyanasiyana kwambiri potsata ndondomeko ya chitukuko, kapangidwe ka katundu, mapiritsi odulidwa, ndi katundu wa psychometric (Hook et al., 2010; Karila et al., 2014; Campbell ndi Stein, 2015; Wéry ndi Billieux, 2017), ndipo akhala akufufuzidwa makamaka m'magulu ang'onoting'ono omwe sali oyimilira komanso omwe amapezeka (Karila et al., 2014). Zina zimakhala zodziwika kwambiri ndi anthu (mwachitsanzo, amuna, akazi, achiwerewere; Zolemba, 1991; O'Hara ndi Carnes, 2000; Carnes ndi Weiss, 2002), pamene ena ali okhutira kwambiri (mwachitsanzo, khalidwe la kugonana pa intaneti; Carnes et al., 2010; Wéry et al., 2016a). Zigwiritsidwe ntchito kwambiri (mwachitsanzo, SAST-R, PATHOS) zimaphatikizaponso zinthu zomwe siziyenera kukhala zoyenera pankhani yokhudzana ndi kugonana [ie, "Kodi munachitiridwa nkhanza ngati muli mwana kapena mwana?, ""Kodi makolo anu amavutika ndi chiwerewere?"(SAST; Carnes, 1989, pp. 218-219), "Kodi munayamba mwakhalapo mukufunsira chithandizo chogonana chomwe simunachifune?"(PATHOS; Carnes et al., 2012, p. 11)]. The SAST-R (Carnes et al., 2010) ndi PATHOS (Carnes et al., 2012) gwiritsani ntchito mawonekedwe oyenerera / osayankhidwa, koma kufufuza mwatsatanetsatane kukusonyeza kuti kuunika kwapadera / kupitirirabe kwa khalidwe la kugonana kumafunika kukhala mbali ya chidziwitso cha matenda opatsirana (Winters et al., 2010; Walters et al., 2011; Carvalho ndi al., 2015). Miyeso yamakono yomwe imayesa khalidwe lovuta la kugonana imakhala yayitali. Mwachindunji, Womack et al. (2013) adawonetsa zochitika za 32.5 zinthu (SD = 34.2) pamene mukuyang'ana mwatsatanetsatane zochitika za 24 zokhudzana ndi kugonana kwachiwerewere. Komabe, njira zogwiritsira ntchito ziyenera kukhutiritsa zoyenera (monga brevity; Koronczai et al., 2011), makamaka pakati pa anthu omwe sakudziwa kuti ndi ofunika kwambiri ndipo amachita nawo ntchito zosakhalitsa.

Cholinga chachikulu chokhala ndi miyeso yamakono ndi chakuti zinthu zomwe zikuwonetsa khalidwe lachiwerewere sizingasonyeze ziwalo zomwe zimakhala zovuta kwambiri (Brown, 1993; Griffiths, 2005). Njira zoterezi zakhala zikugwiritsidwa ntchito ngati kukhazikitsa ziwerengero za psychometric mamba zosiyana siyana za zizoloŵezi zowonongeka monga kuphwanya mankhwala (Andreassen et al., 2012a), masewera othamanga (Lemmens et al., 2009), kugula zinthu (Andreassen et al., 2015), kugwiritsa ntchito mankhwala osokoneza bongo (Terry et al., 2004), ndi zowonongeka (Andreassen et al., 2016). Pofuna kugonana, zizindikiro izi ndi izi: kulimba / kukhumba-Kudandaula ndi kugonana kapena kugonana, kusinthika kwa maganizo-Kugonana kwakukulu kumachititsa kusintha kwa maganizo, kulolerana-Kuchuluka kwa kugonana pa nthawi, kuchotsa-zosangalatsa zamaganizo / zakuthupi pamene sanagonane, mikanganoMavuto osiyana-siyana chifukwa cha kugonana, kubwereranso- kubwerera kumbuyo zakale pambuyo pa nthawi ndi kudziletsa / kulamulira, ndi mavuto-Kukhala ndi thanzi labwino komanso umoyo wabwino chifukwa chokhala ndi chizolowezi chogonana.

Masikelo apano amatenga zina mwazomwe zatchulidwazi, koma osaziphimba zonse (mwachitsanzo, PATHOS ndi SAST-R). Chifukwa chimodzi chingakhale chakuti masikelo omwe adakonzedwa kale adalimbikitsidwa ndi magulu atatu odziwika omwe adapezeka m'mabukuwo. Izi ndi (i) Carnes ' 1991 njira zomwe sizimatha kusiya ndikudandaula, (ii) a Goodman (1998) zomwe sizimasintha kusintha kwamalingaliro, ndi (iii) Kafka's (2010, 2013) zomwe siziphatikiza kulolerana, kusintha kwa malingaliro, kutaya mtima, ndi kusiya (Wéry ndi Billieux, 2017). S-s-sex-scale (Laier et al., 2013; Pawlikowski et al., 2013; Wéry et al., 2016a) zimaphatikizapo ndondomeko yonse yoledzera, koma makamaka yomwe inakonzedweratu kuti iwonetsetse kuledzera kwa kugonana pa Intaneti. Ngakhale zochitika zamakono zamakono zingathandize ndikuwongolera khalidwe lachiwerewere chifukwa cha zinthu monga kukhala wololera, kudziwika, kutsegulidwa, ndi kusokoneza (Griffiths, 2012; Wéry ndi Billieux, 2017), mwachiwonekere kufunika kwa chidule cholingalira bwino cha kugonana chomwe chimapangitsa kuti munthu azigonjetsa kugonana mosasamala kanthu, malo, ndi chiwerengero cha anthu.

Chifukwa cha zofukufuku zomwe tazitchulazi m'mundawu, kafukufuku wamakonowa adafufuza zochitika zapadera za kugonana kwachidule, Bergen-Yale kugwiritsira ntchito mankhwala osokoneza bongo (BYSAS), yokhala ndi zinthu zopangidwa motsatira mfundo zoyenerera zomwe zagogomezedwa Kugwiritsa ntchito mankhwala osokoneza bongo angapo komanso omwe amagwiritsira ntchito zida zowonongeka pofuna kutsimikizira zomwe zilipo (Brown, 1993; Griffiths, 2005; Association of Psychiatric Association, 2013; Andreassen et al., 2013). Zinkayembekezereka kuti chida chatsopanochi chidzagwirizana kwambiri ndi zomangamanga zofanana (ie, kutembenuka kwachigwirizano) ndikugwirizana bwino ndi zomangamanga zosiyana (mwachitsanzo, chisankho chodziwika bwino, Nunnally ndi Bernstein, 1994). Maganizo asanu ndi limodzi anayesedwa. Izi ndizo:

Hypothesis 1. BYSAS ili ndi chinthu chimodzi chokhala ndi zinthu zazikulu zotsitsa (> 0.60) pazinthu zonse, ndi ma index onse (mizu amatanthauza zolakwika zazifupi za pafupifupi [RMSEA] <0.06, index yofananira [CFI] ndi index ya Tucker-Lewis [TLI ]> 0.95; Hu ndi Bentler, 1999) kusonyeza bwino deta yoyenera.
Hypothesis 2. BYSAS imasinthasintha kwambiri mkati (Cronbach's alpha> 0.80).
Hypothesis 3. Bungwe la BYSAS likugwirizana bwino ndi khalidwe lina lachiwerewere (SPQ-S; Christo et al., 2003).
Hypothesis 4. Mapulosi a BYSAS ndi ofanana kwambiri ndi amuna, osakwatira komanso apamwamba, komanso osiyana zaka.
Hypothesis 5. Mpukutu wa BYSAS umakhala wogwirizana kwambiri ndi ubongo, kukondana, ndi kutseguka, komanso kusagwirizana ndi kuvomereza ndi chikumbumtima.
Hypothesis 6. Mapepala a BYSAS ndi othandizana kwambiri ndi chiphunzitso cha nkhanza komanso chokhudzana ndi kudzidalira.

Zida ndi njira

Kayendesedwe

Deta inasonkhanitsidwa kudzera pa intaneti yofufuza zochitika zowonongeka. Kafukufukuyu anafalitsidwa pamasewera asanu a Norwegian Norwegian osiyanasiyana m'chaka cha 2014. Kuti athe kutenga nawo mbali, ofunsidwa adalangizidwa kuti afikitse chiyanjano cha intaneti. Onse omwe anafunsidwa amayenera kukhala osachepera zaka 16. Zambiri za phunzirolo zinaperekedwa pa tsamba la webusaiti. Ofunsidwawo adadziwitsidwa kuti adzalandira ndemanga zowonjezera zomwe adzipanga pogwiritsa ntchito ziwerengero zawo komanso kutanthauzira zokhudzana ndi miyeso ingapo pomaliza maphunzirowo. Palibe chilimbikitso cha chuma / ndalama. Deta yonse idasungidwa pa seva yokhala ndi kampani yopereka mayankho oterowo kwa ofufuza (www.surveyxact.no). Sabata imodzi yotsatira phunziro loyamba, deta yonse yosonkhanitsidwa idatumizidwa ku gulu lofufuza.

Zonsezi, anthu a 23,533 anamaliza zinthu zonse zafukufuku (ndipo adasungidwa kuti azisanthula). Kugwira ntchito kunali mwaufulu, osadziwika, chinsinsi, komanso osathandiza, ndipo anatsata ndondomeko zoyenera za Helsinki Declaration ndi Norway Health Research Act. Bungwe Loyang'anira Bungwe la Faculty of Psychology, University of Bergen, adavomereza kuphunzira.

ophunzira

Zaka zofunikira za ophunzira (N = 23,533) inali zaka 35.8 (SD = 13.3), kuyambira zaka 16 mpaka 88. Potengera magulu azaka zambiri, ambiri mwa omwe adatenga nawo gawo anali azaka za 16-30 (40.7%) otsatiridwa ndi azaka 31-45 (35%), zaka 46-60 (19.8%), komanso zaka zoposa 60 (4.5 %). Zitsanzozo zinali za akazi 15,299 (65%) ndi amuna 8,234 (35%). Pankhani yaubwenzi, 15,373 (65.3%) anali pachibwenzi (mwachitsanzo, okwatirana, wothandizirana naye wamba, mnzake, bwenzi, kapena bwenzi) ndipo 8,160 (34.7%) sanali (mwachitsanzo, osakwatiwa, osudzulidwa, osiyana, amasiye , kapena wamasiye). Ponena za maphunziro, 2,350 anali atamaliza sukulu mokakamizidwa (10%), 5,949 anali atamaliza sekondale (25.3%), 3,989 anali atamaliza maphunziro aukadaulo (17%), 7,630 anali ndi digiri ya Bachelor (32.4%), 3,343 anali ndi digiri ya Master (14.2%), ndipo 272 anali ndi digiri ya PhD (1.2%).

Njira

Chiwerengero cha anthu

Ophunzirawo amaliza miyeso ya chiwerengero cha anthu (ie, zaka, chikhalidwe, chiyanjano, maphunziro apamwamba kwambiri) pogwiritsa ntchito mawonekedwe oyankhidwa.

Bergen-zomwe zimagwiritsira ntchito kugonana mofanana (BYSAS)

Bungwe la BYSAS linapangidwa pogwiritsa ntchito ndondomeko zisanu ndi ziwiri zolimbitsa thupi zomwe Brown anatsindika (1993), Griffiths (2005), ndi American Psychiatric Association (2013) kulimbika mtima, kusintha maganizo, kulekerera, zizindikiro za kuchotsa, kusamvana ndi kubwezeretsedwa / kutaya mphamvu. Chinthu chimodzi chinalengedwa pazomwe zilizonse. Zowonjezereka, zoyenerazo zinaphatikizapo zinthu zokhudzana ndi malingaliro / chilakolako (ie, kusamala ndi kugonana / maliseche), kusinthika kwa maganizo (ie, kugonana / kugonana maliseche kumapangitsa kuti mtima ukhale wabwino), kulekerera (mwachitsanzo, kugonana kwambiri / chiwerewere kumayenera kuti akwaniritsidwe) , zizindikiro zowonongeka (mwachitsanzo, kuchepetsa kapena kutetezedwa ku kugonana / maliseche kumapangitsa kukhala osasamala komanso kumverera zolakwika), mikangano / mavuto (mwachitsanzo, kugonana / kugonana kumabweretsa mikangano ndipo imabweretsa vuto linalake), ndikubwereranso / kutaya mphamvu (ie, kubwerera ku Zakale zokhudzana ndi kugonana / kutsegula maliseche pambuyo pa nthawi yolamulira kapena kupezeka). Mafotokozedwe enieni a zinthuzo ndi njira zina zowonjezera zimadalira njira zogwiritsira ntchito mawu ndi mayankho omwe amagwiritsidwa ntchito mamba poyesa zizoloŵezi zina zamakhalidwe (Andreassen et al., 2012b). Nthawi yowonongeka chaka chatha pogwiritsa ntchito kapangidwe ka mayankho ka 5 (0 = kawirikawiri, 1 = kawirikawiri, 2 = nthawizina, 3 = kawirikawiri, ndi 4 = nthawi zambiri; onani Zowonjezera A kuti mupeze mndandanda wathunthu wa zinthu ndi machitidwe a response kwa BYSAS), ndikupereka mapepala ambiri a BYSAS kuyambira 0 mpaka 24 (onani Gome Table1) .1). Pofuna kuwerengedwa kuti ndi "chizoloŵezi chogonana" mu phunziroli, zizindikirozo ziyenera kukhalapo pamtundu wina / kukula kwake monga chizindikiro cha 3 (kawirikawiri) kapena 4 (nthawi zambiri)]. Izi zikugwirizana ndi momwe njira zowonongeka zakhala zikugwiritsidwira ntchito pa ziwerengero zina kuyesa zizolowezi za khalidwe (monga Lemmens et al., 2009; Andreassen et al., 2012b). Kuonjezera apo, chiwerengero cha zizindikiro (nthawi zambiri zoposa theka) zinayenera kuvomerezedwa (apa "nthawi zambiri" kapena "nthawi zambiri") kuti zikhale zoledzeretsa (American Psychiatric Association, 2013). Pankhaniyi zinthu zinayi zokha za BYSAS zidalandiridwa kuti muwone kuti wophunzirayo ndi woledzera. Kulemba 0 pamagulu osiyanasiyana a BYSAS -wotchulidwa kuti "palibe chizoloŵezi chogonana" chomwe chimawoneka zomveka pamene awa akuyankha "palibe" ku zinthu zisanu ndi chimodzi. Zina zambiri pakati pa 1 ndi 6 zimatchulidwa kuti "chiopsezo chogonana chogonana" monga momwe ophunzirawa amawerengera mopitirira malire pa magawo awiri mwa zisanu ndi chimodzi. Omwe ali ndi ziwerengero zambiri za 7 kapena pamwamba koma sanakwaniritse zoyenera kuti azigonjetsa kugonana zimatanthauzidwa kuti ali ndi "chiopsezo chogonana chogonana". Chilembo ichi chikuwoneka ngati chofanana ndi chiwerengero chokwanira pamwamba pa 1 pa zinthu zisanu ndi chimodzi.

Gulu 1

Kugawidwa kwa zilembo, zolembera ndi zolepheretsa (SD) pa zinthu zisanu ndi chimodzi za Bergen-Yale Sex Addiction Scale (BYSAS) ya amuna (♂, n = 8,234), akazi (♀, n = 15,299), ndi zonse (=) zitsanzo (N = 23,533).

zinthu			Nthawi zambiri (%)					Nenani	SD
Ndi kangati mu chaka chatha muli nawo ...			0	1	2	3	4
1.	Anagwiritsa ntchito nthawi yochuluka kuganiza za kugonana / maliseche kapena kugonana? [BYSAS1 pa kukhumba-kukhumba]	♂ ♀ =	20.5 52.6 41.4	19.0 20.1 19.7	31.7 19.4 23.7	20.0 6.1 11.0	8.7 1.7 4.2	1.78 0.84 1.17	1.23 1.05 1.20
2.	Kodi mukuganiza kuti mukugonana / kugonana mobwerezabwereza? [BYSAS2 pa kulekerera]	♂ ♀ =	26.4 58.7 47.4	24.3 19.9 21.4	28.4 15.4 20.0	14.8 4.7 8.3	6.1 1.3 3.0	1.50 0.70 0.98	1.20 0.98 1.13
3.	Kodi kugonana / kugonana kumagwiritsidwa ntchito pofuna kuiwala / kuthawa mavuto? [BYSAS3 pamasinthidwe a maganizo]	♂ ♀ =	59.3 76.6 70.6	17.5 11.8 13.8	14.4 8.4 10.5	5.7 2.4 3.5	3.1 0.8 1.6	0.76 0.39 0.52	1.09 0.80 0.93
4.	Mukuyesera kugonana pa kugonana / maliseche popanda kupambana? [BYSAS4 pa kubwezeretsedwa-kutaya ulamuliro]	♂ ♀ =	67.0 92.2 83.4	16.3 5.3 9.2	10.6 1.6 4.7	4.2 0.6 1.8	1.9 0.3 0.9	0.58 0.11 0.28	0.97 0.45 0.71
5.	Khalani opanda nkhawa kapena osokonezeka ngati mwakhala mukuletsedwa kugonana / maliseche? [BYSAS5 pa zizindikiro za kuchotsa]	♂ ♀ =	53.0 81.5 71.5	21.0 10.1 13.9	16.4 6.0 9.6	6.8 1.8 3.5	2.8 0.6 1.4	0.85 0.29 0.49	1.10 0.71 0.91
6.	Kodi muli ndi chiwerewere chochuluka bwanji chomwe chasokoneza ubale wanu, chuma, thanzi kapena ntchito, maphunziro? [BYSAS6 pa zovuta zotsutsana]	♂ ♀ =	87.1 96.3 93.0	7.8 2.5 4.4	3.3 0.8 1.7	1.0 0.3 0.5	0.9 0.1 0.4	0.21 0.05 0.11	0.63 0.31 0.46

Tsegulani muwindo losiyana

Kuchuluka kwachokera ku 0- "kawirikawiri" kwa 4- "kawirikawiri." Zophatikizapo zogwirizana ndi zitsanzo zonse zinali 3.54 (SD = 4.14). 0-24 yowerengeka.

Kufupika kwa PROMIS kafukufuku wa mafunso okhudzana ndi kugonana

Lipoti lachidule la PROMIS [SPQ; Christo et al., 2003 (Lipoti la PROMIS, Lefever, 1988)] ndi chiwerengero chovomerezeka cha maganizo a 16 (mankhwala ndi osapanga mankhwala), kuphatikizapo kugonana (mwachitsanzo, Haylett et al., 2004; Pallanti et al., 2006; MacLaren ndi Best, 2010, 2013). Ophunzira adatsiriza kugonana kwa SPQ pogwiritsa ntchito 6-point scale [0 = osati monga ine nkomwe ndi 5 = ambiri monga ine; Zinthu 10: M = 13.44, SD = 7.14, α = 0.90; choyesa chinthu: "Ndikanatenga mwayi woti ndizigonana ngakhale kuti ndangokhala ndi wina"(Onani Zowonjezera B kwa mndandanda wathunthu wa zinthu)]. Kugonana kwapakati pa SPQ (pano kutchulidwa kuti SPQ-S) kumaphatikizapo mbali zina za mphotho kufunafuna ndi kukakamizidwa, kuphatikizapo zizoloŵezi zomwe zingakhale zowononga ndi zizindikiro za matenda a kugonana. Komabe, amangoyang'ana zizoloŵezi zowononga kugonana / ntchito (ndi ena), komanso samaphatikizapo zovuta zowonongeka. Zinthu za 10 za SPQ-S zinamasuliridwa kuchokera ku Chingerezi kupita ku Chinorway ndi olemba a ku Norway omwe amaphunzira pano.

Zisanu zisanu

Munthu Wachikhalidwe Chachidziko Chachidziŵikire Pachiwombankhanga (Mini-IPIP; Donnellan et al., 2006) ankagwiritsidwa ntchito kuti azindikire umunthu, ndipo ndizochepa zomwe zimagwirizana ndi zomwe zimagwira ntchito zazikuluzikulu (Costa ndi McCrae, 1992; Wiggins, 1996). Ophunzira adatsiriza chinthu cha 20-Mini-IPIP pogwiritsa ntchito 5-point scale (1 = zolakwika kwambiri ndi 5 = zolondola kwambiri) -Zinthu zomwe zili pazinthu zotsatirazi: extroversion (mwachitsanzo, "Lankhulani ndi anthu osiyanasiyana osiyana pamaphwando"; M = 14.47, SD = 3.65, α = 0.81), kuvomereza (mwachitsanzo, "Mverani momwe ena akumvera"; M = 16.32, SD = 2.95, α = 0.76), chikumbumtima (mwachitsanzo, "Monga dongosolo"; M = 14.90, SD = 3.22, α = 0.70), nkhanza (mwachitsanzo, "Zimakwiya mosavuta"; M = 11.81, SD = 3.54, α = 0.73), ndi nzeru / malingaliro (mwachitsanzo, "Khalani ndi malingaliro omveka bwino"; M = 14.26, SD = 3.14, α = 0.69), yomalizayo ndi yofanana ndi yomangika.

Chiphunzitso cha Narcissism

The Narcissistic Personality Inventory-16 [NPI-16; Ames et al., 2006 (NPI; Raskin ndi Terry, 1988)] ndi chiwerengero chodziwika bwino cha nthendayi (monga Konrath et al., 2014). Ophunzira adatsiriza NPI-16 pogwiritsa ntchito 5-Point Likert scale (1 = satsutsana kwambiri ndi 5 = amavomereza kwambiri; Zinthu 16 [mwachitsanzo, "Ndili bwino kuwonetsa ngati ndikupeza mwayi"]: M = 44.12, SD = 10.11, α = 0.89). Maphunzirowa ndi apamwamba kwambiri. Zotsatira zonse zakhala zikugwirizana kwambiri ndi zidziwitso za akatswiri a matenda a narcissistic (Miller ndi Campbell, 2008).

Kudzidalira

Malo Odzikonda Omwe a Rosenberg (RSES; Rosenberg, 1965) ndi chida chovomerezeka pamaganizo kuti azindikire kudzidalira (mwachitsanzo, Huang ndi Dong, 2012). Ophunzira adaliza RSES pogwiritsa ntchito 4-Point Likert scale (0 = amavomereza kwambiri ndi 3 = satsutsana kwambiri; Zinthu 10 [mwachitsanzo, "Zonsezi, ndimakonda kumva kuti ndine wolephera","Ndimatha kuchita zinthu komanso anthu ena ambiri"]: M = 29.23, SD = 5.34, α = 0.89). RSES imayesa kudzidalira ngati chinthu chimodzi, ndipo idapangidwa kuti iwonetse kudzidalira kwawomwe akutenga nawo mbali. Zimayesa malingaliro abwino komanso osalimbikitsa zaumwini. Mawu asanu abwino adasinthidwa, kutanthauza kuti kuchuluka kwakukulu kumawonetsa kudzidalira.

Kusanthula deta

Mkhalidwe wa BYSAS unayesedwa kupyolera mu kuphatikiza kwa kufufuza (EFA) ndi kutsimikizirika kwa chinthu china (Analysis factor factor analysis) (CFA), yopangidwa mosiyana pa magawo osasintha a zitsanzo zonse. Cholinga cha kafukufukuyu chinali kuyesa chikhalidwe chonse cha zinthu zomwe zilipo, makamaka kuganizira zowonongeka kuchokera ku chikhalidwe chosagwirizana. Cholinga cha CFA chinali kuyesa ubwino woyenera wa chitsanzo chosayerekezera cha BYSAS. Mu EFA, ndondomeko yowonjezeramo njirayi inali yophweka kwambiri (VSS) (Revelle ndi Rocklin, 1979), ndi Velicer's (1976) chiwerengero chochepa cha magawo (MAP). Kusinthasintha kwagwirizano (Jennrich ndi Bentler, 2011) anagwiritsidwa ntchito. Kuzungulira kwa bifactor kumathandiza kupatukana kwa chinthu chodziwika ndi chimodzi kapena zina zowonjezera. Monga taonera ndi Reise et al. (2007), chitsanzo cha bifactor chimathandiza kwambiri monga njira yowonongera kuphwanya kusasamala. Pa nkhani yoyesa zitsanzo zosayerekezera, kukhalapo kwa zifukwa zina mwa njira ya bifactor ndi chizindikiro cha kudalira kwanu m'deralo. Zinthu zoterezi zingakhale zothandiza, komabe zimatanthauza kuphwanya kusagwirizana.

Zotsatira kuchokera pachitsanzo cha EFA zidapatsidwa mayeso a CFA osagwirizana pakugawana kwachitsanzo. Cholinga chachikulu cha CFA chinali kuwunika koyenera kwa BYSAS, komanso kuyesa tsankho ndi zidziwitso kuchokera pazinthu zomwe zaphatikizidwa. Kuyenerera kwamitundu yonse kunayesedwa kudzera mwa woyerekeza wolimba kwambiri wa Mplus. Muzu umatanthawuza kulakwitsa kwakukulu kwa kufanana (RMSEA), index yofananira (CFI) ndi Tucker-Lewis Index (TLI) adagwiritsidwa ntchito ngati zisonyezo zakufananira ndi mitundu yapadziko lonse. Kuti mukwaniritse bwino, izi ziyenera kukhala <0.06,> 0.95, ndi> 0.95, motsatana (Hu ndi Bentler, 1999). Tinafanizitsa magulu awiri a mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya zinthu zosiyana siyana (IRT): Ma Rasch, 1982), ndi graded response model (Samejima, 1997). Kuti tione chinthu chomwe chikugwirizana ndi kachitidwe ka ngongole ya Rasch, tinayesa malo olowera kuti tizilombo toyambitsa matenda ndi zovala (Wright ndi Masters, 1982). Malingana ndi kachitidwe kafukufuku kafukufuku, kulowetsa, ndi mawonekedwe otanthauza mawonekedwe (MSQ) ayenera kukhala mu 0.6 ku 1.4 (Wright ndi Linacre, 1994), koma ngakhale chiwerengero cha 0.5 ku 1.5 chikhoza kuwonedwa ngati "chopindulitsa payeso" (Linacre, 2002). Mtengo wapansi pansi pa 1 umatanthauza kuti mayankhowo ali osadziwika bwino, koma phindu pamwamba pa 1 limatanthauza mayankho a deta ali osapitirira (zosayenera). Kugonjetsedwa kwa MSQ kulemera kwambiri kotero kuti chidziwitso chapafupi ndi chinthu chomwe chikufunidwa kapena munthu chikulandira kulemera kwake.

Pofuna kuyesa kusagwirizana, kusiyana kwa zinthu zomwe zimagwira ntchito (DIF) kudutsa pakati pa amuna ndi akazi ndi magulu a zaka zapitazi zinayesedwa pogwiritsa ntchito njira yovuta yochepetsera, monga momwe ikugwiritsidwira ntchito mu R mirt paket (Chalmers, 2012). Mu zofufuza za DIF poyamba analetsedwa kukhala ndi tsankho lofanana ndi m'magulu onse. Zovuta zenizeni zowonjezera zimatulutsidwa sequentially, pogwiritsira ntchito zinthu zotsalira monga zida. Ndondomekoyi yothandizira njira yoyamba ikugwiritsidwa ntchito pazithunzi, kuchitira amuna monga gulu, ndi akazi monga gulu lofotokozera. Njira yofananayi inabwerezedwa kwa magulu a zaka zapitazi, kuchiza akuluakulu oyambirira (16-39 zaka) monga gulu lofotokozera komanso pakati / akuluakulu (40-88 zaka) monga gulu lokhazikika. Kugawanika kwa gulu la zaka kunapangidwa ngati kusamvana pakati pa zaka za zaka (24 vs. 49 zaka) ndi chiwerengero cha ophunzira m'magulu (61.8% vs. 38.2%). Potsirizira pake, zotsatira za DIF za mayeso oyesedwa zinayesedwa kupyolera muyeso yosiyana siyana (DTF) monga momwe tafotokozera ndi Meade (2010), ndipo idakhazikitsidwa ndi Chalmers et al. (2015).

Kuwunikaku kunachitika ndi SPSS, mtundu wa 22. BYSAS idawunikidwa potengera kusasinthasintha kwamkati (coefficient ya alpha ya Cronbach) ndikuwongolera kulumikizana kwathunthu kwa chinthu, atasintha zosinthazo kukhala zigawenga kuti zipewe zotsatira zomwe zingakhudzidwe ndi skewness (Greer et al., 2006). Coefficients yolumikizana anawerengedwera kuti aone mgwirizano pakati pa mitundu yonse yophunzira; r pamwamba pa 0.1, 0.3, ndi 0.5 zinatanthauziridwa ngati zazikulu, zazikulu ndi zazikulu kukula kwake kukula, motero (Cohen, 1988). Kusiyanitsa kwa zinthu zambiri za BYSAS pakati pa abambo ndi amai zimawerengedwa; Cohen's d Zotsatira za 0.2, 0.5, ndi 0.8 zimatanthauzidwa ngati zing'onozing'ono, zofiira komanso zazikulu zotsatira, (Cohen, 1988).

Pofufuza pazinthu zokhudzana ndi chizolowezi chogonana, kusanthula kwamitundu yambiri kunachitika kutengera gulu la "osagonana" (mphambu ya zero) (33.8% yazitsanzo) monga cholembera. "Chiwopsezo chokhala ndi chiwerewere chochepa" (mphambu 1-6) chinali gulu lachiwiri (46.3% ya zitsanzo), "chiopsezo chazovuta zogonana" (mphambu 7 kapena pamwambapa) chinali gulu lachitatu (19.1% ya nyemba), ndi "chizolowezi chogonana" (mphambu 3 kapena 4 pazigawo zinayi mwa zisanu ndi chimodzi za BYSAS) zili m'gulu lachinayi (0.7% ya nyemba). Zosintha zodziyimira pawokha zinali jenda, zaka, ubale, momwe muliri maphunziro, magawo asanu a Mini-IPIP, ndi mphotho pa NPI-16 ndi RSES. Maphunziro anali ndi zododometsa kotero kuti gulu lalikulu kwambiri (mwachitsanzo, Bachelor's degree) linali gulu lofufuzira. Pakuwunika, mtundu uliwonse wodziyimira pawokha udaphatikizidwa nthawi imodzi. Pamene chidaliro cha 95% (CI) sichiphatikiza 1.00, zotsatira zake zimawoneka kuti ndizofunikira.

Pitani ku:

Results

Zomangamanga ndi chitukuko

Table Table11 imasonyeza ziwerengero zofotokozera za mayankho pa zinthu zisanu ndi chimodzi za BYSAS. Chitsanzochi chinali ndi 3.54 kuchokera ku 24 (SD = 4.14). Zinthu 1 (BYSAS₁: ulesi / chilakolako) ndi 2 (BYSAS₂: kulolerana) zimavomerezedwa pafupipafupi mgulu la anthu kuposa zinthu zina. Amuna adakwera kuposa akazi pazinthu zonse zisanu ndi chimodzi za BYSAS, komanso kukula kwake (Cohen's d) kusiyana kwa chinthucho kumatanthauza kusiyana pakati pa amuna ndi akazi omwe anali 0.84 chifukwa cha kulimba mtima / chilakolako (chachikulu), 0.75 chifukwa cha kuleza mtima (kwakukulu), 0.41 kwa kusinthika kwachisokonezo (miyezi yaing'ono), 0.69 kuti abwererenso / 0.65 chifukwa chosiya (sing'anga-lalikulu), ndi 0.36 chifukwa cha mikangano / mavuto (yaying'ono-yaying'ono).

EFA idalimbikitsa kutulutsa chinthu chimodzi kutengera VSSicer, koma zinthu ziwiri malinga ndi VP ya Velicer's. Kusinthasintha kwa bifactor wa mayankho azinthu ziwirizi kuwulula chinthu chachikulu pazinthu zonse zisanu ndi chimodzi zokhala ndi ma layelo mu 0.70 (BYSAS₁) kwa 0.86 (BYSAS₄ ndi BYSAS₆) ndi chinthu china chowonjezera kuchokera kwa BYSAS₁ ndi BYSAS₂. Chinthu chokhacho chingatanthauzidwe ngati kudalira pakati pa pakati pa BYSAS₁ ndi BYSAS₂, ndikuyimira kuphwanya kusagwirizana.

Mogwirizana ndi zomwe zapeza kuchokera ku EFA, chinthu chimodzi chofanana ndi mawu olakwika a BYSAS¹ ndi BYSAS² adayesedwa mu CFA ndi woyang'anira wamkulu wa Mplus wolemera kwambiri wa Mplus kuti adziwe deta. Zomwe zili zochepa zogwirizana ndi ziwerengero za Mplus zolemera kwambiri zowerengeka zomwe zinalembedwa ndi RMSEA za 0.046 [90% CI = 0.041, 0.051], CFI ya 0.998, ndi TLI ya 0.996, zomwe zimasonyeza ubwino wokwanira pakati pa chinthu chimodzi ndi deta. Chithunzi Chithunzi11 imasonyeza zolemetsa zomwe zimachokera ku chitsimikiziro cha subsample (n = 11,766).

Fayilo yakunja yomwe imagwira chithunzi, fanizo, ndi zina. Dzina lopangidwa ndi fpsyg-09-00144-g0001.jpg

Tsegulani muwindo losiyana

Chithunzi 1

Zomwe zimachitika ku Bergen-Yale Kugonjetsa Kugonana (BYSAS) kuwonetsa zochitika zovomerezeka za CFA subsample (n = 11,766).

Kuganizira kugwirizana pakati pa BYSAS₁ ndi BYSAS₂ mu zithunzi zosagwirizana za IRT, testlet ya chiwerengero cha BYSAS₁ ndi BYSAS₂ inamangidwa. Monga momwe zinthu zamakono zinalili, ziwerengerozo zinali zochokera ku njira yake yachinsinsi (Woods, 2007). Tchati Table22 imasonyeza malo obwereza ndi mawonekedwe a mawonekedwe (MSQ) kuchokera ku chitsanzo cha ngongole ya padera. Zonsezi zikutanthauza kuti mabwalo ali m'kati mwa 0.6 ku 1.4 range (Wright ndi Linacre, 1994; Bond ndi Fox, 2015). MSQ chovala chogwiritsidwa ntchito pa zinthu zitatu zinali zochepa kusiyana ndi zomwe zinalembedwa 0.6 ku 1.4 mu kafukufuku wopenda, koma akadali mu "zotheka kuyeza" (Linacre, 2002). Chovala cha testlet MSQ chinali 0.46. Makhalidwe apamtunda a MSQ angagwiritse ntchito chiwerengero chokwanira cha chiwerengero cha testlet. Izi zikutanthauza kuti pamaphunziro ena, pali kusiyana kwakukulu pamagulu awiri, ndipo ndi mayankho ochepa chabe "osayembekezera". Kugonjetsedwa kwa malamulo a MSQ kunali pafupi kwambiri ndi chiyembekezero cha 1, ndipo kungasonyeze kuti, ngakhale kuti mayankhowo anali ofanana kwambiri, iwo sanali otsimikizika mu lingaliro la Guttman la mndandanda woyendetsedwa wa mayankho pamutuwu. Kuwona mitundu yosiyanasiyana yamakono ndi zovala kunasonyeza kuti zinthu za BYSAS zinali zogwirizana ndi zomwe zinanenedwa ndi chitsanzo cha ngongole ya Rasch. Komabe, chitsanzo choyenera chinali chabwino ndi malingaliro otetezeka a chitsanzo chogwiritsira ntchito, poyerekeza ndi chitsanzo cha Rasch chachitsulo cha ngongole (Akaikes chidziwitso cha PCM = 95155; Akaikes chidziwitso chodziwika bwino chachitsanzo = 94843).

Gulu 2

Ziwerengero zoyenerera zazitsulo zochokera ku Rasch zochepa zothandizira ngongole.

katunduyo	Infit MSQ	z.infit	Zovala MSQ	z.outfit
BYSAS3	0.937	-3.430	0.696	-6.951
BYSAS4	0.942	-2.326	0.556	-7.082
BYSAS5	0.809	-10.684	0.575	-10.284
BYSAS6	0.916	-2.063	0.502	-6.545
Testlet BYSAS1 ndi 2	0.647	-26.029	0.459	-34.167

BYSAS, Bergen-Yale Kugonjetsa Kugonana; MSQ, amatanthauza malo.

Table Table33 imasonyeza zotsatira za kuyesedwa kwa zinthu zosiyana siyana (DIF), ndi chiwerengero cha DIF pa zinthu zamtengo wapatali ndi zoyembekezeredwa zonse zomwe zimayesedwa (kusiyana kwa mayesero ogwira ntchito; DTF). Chigawo choyamba chikuwonetsa kusintha kwa chi-square pamene kumasula malingaliro a mapiri omwe satha. Kuyesedwa kosagwirizana kwa zinthu zosiyana pakati pa umoyo ndi chikhalidwe kunasonyeza kuti BYSAS₃ ndi BYSAS₄ Anagwira ntchito mosiyana kwa amuna ndi akazi, atagwa kwambiri mu chi-square pamene atulutsa zovuta zowonongeka [BYSAS₃: Chi-square (5) = 314.08, p <0.001; BYSAS₄: Chi-square (5) = 228.36, p <0.001]. DIF ndi gulu lazaka lodziwika ndi BYSAS₃ ndi BYSAS₄ monga zinthu zomwe zimagwira ntchito mosiyana ndi magulu a zaka zakubadwa [BYSAS₃: Chi-square (5) = 67.28; BYSAS₄: Chi-square (5) = 54.33]. Kwazinthu zina, zolepheretsa zitsanzo sizinali zofunikira, zosonyeza kuti kuganizira kuti zinthu izi sizinali zogwirizana ndi deta. Motero, BYSAS inakhutitsa malingaliro ake zochepa zofanana zofanana pa magulu a amuna ndi azaka.

Gulu 3

Kuyesa kusiyana kwa chinthu chomwe chimagwira ntchito komanso kusiyana kwa mayeso ogwira ntchito.

	LRT DIF	df	SIDS / STDS	ESSD / ETSSD
GENDER (AMAYI REF.)
BYSAS3	314.083	5	-0.281	-0.360
BYSAS4	228.358	5	0.193	0.335
Zotsatira zomveka zonse			-0.088	-0.022
GULU LA ANA (ANA AMADZIWA REF.)
BYSAS3	67.289	5	0.022	0.04
BYSAS4	54.334	5	-0.018	-0.05
Zotsatira zomveka zonse			0.004	0.001

LRT, kuyesa-chiŵerengero cha mayeso; DIF, kusiyana kwake chinthu chogwira ntchito; SIDS, yosiyana ndi chinthu china mu chitsanzo; STDS, kusiyana kwa mayesero mu chitsanzo; Zisokonezo, kusiyana komwe kuli koyenera; ETSSD, kuyembekezera kuyerekezera kwa chiwerengero choyendera.

Gawo lachitatu ndi lachinayi la Table Table33 imasonyeza kukula kwake kwa DIF ndi DTF kwa BYSAS₃ ndi BYSAS₄, kufotokozera mwachidule kusiyana kwa chinthu chomwe chinasindikizidwa mu chitsanzo (SIDS / STDS) ndi kusiyana komwe kuli kuyembekezera chiwerengero (ESSD / ETSSD). Pa msinkhu womwewo wa khalidwe, maulendo ofanana kusiyana pakati pa amuna ndi akazi anali -0.36 kwa BYSAS₃ ndi 0.335 ya BYSAS₄. Pa mlingo woyesedwa, zotsatirazi zinalepheretsa wina ndi mzake kunja, ndi mayesero osayenerera omwe akugwiritsidwa ntchito poyembekezeredwa chiwerengero chonse. Mofananamo, kwa DIF ndi gulu la zaka, zotsatira za BYSAS₃ ndi BYSAS₄ zinali zosiyana, kuchotsa zotsatira zonse. Achinyamata achikulire anapeza zigawo za 0.04 zapamwamba pa BYSAS₃, ndi 0.05 zigawo zosakwera pa BYSAS₄ poyerekeza ndi pakati / kumapeto kwa anthu akuluakulu. Pachiwerengero cha mayeso, zotsatira za DIF zinali zogwirizana ndi 0.0001, zomwe zikusonyeza kuti DIF ya BYSAS₃ ndi BYSAS₄ sanakhudzidwepo pa mlingo wokwanira. Kuti afotokozere mwachidule, ngakhale kuti DIF inawonetseredwa pazinthu ziwiri, zotsatira pamsingo woyesera (DTF) zinali zochepa kapena zosadziwika. Mayendedwe a mayeso a amuna ndi akazi akuwonetsedwa mu Chithunzi Chithunzi2.2. Chiwerengerochi chikusonyeza kuti BYSAS anali ndi zambiri zokhudzana ndi chizoloŵezi chogonana (theta) cha amuna ndi akazi, koma zambiri zochepa pamagulu ochepa ogonana.

Chithunzi 2

Malinga ndi mayeso a Bergen-Yale Sex Addiction Scale ()n = 11,766).

Kudalirika ndi kusagwirizana kwa BYSAS

Alpha ya Cronbach ya BYSAS inali 0.83, ndipo zolumikizana zonse zomwe zidakonzedwa pazinthu 1 mpaka 6 zinali 0.69 (BYSAS₁: ulesi / chilakolako), 0.74 (BYSAS₂: kulekerera), 0.62 (BYSAS₃: kusinthika maganizo), 0.57 (BYSAS₄: kubwerera / kutaya mphamvu), 0.66 (BYSAS₅: zizindikiro zochotsera), ndi 0.42 (BYSAS₆: mikangano / mavuto), motero.

Kutembenuza ndi kusamvetsetsa

Mgwirizano wolumikizana pakati pa kuchuluka kwa BYSAS ndi gawo logonana la SPQ linali 0.52. Gome Table44 amasonyeza kuti masikelo onsewa amasonyeza zofanana zofanana ndi zosiyana zina zomwe zafotokozedwa mu phunziroli. Zokambirana za zero-kulumikizana pakati pa mitundu yosiyanasiyana yowerengera zinachokera ku -0.53 (pakati pa kudzidalira nokha ndi nthenda) kwa 0.52 (pakati pa BYSAS ndi SPQ-S).

Gulu 4

Zokambirana zogwirizana ndi Zero (Pearson-mphindi yolumikizana, nthawi-biserial mgwirizano, phi-coefficient) pakati pa mitundu.

	Zosiyanasiyana	1	2	3	4	5	6	7	8	9	10	11	12	13	14	15	16	17
1	BYSAS	-
2	SPQ-S	0.519
3	Gender _{(1 = ♂, 2 = ♀)}	-0.377	-0.252
4	Age	-0.190	-0.086	0.031
5	ubwenzi^a	0.090	0.078	-0.065	-0.218
6	Sukulu yapulayimale	0.046	0.014	-0.028	-0.205	0.149
7	Sukulu yasekondare	0.036	0.027	0.015	-0.197	0.094	-0.194
8	Sukulu yophunzitsa	0.028	0.028	-0.123	0.138	-0.049	-0.150	-0.263
9	digiri yoyamba	-0.051	-0.032	0.095	0.118	-0.081	-0.231	-0.403	-0.313
10	Digiri yachiwiri	-0.040	-0.029	0.015	0.097	-0.073	-0.136	-0.237	-0.184	-0.282
11	Digiri ya PhD	-0.014	-0.010	-0.018	0.057	-0.035	-0.036	-0.063	-0.049	-0.075	-0.044
12	Kuthamanga Kwambiri	0.014	0.091	0.088	0.013	-0.064	-0.050	-0.019	-0.021	0.049	0.024	-0.001
13	Kugwirizana	-0.151	-0.147	0.343	0.048	-0.048	-0.049	-0.017	-0.060	0.073	0.031	0.001	0.296
14	Kusamala	-0.208	-0.155	0.143	0.200	-0.130	-0.085	-0.052	0.052	0.033	0.041	-0.010	0.093	0.131
15	Neuroticism	0.086	0.025	0.234	-0.116	-0.005	0.059	0.041	-0.021	-0.024	-0.041	-0.022	-0.098	0.093	-0.157
16	Malingaliro / malingaliro	0.093	0.075	-0.105	-0.036	0.043	-0.045	-0.042	-0.066	0.026	0.109	0.062	0.163	0.116	-0.116	-0.003
17	Chiphunzitso cha Narcissism	0.213	0.213	-0.219	-0.125	-0.003	-0.023	-0.039	-0.049	0.034	0.067	0.009	0.370	-0.075	0.026	-0.150	0.196
18	Kudzidalira	-0.092	-0.016	-0.140	0.154	-0.125	-0.124	-0.104	0.017	0.072	0.109	0.037	0.315	0.055	0.296	-0.530	0.113	0.416

Tsegulani muwindo losiyana

N = 23,533. BYSAS, Bergen-Yale Kugonjetsa Kugonana; SPQ-S, Dongosolo laling'ono la PROMIS-Lingaliro la kugonana.

^a1 = mu ubale, 2 = osati pachibwenzi.

−0.012 ≤ r ≤ 0.012 — ns, −0.016 ≤ r ≤ −0.013 kapena 0.13 ≤ r ≤ 0.016 — p <0.05, −0.017 ≥ r kapena r ≥ 0.017 — p <0.01.

Ubale ndi chiwerengero, zazikulu zisanu, kulongosola, ndi kudzidalira

Zomwe zimadziimira payekha zinalongosola 23.0% (Fomu ya Snell-Snell) ya kusiyana kwa chiopsezo chogonana (26.0% molingana ndi ndondomeko ya Nagelkerke; onani Tawuni Table5) .5). Zovuta zakukhala "pachiwopsezo cha chiwerewere", "chiwerewere chochepa" komanso "magulu ogonana" anali okwera kwambiri kuposa amuna. Zaka zinali zogwirizana kwambiri ndi gulu lokonda zachiwerewere. Kusakhala pachibwenzi kumakulitsanso mwayi wokhala mgulu la "chiwerewere". Maphunziro a kusekondale adachepetsa zovuta zakukhala mgulu la "chiopsezo chazovuta zakugonana" komanso "magulu ochepetsa chiwerewere". Kukhala ndi digiri ya Master kumachepetsa mwayi wokhala mgulu la "chizolowezi chogonana" pomwe kukhala ndi digiri ya PhD kumakulitsanso mwayi wokhala mgulu la "ogonana nawo". Kuchulukitsa kumachulukitsa mwayi wokhala m'magulu atatu apamwamba ogonana, pomwe chikumbumtima chimachepetsa zovuta zomwezo. Kuvomerezana kumachepetsa zovuta zakukhala mgulu la "chizolowezi chogonana". Neuroticism idakulitsa zovuta zakukhala mgulu la "chiopsezo chazovuta zakugonana" komanso magulu "achiwerewere". Nzeru / malingaliro adagwirizanitsidwa bwino ndi omwe ali mgulu la "chiopsezo chazovuta zakugonana" komanso "magulu ochepetsa chiwerewere". Kudzidalira kunali kogwirizana kwambiri ndi magulu osokoneza bongo. Pomaliza, narcissism idalumikizidwa bwino ndikukhala mgulu lachitatu lakugonana.

Gulu 5

Kugonjetsedwa kwazinthu zosiyana siyana zokhudzana ndi kugonana (gulu lofotokozera: chiwerengero cha BYSAS cha 0; OR = 1.00; n = 7,962).

	Kugonjetsa kugonana kochepa (Chikhombo cha BYSAS 1-6; n = 10,907)	Kugonjetsa kugonana kosayenera (≥ 7 / <4 njira zakwaniritsidwa; n = 4,490)	Kugonjetsa kugonana koopsa pa kugonana (Kukwaniritsa zizindikiro za 4-6; n = 174)
Zosintha zosasinthika	OR (95% CI)	OR (95% CI)	OR (95% CI)
Gender _{(1 = ♂, 2 = ♀)}	0.272 (0.250 - 0.295)	0.081 (0.073 - 0.090)	0.035 (0.023 - 0.051)
Age	0.982 (0.980 - 0.985)	0.968 (0.965 - 0.972)	0.956 (0.941 - 0.972)
ubwenzi _{(1 = in, 2 = osati mkati)}	1.045 (0.977 - 1.118)	1.105 (1.010 - 1.210)	1.030 (0.738 - 1.437)
Education _{(Buku = Digiri yoyamba)}
Sukulu yapulayimale	0.752 (0.669 - 0.845)	0.694 (0.595 - 0.809)	1.238 (0.740 - 2.071)
Sukulu yasekondare	0.984 (0.906 - 1.069)	0.964 (0.860 - 1.080)	1.083 (0.680 - 1.727)
Sukulu Yophunzitsa	1.034 (0.942 - 1.136)	1.066 (0.940 - 1.210)	1.299 (0.782 - 2.158)
Digiri yachiwiri	0.953 (0.867 - 1.047)	0.848 (0.740 - 0.971)	1.022 (0.554 - 1.884)
Digiri ya PhD	0.777 (0.587 - 1.030)	0.737 (0.493 - 1.102)	3.229 (1.071 - 9.734)
Kuthamanga Kwambiri	1.030 (1.020 - 1.040)	1.045 (1.031 - 1.059)	1.059 (1.010 - 1.111)
Kugwirizana	1.008 (0.995 - 1.020)	0.988 (0.973 - 1.004)	0.946 (0.900 - 0.995)
Kusamala	0.958 (0.948 - 0.969)	0.915 (0.903 - 0.928)	0.886 (0.844 - 0.930)
Neuroticism	1.010 (0.999 - 1.021)	1.097 (1.081 - 1.113)	1.249 (1.183 - 1.319)
Malingaliro / malingaliro	1.015 (1.004 - 1.025)	1.025 (1.010 - 1.039)	1.002 (0.951 - 1.055)
Kudzidalira	0.976 (0.968 - 0.984)	0.928 (0.918 - 0.939)	0.858 (0.829 - 0.888)
Chiphunzitso cha Narcissism	1.027 (1.023 - 1.030)	1.059 (1.054 - 1.065)	1.091 (1.072 - 1.111)

Tsegulani muwindo losiyana

Zotsatira zofunikira kwambiri molimba. OR, zosiyana; CI, nthawi yokhulupirira; BYSAS, Bergen-Yale Kugonjetsa Kugonana Kwambiri.

Pitani ku:

Kukambirana

Ngakhale kuti kugonana kwabvuta kunayesedwa ngati kukuyimira matenda osokoneza bongo, zida zogwiritsira ntchito zowunikira kale zomwe zikuyesa matendawa sizinaphatikizepo ndondomeko yoledzera. Chifukwa chake, BYSAS inakhazikitsidwa pofuna kuthana ndi kuchepa kwake ndi katundu wake wa psychometric anayesedwa mu chitsanzo chachikulu cha dziko. Kuonetsetsa kuti zogwirizana ndi zomangamanga, ntchito yomangamangayi inachokera ku zigawo zomwe zimapangitsa kuti ziwonongeke. Kusanthula kwakukulu kunawonetsa kuti BYSAS ili ndi psychometrics yabwino, ndipo ikufotokozedwa pansipa.

Chinthu chimodzi chokha ndi mtundu wina wowonjezerana pakati pa luso (BYSAS₁) ndi kulekerera (BYSAS₂) malingaliro amalembedwa ndi ubwino wamtundu wodalirika kwa deta yosadziwika. Malingana ndi chitsanzo ichi kuwonjezeka kwa chizoloŵezi chogonana kumapangitsa kuti pakhale zovuta zogwirizana ndi zizindikiro zazikulu za kuledzeretsa, ndipo chiwerengero chachikulu chotsegula chiwonetsero chimasonyeza kuti chizindikiro chilichonse chikugwiritsira ntchito zokhudzana ndi chizolowezi choledzera. Pofotokoza chinthu chimodzi chofunikira, kudalira pakati pa ulesi ndi kulekerera kumafuna chidwi. Poganizira zokhudzana ndi zinthu ziwirizi, kuchepetsa kugwirizanitsa sikumangoganizira zokhazikika, koma kungagwiritsire ntchito zolimbikitsa zomwe zikuchitika, chifukwa chakuti ulesi ungapangitse kukakamiza kugonana. Pogwiritsa ntchito kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe kake, kudzidalira kwanuko kulibe kofunikira, monga chiwerengero cha zinthu zomwe zikuwonekera chimodzimodzi. Ubwino wamtundu woyenera wa fomu imodzi yokha ndi zofananitsa zapamwamba zowonongeka zinapangitsa kuti BYSAS ikuwonetseni imodzi yokha. Chifukwa chake, Hypothesis 1 ndi 2 zinkathandizidwa ndi zotsatira za kusanthula deta. Malinga ndi zomwe DIF imafufuza, amuna amadzikweza kuposa akazi pa BYSAS₄ ndi kuchepetsa pa BYSAS₃ pamene achinyamata (16-39 zaka) adakwera pamwamba pa BYSAS₃ ndi kuchepetsa pa BYSAS₄ poyerekeza ndi akuluakulu (40 kwa zaka 88). Pa mlingo woyesera zotsatirazi zonse zidakanidwa, motero zotsatira pa mayesero anali osadziwika.

Panali mgwirizano wofunikira komanso wabwino (0.52) pakati pa zolemba pa BYSAS ndi SPQ-S (Christo et al., 2003). Kuphatikizika kwakukulu kumeneku kumawonetsa kuvomerezeka kwa BYSAS ndikuthandizira Hypothesis 3. Zotsatira zikuwonetsanso kuti BYSAS ndi SPQ-S zidawonetsa kulumikizana kofananira ndi zosintha zina zomwe zafufuzidwa mu kafukufuku wapano. Komabe, maphunziro owonjezera owunikira kutsimikizika kosinthika komanso kudalirika poyeserera kwa BYSAS amafunikira. Kugawidwa kwa ziwerengero za BYSAS kudasokonekera mwamphamvu kumanzere (mwachitsanzo, zochepa), zomwe zikuyembekezeredwa chifukwa BYSAS idawunika zizolowezi zakugonana pazitsanzo zazikulu zosasankhidwa ndi anthu. Kudzipereka / kulakalaka komanso kulolerana zimavomerezedwa pafupipafupi mgulu lalingaliro kuposa zinthu zina, ndipo zinthuzi zinali ndizomwe zimayika kwambiri. Izi zikuwoneka zomveka chifukwa izi zimawonetsa zisonyezo zochepa (mwachitsanzo, funso lokhudza kukhumudwa: anthu amapambana kwambiri pakumva kukhumudwa, kenako akufuna kudzipha). Izi zitha kuwonetsanso kusiyana pakati pa chibwenzi ndi zosokoneza bongo (zomwe zimawonedwa nthawi zambiri m'masewera osokoneza bongo) - pomwe zinthu zomwe zimadodometsa kulimba mtima, kulakalaka, kulolerana, ndikusintha kwamalingaliro akuti zimawonetsa kutengapo gawo, pomwe zinthu zomwe zimakhudza kusiya, kubwereranso komanso kusamvana kwambiri kuledzera. Kulongosola kwina kungakhale kuti kulimba mtima, kulakalaka, komanso kulolerana zitha kukhala zofunikira kwambiri komanso zodziwika bwino pakukonda zamakhalidwe kuposa kusiya ndi kubwereranso.

Ponena za chiwerengero cha anthu, zotsatira za zofufuza za multivariate zimagwirizana ndi zofufuza kuchokera ku maphunziro apitalo (Kafka, 2010; Karila et al., 2014; Campbell ndi Stein, 2015; Wéry et al., 2016a; Wéry ndi Billieux, 2017), komanso anathandiza Hypothesis 4. Chiwerengero cha BYSAS chinagwirizanitsidwa ndi kukhala amuna ndipo amuna adakwera pamwamba kuposa akazi pa zinthu zisanu ndi chimodzi za BYSAS, zomwe zimasonyeza kuti amuna ali pachiopsezo kuposa amayi poyambitsa chiwerewere. Izi zikugwirizana ndi mfundo yakuti ambiri mwa anthu ofuna thandizo la akatswiri pa khalidwe logonana ndi amuna (Kafka, 2010; Griffiths ndi Dhuffar, 2014; Campbell ndi Stein, 2015). Kuwonjezera apo, izi zingawonetsenso kuti amayi apite patsogolo chifukwa cha manyazi ndi manyazi amkati kusiyana ndi amuna (Gilliland et al., 2011; Dhuffar ndi Griffiths, 2014, 2015). Ukalamba unali wosiyana kwambiri ndi chizolowezi chogonana, ndipo umagwirizana ndi umboni wamphamvu wosonyeza kuti kukhala wachinyamata ndi chiopsezo chokhazikitsa ndi kusunga zizolowezi zambiri (Chambers et al., 2003). Kuonjezera apo, chifukwa chakuti mitundu yambiri yogonana imakhala yovuta komanso kuti chiwerewere chimachepa pamene munthu akukula, mwina sichidziwitso kuti kugonana ndi chiwerewere kumayenderana ndi msinkhu.

Kusakhala pachibwenzi kunayanjananso ndi chizolowezi chogonana, mwinamwake chifukwa chakuti osakwatiwa ali okhutira kukwaniritsa zofuna zosayenera zogonana kusiyana ndi omwe ali pachibwenzi (Ballester-Arnal et al., 2014; Sun et al., 2014). Kufotokozeranso kwina kungakhale kuti "kugwiritsira ntchito kugonana" kumakhala kovuta pakukhazikitsa ndi kusunga maubwenzi (mwachitsanzo, kupsinjika kwa ana, kusungika kosatetezeka, etc.) Dhuffar ndi Griffiths, 2015; Weinstein et al., 2015). Zotsatira zaposachedwa zikuwonetsanso kuti, poyerekeza ndi gulu lofufuzira (kukhala ndi digiri ya Bachelor), iwo omwe ali ndi maphunziro apamwamba (mwachitsanzo, kukhala ndi PhD) anali ndi mwayi wokhala ndi mphambu yayikulu ya BYSAS. Popeza kuti maphunziro amakhudzana ndi kutchuka, mwina anthu oterewa amatha mwayi wambiri wogonana, makamaka mwa abambo (Buss, 1998). Komabe, ife tafufuza zotsatira zogwirizana (Gender x PhD), palibe chomwe chinapangitsa kuti (Gender x Bachelor kusiyana, zotsatira siziwonetsedwa). Komabe, kufufuza kwa m'tsogolomu kuyenera kuyendera Gender x Kuyankhulana kwa maphunziro pankhani ya chiwerewere.

Zambiri pa BYSAS zinali ndi mayanjano abwino ndi neuroticism, kutulutsa mawu, ndi luntha / malingaliro, komanso mayanjano olakwika ndi kuvomereza ndi chikumbumtima. Ponseponse, zotsatira zakusanthula kwama multivariate zinali momwe zimayembekezeredwa, ndikuthandizira kutsimikizika kwa tsankho kwa BYSAS (Hypothesis 5). Ubale wabwino ndikutulutsa mawu kumatha kuwonetsa chidwi chofuna kukondweretsedwa ndi ena, komanso nkhawa zawo pakulankhula kwawokha komanso kukulitsa chidwi chawo (Costa ndi Widiger, 2002). Chikhalidwe chawo chikhoza kuonjezeranso mwayi wochulukitsa mwayi wokhudzana ndi kugonana (mwachitsanzo, kucheza ndi maphwando, zochitika zosangalatsa, etc.). Ubale wabwino ndi ubongo umatsimikiziranso zotsatira za maphunziro apitalo (Pinto et al., 2013; Rettenberger et al., 2016; Walton et al., 2017), ndipo ikugwirizana ndi lingaliro lakuti kugonana kuli ndi nkhawa (Coleman, 1992), ndikuti kuchita chiwerewere kumatha kugwira ntchito ngati kuthawa kumverera kwachisoni (O'Brien ndi DeLongis, 1996; Dhuffar et al., 2015; Wéry et al., 2016b). Malingaliro / malingaliro adalinso ndi ubale wabwino ndi khalidwe lachiwerewere. Izi zikhoza kuwonetsa kuti anthu omwe amatsata kwambiri khalidweli amayamba kufunafuna zinthu zokhazokha mwa kufunafuna zochitika zazikulu, zachilendo, ndi / kapena zapamwamba, monga khalidwe lachiwerewere-komanso ufulu wawo wokhulupirira (Costa ndi Widiger, 2002). Chikumbumtima ndi kuvomerezeka zinali zogwirizana ndi chizolowezi chogonana, chomwe chitha kufotokozedwa ndikuti izi zimawonetsa kudziletsa komanso kuthana ndi ziyeso, ndikuyika zofuna zina patsogolo pa iwe, komanso kukhala womvera komanso wabwino. Kuphatikizidwa, zomwe zapezedwa pano zikugwirizana ndi lingaliro loti kuvomerezeka ndi chikumbumtima (makamaka) zimateteza ku zosokoneza bongo, pomwe kutsutsana ndi mitsempha (Ochepa et al., 2014) Kuwunikira zofufuza zomwe zafotokozedwa kwina kulikonse (mwachitsanzo, Hill et al., 2000; Kotov et al., 2010; Maclaren et al., 2011; Andreassen et al., 2013; Walton et al., 2017).

Kafukufuku wamakono akuwonanso kuti chizoloŵezi cha kugonana chimagwirizanitsidwa ndi chidziwitso, ndipo chimagwirizanitsa ndi kudzidalira, kuthandizira onse Hypothesis 6 ndi maphunziro apitalo (Kafka, 2010; Kor et al., 2014; Kasper et al., 2015; Doornwaard et al., 2016). Zotsatirazi zikusonyeza kuti khalidwe la kugonana lingakhale njira yothetsera kudzidalira kwambiri ndikupangitsa kudzikuza kwambiri (mwachitsanzo, zotsatira zokhudzana ndi kugonana kuphatikizapo kudzikonda, kulandira mayamiko, kudzimva kuti ndi wamphamvuyonse pamene mukugonana, kupatsidwa kusamala pa nthawi ya kugonana, ndi zina zotero), kuthawa kumverera kosadzilemekeza, kapena kugonana molakwika kumachepetsa kudzidalira. Zizoloŵezi zachinyengo ndi chizoloŵezi cha kugonana zakhala zikusiyana mosiyanasiyana m'maphunziro apitalo (Black et al., 1997; Raymond et al., 2003; Kafka, 2010; MacLaren ndi Best, 2013; Kasper et al., 2015), ndipo angasonyeze kuti khalidwe la kugonana ndi chiwonetsero cha makhalidwe a nkhanza (mwachitsanzo, chilakolako cha chidwi, kuyamikira, ndi mphamvu, kugwilitsila nchito ndi kuvomereza, etc.). Chotheka china ndi chakuti khalidwe lotayirira kwambiri la kugonana limalimbikitsa khalidwe lachiwerewere pakati pa anthu omwe ali ndi zibwenzi zambiri.

Zoperewera ndi mphamvu za phunziroli

Phunziro laling'ono liri loperewera ndi zolephera zonse zomwe zimadziwika-kudziwitsa deta komanso njira yodzifunira zokhazokha (mwachitsanzo, zosankha zosadziwika, zosadziwika zosadziwika, ndi kusowa kwa chidziwitso cha anthu osayankhidwa). Monga momwe zolemba za BYSAS zinali ndi ntchito yolumikizidwa bwino, chiopsezo cha zotsatira zapansi zomwe zimakhudza zotsatira (mwachitsanzo, kuchepetsa ubale pakati pa zomangidwe) kunalipo. Komabe, zotsatizana zambiri za zochitika pazinthu zonse zinafotokozedwa mu deta, zomwe zimalimbitsa kutsimikizirika kwa ubale pakati pa zomangamanga zomwe zasankhidwa. Tiyeneranso kukumbukira kuti pafupifupi kotala limodzi la kusiyana pakati pa kusintha kwapakati pazinthu zodziwikiratu kunafotokozedwa ndi kusintha kwaokha. Kulengedwa kwa magulu anayi a zizoloŵezi za kugonana komwe kwapangidwa mu phunziro lino akuyenera kuonedwa ngati kuyesayesa chifukwa palibe zifukwa zomveka bwino zogwiritsira ntchito kugonana komwe kulipo. Izi zinatithandizanso kuti tigwiritse ntchito zovomerezeka zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito pazeng'onoting'ono zowonongeka kumene zingatheke kuyesedwa pokhudzana ndi "kuzindikira" ndi "golide". kukonda, motero kupanga maubwenzi ogwirizana pakati pa zosiyana zomwe zafotokozedwa mu phunziro lino (Podsakoff et al., 2003). Komanso, chifukwa cha kukula kwakukulu kwazitsanzo zomwe zimapereka mphamvu zowonongeka, mgwirizano wochepa ungakhale wopambana. Ngakhale kuti zina mwazomwe zimapeza zikhoza kusonyeza ubale wochepa chifukwa cha kukula kwakukulu kwa zitsanzo, zotsatira zina zazomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito poyendetsana poyendetsana zimakhala zochepa kuti zisonyeze mgwirizano weniweni ndi wofunika pakati pa mitundu yowerengera (Cohen, 1988).

Ngakhale kuti kufufuza kumeneku kunatsimikiziridwa kuti sikunatchulidwe, machitidwe ovuta okhudza kugonana angayanjane ndi manyazi komanso zamwano (Dhuffar ndi Griffiths, 2014), ndipo mwina zidadzetsa mayankho okondweretsa anthu. Komanso, kuyankha modzipereka ku nyuzipepala yapaintaneti yokhudza machitidwe owonjezera mwina itha kukopa mitundu ina ya anthu (mwachitsanzo, omwe amagwiritsa ntchito intaneti mopitirira muyeso, achinyamata). Komabe, kukopa anthu otere mwina kungakhalenso kopindulitsa chifukwa kukhala ndi anthu omwe ali ndi zovuta zomwe zimayambitsa vuto lawo kumatha kulimbikitsa kulimba kwake kuti kugwiritsidwe ntchito m'malo azachipatala. Kafukufuku wowonjezeranso poyesa kuyesa kwa BYSAS ndikofunikira, makamaka potengera kuyesereranso poyeserera komanso kusinthasintha kwachikhalidwe komanso kuzolowera.

Kusankhidwa kungakhale kolepheretsanso phunziroli, chifukwa ena masikelo ovomerezeka okhudza kugonana sakugwiritsa ntchito poyerekeza ndi BYSAS. Mwachitsanzo, Mafunso Okhudza Matenda a Hypersexual (HDQ; Reid et al., 2012) ndizomwe zimaphatikizapo ndondomeko yowunikira matenda opatsirana pogonana (Kafka, 2010). Komabe, zomwe akufuna DSM-5 Zotsatira sizikuwonetseratu zokhazokha zokhudzana ndi zizoloŵezi zolekerera monga kulekerera, kuchotsa, ndi kusinthika maganizo. Motero, zinkayenera kukhala zoyenerera kuyerekeza ndi BYSAS kuti chiwerengerochi chikhale chogwiritsidwa ntchito pogwiritsa ntchito mankhwala osokoneza bongo.

Kukula kwakukulu kwakukulu mu phunziro lino ndi chimodzi mwa mphamvu zazikulu popereka mphamvu zowonjezera zokhudzana ndi zochitika zonse. Zotsatirazi zikuphatikiza maphunziro ambiri omwe apita kale komanso owerengeka m'munda. Mphamvu ina ya phunziroli ndikuphatikizidwa ndi ndondomeko yowonjezereka ndi yofunika kwambiri pa ntchito yomanga ndi chitukuko komanso kugwiritsa ntchito zomangamanga ndi zida zogwirizana ndi ndondomekoyi. Komanso, BYSAS imaganizira lingaliro la chilakolako (kufuna / chilakolako), chomwe tsopano chikuwonjezeredwa DSM-5 (American Psychiatric Association, 2013) monga chizindikiro choledzera. Kuonjezera apo, BYSAS ndi yowonjezera chida choyang'ana chilakolako chogonana, chifukwa sichitikira makamaka m'magulu a anthu (mwachitsanzo, amuna, amuna kapena akazi) kapena pakati (mwachitsanzo, kugonana pa Intaneti). Chifukwa chake, BYSAS ikhoza kugwiritsidwa ntchito poyesa pazomwe zili pa intaneti ndi kunja kwa kugonana ndipo mosakayikira zikuyeneretsanso kuyesa khalidwe lachiwerewere. Chinthu chinanso chofunika chinali chakuti phunzirolo lidalengezedwa m'dziko lonse osati m'malo amodzi (mu nyuzipepala ya dziko). Makina a dziko lonse ku Norway amadziwika kuti ali ndi anthu ambiri oyerekeza poyerekeza ndi makina apanyumba. Choncho, chitsanzocho chimaimira kwambiri anthu a ku Norway ndipo mwachiwonekere chikuyimira kuposa maphunziro ena pogwiritsa ntchito zitsanzo zosankha. Ichi ndi chimodzi mwa maphunziro ochepa m'maderawa omwe akukhudza anthu ambiri, ndipo akuphatikizapo amayi ambiri. Kuwonjezera apo, kuchepa kwa chiwerengero chatsopanochi kumapangitsa kuti zikhale zoyenera kuikidwa mu malo osachepera.

Mawuwo

Phunziroli pakali pano, njira yatsopano yowunika khalidwe lachiwerewere, BYSAS, idapangidwa. Kukhulupilika ndi kwa BYSAS zinakhazikitsidwa ndi anthu akuluakulu a 23,533 ku Norway. Ganizo lopangira chinthu chimodzi linatsimikiziridwa ndi EFA ndi CFA, ndipo kugwirizana kwa mkati kunali kwakukulu. Mwa kuphatikizapo zinthu zomwe zikukhudzana ndi zizindikiro zonse zokhudzana ndi chizoloŵezi chokhala ndi zizoloŵezi zowonongeka, zokhutira zowonjezera zinatsimikiziridwa The BYSAS inatsimikiziridwa motsutsana ndi chizoloŵezi china chogonana, komanso miyeso ya anthu, umunthu, ndi kudzidalira; ndipo pangakhale mapepala odulidwa omwe amachitidwa. Kwachidziwikire, BYSAS ndi chida chogwiritsira ntchito poyendetsa kugonana, chomwe chingagwiritsidwe ntchito momasuka ndi ochita kafukufuku ndi madokotala mu zofufuza za epidemiological ndi mankhwala.

Zopereka za wolemba

CA: Zaperekedwa ku lingaliro ndi kukonza kwa ntchito, kupeza, kusanthula, ndi kutanthauzira deta; TT: Zaperekedwa ku kusanthula; SP, MG, TT, ndi RS: Zaphatikizapo kutanthauzira deta za ntchito; CA: Anakonza ntchito; Olemba onse anawongolera ntchitoyi mozama ponena za zinthu zofunika kwambiri zamaganizo; Olemba onse amavomereza kuti mapeto a ntchitoyi ndi oyenerera ndipo akuyankha mafunso onse okhudza ntchitoyi poonetsetsa kuti mafunso okhudzana ndi kulondola kapena kukhulupirika kwa gawo lililonse la ntchitoyi anafufuzidwa moyenera ndi kuthetsedwa.

Kusamvana kwa mawu achidwi

Olembawo akunena kuti kufufuza kunkachitika popanda mgwirizano uliwonse wa zamalonda kapena zachuma zomwe zingatengedwe kuti zingatheke kukangana.

Zowonjezera A

Bergen-zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito pa kugonana msinkhu

M'munsimu muli mafunso ena okhudzana ndi kugonana ndi maliseche. (NB! Kugonana kumatanthawuza malingaliro osiyana ogonana, zolimbikitsana ndi makhalidwe monga kugonana, kugonana, zolaula, kugonana ndi akuluakulu ovomerezeka, cybersex, kugonana kwa pafoni, magulu ophwanya malamulo, ndi zina zotere). Sankhani yankho losiyana pafunso lirilonse lomwe limakufotokozerani bwino.

	Ndili kangati mu chaka chatha...	Kawirikawiri kwambiri	Kawirikawiri	Nthawi zina	Kawirikawiri	Nthawi zambiri
1.	Anagwiritsa ntchito nthawi yochuluka kuganiza za kugonana / maliseche kapena kugonana?	❑	❑	❑	❑	❑
2.	Kodi mukuganiza kuti mukugonana / kugonana mobwerezabwereza?	❑	❑	❑	❑	❑
3.	Kodi kugonana / kugonana kumagwiritsidwa ntchito pofuna kuiwala / kuthawa mavuto?	❑	❑	❑	❑	❑
4.	Mukuyesera kugonana pa kugonana / maliseche popanda kupambana?	❑	❑	❑	❑	❑
5.	Khalani opanda nkhawa kapena osokonezeka ngati mwakhala mukuletsedwa kugonana / maliseche?	❑	❑	❑	❑	❑
6.	Kodi muli ndi chiwerewere chochuluka bwanji chomwe chasokoneza maubwenzi anu apamtima, chuma, thanzi, ndi / kapena ntchito / maphunziro?	❑	❑	❑	❑	❑

Zonsezi zili ndi zotsatirazi: 0 = Kawirikawiri, 1 = Kawirikawiri, 2 = Nthawizina, 3 = Kawirikawiri, 4 = Nthawi zambiri

Pitani ku:

Zowonjezera B

Kufupika kwa PROMIS kafukufuku wa mafunso okhudzana ndi kugonana

M'munsimu muli mafunso ena okhudzana ndi kugonana kwanu. Sankhani yankho losiyana pafunso lirilonse lomwe limakufotokozerani bwino^a

Mayankho ayenera kuperekedwa chifukwa cha kugwiritsa ntchito nthawi ya moyo m'malo mogwiritsira ntchito posachedwapa ie, kodi inu munayamba ...		Osati ngati ine nkomwe					Ambiri ngati ine
		0	1	2	3	4	5
1.	Zimandivuta kupatula mwayi wochita zachiwerewere kapena zachiwerewere	❑	❑	❑	❑	❑	❑
2.	Ena adandaula mobwerezabwereza za khalidwe langa la kugonana	❑	❑	❑	❑	❑	❑
3.	Ndikunyadira paulendo umene ndingapeze kuti ndigonane ndi munthu wina ndikupeza kuti kugonana ndi munthu yemwe sindimudziwa kumakondweretsa	❑	❑	❑	❑	❑	❑
4.	Ndikanatenga mwayi woti ndizigonana ngakhale kuti ndangokhala ndi wina	❑	❑	❑	❑	❑	❑
5.	Ndikupeza kuti kugonjetsa kugonana kumandichititsa chidwi ndi mnzangayo ndipo kumanditsogolera kuyamba kuyang'ana wina	❑	❑	❑	❑	❑	❑
6.	Ndimaonetsetsa kuti ndimagonana ndi mtundu umodzi kapena wina m'malo modikirira wokondedwa wanga kuti azipezeka kachiwiri pambuyo pokudwala kapena kupezeka	❑	❑	❑	❑	❑	❑
7.	Ndakhala ndikubwereza zinthu ngakhale kuti ndinali ndi ubale wokhazikika	❑	❑	❑	❑	❑	❑
8.	Ndakhala ndi abwenzi atatu kapena ochuluka omwe ndimagonana nawo nthawi imodzi	❑	❑	❑	❑	❑	❑
9.	Ndakhala ndikugonana ndi munthu amene sindimamukonda	❑	❑	❑	❑	❑	❑
10.	Ndimakonda kusinthiratu zibwenzi ngati kugonana kumabwereza	❑	❑	❑	❑	❑	❑

Tsegulani muwindo losiyana

Chitsime: Kuchokera Mmene Mungadziŵe Makhalidwe Odziletsa ndi R. Lefever, 1988, London, UK: PROMIS Kusindikiza. [Iyi ndiyomwe imatchulidwa pa kafukufuku wa PROMIS, yomwe zinthu zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito pogonana zimatengedwa.]. Copyright ndi Clinic PROMIS. Anasindikizidwa ndi chilolezo chochokera kwa R. Lefever (kulankhulana kwaokha, March 14, 2017).

^aMawu othandizira omwe akugwiritsidwa ntchito pakaphunziro komweko, osati kuchokera ku SPQ.

Mawu a M'munsi

¹Makhazikitsidwe a zofunikira (Kutanganidwa, Kunyalanyaza, Kuchiza, Kuvulaza ena, Kuchotsa ulamuliro, Chisoni) zimachokera ku PATHOS, yomwe Agiriki amagwiritsira ntchito "kuvutika".

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Kupititsa patsogolo ndi kutsimikizirika kwa Bergen-Yale Kugonjetsa Kugonana Kwachidule Ndi Mkulu Waukulu wa Zitsanzo (2018)

Kudalirika

Introduction

Zida ndi njira

Kayendesedwe

ophunzira

Njira

Chiwerengero cha anthu

Bergen-zomwe zimagwiritsira ntchito kugonana mofanana (BYSAS)

Gulu 1

Kufupika kwa PROMIS kafukufuku wa mafunso okhudzana ndi kugonana

Zisanu zisanu

Chiphunzitso cha Narcissism

Kudzidalira

Kusanthula deta

Results

Zomangamanga ndi chitukuko

Gulu 2

Gulu 3

Kudalirika ndi kusagwirizana kwa BYSAS

Kutembenuza ndi kusamvetsetsa

Gulu 4

Ubale ndi chiwerengero, zazikulu zisanu, kulongosola, ndi kudzidalira

Gulu 5

Kukambirana

Zoperewera ndi mphamvu za phunziroli

Mawuwo

Zopereka za wolemba

Kusamvana kwa mawu achidwi

Zowonjezera A

Bergen-zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito pa kugonana msinkhu

Zowonjezera B

Kufupika kwa PROMIS kafukufuku wa mafunso okhudzana ndi kugonana

Mawu a M'munsi

Zothandizira

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