Zochitika Pazithunzi "Zobwezeretsanso": Kufufuza Kwabwino Kwa Magazini Oletsa kudziletsa Pa Msonkhano Wolaula Wapa zolaula (2021)

Zithunzi zolaula ndizofala kwambiri mmaiko otukuka, pomwe kafukufuku woimira dziko lonse akuwonetsa kuti 76% ya amuna ndi 41% ya azimayi ku Australia adanenapo za zolaula chaka chatha (Rissel et al., 2017), Ndi kuti 47% ya amuna ndi 16% azimayi ku US akuti amagwiritsa ntchito zolaula pafupipafupi kapena pamwezi (Grubbs, Kraus & Perry, 2019a). PornHub (Imodzi mwamawebusayiti akuluakulu owonetsa zolaula) adalemba mu kuwunika kwawo pachaka kuti adachezeredwa 42 biliyoni ku 2019, tsiku lililonse amayendera maulendo 115 miliyoni patsiku (Pornhub.com, 2019).

Zovuta Zogwiritsa Ntchito

Popeza kuchuluka kwa zolaula kumagwiritsidwa ntchito, zovuta zomwe zingachitike chifukwa chogwiritsa ntchito zolaula zakhala zikuwonjezera chidwi cha asayansi m'zaka zaposachedwa. Umboni womwe ulipo nthawi zambiri umawonetsa kuti ngakhale anthu ambiri omwe amagwiritsa ntchito zolaula amatha kuchita izi osakumana ndi zovuta zoyipa, ogwiritsa ntchito angapo atha kukhala ndi mavuto okhudzana ndi zolaula zawo (mwachitsanzo, Bőthe, Tóth-Király, Potenza, Orosz, & Demetrovics , 2020; Vaillancourt-Morel et al., 2017).

Vuto lina lodziyesa lokha lokhudzana ndi zolaula limagwiritsa ntchito zidziwitso zokhudzana ndi zosokoneza bongo. Zizindikirozi nthawi zambiri zimaphatikizapo kuwonongeka, chidwi, kulakalaka, kugwiritsa ntchito ngati njira yothanirana ndi zovuta, kusiya, kulekerera, kukhumudwa pakugwiritsa ntchito, kuwonongeka kwa magwiridwe antchito, ndikupitilizabe kugwiritsidwa ntchito ngakhale zitakhala zovuta (mwachitsanzo, Bőthe et al., 2018; Kor et al., 2014). Kugwiritsa ntchito zolaula zovuta (PPU) nthawi zambiri zimawoneka m'mabuku ngati chizolowezi ngakhale kuti "zolaula" sizimadziwika kuti ndi vuto (Fernandez & Griffiths, 2019). Ngakhale zili choncho, World Health Organisation (WHO) posachedwa idaphatikizanso kuti matenda azovuta zakugonana (CSBD) ngati vuto lotha kuwongolera pakukonzanso kwa khumi ndi chimodzi Mitundu Yonse ya Matenda (ICD-11; Bungwe la World Health Organization, 2019), pomwe zolaula zimatha kuchitika. Nthawi yomweyo, ndikofunikira kudziwa kuti kafukufuku (Grubbs & Perry, 2019; Grubbs, Perry, Kufuna, & Reid, 2019b) wasonyeza kuti malingaliro omwe munthu amakhala nawo okonda zolaula sangawonetsere kuti amakonda kugwiritsa ntchito zolaula. Mtundu wofotokozera zovuta zokhudzana ndi zolaula (Grubbs et al., 2019b) wanena kuti ngakhale anthu ena atha kukhala ndi vuto losagwirizana ndi zolaula zawo, anthu ena atha kudziona kuti ndiomwe amakonda kugwiritsa ntchito zolaula chifukwa cha kusachita bwino zinthu (posakhala ndi machitidwe olakwika). Khalidwe losavomerezeka limachitika munthu akakhala kuti sagwirizana ndi zolaula koma amachita zolaula, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti asasinthe pakati pamakhalidwe awo (Grubbs & Perry, 2019). Izi zimapangitsa kuti azigwiritsa ntchito zolaula (Grubbs et al., 2019b). Komabe, ziyenera kuzindikiranso kuti chitsanzochi sichimatsutsa kuthekera kwakuti kusakhazikika pamakhalidwe ndi kuwongolera kwenikweni kungakhalepo nthawi imodzi (Grubbs et al., 2019b; Kraus & Sweeney, 2019).

Kafukufuku wasonyezanso kuti ogwiritsa ntchito zolaula amatha kuwona kuti zolaula zawo zimakhala zovuta chifukwa cha zovuta zoyipa zomwe zimachitika chifukwa chogwiritsa ntchito zolaula (Twohig, Crosby, & Cox, 2009). PPU yatchulidwanso m'mabuku ngati kugwiritsa ntchito zolaula zilizonse zomwe zimabweretsa zovuta pakati pa anthu, ntchito, kapena zovuta za iwo (Grubbs, Volk, Exline, & Pargament, 2015). Kafukufuku wokhudzana ndi zolaula zomwe adziwona adawonetsa kuti anthu ena amafotokoza zakukhumudwa, mavuto am'maganizo, kuchepa kwa zokolola, komanso kuwononga ubale chifukwa chogwiritsa ntchito zolaula (Schneider, 2000). Ngakhale mayanjano omwe angakhalepo pakati pa zolaula ndi zovuta zakugonana nthawi zambiri samadziwika (onani Dwulit & Rzymski, 2019b), zomwe zimawonedwa kuti ndizoyipa pakugonana zanenedwa ndi ena ogwiritsa ntchito zolaula, kuphatikiza zovuta za erectile, kuchepa kwa chilakolako chogonana, kuchepetsa kukhutitsidwa, komanso kudalira malingaliro azolaula mukamagonana ndi mnzanu (mwachitsanzo, Dwulit & Rzymski , 2019a; Kohut, Fisher, ndi Campbell, 2017; Sniewski ndi Farvid, 2020). Ofufuza ena agwiritsa ntchito mawu monga "zolaula zomwe zimapangitsa kuti erectile iwonongeke" (PIED) ndi "zolaula-zomwe zimapangitsa libido yotsika kwambiri" pofotokoza zovuta zakugonana zomwe zimachitika chifukwa chogwiritsa ntchito zolaula (Park et al., 2016).

Kudziletsa kuonera zolaula ngati njira yothanirana ndi zolaula

Njira imodzi yodziwira PPU imaphatikizapo kuyesa kupewa zolaula. Magulu ambiri azigawo 12 omwe adasinthidwa kukhala ndi zovuta zakugonana amakonda kulimbikitsa njira yakudziletsa pamakhalidwe omwe ali ovuta kwa munthu aliyense, kuphatikiza kugwiritsa ntchito zolaula (Efrati & Gola, 2018). Pakati pazithandizo zamankhwala za PPU, kudziletsa kumasankhidwa ndi ogwiritsa ntchito zolaula ngati cholinga cholowererapo ngati njira yochepetsera / kuwongolera kagwiritsidwe ntchito (mwachitsanzo, Sniewski & Farvid, 2019; Awiri & Crosby, 2010).

Kafukufuku wina wam'mbuyomu adanena kuti pangakhale phindu popewa zolaula. Kafukufuku atatu omwe adayesa kudziletsa pazinthu zosagwiritsa ntchito mankhwala akuwonetsa kuti pakhoza kukhala zabwino zina pakanthawi kochepa (masabata a 2-3) kupewa zolaula (Fernandez, Kuss, & Griffiths, 2020), kuphatikiza kudzipereka kwambiri kwaubwenzi (Lambert, Negash, Stillman, Olmstead, & Fincham, 2012), kuchepetsedwa kuchotsera (mwachitsanzo, kuwonetsa zokonda zazing'ono komanso zochulukirapo kuposa kupeza zazikulu koma pambuyo pake; Negash, Sheppard, Lambert, & Fincham, 2016), ndikuzindikira momwe mungachitire zinthu mokakamiza (Fernandez, Tee, & Fernandez, 2017). Palinso malipoti angapo azachipatala pomwe ogwiritsa ntchito zolaula adafunsidwa kuti apewe zolaula kuti athetse zovuta zakugonana zomwe zimachitika chifukwa chogwiritsa ntchito zolaula, kuphatikiza chilakolako chogonana panthawi yogonana (Bronner & Ben-Zion, 2014), kulephera kwa erectile (Park et al., 2016; Porto, 2016), komanso kuvuta kwakukwaniritsa chilakolako chogonana (Porto, 2016). Nthawi zambiri, kupewa zolaula kumawathandiza kuti azigonana. Pamodzi, zomwe zapezazi zimapereka umboni woyamba kuti kudziletsa kungakhale njira yothandiza ya PPU.

Gulu "Kubwezeretsanso"

Makamaka, pazaka XNUMX zapitazi, pakhala pali gulu lomwe likuwonjezeka la ogwiritsa ntchito zolaula omwe amagwiritsa ntchito ma intaneti (mwachitsanzo, NoFap.com, r / NoFap, Yambani mtundu) kuyesera kupewa zolaula chifukwa cha zovuta zomwe zimachitika chifukwa chogwiritsa ntchito zolaula (Wilson, 2014, 2016).^{Malemba 1} "Kubwezeretsanso" ndi mawu omwe amagwiritsidwa ntchito ndi anthuwa omwe amatanthauza njira yopewa zolaula (nthawi zina amapewera kuseweretsa maliseche komanso / kapena kukhala ndi chilakolako chogonana kwakanthawi) kuti achire zotsatira zoyipa za zolaula ( Deem, 2014b; NoFap.com, nd). Izi zimatchedwa "kuyambiranso" kutanthauzira chithunzi chaubongo lobwezeretsedwanso kumachitidwe ake oyambilira (mwachitsanzo, zisanachitike zovuta za zolaula; 2014b; NoFap.com, nd). Mabwalo ochezera pa intaneti omwe adapangidwira "kuyambiranso" adakhazikitsidwa koyambirira kwa 2011 (mwachitsanzo, r / NoFap, 2020) ndipo mamembala pamasamba awa akhala akukula mwachangu kuyambira pamenepo. Mwachitsanzo, imodzi mwamisonkhano yayikulu kwambiri yolankhula Chingerezi "kukonzanso", subreddit r / NoFap, inali ndi mamembala pafupifupi 116,000 ku 2014 (Wilson, 2014), ndipo chiwerengerochi chawonjezeka kuposa mamembala 500,000 kuyambira 2020 (r / NoFap, 2020). Komabe, zomwe sizinayankhidwe mokwanira m'mabuku ovomerezeka ndizomwe zikuyambitsa mavuto ambiri owonetsa zolaula m'mabwalo awa kuti apewe zolaula poyamba, komanso zomwe zolaula "zobwezeretsanso" zimakhala ngati za anthu awa .

Kafukufuku wam'mbuyomu ogwiritsa ntchito mitundu ingapo atha kukupatsirani chidziwitso pazomwe zimapangitsa komanso zomwe zimachitikira anthu omwe amapewa zolaula komanso / kapena maliseche. Ponena za zomwe zimalimbikitsa kudziletsa, kudziwonetsera pa zolaula kunawonetsedwa kuti kumayendetsedwa ndi chikhumbo chofuna kukhala ndi chiwerewere pophunzira mwanzeru amuna achikhristu (mwachitsanzo, Diefendorf, 2015), pomwe kafukufuku wamakhalidwe abwino a amuna aku Italiya pa intaneti yokhudza "zolaula" adawonetsa kuti kupewa zolaula kumachitika chifukwa cha malingaliro osokoneza bongo komanso zovuta zoyipa zomwe zimadza chifukwa chogwiritsa ntchito zolaula, kuphatikizapo kuwonongeka kwa chikhalidwe, ntchito, komanso kugonana (Cavaglion , 2009). Malingana ndi matanthauzo okhudzana ndi kudziletsa, kuwunika kwaposachedwa kwamaphunziro okhudzana ndi zolaula za amuna achipembedzo kuwonetsa kuti adagwiritsa ntchito zipembedzo ndi sayansi kuti amvetsetse zomwe amakonda kuziona zolaula, ndikuti kudziletsa pazinthu izi kungakhale amatanthauziridwa kuti ndi "mphamvu yowombolera" (Burke & Haltom, 2020, tsa. 26). Pokhudzana ndi njira zothetsera zolaula, zomwe zapezeka m'maphunziro atatu oyenerera a amuna ochokera m'malo osiyanasiyana, magulu omwe atchulidwa pamwambapa ku Italy (Cavaglion, 2008), mamembala a magulu a magawo 12 (Ševčíková, Blinka, & Soukalová, 2018), Ndi amuna achikhristu (Perry, 2019), akuwonetsa kuti kupatula kugwiritsa ntchito njira zothandiza, anthuwa amazindikira kuti kuthandizana wina ndi mnzake m'magulu awo amathandizira kuti athe kukhalabe osadziletsa. Kafukufuku waposachedwa wa amuna ochokera ku subreddit r / EveryManShouldKnow (Zimmer & Imhoff, 2020) adapeza kuti zomwe zimapangitsa kuti munthu asamachite maliseche zidanenedweratu ndi zomwe anthu amadziona kuti ali ndi vuto lodziseweretsa maliseche, kuzindikira kuti kuseweretsa maliseche ndizosavomerezeka, kuchepa kwamalingaliro amtundu, komanso gawo limodzi lachiwerewere (mwachitsanzo, dyscontrol). Ngakhale zili zothandiza, zomwe apeza m'maphunzirowa ndi ochepa pakungosintha kwa ogwiritsa ntchito zolaula masiku ano ngati gawo limodzi la "kuyambiranso" chifukwa ali ndi zaka zopitilira khumi, kusunthaku kusanachitike (ie, Cavalgion, 2008, 2009), chifukwa adalembedwera makamaka mkati mwazigawo khumi ndi ziwiri (Ševčíková et al., 2018) kapena zachipembedzo (Burke & Haltom, 2020; Diefendorf, PA 2015; Perry, PA 2019), kapena chifukwa ophunzirawo adalembedwa pamsonkhano womwe si- "wobwezeretsanso" (Zimmer & Imhoff, 2020; onaninso Imhoff & Zimmer, 2020; Osadchiy, Vanmali, Shahinyan, Mills, & Eleswarapu, 2020).

Pakhala pali kafukufuku wochepa wokhudzana ndi kudziletsa pazomwe akumana nazo komanso zokumana nazo pakati pa ogwiritsa ntchito zolaula pamabwalo a "kukonzanso" pa intaneti, kupatula maphunziro awiri aposachedwa. Phunziro loyamba (Vanmali, Osadchiy, Shahinyan, Mills, & Eleswarapu, 2020) adagwiritsa ntchito njira zosinthira chilankhulo poyerekeza zolemba pa r / NoFap subreddit (forum "yobwezeretsanso") yomwe inali ndi mawu okhudzana ndi PIED (n = 753) zolemba zomwe sizinatero (n = 21,966). Olembawo adapeza kuti ngakhale zokambirana zonse za PIED komanso zosakhala za PIED zinali ndi mitu yokhudzana ndi maubwenzi, kukondana komanso zolimbikitsana, zokambirana za PIED zokha ndizomwe zimatsindika za nkhawa komanso libido. Komanso, zolemba za PIED zinali ndi "mawu osiyana" ochepa, kutanthauza "kalembedwe kotsimikizika kwambiri" (Vanmali et al., 2020, tsa. 1). Zotsatira za kafukufukuyu zikuwonetsa kuti nkhawa ndi nkhawa za anthu omwe ali pa "kubwezeretsanso" mabwalowa ndizapadera kutengera zovuta zomwe amadziona okha zokhudzana ndi zolaula, ndikuti kafukufuku wowonjezera amafunikira kuti mumvetsetse zomwe zimalimbikitsa anthu omwe amagwiritsa ntchito maofolomu. . Chachiwiri, Taylor ndi Jackson (2018) adachita kuwunika koyenera kwamakalata ndi mamembala a r / NoFap subreddit. Komabe, cholinga cha kafukufuku wawo sichinali kuyang'ana pa zomwe mamembala amakumana nazo pakudziletsa, koma kugwiritsa ntchito mandala ovuta pogwiritsa ntchito kusanthula zokambirana, kuwonetsa momwe mamembala ena adagwiritsira ntchito "zokambirana za umuna wamwamuna komanso kufunika koti" kugonana kwenikweni "kuwalimbikitsa kukana kugwiritsa ntchito zolaula komanso kuseweretsa maliseche "(Taylor & Jackson, 2018, tsa. 621). Ngakhale kusanthula kovuta kotereku kumapereka chidziwitso chofunikira pamalingaliro amomwe mamembala ena amsonkhanowo, kuwunika kwamayendedwe amakono azomwe mamembala amakumana nawo omwe "amapereka mawu" pamalingaliro awo ndi tanthauzo lake amafunikanso (Braun & Clarke, 2013, p. 20).

Phunziro Lophunzira

Chifukwa chake, tinayesetsa kudzaza gawoli m'mabukuwa poyesa kuwunika koyenera kwazomwe zimachitika pakudziletsa pakati pa mamembala a "kukonzanso" pa intaneti. Tinafufuza m'magazini okwanira 104 odziletsa ndi amuna omwe anali pamsonkhano "wobwezeretsanso" pogwiritsa ntchito kusanthula, kugwiritsa ntchito mafunso atatu ofufuza kuti atitsogolere pakuwunika: (1) ndi zolinga ziti za mamembala kuti apewe zolaula? ndipo (2) kodi kudziletsa kumakhala bwanji kwa mamembala? ndipo (3) amamvetsetsa bwanji zomwe akumana nazo? Zotsatira za kafukufukuyu zithandizira ofufuza ndi azachipatala kuti amvetsetse bwino (1) zovuta zomwe zikuyendetsa mamembala ochulukirapo pamabwalo "obwezeretsanso" kuti apewe zolaula, zomwe zitha kuphunzitsa malingaliro a PPU; ndi (2) momwe zomwe zimachitikira "kubwezeretsanso" zili ngati mamembala, zomwe zitha kuwongolera kukhazikitsidwa kwa mankhwala othandiza a PPU ndikudziwitsa kumvetsetsa kwa kudziletsa ngati njira yothandizira PPU.

Ophunzira

Tidatolera zambiri kuchokera pagulu lapawebusayiti la "rebooting", Yambani mtundu (Yambitsaninso Mtundu, 2020). Yambani mtundu idakhazikitsidwa mu 2014, ndipo panthawi yosonkhanitsa deta (Julayi 2019), bwaloli linali ndi mamembala opitilira 15,000. Pa fayilo ya Yambani mtundu tsamba lofikira, pali maulalo a makanema azidziwitso ndi zolemba zofotokozera zoyipa zomwe zimachitika chifukwa cha zolaula ndikuchira pazotsatira izi mwa "kukonzanso." Kukhala membala wolembetsa wa Yambani mtundu forum, munthu amafunika kupanga dzina lolowera ndi mawu achinsinsi ndikupereka imelo yoyenera. Mamembala olembetsa atha kuyamba pomwepo pamalopo. Msonkhanowu umapereka mwayi woti mamembala azilumikizana wina ndi mnzake ndikukambirana za kuchira pamavuto okhudzana ndi zolaula (mwachitsanzo, kugawana zidziwitso ndi njira zothandiza "zobwezeretsanso," kapena kupempha thandizo). Pali magawo asanu pamsonkhanowu omwe ali ndi mutu: "zolaula," "zolaula zimapangitsa kuti erectile iwonongeke / kuchedwa kuthamangitsidwa," "othandizana nawo omwe akuyambiranso mankhwala osokoneza bongo" (kumene anthu omwe ali ndi PPU amatha kufunsa mafunso kapena kugawana zomwe akumana nazo), " nkhani zopambana ”(pomwe anthu omwe akwanitsa bwino kudziletsa kwa nthawi yayitali atha kugawana ulendo wawo mobwerezabwereza), ndi" magazini "(omwe amalola mamembala kuti alembe zomwe adachita" zobwezeretsanso "pogwiritsa ntchito magazini munthawi yeniyeni).

Njira ndi Njira

Asanayambe kusonkhanitsa deta, wolemba woyamba adachita nawo kafukufuku woyambirira wa gawo la "magazini" powerenga zolemba kuyambira kumapeto kwa chaka choyamba cha 2019 kuti adziwe kapangidwe komanso zomwe zili m'magaziniwa. Mamembala amayamba magazini ndikupanga ulusi watsopano ndipo amagwiritsa ntchito zolemba zawo zoyambirira kuti akambirane za komwe adachokera komanso kudziletsa. Chingwe ichi chimakhala cholemba chawo, chomwe mamembala ena amakhala omasuka kuwona ndi kuyankhapo kuti apereke chilimbikitso ndi chithandizo. Magazini awa ndi gwero la nkhani zolembedwa mwatsatanetsatane zokhudzana ndi kudziletsa kwa mamembala, ndi momwe amazindikirira ndikumvetsetsa zochitika zawo. Ubwino wosonkhanitsa deta munjira yopanda tanthauzo (mwachitsanzo, kugwiritsa ntchito magazini omwe alipo kale ngati chidziwitso chotsutsana ndi kuyandikira mamembala pamsonkhano kuti achite nawo kafukufuku) omwe amaloledwa kuti awone zomwe mamembala akumana nazo mwachilengedwe, popanda wofufuza (Holtz, Kronberger, & Wagner, PA 2012). Pofuna kupewa kusagwirizana kwambiri mu zitsanzo zathu (Braun & Clarke, 2013), tidasankha kuletsa kusanthula kwathu kwa amuna azamabungwe azaka zapakati pa 18 ndi kupitilira apo.^{Malemba 2} Potengera momwe tidasanthulira magaziniyi koyambirira, tidazindikira njira ziwiri zophatikizira kuti magazini azisankhidwa kuti awunikidwe. Choyamba, zomwe zili mu magaziniyo ziyenera kukhala zolemera zokwanira komanso zofotokozera kuti athe kuwunikiridwa. Magazini omwe amafotokoza za zomwe zimayambitsa kuyambitsa ndikufotokozera mwatsatanetsatane zokumana nazo zawo (mwachitsanzo, malingaliro, malingaliro, malingaliro, ndi machitidwe) poyesa kudziletsa adakwaniritsa izi. Chachiwiri, kutalika kwa kuyesayesa kofuna kudziletsa kotchulidwa mu magaziniyo kuyenera kukhala masiku osachepera asanu ndi awiri, koma osapitilira miyezi 12. Tidasankha panthawiyi kuti tiziwerengera zochitika zonse zoyambirira (3 miyezi; Fernandez et al., 2020) ndi zokumana nazo patatha nthawi yayitali yodziletsa (> miyezi 3).^{Malemba 3}

Panthawi yosonkhanitsa deta, panali ulusi wonse wa 6939 mgawo lazolemba zachimuna. Msonkhanowu umagawa magazini malinga ndi zaka (mwachitsanzo, achinyamata, 20s, 30s, 40s, ndi pamwambapa). Popeza cholinga chathu chachikulu chinali kuzindikira njira zomwe anthu amadziletsa, mosasamala kanthu za msinkhu wawo, tinayamba kukatenga magazini yofananira m'magulu azaka zitatu (18-29 zaka, 30-39 zaka, ndi ≥ zaka 40). Wolemba woyamba adasankha magazini azaka za 2016–2018 mwachisawawa ndikuwerenga zomwe zili munyuzipepalayo. Ngati ikwaniritsa zofunikira ziwiri, idasankhidwa. Munthawi yonse yosankhayi, zidawunikidwa kuti nthawi zonse pamakhala magazini angapo azaka zilizonse. Nthawi iliyonse akasankha magazini ya munthu payekha, amawerengedwa mokwanira ndi wolemba woyamba ngati gawo limodzi lazidziwitso (zomwe zafotokozedweratu mgawo la "kusanthula deta"). Izi zidapitilizidwa mwadongosolo mpaka zitatsimikiziridwa kuti kukwaniritsidwa kwa deta kudakwaniritsidwa. Tidamaliza gawo losonkhanitsa deta pamalo opatsiranawa. Zingwe zonse za 326 zidawunikiridwa ndipo magazini a 104 adasankhidwa omwe adakwaniritsa zomwe akuphatikiza (zaka 18 mpaka 29 [N = 34], zaka 30–39 [N = 35], ndi ≥ zaka 40 [N = 35]. Chiwerengero chazolemba zonse mu 16.67 (SD = 12.67), ndipo kuchuluka kwa mayankho pa magazini anali 9.50 (SD = 8.41). Zambiri zokhudzana ndi kuchuluka kwa anthu komanso zidziwitso zokhudzana ndi mamembala (mwachitsanzo, kudziona kuti ndi osokoneza bongo kapena zinthu zina / machitidwe, zovuta zakugonana, komanso zovuta zamaganizidwe) zidatengedwa m'manyuzipepala awo kulikonse komwe kunanenedwa. Makhalidwe achitsanzo afotokozedwa mwachidule mu Gome 1. Zachidziwikire, mamembala 80 akuti adakonda zolaula, pomwe mamembala 49 akuti ali ndi vuto logonana. Mamembala onse a 32 adanenanso kuti ali ndi vuto loonera zolaula komanso amakhala ndi vuto logonana.

Kusanthula Deta

Tidasanthula zomwe tidazigwiritsa ntchito pakuwunika mwatsatanetsatane (TA; Braun & Clarke, 2006, 2013). Kusanthula pamutu ndi njira yosinthira yomwe imalola ochita kafukufuku kuti azisanthula mozama, kutanthauzira mwatsatanetsatane tanthauzo lamatchulidwe. Potengera momwe timasinthana ndikusanthula deta, cholinga chathu chinali "kupeza tsatanetsatane wazomwe zimachitikira omwe akumvetsetsa kuti athe kuzindikira tanthauzo lake" (Coyle, 2015, tsa. 15) - pakadali pano, chidziwitso cha "kukonzanso" monga momwe amvekera ndi mamembala a "kukonzanso". Tinawona kusanthula kwathu m'ndime yovuta kwambiri yaumwini, yomwe "imatsimikizira kukhalapo kwenikweni ... koma nthawi yomweyo tikuzindikira kuti zoyimira zake ndizodziwika komanso zotetezedwa ndi chikhalidwe, chilankhulo, komanso ndale zomwe zakhazikitsidwa chifukwa cha mtundu, jenda, kapena gulu ”(Ussher, 1999, tsa. 45). Izi zikutanthauza kuti tidatenga maakaunti amembala ndikuwona kuti ndiwowona bwino pazomwe akumana nazo, pomwe timavomereza zomwe zitha kukhudza chikhalidwe cha anthu zomwe zikuchitika. Chifukwa chake, pakuwunika kwaposachedwa, tidazindikira mitu pamlingo wazamasewera (Braun & Clarke, 2006), ndikuyika patsogolo malingaliro ndi malingaliro amembala.

Tidagwiritsa ntchito pulogalamu ya NVivo 12 panthawi yonse yosanthula deta ndikutsatira momwe kusanthula kwafotokozedwera ku Braun ndi Clarke (2006). Choyamba, magazini adawerengedwa ndi wolemba woyamba posankha ndikuwerengenso kuti adziwe zambiri. Chotsatira, chidacho chonse chidasungidwa ndi wolemba woyamba, mothandizana ndi olemba achiwiri ndi achitatu. Ma code adatengedwa pogwiritsa ntchito njira yotsika-pansi, kutanthauza kuti magawo omwe sanakhazikitsidwe sanakhazikitsidwe. Zambiri zidalembedwa pamlingo woyambira (Braun & Clarke, 2013), zomwe zimapangitsa ma 890 manambala apadera opangidwa ndi deta. Zizindikirozi zidaphatikizidwa pomwe mitundu idayamba kutuluka ndikupanga magulu apamwamba. Mwachitsanzo, malamulo oyambira "kuwona mtima kumasula" komanso "kuyankha mlandu kumapangitsa kuti munthu azitha kudziletsa" adagawika mgulu latsopano, "kuyankha ndi kuwona mtima," lomwe lidasinthidwa kukhala "njira zothanirana ndi zovuta." Kuphatikiza apo, zambiri zofotokozera zochokera m'magazini iliyonse yokhudza kuyesa kudziletsa (mwachitsanzo, cholinga chodziletsa komanso nthawi yayitali yoyeserera) zidatulutsidwa mwadongosolo. Deta yonse ikasungidwa, manambala amawerengedwa ndikuwonjezeredwa ndikusinthidwa momwe zingafunikire kuti zitsimikizire kusanja kosasunthika pamitundu yonseyo. Mitu ya ofuna kusankha idapangidwa kuchokera kwa wolemba woyamba, motsogozedwa ndi mafunso ofufuza. Mitu idakonzedwa pambuyo powunikiridwa ndi wolemba wachiwiri ndi wachitatu ndipo adamaliza pomwe mgwirizano udakwaniritsidwa ndi onse atatu ofufuzawo.

Maganizo Oyenera

Komiti yazamakhalidwe ya yunivesite ya gulu lofufuzirayo idavomereza phunziroli. Kuchokera pamakhalidwe abwino, kunali kofunikira kulingalira ngati zidziwitsozo zinasonkhanitsidwa kuchokera pamalo ochezera a pa intaneti omwe amadziwika kuti ndi "malo" pagulu (British Psychological Society, 2017; Eysenbach & Mpaka, 2001; Whitehead, 2007). The Yambani mtundu Tsambali limapezeka mosavuta pogwiritsa ntchito makina osakira, ndipo zolemba pamsonkhanowu zimapezeka mosavuta kuti ziwonedwe kwa aliyense popanda kulembetsa kapena kukhala membala. Chifukwa chake, zidatsimikizika kuti msonkhanowu unali "pagulu" mwachilengedwe (Whitehead, 2007), ndi kuvomereza kodziwitsa kuchokera kumembala aliyense sikunkafunika (monganso komiti yolemba zamayunivesite) Komabe, pofuna kuteteza chinsinsi komanso chinsinsi cha mamembala amsonkhanowu, mayina onse omwe atchulidwa pazotsatira sanadziwika.

Kuti tipeze zochitika pofufuza, chidule cha zoyesayesa za kudziletsa chimaperekedwa mu Gome 2. Pankhani yofuna kudziletsa, mamembala a 43 amafuna kupewa zolaula, maliseche, ndi maliseche, mamembala 47 amafuna kupewa zolaula komanso maliseche, ndipo mamembala a 14 akufuna kupewa zolaula. Izi zikutanthauza kuti gawo lalikulu lazitsanzo (osachepera 86.5%) linali kufuna kupewa kuseweretsa maliseche kuphatikiza pa kupewa zolaula. Komabe, koyambirira kwa kuyesayesa kwawo kudziletsa, pafupifupi mamembala onse sanatchule nthawi yeniyeni yakudziletsa kapena kuwonetsa ngati akufuna kusiya izi mpaka kalekale. Chifukwa chake, sitinathe kudziwa ngati mamembala anali kufuna kusiya kwakanthawi kapena kusiya khalidweli. Tinawerengera kuchuluka kwakanthawi kodziletsa pagazini iliyonse kutengera zomwe mamembala amafotokoza (mwachitsanzo, "patsiku la 49 la kuyambiranso"), kapena pakalibe kufotokozera momveka bwino, potengera kuchotsera potengera masiku am'magawo a mamembala. Nthawi zambiri zomwe amayesa kudziletsa zinali pakati pa masiku asanu ndi awiri mpaka 30 (52.0%), ndipo nthawi yapakatikati yoyesa kudziletsa inali masiku 36.5. Komabe, ndikofunikira kudziwa kuti mamembala sanasiye kuyesa kupitirira nthawi izi - nthawi izi zimangowonetsa kutalika kwa kuyesayesa kofuna kudziletsa komwe kwalembedwa mu magaziniyo. Mamembala akadapitiliza kuyesayesa kudziletsa, koma adasiya kutumiza m'manyuzipepala awo.

Mitu inayi yonse yokhala ndimitu isanu ndi inayi idadziwika kuchokera pakusanthula kwa data (onani Table 3). Pakuwunika, kuwerengera pafupipafupi kapena mawu osonyeza kuchuluka nthawi zina amafotokozedwera. Mawu oti "ena" amatanthauza mamembala ochepera 50%, "ambiri" amatanthauza mamembala pakati pa 50% mpaka 75%, ndipo "ambiri" amatanthauza mamembala opitilira 75%.^{Malemba 4} Monga gawo lowonjezera, tidagwiritsa ntchito "crosstab" ku NVivo12 kuti tiwone ngati pali kusiyana kulikonse pakuwonekera pakudziletsa pakadutsa zaka zitatu. Izi zidasinthidwa ndi chi-mraba kusanthula kuti muwone ngati kusiyanaku kunali kofunikira powerengera (onani Zakumapeto A). Kusiyana kokhudzana ndiukalamba kukuwonetsedwa pamutu wofananira pansipa.

Kuti mumvetse bwino mutu uliwonse, mawu osankhidwa azithunzi amaperekedwa, wokhala ndi nambala yamembala (001-104) ndi zaka. Zolakwika zopanda malire za kalembedwe zakonzedwa kuti zithandizire kuwerengera zomwe zapezazo. Kuti mumve bwino chilankhulo china chomwe mamembala amagwiritsa ntchito, kufotokozera mwachidule zilembo zomwe amagwiritsidwa ntchito ndizofunikira. Mawu akuti "PMO" (zolaula / maliseche / maliseche) amagwiritsidwa ntchito ndi mamembala potchula njira yoonera zolaula kwinaku akuchita maliseche (Deem, 2014a). Mamembala nthawi zambiri amasonkhanitsa machitidwe atatuwa palimodzi chifukwa cha momwe zolaula zawo zimagwiritsidwira ntchito mobwerezabwereza ndi maliseche. Pokambirana pamakhalidwe amenewa padera, mamembala nthawi zambiri amatchula zolaula kuti "P," kuseweretsa maliseche ngati "M" ndikukhala ndi zolaula ngati "O." Zizindikiro za kuphatikiza kwa mikhalidwe imeneyi ndizofala (mwachitsanzo, "PM" amatanthauza kuwonera zolaula ndi maliseche koma osafikira pachimake, ndipo "MO" amatanthauza kuseweretsa maliseche mpaka pachimake osayang'ana zolaula). Mawuwa amagwiritsidwanso ntchito ngati verebu (mwachitsanzo, “PMO-ing” kapena “MO-ing”).

Kudziletsa Ndi Njira Yothetsera Mavuto Okhudzana ndi Zithunzi Zolaula

Chisankho choyambirira cha mamembala choyesa "kubwezeretsanso" chidakhazikitsidwa pa chikhulupiriro chakuti kudziletsa ndiyo njira yanzeru yothanirana ndi zovuta zokhudzana ndi zolaula. Kudziletsa kunayambika chifukwa panali chikhulupiliro chakuti zolaula zomwe amagwiritsa ntchito zimabweretsa zovuta m'miyoyo yawo-chifukwa chake, kugwiritsa ntchito zolaula kumachepetsa izi mwa "kubwezera" ubongo. Chifukwa cha zolaula zomwe anthu amazigwiritsa ntchito, njira yochepetsera / kuwongolera machitidwewo sinawonedwe ngati njira yothandiza yochira.

Kudziletsa Olimbikitsidwa ndi Zotsatira Zoyipa Zomwe Zimachitika Chifukwa Zolaula Gwiritsani Ntchito

Zotsatira zitatu zazikuluzikulu zomwe zimachitika chifukwa chogwiritsa ntchito zolaula zidatchulidwa ndi mamembala monga zifukwa zoyambira kudziletsa. Choyamba, kwa mamembala ambiri (n = 73), kudziletsa kunalimbikitsidwa ndi chikhumbo chofuna kuthana ndi chizolowezi chogwiritsa ntchito zolaula (mwachitsanzo, "Ndine 43 tsopano ndipo ndimakonda zolaula. Ndikuganiza kuti nthawi yoti ndithawe zoledzeretsazi yafika" [098, zaka 43]). Maakaunti osokoneza bongo amadziwika ndi zomwe zimapangitsa kuti munthu azikhala wokakamira komanso kusadziletsa (mwachitsanzo, "Ndikuyesera kuyimitsa koma ndizovuta kwambiri ndikumva kuti pali china chomwe chikundikakamiza kuti ndichite zolaula" [005, 18 zaka]), kutaya mtima komanso kulekerera zovuta zakutuluka kwanthawi yayitali (mwachitsanzo, "Sindikumvanso kalikonse ndikamaonera zolaula. Ndizomvetsa chisoni kuti ngakhale zolaula zakhala zosasangalatsa komanso zosasangalatsa" [045, zaka 34]), komanso kukhumudwa ndi kukhumudwa ("Ndimadana kuti ndilibe mphamvu YOKUTHA KUDZIWA… Ndimadana ndikadakhala kuti ndilibe mphamvu zolimbana ndi zolaula ndipo ndikufuna kupezanso mphamvu zanga" [087, zaka 42].

Chachiwiri, kwa mamembala ena (n = 44), kudziletsa kunayambitsidwa ndi chikhumbo chofuna kuthetsa mavuto awo azakugonana, kutengera chikhulupiriro chakuti zovuta izi (zovuta za erectile [n = 39]; kuchepa kwa chilakolako chogonana [n = 8]) anali (mwina) zolaula. Mamembala ena amakhulupirira kuti mavuto awo pakugonana adadza chifukwa chazogonana zawo makamaka pazokhudzana ndi zolaula (mwachitsanzo, "Ndazindikira momwe ndinalibe chidwi chokhudzana ndi thupi la winayo… ndadzipangitsa kuti ndizisangalala ndikugonana ndi laputopu" [083, zaka 45]). Mwa mamembala 39 omwe adanenanso zovuta za erectile ngati chifukwa choyambitsa kudziletsa, 31 anali otsimikiza kuti ali ndi vuto la "zolaula zomwe zimapangitsa kuti erectile iwonongeke" (PIED). Ena (n = 8) sanadziwike motsimikiza kutchula zovuta zawo za erectile kukhala "zolaula" chifukwa chofuna kutulutsa zina zotheka (mwachitsanzo, nkhawa, magwiridwe antchito, zina), koma adaganiza zoyambitsa kudziletsa analidi okhudzana ndi zolaula.

Chachitatu, kwa mamembala ena (n = 31), kudziletsa kunayambitsidwa ndi chikhumbo chofuna kuchepetsa zovuta zoyipa zomwe zimachitika chifukwa chogwiritsa ntchito zolaula. Zotsatira zomwe zidawonekazi zikuphatikiza kukhumudwa, nkhawa komanso kufooka kwamphamvu, komanso kuchepa mphamvu, chidwi, kulingalira bwino, kuchita bwino, komanso kusangalala (mwachitsanzo, "Ndikudziwa kuti zili ndi zovuta zambiri pamalingaliro anga, chilimbikitso, kudzidalira, mphamvu" [050, zaka 33]. ” Mamembala ena adazindikiranso zoyipa zakugwiritsa ntchito zolaula pamagwiridwe awo. Ena adalongosola zakuchepa kwa kulumikizana ndi ena (mwachitsanzo, "(PMO)… zimandipangitsa kukhala wopanda chidwi komanso wochezeka ndi anthu, wodziyesa wokhazikika, zimandipatsa nkhawa komanso zimandipangitsa kuti ndisasamale chilichonse, kupatula kukhala kunyumba ndekha ndikuthamangira ku zolaula "[050, zaka 33]), pomwe ena anena zakusokonekera kwa maubwenzi apadera ndi ena odziwika komanso abale, makamaka okondana.

Makamaka, mamembala ochepa (n = 11) adanenanso kuti samatsata zolaula mwanjira ina, koma owerengeka okha (n = 4) adatchulapo zakusavomerezeka ngati chifukwa choyambitsa "kuyambiranso" (mwachitsanzo, "ndikusiya zolaula chifukwa zoyipa izi ndizonyansa. Atsikana akugwiriridwa ndikuzunzidwa ndikugwiritsidwa ntchito ngati zinthu zonyansa" [008, 18 zaka] ). Komabe, kwa mamembalawa, kusadzisunga pamakhalidwe sikunatchulidwe chifukwa chokhacho choyambitsa kudziletsa koma kunatsagana ndi chimodzi mwazifukwa zitatu zoyambirira zodziletsa (mwachitsanzo, kuzolowera, zovuta zakugonana, kapena zovuta zoyipa zamaganizidwe).

Kudziletsa Pofuna "Kubwezera" Ubongo

Kudziletsa kunayandikira kwa mamembala ena kutengera kumvetsetsa kwamomwe zithunzi zolaula zawo zingasokonezere ubongo wawo. Kudziletsa kunkawoneka ngati yankho lomveka lothetsera zovuta zoyipa zolaula, ngati njira yomwe "ingagwiritsenso ntchito" ubongo (mwachitsanzo, "Ndikudziwa kuti ndiyenera kupewa kuti njira zanga zichiritse ndikukhazikitsa ubongo wanga" [095, 40s]). Lingaliro la kutayika kwa mitsempha makamaka linali gwero la chiyembekezo ndi chilimbikitso kwa mamembala ena, zomwe zidawapangitsa kukhulupirira kuti zovuta zoyipa zitha kusintha chifukwa chodziletsa (mwachitsanzo, "Ubongo wapulasitiki ndiye njira yopulumutsira yomwe ingabweretse ubongo wathu" [036, zaka 36]). Mamembala ena adalongosola za kuphunzira zoyipa zomwe zimachitika chifukwa chakuwona zolaula komanso "kuyambiranso" kudzera pazidziwitso ndi anthu otchuka omwe amalemekezedwa ndi gulu la "kukonzanso", makamaka a Gary Wilson, omwe ali patsamba lino yamachikimachi.com. A Wilson (2014) buku (mwachitsanzo, "Buku Lanu la Ubongo pa Zithunzi Zolembedwa ndi Gary Wilson ... lidandidziwikitsa ku lingaliro lokonzanso, tsambali ndikufotokozera zina zomwe sindimadziwa" [061, 31 zaka]) ndi 2012 TEDx nkhani (TEDx Nkhani, 2012; Mwachitsanzo, "Ndidayang'ana ZOLEMBEDWA ZABWINO ZABWINO dzulo, zosangalatsa komanso zophunzitsa" [104, zaka 52]) zinali zinthu zomwe anthu amatchulidwa kawirikawiri kuti ndizofunikira kwambiri pakupanga zikhulupiriro zawo pazakuwononga zolaula paubongo ndi "kuyambiranso" ”Monga yankho loyenera pothana ndi zotsatirazi.

Kudziletsa ndiyo njira yokhayo yothetsera vutoli

Kwa mamembala ena omwe akuti adakonda zolaula, kudziletsa ndi njira yokhayo yothetsera vutoli, makamaka chifukwa chokhulupirira kuti kugwiritsa ntchito zolaula zilizonse pakudziletsa kumatha kuyambitsa zovuta zokhudzana ndi zizolowezi muubongo ndipo zimayambitsa kulakalaka ndikuyambiranso. Chifukwa chake, kuyesa kuchita pang'ono m'malo mopewa kwathunthu kudawoneka ngati njira yosasinthika:

Ndiyenera kusiya kuonera zolaula komanso chilichonse chokhudza izi chifukwa nthawi iliyonse ndikawona chilichonse cha nsfw [chosakhala chotetezeka kuntchito] njira imapangidwa muubongo wanga ndikayamba kulimbikitsidwa ubongo wanga umandikakamiza kuti ndiziwonera zolaula. Chifukwa chake, kusiya p ndi m kuzizira ndiye njira yokhayo yopezera bwino. ” (008, zaka 18)

Nthawi zina kudziletsa kumawoneka ngati kosatheka

Mutu wachiwiri ukuwonetsera mwina chinthu chochititsa chidwi kwambiri pokhudzana ndi "kukonzanso" zomwe mamembala adakumana nazo - momwe zidalili zovuta kuti athe kukwaniritsa komanso kudziletsa. Nthawi zina, kudziletsa kunkawoneka kuti ndi kovuta kwambiri kwakuti kumawoneka ngati kosatheka kukwaniritsa, monga tafotokozera membala m'modzi:

Ndabwerera ku Struggle St., nditabwereranso. Sindikudziwa momwe ndisiyire bwino, nthawi zina zimawoneka ngati zosatheka. (040, 30s)

Zinthu zitatu zazikuluzikulu zikuwoneka kuti zimapangitsa kuti pakhale zovuta pakudziletsa kudziletsa: kuyendetsa zachiwerewere panthawi ya "kuyambiranso," zomwe zimawoneka ngati zosapeweka pazogwiritsira ntchito zolaula, komanso njira yobwereranso yomwe imadziwika kuti ndi yochenjera komanso yonyenga.

Kuyamba Kugonana Pa "Reboot"

Chisankho chovuta chomwe mamembala amayenera kupanga koyambirira kwa kudziletsa chinali chokhudza kuchita zachiwerewere "poyambiranso": kodi kuseweretsa maliseche kopanda zolaula komanso / kapena kukhala ndi chilakolako chogonana chiloledwa munthawi yochepa? Kwa mamembala ambiri, cholinga chanthawi yayitali sichinali kuthetsa mchitidwe wogonana kwathunthu, koma kupanganso ndikuphunzira "zachiwerewere" zatsopano (zaka 033, 25) popanda zolaula. Izi zitha kutanthauza kuphatikiza kuphatikiza kugonana pakati pawo (mwachitsanzo, "Zomwe tikufuna ndi kugonana kwachilengedwe ndi bwenzi lathu, eti? ” [062, 37 zaka]) ndi / kapena kuseweretsa maliseche popanda zolaula (mwachitsanzo, "Ndili bwino ndi MO wachikale. Ndikuganiza kuti ndizotheka kuyang'anira izi mwanjira yathanzi popanda zofooketsa zolaula" [061, zaka 31]). Komabe, chomwe chimafunikira kulingalira kwambiri ndikuti ngati kulola mayendedwe amenewa kwakanthawi kochepa kungathandize kapena kulepheretsa kupita patsogolo ndikupewa zolaula. Kumbali imodzi, kulola kuti zochitika izi m'mbali zoyambirira za kudziletsa kunadziwika ndi mamembala ena kuti zitha kuwopseza kudziletsa, makamaka chifukwa cha zomwe amatcha "zotsatira zoyipa." "Kuthamangitsa" kumatanthauza zilakolako zamphamvu kwa PMO zomwe zimachitika pambuyo pa kugonana (Deem, 2014a). Ena akuti adakumana ndi izi atatha kuseweretsa maliseche (mwachitsanzo, "Ndimapeza kwambiri momwe ndimakhudzidwira ndikulakalaka ndikuwona zolaula" [050, zaka 33]) ndikuchita zachiwerewere (mwachitsanzo, "Ndazindikira kuti nditagonana ndi mkazi zilimbikitso zimakhala zamphamvu pambuyo pake ”[043, 36 zaka]). Kwa mamembala awa, izi zidabweretsa chisankho chopewa kwakanthawi maliseche komanso / kapena kugonana pakati pawo kwakanthawi. Kumbali inayi, kwa mamembala ena, kupewa kuchita zachiwerewere akuti kumadzetsa chikhumbo chofuna kugonana ndikulakalaka zolaula. Chifukwa chake, kwa mamembala awa, kuchita zachiwerewere panthawi yomwe "adayambiranso" sikunalepheretse kupita patsogolo, koma zidawathandiza kuthana ndi zolaula (mwachitsanzo, "Ndikuwona kuti ndikangogogoda kamodzi ndikakhala kuti ndimanyazi, ndiye kuti Sindingathe kuyamba kupeza zifukwa zodzipangira zolaula "[061, 36 zaka]).

Ndizosangalatsa kudziwa kuti modabwitsa, pafupifupi gawo limodzi mwa atatu mwa mamembala adanena kuti m'malo mokhala ndi chilakolako chokwanira chogonana, adayamba kuchepa chilakolako chogonana panthawi yodziletsa, chomwe amachitcha "flatline." The "flatline" ndi mawu omwe mamembala amagwiritsira ntchito kufotokozera kuchepa kwakukulu kapena kutayika kwa libido panthawi yodziletsa (ngakhale ena amawoneka kuti ali ndi tanthauzo lotanthauzira kuti izi zimaphatikizaponso kutsata pang'ono komanso kudzimana: (mwachitsanzo, " Ndikumva ngati mwina ndili pachibwenzi pakadali pano popeza chikhumbo chakuchita zogonana zilizonse sichipezeka. ”[056, 30s]) Kusadziŵa za nthawi yomwe chilakolako chogonana chingabwerere kunali kovuta kwa ena (mwachitsanzo, "Chabwino, ngati sindingathe kukhala ndi gawo lokhazikika nthawi zonse ndikamamva ngati, ndiye kuti ndikhale ndi moyo wanji?" [089, zaka 42]) Kuyesedwa kwa mamembala awa kunali kutembenukira kwa PMO kuti "ayese" ngati angathe kuchita zogonana. panthawi ya "flatline" (mwachitsanzo, "Choyipa chachikulu ndikuti ndimayamba kudzifunsa ngati chilichonse chikugwirabe ntchito momwe chiyenera kukhalira mu buluku langa" [068, 35 zaka]).

Kulephera Kopeka kwa Zithunzi Zolaula Gwiritsani Ntchito

Chomwe chinapangitsanso kupeŵa zolaula kukhala chovuta kwambiri kwa mamembala ambiri chinali kuwoneka ngati kosapeweka kwa zomwe zimayambitsa malingaliro azolaula komanso / kapena kulakalaka zolaula. Choyamba, panali zowoneka zakunja kwa zolaula. Zomwe zimayambitsa zovuta zakunja zinali zamagetsi (mwachitsanzo, "Masamba ochezera, Instagram, Facebook, makanema / TV, YouTube, kutsatsa kwapaintaneti zonse zimatha kuyambiranso" [050, zaka 33]). Kusayembekezereka kwa zinthu zomwe zimadzutsa zachiwerewere zomwe zimawoneka pa kanema wawayilesi kapena makanema pazama TV kumatanthauza kuti kusakatula pa intaneti kungakhale koopsa. Kuwona anthu okondeka m'moyo weniweni kunayambitsanso mamembala ena (mwachitsanzo, "ndinasiyanso masewera olimbitsa thupi omwe ndimapitako lero popeza pali zochuluka kwambiri kuti ndingayang'ane pamenepo kudzera mwa akazi atavala mathalauza a yoga" [072, 57 zaka ]), zomwe zikutanthauza kuti kuwonera chilichonse chogonana, kaya pa intaneti kapena kunja, chitha kukhala choyambitsa. Komanso, chakuti mamembala nthawi zambiri amawonera zolaula ali okha m'chipinda chawo chogona kumatanthauza kuti malo awo osakhalitsa anali kale chithunzi cha zolaula (mwachitsanzo, "kungogona pakama ndikadzuka ndipo ndilibe chochita ndichomwe chimayambitsa" [ 021, zaka 24]).

Chachiwiri, munalinso njira zambiri zakugwiritsa ntchito zolaula (makamaka zoyipa). Chifukwa chakuti mamembala kale amadalira zolaula amagwiritsa ntchito kuwongolera zovuta, kukhumudwa kumawoneka kuti kwakhala chizolowezi chogwiritsa ntchito zolaula. Mamembala ena anena kuti adakumanapo ndi zovuta zomwe zidachitika pakudziletsa. Ena adamasulira izi zoyipa pakudziletsa ngati gawo limodzi losiya. Zinthu zoyipa kapena zakuthupi zomwe zimamasuliridwa kuti ndizotheka (zotheka) "kusiya" zimaphatikizapo kukhumudwa, kusinthasintha kwa malingaliro, nkhawa, "chifunga chaubongo," kutopa, kupweteka mutu, kusowa tulo, kupumula, kusungulumwa, kukhumudwa, kukwiya, kupsinjika, komanso kuchepa kwa chidwi. Mamembala ena samangonena kuti zomwe zachitika ndikudzichotsa pamalopo koma amangoyambitsa zina zomwe zimapangitsa kuti azikhala ndi nkhawa, monga zovuta pamoyo wawo (mwachitsanzo, “Ndimakhala wokwiya msanga masiku atatu apitawa ndipo sindikudziwa ngati zikuyenda kukhumudwa kapena kusiya ”[046, 30s]). Mamembala ena amaganiza kuti chifukwa kale anali kugwiritsa ntchito zolaula kuti athetse malingaliro osalimbikitsa, izi zimamveka mwamphamvu pakudziletsa (mwachitsanzo, "Gawo lina la ine limadabwa ngati izi ndizolimba kwambiri chifukwa chobwezeretsanso" [032, zaka 28]). Makamaka, omwe ali ndi zaka za 18-29 wazaka zakubadwa anali ndi mwayi wofotokoza zakusavomerezeka pakudziletsa poyerekeza ndi magulu ena awiri azaka, ndipo zaka 40 ndi kupitilira apo sanayerekeze kunena za "kudzipatula" pakudziletsa poyerekeza ndi magulu ena azaka ziwiri. Mosasamala kanthu komwe kumayambitsa kukhumudwitsidwa kumeneku (mwachitsanzo, kusiya, zovuta m'moyo, kapena kukulitsa malingaliro omwe adalipo kale), zimawoneka ngati zovuta kwa mamembala kuthana ndi zovuta zomwe zimachitika pakudziletsa osagwiritsa ntchito zolaula kuti adzichiritse. .

Chinyengo cha Njira Yobwereranso

Oposa theka lachitsanzo (n = 55) adanenanso kutha kamodzi pomwe amayesa kudziletsa. Mamembala ena azaka za 18-29 wazaka zakubwereza kamodzi (n = 27) poyerekeza ndi magulu ena awiri azaka: 30-39 zaka (n = 16) ndi zaka 40 kupitilira apo (n = 12). Kubwereranso nthawi zambiri kumafanana ndi njira yobisalira yomwe nthawi zambiri imagwira mamembala osawadziwa ndikuwasiya ali ndi nkhawa nthawi yomweyo. Amawoneka kuti pali njira ziwiri zomwe zolephera zimachitika. Choyamba chinali pamene kulakalaka zolaula kunayambika pazifukwa zosiyanasiyana. Ngakhale kulakalaka nthawi zina kumatha kutheka, nthawi zina kulakalaka kunali kovuta kwambiri kotero kuti kumawoneka kovuta komanso kosalamulirika. Pomwe kulakalaka kunali kwakukulu, mamembala ena adanenanso kuti nthawi zina zimaphatikizidwa ndi malingaliro abodza oti abwererenso, ngati kuti anyengedwa ndi "bongo womwewo" kuti ayambirenso:

Ndinali ndi chilimbikitso chodabwitsa chowonera zolaula, ndipo ndinadzipeza ndikutsutsana ndi ubongo wanga pa mawu akuti: "iyi ikhoza kukhala nthawi yotsiriza…," "bwerani, kodi mukuganiza kuti kungoona pang'ono kungakhale koipa kwambiri," “Lero, mawa ndiyambiranso,” “Ndiyenera kusiya ululuwu, ndipo pali njira imodzi yokha yochitira izi”…, kwenikweni, masana ndidakwanitsa kugwira ntchito zochepa, ndipo ndidalimbana ndi imalimbikitsa mosalekeza. (089, zaka 42)

Njira yachiwiri momwe kubisalira kwa njira yobwereranso yowonekera ndikuti, ngakhale kulibe zolakalaka zazikulu, zolephera nthawi zina zimawoneka ngati "zimangochitika" pa "wodziyendetsa pawokha," mpaka pomwe nthawi zina zimamverera ngati kubwereranso kukuchitika. kwa iwo (mwachitsanzo, "zili ngati ndili pawekha kapena somethin '. Ndinangoima pamenepo ndikudziyang'ana panja, ngati kuti ndafa, ngati kuti ndilibe mphamvu iliyonse" [034, zaka 22]). Izi zokha zimadziwikanso nthawi zina pomwe mamembala amadzipeza osakakamira pazinthu zolaula pa intaneti (mwachitsanzo, makanema othandiza kugonana pa YouTube) zomwe sizinali zoyenerera kukhala "zolaula" (zomwe nthawi zambiri amatchedwa mamembala monga "olowa m'malo mwa zolaula"). Kusakatula "zolaula" izi nthawi zambiri kumakhala njira yopita pang'onopang'ono.

Kudziletsa Ndikotheka ndi Zida Zoyenera

Ngakhale kudziletsa kumakhala kovuta, mamembala ambiri adapeza kuti kudziletsa kumatheka ndi zinthu zoyenera. Kuphatikiza kwa zinthu zakunja ndi zamkati zimawoneka ngati zofunika kwambiri kuti mamembala athe kukwaniritsa ndikudziletsa.

Zida Zakunja: Thandizo Labwino ndi Zolepheretsa Kupeza Zithunzi Zolaula

Thandizo lachitukuko linali chida chofunikira kwambiri chakunja kwa mamembala ambiri chomwe chinali chofunikira kwa iwo kuti azisunga. Mamembala adalongosola kulandira chithandizo chothandiza kuchokera kumagulu osiyanasiyana, kuphatikiza mabanja, abwenzi, abwenzi, magulu othandizira (mwachitsanzo, magulu a magawo 12), ndi othandizira. Komabe, tsamba lapaintaneti lokha linali gwero lotchulidwa kwambiri lothandizira mamembala. Kuwerenga magazini a mamembala ena (makamaka nkhani zopambana) ndikulandila mauthenga othandizira pa zolemba zawo ndizo zomwe zidalimbikitsa ndikulimbikitsa mamembala awo (mwachitsanzo, "Kuwona magazini ena ndi zolemba zina zimandilimbikitsa ndikupanga kumva kuti sindili ndekha" [032, zaka 28]). Mamembala ena adapempha thandizo lina popempha membala wina kuti akhale mnzake woyankha, ngakhale kwa mamembala ena, kungosunga magazini pamsonkhanowo kunali kokwanira kuti azikhala ndi chiyembekezo chakuyankha mlandu. Kugawana moona mtima ndi kuyankha mlandu kunafotokozedwa ndi mamembala ena kukhala kofunikira kuti athe kukhala ndi chidwi chopewa kudziletsa (mwachitsanzo, "Kulumbira pagulu komanso kudzipereka pagulu ndizosiyana tsopano. Kuyankha mlandu. Izi ndizomwe zidasowa mzaka 30 zapitazi" [089, zaka 42]).

Chinthu china chodziwika bwino chakunja chogwiritsidwa ntchito ndi mamembala panthawi yodziletsa chinali zopinga zomwe zidalepheretsa kugwiritsa ntchito zolaula mosavuta. Mamembala ena akuti akhazikitsa mapulogalamu pazida zawo omwe amaletsa zolaula. Mapulogalamuwa nthawi zambiri amapezeka kuti ndi ochepa chifukwa nthawi zambiri pamakhala njira zowazungulira, koma zinali zothandiza popanga cholepheretsa china chomwe chitha kulowerera munthawi yamavuto (mwachitsanzo, "Ndikufuna kuyikanso K9 web-blocker. Nditha kuzilambalala, koma zimakumbutsabe" [Zaka 100, 40]]. Njira zina zimaphatikizapo kugwiritsa ntchito zida zamagetsi pokhapokha m'malo ocheperako (mwachitsanzo, osagwiritsa ntchito laputopu yawo m'chipinda chogona, kugwiritsa ntchito laputopu yawo kuntchito), kapena kuletsa kugwiritsa ntchito zida zamagetsi ponseponse (mwachitsanzo, kusiya foni yawo kwakanthawi ndi mnzake, kusiya mafoni awo pafoni yomwe siili foni yam'manja). Mwambiri, zopinga zakunja zimawonedwa ndi mamembala kukhala zothandiza koma zosakwanira kudziletsa chifukwa zinali zosatheka kupewa kupezeka kulikonse pazida zamagetsi, komanso chifukwa zofunikira zamkati zimafunikanso.

Zida Zamkati: Arsenal ya Njira Zazidziwitso

Mamembala ambiri akuti amagwiritsa ntchito njira zosiyanasiyana zamkati (mwachitsanzo, malingaliro ozindikira ndi / kapena machitidwe) kuwathandiza kudziletsa. Njira zamakhalidwe tsiku ndi tsiku (mwachitsanzo, kuchita masewera olimbitsa thupi, kusinkhasinkha, kucheza, kukhala otanganidwa, kupita pafupipafupi, ndikukhala ndi chizolowezi chogona) zidaphatikizidwa ngati gawo la kusintha kwa moyo wonse kuti muchepetse kuchuluka kwa zoyambitsa komanso kulakalaka. Njira zamaganizidwe ndi / kapena zikhalidwe zidaphatikizidwa ndi mamembala poyesayesa kudziletsa, nthawi zambiri poyesa kuyesa-ndi-kulakwitsa, kuwongolera zochitika zam'malingaliro zomwe zitha kupangitsa kutha (mwachitsanzo, kulakalaka kwakanthawi komanso zoyipa). Makhalidwe oyenera okhudza kutengeka mtima ndikuphatikizira kuchita zinthu zina zosavulaza m'malo moyesedwa kuti mugwiritse ntchito zolaula. Mamembala ena anena kuti kusamba kunali kothandiza kwambiri kuthana ndi zolakalaka (mwachitsanzo, "Usikuuno ndimakhala wotopa kwambiri. Chifukwa chake ndidasamba madzi ozizira kwambiri nthawi ya 10 koloko masana kukuzizira kwambiri ndikukula!" [008, zaka 18]). Kuyesera kupondereza malingaliro azolaula inali njira yodziwikiratu yomwe amagwiritsidwa ntchito, koma mamembala ena adazindikira kwakanthawi kuti kupondereza malingaliro kulibe phindu (mwachitsanzo, "Ndikuganiza kuti ndiyenera kupeza njira ina kuposa, 'osaganizira za PMO, osaganizira za PMO, osaganizira za PMO.' Izi zimandipangitsa kukhala wopenga ndipo zimandipangitsa kulingalira za PMO" [099, zaka 46]). Njira zina zodziwikiratu zomwe mamembala amagwiritsa ntchito zimaphatikizapo njira zokhudzana ndi kulingalira (mwachitsanzo, kuvomereza ndi "kukwera" kukhumba kapena malingaliro olakwika) ndikusintha malingaliro awo. Kulemba m'magazini awo momwe amakhumbira kapena atangotsala pang'ono kuwonekera kumapereka njira yothandiza kwambiri kuti mamembala azitha kudzilankhulitsa okha ndikusintha malingaliro opanda pake.

Kudziletsa Kumapindulitsa Ngati Tilimbikira

Mamembala omwe amapitiliza kudziletsa nthawi zambiri amawona kuti ndiopindulitsa, ngakhale anali pamavuto. Zowawa zakudziletsa zimawoneka kuti ndizofunika chifukwa cha mphotho zake, monga tafotokozera membala m'modzi: "Sizinali zophweka kuyenda, koma zakhala zofunikira kwambiri" (061, zaka 31). Maubwino ena omwe adafotokozedwakuphatikizira kuwonjezeka kwazowongolera, komanso kusintha kwamachitidwe, magwiridwe antchito, komanso magwiridwe antchito.

Kupezanso Mphamvu

Ubwino waukulu wodziletsa womwe anthu ena amafotokoza womwe umachitika ndiwokhudzana ndi zolaula komanso / kapena miyoyo yawo yonse. Pambuyo pa kudziletsa, mamembalawa adatinso kuchepa kwa chidwi, kulakalaka, komanso / kapena kukakamizidwa pankhani yolaula:

Zolakalaka zanga zolaula zatsika kwambiri ndipo ndizosavuta kuthana ndi zokhumba zanga. Sindikupeza kuti sindimaganizirako konse tsopano. Ndine wokondwa kuti kuyambiranso kumeneku kwandikhudza ine ndimafuna kwambiri. (061, zaka 31)

Kulephera kuonera zolaula kwakanthawi kunanenedwanso kuti kumapangitsa kuti anthu azikhala odziletsa pazogwiritsa ntchito zolaula komanso zolaula kudziletsa (mwachitsanzo, "Zikuwoneka kuti ndayamba kudziletsa kuti ndipewe zolaula "[004, 18 zaka]). Mamembala ena adawona kuti chifukwa chodziletsa pazogwiritsa ntchito zolaula, kudziletsa kwatsopano kumeneku kudafikanso kumadera ena m'miyoyo yawo.

Mndandanda wa Maubwino Amisala, Magulu Aanthu, komanso Kugonana

Mamembala ambiri akuti amakumana ndi zovuta zosiyanasiyana zomwe zimachitika chifukwa chodziletsa. Zotsatira zabwino kwambiri zokhudzana ndi kusintha kwa magwiridwe antchito tsiku ndi tsiku, kuphatikiza kusintha kwamphamvu, mphamvu zowonjezereka, kuwunikira kwamaganizidwe, chidwi, kulimba mtima, chidwi, komanso zokolola (mwachitsanzo, "Palibe zolaula, osasangalatsa ndipo ndinali ndi mphamvu zambiri, kumvetsetsa kwamaganizidwe, chisangalalo chochuluka, kutopa pang'ono" [024, zaka 21]). Mamembala ena adazindikira kuti kupewa zolaula kumapangitsa kuti azimva kutengeka mtima komanso kuti azitha kutengeka kwambiri (mwachitsanzo, "Ndimangomva 'mozama. ndi ntchito, abwenzi, nthawi zam'mbuyomu, pakhala pali maganizidwe, zabwino & zoyipa, koma ndichinthu chabwino" [019, zaka 26]). Kwa ena, izi zidabweretsa zokumana nazo zolimbitsa thupi komanso kuthekera kokulirapo kukondweretsedwa ndi zokumana nazo za tsiku ndi tsiku (mwachitsanzo, "Ubongo wanga umatha kusangalala kwambiri ndi zinthu zazing'ono ndi zinthu zomwe sizosangalatsa kwenikweni… monga kucheza kapena kulemba pepala kapena kusewera masewera" [024, zaka 21]). Zachidziwikire, mamembala ambiri azaka za 18-29 adanenanso zabwino panthawi yodziletsa (n = 16) poyerekeza ndi magulu ena azaka ziwiri, 30-39 (n = 7) ndi ≥ 40 (n = 2).

Zotsatira zabwino zakudziletsa pamaubwenzi ena zidanenedwa. Kuchulukana pakati pa anthu ena kunanenedwa ndi mamembala ena, pomwe ena amafotokoza ubale wabwino komanso kulumikizana kwambiri ndi ena (mwachitsanzo, "Ndikumva kuti ndili pafupi ndi mkazi wanga kuposa momwe ndakhalira nthawi yayitali" [069, 30s]). Phindu lina lomwe anthu ambiri amakhala nalo chifukwa chodziletsa limayang'ana pa kusintha kwakugonana. Mamembala ena adanenanso zakuchulukirachulukira kofuna kugonana pakati pa amuna kapena akazi okhaokha, zomwe zikuyimira kusintha kwa chidwi chofuna kuseweretsa maliseche (mwachitsanzo, "Ndinali wamanyazi koma chabwino chinali chakuti ndinali wokonda kugonana ndi munthu wina. Osachita chidwi ndi zolaula zimayambitsa zolaula" [083, zaka 45]). Kuchulukitsa kukhudzidwa pakumvera ndi kuyankha kunanenedwa ndi mamembala ena. Mwa mamembala 42 omwe adafotokoza zovuta za erectile koyambirira koyesa kudziletsa, theka (n = 21) adanenanso zakusintha kwakanthawi kogwiritsa ntchito erectile atatha kwakanthawi. Mamembala ena anena zakubwerera pang'ono kwa ntchito ya erectile (mwachitsanzo, "Zinali pafupifupi 60% erection, koma chomwe chinali chofunikira ndikuti anali pamenepo" [076, 52 zaka]), pomwe ena amafotokoza kubwereranso kwathunthu kwa ntchito ya erectile (mwachitsanzo. , "Ndinagonana ndi mkazi wanga Lachisanu usiku komanso usiku watha, ndipo nthawi zonse ziwiri zinali 10/10 zomwe zidatenga nthawi yayitali" [069, 30 zaka]). Mamembala ena ananenanso kuti kugonana kunali kosangalatsa komanso kosangalatsa kuposa kale (mwachitsanzo, "ndidagonana kawiri (Loweruka ndi Lachitatu) kugonana kwabwino kwambiri pazaka zinayi" [062, zaka 37]).

Kafukufuku wapanoyu adasanthula zochitika zakudziletsa pakati pa mamembala azithunzi zolaula pa intaneti "zobwezeretsanso" forum. Kufufuza mwatsatanetsatane m'magazini odziletsa pamsonkhanowu kunatulutsa mitu inayi (ndi mawu asanu ndi anayi): (1) kudziletsa ndiyo njira yothetsera zovuta zokhudzana ndi zolaula, (2) nthawi zina kudziletsa kumawoneka ngati kosatheka, (3) kudziletsa kumatheka ndi zinthu zoyenera, ndipo (4) kudziletsa kumapindulitsa ngati kupitilirabe. Chofunika kwambiri pakuwunikaku ndikuti chikuwunikira chifukwa chake mamembala amisonkhano "obwezeretsanso" amachita "kukonzanso" poyamba, ndi zomwe "kukonzanso" kukumana ndi mamembala amalingaliro awo.

Zolimbikitsa za "Kubwezeretsanso"

Choyamba, kusanthula kwathu kumawunikira zomwe zimapangitsa anthu kuyambitsa "kukonzanso" poyamba. Kupewa zolaula kunkawonedwa ngati yankho lamankhwala pamavuto awo (Mutu 1) chifukwa zimawonedwa kuti kugwiritsa ntchito zolaula kumabweretsa zovuta m'miyoyo yawo. Mitundu itatu yazotsatira zoyipa zomwe zimachitika chifukwa chogwiritsa ntchito zolaula ndizomwe zimakonda kutchulidwa "zobwezeretsanso": (1) chizolowezi choledzera (n = 73), (2) zovuta zakugonana zomwe amakhulupirira kuti mwina (mwina) zolaula (n = 44), ndi (3) zoyipa zamaganizidwe ndi chikhalidwe cha anthu zomwe zimachitika chifukwa chogwiritsa ntchito zolaula (n = 31). Ndikofunikira kudziwa kuti izi sizinali zogwirizana. Mwachitsanzo, mamembala a 32 adanenanso kuti ali ndi vuto lokonda zolaula komanso vuto logonana. Nthawi yomweyo, izi zikutanthauza kuti panali mamembala ambiri (n = 17) kufotokozera zolaula zomwe zingayambitse zovuta zogonana popanda kunena kuti amakonda zolaula.

Mamembala amakhulupirira kuti kupewa zolaula kumatha kusintha zomwe zimachitika chifukwa chogwiritsa ntchito zolaula muubongo, ndipo chikhulupiliro ichi chidapangidwa pokhazikitsa malingaliro amanjenje, monga neuroplasticity. Ngakhale kugwiritsa ntchito chilankhulo cha sayansi kuti mumvetsetse zovuta zokhudzana ndi zolaula sizapadera, monga tawonetsera pamawonekedwe apakale ndi zitsanzo zachipembedzo (Burke & Haltom, 2020; Perry, PA 2019), itha kukhala yodziwika bwino pagulu la "kuyambiranso", kupatsidwa chikhalidwe "chobwezeretsanso" chomwe mwina chapangidwa kuchokera (ndikuwumbidwa ndi) kufalikira kwaposachedwa kwamawebusayiti omwe amafalitsa zidziwitso zakusokonekera kwa zolaula paubongo (Taylor , 2019, 2020) makamaka ndi anthu otchuka omwe amalemekezedwa ndi omwe ali mgulu la "kukonzanso" (Hartmann, 2020). Chifukwa chake, zomwe mamembala akufuna kuchita "kuyambiranso" ngati mankhwala a PPU zikuwonekeranso kuti zimakhudzidwa ndi "kuyambiranso" chikhalidwe ndi zikhalidwe zomwe zachitika chifukwa chakuzindikira (makamaka akulu) zomwe anzawo akukumana nazo komanso malingaliro awo, ndi chikoka cha anthu odziwika omwe asokoneza kayendetsedwe ka "kukonzanso".

Zachidziwikire, kusakhudzidwa mwamakhalidwe (Grubbs & Perry, 2019) chinali chifukwa chosatchulidwa kawirikawiri cha "kubwezeretsanso" muchitsanzo ichi (n = 4), zomwe zikusonyeza kuti (ambiri) mamembala omwe ali pa "kubwezeretsanso" mabwalo atha kukhala ndi zifukwa zosiyana zopewera zolaula poyerekeza ndi anthu achipembedzo omwe amachita izi pazifukwa zamakhalidwe (mwachitsanzo, Diefendorf, 2015). Ngakhale zili choncho, kuthekera kwakuti kusakhazikika pamakhalidwe kumatha kusonkhezera zisankho zopewa zolaula sikungafanane popanda kafukufuku wotsatira wofunsa mamembala ake ngati amatsutsa zamatsenga. Kuphatikiza apo, kuwunikaku kukuwonetsa kuti mamembala ena omwe ali pamabwalo "obwezeretsanso" atha kusankha kupewa maliseche (cf. Imhoff & Zimmer, 2020) makamaka pazifukwa zodzithandizira kuti azipewa kugwiritsa ntchito zolaula (chifukwa amazindikira kuti kuseweretsa maliseche panthawi yomwe "kuyambiranso" kumayambitsa zolakalaka zolaula), osati chifukwa chokhulupirira zopindulitsa zamkati zosungira umuna (mwachitsanzo, "wamphamvu" monga kudzidalira komanso chidwi chazakugonana), zomwe ofufuza ena adawona kuti ndizofunikira pamalingaliro a NoFap (Hartmann, 2020; Taylor ndi Jackson, 2018).

Chidziwitso cha "Kubwezeretsanso"

Chachiwiri, kuwunika kwathu kukuwonetsa momwe "kukonzanso" kumakhalira ndi malingaliro amembala-kukwaniritsa bwino ndikudziletsa kuonera zolaula ndizovuta kwambiri (Mutu 2), koma zimatheka ngati munthu atha kugwiritsa ntchito njira yoyenera za zothandizira (Mutu 3). Ngati kudziletsa kukupitilizidwa, kumatha kukhala kopindulitsa ndipo kuyesetsa kwake (Mutu 4).

Kupewa zolaula kunkawoneka kuti kumakhala kovuta makamaka chifukwa cha kulumikizana kwa zochitika zachilengedwe komanso zachilengedwe, ndikuwonetseratu zochitika ngati zosokoneza bongo (mwachitsanzo, zizindikiritso zofananira, kulakalaka, komanso kutaya mphamvu / kubwereranso) panthawi yodziletsa (Brand et al ., 2019; Fernandez et al., 2020). Oposa theka la mamembala adalembapo kamodzi pa nthawi yodziletsa. Zochedwa mwina chifukwa cha mphamvu ya chizolowezi (mwachitsanzo, kuwona zolaula pa "wodziyimira pawokha"), kapena kumayambitsidwa ndi zikhumbo zazikulu zomwe zimamverera kukhala zovuta komanso zovuta kuzikana. Zinthu zitatu zazikuluzikulu zimathandizira kukulira komanso kukulitsa kwa zikhumbo zomwe mamembala amakumana nazo: (1) kupezeka kwazinthu zakunja zogwiritsa ntchito zolaula (makamaka mawonekedwe azakugonana kapena zikhalidwe monga kukhala nokha m'chipinda chimodzi), (2) zomwe zili mkati mwa zolaula gwiritsani ntchito (makamaka zoyipa, zomwe zolaula kale zidagwiritsidwa ntchito kudzipatsa mankhwala isanayambike "kuyambiranso"), ndi (3) "zotsatira zoyendetsa" -zilakolako zomwe zidachitika chifukwa cha chiwerewere chilichonse chomwe chidachitika panthawi yodziletsa. Mamembala ambiri pagulu laling'ono kwambiri (zaka 18-29) adanenapo zakusokonekera komanso kutha kamodzi pakudziletsa poyerekeza ndi magulu ena awiri azaka. Chimodzi mwazotheka kutanthauzira izi ndikuti chifukwa libido imakonda kukhala yayikulu kuposa am'badwo uno poyerekeza ndi magulu ena awiri azaka (Beutel, Stöbel ‐ Richter, & Brähler, 2008), kungakhale kovuta kwambiri kupewa kugwiritsa ntchito zolaula ngati malo ogonana. Kufotokozeranso kwina ndikuti kupewa kugwiritsa ntchito zolaula kumakhala kovuta kwambiri pomwe munthu amayamba kuwona zolaula chifukwa chodalira kwambiri zomwe zikuchitika. Kufotokozera kumeneku kukugwirizana ndi zomwe zapezedwa posachedwa kuti zaka zoyambira kuwonera zolaula zimakhudzana kwambiri ndi chizolowezi chodziwona zolaula (Dwulit & Rzymski, 2019b), ngakhale kuti kafukufuku wina amafunika kuti athe kufotokoza za mgwirizano womwe ungakhalepo pakati pazaka zoyambira zolaula ndi PPU.

Chofunika kwambiri, zomwe mamembala adakumana nazo adawonetsa kuti kudziletsa, ngakhale kuli kovuta, kumatheka ndikaphatikizidwe koyenera kwa zinthu zamkati ndi zakunja. Mamembala nthawi zambiri amakhala aluso poyesa njira zosiyanasiyana zothanirana ndi zomwe angachite kuti athane ndi kubwerera kwawo. Nthawi zambiri, mamembala amapanga zida zambiri zogwiritsira ntchito zamkati (mwachitsanzo, njira zodziwikira) munthawi yodziletsa. Ubwino wa njira yoyeserayi ndikuti mamembala adatha kusintha, kudzera pakuyesa-ndi-kulakwitsa, pulogalamu yochira yomwe idawathandiza. Komabe, choyipa chimodzi choyesera kuyesa-ndikulakwitsa ndikuti nthawi zina zimayambitsa kugwiranso ntchito njira zopewera kubweza. Mwachitsanzo, kuyesa kuthana ndi zolaula inali njira wamba yogwiritsa ntchito kuthana ndi zolaula komanso zolakalaka zolaula. Kuganiza mopondereza kwawonetsedwa kuti ndi njira yopewera malingaliro chifukwa imabweretsa zovuta, mwachitsanzo, kuchuluka kwa malingaliro oponderezedwa (onani Efrati, 2019; Wegner, Schneider, Carter, & White, 1987). Mfundo yoti iyi inali njira yodziwika bwino ikusonyeza kuti anthu ambiri omwe amayesetsa kupewa zolaula, makamaka kunja kwa akatswiri odziwa zamankhwala, atha kuchita njira zosazindikira monga kupondereza malingaliro, ndipo atha kupindula ndi maphunziro amisala amomwe angathetsere zolakalaka nthawi kudziletsa. Chitsanzo ichi (komanso mavuto osiyanasiyana omwe mamembala amakumana nawo pomwe "akubwezeretsanso") akuwonetsa kufunikira kwakuthandizira pakuthandizira, kukonza, ndikugawa ndi gawo kuti lithandizire anthu omwe ali ndi PPU kuyendetsa bwino zolaula. Njira zophunzitsira maluso ozindikira, mwachitsanzo, zimawoneka ngati zoyenera kuthana ndi zovuta zambiri zomwe mamembala amakumana nazo (Van Gordon, Shonin, & Griffiths, 2016). Kuphunzira kusaweruza kuvomereza zomwe ulakalaka ndi chidwi m'malo mopondereza zitha kukhala njira zothanirana ndi kulakalaka (Twohig & Crosby, 2010; Witkiewitz, Bowen, Douglas, & Hsu, 2013). Kukulitsa chidwi chamalingaliro kungathandize kuchepetsa zizolowezi zoyendetsa ndege zomwe zimatha kutha (Witkiewitz et al., 2014). Kuchita zachiwerewere (Blycker & Potenza, 2018; Hall, 2019; Van Gordon et al., 2016) atha kuloleza kuyanjana ndi zogonana kupyola pazokhudzana ndi zolaula kuti zitha kusangalatsidwa popanda kudalira zolaula komanso malingaliro okhudzana ndi zolaula (mwachitsanzo, kuseweretsa maliseche osafunikira kukumbukira zolaula).

Pankhani yazinthu zakunja, kukhazikitsa zolepheretsa kuwona zolaula, monga kuletsa ntchito, akuti ndizothandiza. Komabe, chithandizo chachitukuko ndi kuyankha mlandu zimawoneka ngati zida zakunja zomwe zidathandiza kwambiri kuti mamembala azitha kudziletsa. Izi zikugwirizana ndi kusanthula kwam'mbuyomu komwe kunali mitundu yosiyanasiyana (Cavaglion, 2008Perry, PA 2019; Ševčíková et al., 2018) zomwe zawonetsa gawo lofunikira pakuthandizira anthu pothandiza kudziletsa. Msonkhano wa "rebooting" wokha unali chida chofunikira kwambiri chomwe mamembala adagwiritsa ntchito zomwe zimawathandiza kuti azitha kudziletsa. Kugawana moona mtima zomwe akumana nazo m'magazini awo, kuwerenga magazini ena a mamembala ena, ndi kulandira mauthenga olimbikitsa ochokera kwa mamembala ena zimawoneka kuti zimapereka chidziwitso champhamvu chothandizirana ndi anzawo komanso kuyankha kwawo ngakhale kulumikizana kumaso. Izi zikusonyeza kuti kulumikizana kowona pamisonkhano yapaintaneti kumatha kuperekanso mwayi wina mothandizana ndi magulu omwe ali mwa iwo (mwachitsanzo, magulu a magawo 12). Kusadziwika komwe kumachitika ndi ma intaneti kungakhale kopindulitsa chifukwa zingakhale zosavuta kwa anthu omwe ali ndi mavuto owasokoneza kapena owachititsa manyazi kuvomereza mavuto awo ndikulandila chithandizo pa intaneti m'malo motsutsana ndi anthu (Putnam & Maheu, 2000). Kupezeka kwa msonkhanowu nthawi zonse kunkawonetsetsa kuti mamembala azitha kutumiza m'manyuzipepala pakafunika kutero. Zodabwitsa ndizakuti, mawonekedwe (kupezeka, kudziwika, ndi kuthekera; Cooper, 1998) zomwe zidapangitsa kuti anthu azigwiritsa ntchito zolaula poyambirira anali zikhalidwe zomwezi zomwe zidawonjezera phindu pamsonkhanowu ndipo tsopano zikuwathandiza kuti athetse mavuto awa (Griffiths, 2005).

Mamembala omwe amapitiliza kudziletsa nthawi zambiri amapeza kuti kudziletsa kumakhala kopindulitsa ndipo amafotokoza zabwino zingapo zomwe amati amapewa zolaula. Zomwe zimawoneka ngati zolaula zimaletsa kudziletsa (Kraus, Rosenberg, Martino, Nich, & Potenza, 2017) kapena kuwonjezeka kwakudziletsa kambiri (Muraven, 2010) adafotokozedwa ndi mamembala ena atachita bwino kudziletsa. Kusintha kozindikirika pakugwira ntchito kwamaganizidwe ndi mayanjano (mwachitsanzo, kusinthasintha kwa malingaliro, kulimbikitsidwa kowonjezeka, maubwenzi abwino) ndi magwiridwe antchito (mwachitsanzo, kukhudzika kwa zakugonana komanso magwiridwe antchito a erectile) amafotokozedwanso.

Kudziletsa monga Njira Yothetsera Zithunzi Zolaula Gwiritsani Ntchito

Zotsatira zabwino zambiri zakudziletsa komwe mamembala amawonetsa kuti kupewa zolaula zitha kukhala njira yothandizira PPU. Komabe, ngati chilichonse mwazinthu zomwe zapezeka chifukwa chakuchotsa zolaula chimazigwiritsa ntchito sichingakhazikitsidwe popanda maphunziro otsatirawo pogwiritsa ntchito mapangidwe akutali ndi zoyeserera. Mwachitsanzo, zinthu zina zomwe zimachitika pakudziletsa monga kusintha moyo wabwino, kulandira chithandizo pamsonkhano, kapena kudziwongolera kwathunthu zitha kuchititsa kuti pakhale malingaliro abwino. Kapenanso, kusintha kwamitundu yamaganizidwe (mwachitsanzo, kuchepetsa kukhumudwa kapena kuda nkhawa) ndi / kapena kusintha kwakugonana (mwachitsanzo, kuchepetsako pafupipafupi maliseche) panthawi yodziletsa kumatha kuthandizira pakukweza magwiridwe antchito. Kafukufuku wamtsogolo wowongoleredwa wopatula zovuta zakupewa zolaula (Fernandez et al., 2020; Wilson, 2016) makamaka amafunikira kuti atsimikizire ngati chilichonse mwazabwinozi zitha kuchitika chifukwa chakuchotsa zolaula zimagwiritsidwa ntchito makamaka, ndikuwonetsetsa kuti kutanthauzira kwachitatu kungapindule ndi izi. Kuphatikiza apo, kafukufuku wapano walola makamaka kuwunika zotsatira zabwino zakudziletsa, komanso zochepa pazakuwoneka koyipa. Izi ndichifukwa choti zitsanzozo zikuyimira mamembala omwe adapeza kudziletsa komanso kulumikizana pa intaneti kukhala kopindulitsa, chifukwa chake mwina atha kupitilirabe pakudziletsa ndikupitiliza kutumizira m'magazini awo. Mamembala omwe adapeza kudziletsa komanso / kapena kucheza nawo pa intaneti kukhala kosathandiza mwina atangosiya kutumiza m'makalata awo m'malo mofotokozera zokumana nazo zawo zoyipa ndi malingaliro awo, chifukwa chake atha kufotokozedweratu. Kuti kudziletsa (komanso "kuyambiranso") kuyesedwe moyenera ngati kulowererapo kwa PPU, ndikofunikira kuti muwone kaye ngati pali zovuta zina zomwe zingachitike chifukwa chodziletsa ngati cholinga cholowererapo komanso / kapena kuyandikira njira yodziletsa mwanjira inayake . Mwachitsanzo, kukhala otanganidwa kwambiri ndi cholinga chopewa zolaula (kapena chilichonse chomwe chingayambitse malingaliro ndi / kapena kulakalaka zolaula) zitha kukulitsa chidwi ndi zolaula (Borgogna & McDermott, 2018; Moss, Erskine, Albery, Allen, ndi Georgiou, 2015; Perry, PA 2019; Wegner, 1994), kapena kuyesa kudziletsa osaphunzira luso lothana ndi kusiya, kulakalaka kapena kutayika, zitha kuvulaza kuposa zabwino (Fernandez et al., 2020). Kafukufuku wamtsogolo wofufuza za kudziletsa monga njira ya PPU iyenera kuwerengera zovuta zomwe zingachitike kuwonjezera pazotheka.

Pomaliza, mfundo yoti kudziletsa kumaonedwa kuti ndi kovuta kumadzutsa funso lofunikira kwa ofufuza ndi azachipatala kuti aganizire-kodi kudziletsa kuonera zolaula ndikofunikira nthawi zonse kuti athane ndi PPU? N'zochititsa chidwi kuti zinawoneka kuti sizinali zochepa pakati pa mamembala pofuna kuchepetsa / kugwiritsira ntchito njira zothetsera mavuto okhudzana ndi zolaula (m'malo mwa njira yodziletsa) chifukwa cha chikhulupiliro chakuti kugwiritsira ntchito mosavomerezeka sikungatheke chifukwa cha zolaula -Zimene chikukumbutsa njira za 12 pakuonera / kugwiritsa ntchito zolaula (Efrati & Gola, 2018). Ndikoyenera kudziwa kuti mkati mwazithandizo za PPU, kuchepetsa / kugwiritsira ntchito zolinga zawoneka ngati njira yovomerezeka yodziletsa (mwachitsanzo, Twohig & Crosby, 2010). Ofufuza ena posachedwapa adandaula kuti kudziletsa sikungakhale cholinga chenicheni chothandizira anthu ena omwe ali ndi PPU, makamaka chifukwa cha ntchito yovuta yomwe angaganize kuti ndiyi, ndikuti apange zolinga patsogolo monga kudzilola ndikulandila zolaula gwiritsani ntchito kudziletsa (onani Sniewski & Farvid, 2019). Zomwe tapeza zikusonyeza kuti kwa anthu omwe ali ndi chidwi chofuna kupewa zolaula, kudziletsa, ngakhale kuli kovuta, kumatha kukhala kopindulitsa ngati atapitilira. Kuphatikiza apo, kuvomereza komanso kudziletsa sikuyenera kukhala zolinga zofananira - wogwiritsa ntchito zolaula atha kuphunzira kudzilora okha komanso kuthana ndi vuto lawo pomwe akufuna kukhalabe osadziletsa ngati moyo wopanda zolaula uli wofunika (Twohig & Crosby, 2010). Komabe, ngati kuchepetsa / kugwiritsira ntchito zolaula ndikotheka ndipo kumatha kubweretsa zotsatira zofananira pakudziletsa, ndiye kuti kudziletsa sikungakhale kofunikira nthawi zonse. Kafukufuku wamtsogolo akuyerekeza kudziletsa poyerekeza ndi kuchepetsa / kugwiritsa ntchito njira zofunikira pakufunika kuti tidziwitse zabwino ndi / kapena zovuta za njira iliyonse yochizira kuchokera ku PPU, ndipo ndi mikhalidwe iti yomwe munthu angafune kuposa ina (mwachitsanzo, kudziletsa kumatha kukhala kwabwino Zotsatira zamilandu yowopsa ya PPU).

Mphamvu Zophunzira ndi Zoperewera

Mphamvu za kafukufukuyu zikuphatikiza: (1) kusonkhanitsa deta kosasokoneza komwe kunathetsa kuyambiranso; (2) kusanthula magazini m'malo molemba mwachidule zakudziletsa komwe kumachepetsa kukondera; ndi (3) njira zophatikizira kuphatikiza mitundu yazaka zambiri, kudziyesa kwakanthawi, komanso zolinga zodziletsa zomwe zimaloleza kupanga mapangidwe azomwe zimachitika pakudziletsa pazosiyanasiyana izi. Komabe, kafukufukuyu alinso ndi malire ovomerezeka. Choyamba, kusonkhanitsa deta kopanda tanthauzo kumatanthauza kuti sitingathe kufunsa mamembala za zomwe akumana nazo; Chifukwa chake, kuwunika kwathu kunali kochepa pazomwe mamembala adasankha kulemba m'mabuku awo. Chachiwiri, kuwunika kwaumboni kwa zizindikilo popanda kugwiritsa ntchito njira zovomerezeka kumachepetsa kudalirika kwa malipoti a mamembala. Mwachitsanzo, kafukufuku wasonyeza kuti mayankho a funso "Kodi mukuganiza kuti muli ndi vuto la erectile?" sizigwirizana nthawi zonse ndi International Index of Erectile Function (IIEF-5; Rosen, Cappelleri, Smith, Lipsky, & Pena, 1999) zambiri (Wu et al., 2007).

Kutsiliza

Kafukufukuyu akuwonetseratu zochitika za ogwiritsa ntchito zolaula zomwe zili mbali ya "kukonzanso" omwe akuyesera kupewa zolaula chifukwa chazovuta zodziwona zolaula. Zotsatira za kafukufukuyu ndizothandiza kwa ofufuza ndi azachipatala kuti amvetsetse bwino (1) zovuta zomwe zikuyambitsa kuchuluka kwa ogwiritsa ntchito zolaula kuti apewe zolaula, zomwe zitha kuphunzitsa malingaliro a PPU, ndi (2) chiyani zomwe "kubwezeretsanso" zili ngati, zomwe zitha kuwongolera kukhazikitsidwa kwa njira zabwino za PPU ndikudziwitsa kumvetsetsa kwa kudziletsa ngati njira yothandizira PPU. Komabe, malingaliro aliwonse kuchokera pakusanthula kwathu ayenera kutengedwa mosamala chifukwa cha kuchepa kwa njira zophunzirira (mwachitsanzo, kuwunika koyenera kwa magwero ena). Kafukufuku wotsatira yemwe amatenga nawo gawo anthu omwe akukonzekera "kuyambiranso" ndikugwiritsa ntchito mafunso ofunsidwa / mafunso amafunsidwa kuti atsimikizire zomwe zapezedwa ndikuyankha mafunso ena ofufuza za zomwe zimachitika popewa zolaula ngati njira yothandizira PPU.

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   Mabwalo omwe ali ndi dzina la "r /" amadziwika kuti "subreddits," magulu omwe ali pa intaneti patsamba lapa media Reddit omwe adadzipereka pamutu winawake.

2. 2.

   Ngakhale pali gawo lodzipereka pagulu la mamembala azimayi, ambiri mwa nyuzipepala anali aamuna. Kuchulukirachulukira kwamakalata azimuna ndi akazi kumawonetsera kafukufuku wakale yemwe akuwonetsa kuti amuna amafotokoza zolaula zambiri (mwachitsanzo, Hald, 2006; Kvalem et al., 2014; Regnerus et al., 2016), PPU (mwachitsanzo, Grubbs et al., 2019a; Kor et al., 2014), ndi kufunafuna chithandizo cha PPU (Lewczuk, Szmyd, Skorko, & Gola, 2017) poyerekeza ndi akazi. Popeza kafukufuku wakale wofotokoza kusiyana kwakusiyana pakati pa amuna ndi akazi pakulosera zakufuna PPU (mwachitsanzo, kuchuluka kwa zolaula zomwe amagwiritsa ntchito komanso kupembedza zinali zofunikira kwambiri pakufuna chithandizo kwa azimayi, koma osati amuna-Gola, Lewczuk, & Skorko, 2016; Lewczuk et al., 2017), pangakhalenso kusiyana kwakukulu pakulimbikitsa kudziletsa komanso zokumana nazo pakati pa amuna ndi akazi pamabwalo "obwezeretsanso".

3. 3.

   Tidasankha gawo la 12-cut cut point momwe tingayembekezere kuti zotsatira zowoneka bwino za "kuyambiranso" zitha kuwonekera mchaka choyamba choyesa kudziletsa. Magazini ofotokoza kuyesayesa kwakanthawi kwakanthawi kopewa kudziletsa (> miyezi 12), chifukwa cha kutalika kwake komanso mwatsatanetsatane, angafunike kafukufuku wina kuti awunikenso kuchuluka kwa magazini, moyenera ndi njira yodziwira kusanthula deta.

4. 4.

   Ndikofunikira kudziwa kuti chifukwa mamembala samayankha mndandanda wamafunso, sikutheka kudziwa ngati zotsalazo zidagawana (kapena sanagawe) zomwezo ngati sananene. Chifukwa chake, komwe kuwerengetsa pafupipafupi kapena mawu osonyeza kuti pafupipafupi amafotokozedwera, amamveka bwino ngati gawo lochepa la mamembala azitsanzo zomwe adafotokoza zomwe zachitikapo, koma kuchuluka kwenikweni kwa omwe anali ndi chidziwitsocho kukadakhala kwakukulu.

Kugwirizana

1. Dipatimenti ya Psychology, Nottingham Trent University, 50 Shakespeare Street, Nottingham, NG1 4FQ, UK

   David P. Fernandez, Daria J. Kuss & Mark D. Griffiths

Kulemba kwa David P. Fernandez.

Kusamvana kwa chidwi

Olemba amanena kuti alibe kutsutsana kwa chidwi.

Kudziwa Kuvomerezeka

Pomwe kafukufukuyu adagwiritsa ntchito dzina losadziwika, lomwe limapezeka pagulu, lidawonedwa ngati lopanda chilolezo chofotokozedwa ndi komiti yoyang'anira kafukufuku ku Nottingham Trent University.

Kuvomerezeka kwa Ethical

Njira zonse zomwe zimachitika m'maphunziro okhudzana ndi omwe akutenga nawo mbali anthu zinali zogwirizana ndi miyezo yamakhalidwe oyenerera a komiti ndi / kapena komiti yofufuza yapadziko lonse lapansi ndi Declaration of Helsinki ya 1964 ndi kusintha kwake pambuyo pake kapena miyezo yofananira.

Wolemba Wolemba

Chilengedwe cha Springer sichisalowerera ndale ponena za milandu yomwe ikupezeka m'mapupala osindikizidwa ndi maofesi omwe ali nawo.

Onani Tawbulo 4.

Tsegulani Nkhaniyi imapatsidwa chilolezo pansi pa Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, yomwe imalola kugwiritsa ntchito, kugawana, kusintha, kugawa ndi kuberekanso munjira ina iliyonse, bola ngati mutapereka ulemu woyenera kwa omwe adalemba ndi gwero, perekani Lumikizani ku layisensi ya Creative Commons, ndikuwonetsani ngati zasintha. Zithunzizo kapena zinthu zina zapaderazi m'nkhaniyi zikuphatikizidwa mu chiphaso cha Creative Commons, pokhapokha ngati zawonetsedwa mwanjira ina yolembera ngongoleyo. Ngati zinthu sizinaphatikizidwe mu laisensi ya Creative Commons ndipo zomwe mukugwiritsa ntchito siziloledwa ndi malamulo kapena kupitilira zomwe mukugwiritsa ntchito, muyenera kupeza chilolezo mwachindunji kwa omwe ali ndi ufulu. Kuti muwone chikalata ichi, pitani ku http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.