Kudalirika
Mbiri ndi Zolinga
Pofuna kuthana ndi mipata yomwe inalipo pakugwiritsa ntchito zolaula pamavuto (PPU), tidapanga ndikuyesa zinthu zisanu ndi ziwiri za Brief Pornography Screen (BPS) zomwe zidafunsa za PPU m'miyezi isanu ndi umodzi yapitayo.
Njira ndi Ophunzira
Tinasankha zitsanzo zisanu zodziyimira ku US ndi ku Poland kuti tiwunikenso ma psychometric a BPS. Mu Phunziro 1, tawunika momwe zimakhalira, kudalirika, ndi zinthu zina zovomerezeka pogwiritsa ntchito 224 ma veterans aku US. Chinthu chimodzi chochokera ku BPS chidaponyedwa mu Phunziro 1 chifukwa chololeza zinthu zochepa. Mu Maphunziro 2 ndi 3, tidafufuzanso za zinthu zisanu zomwe zimapangitsa BPS ndikuwunika kudalirika komanso kuvomerezeka mu zitsanzo ziwiri zoyimira dziko la US (N = 1,466, N = 1,063, motero). Mu Phunziro 4, tinatsimikizira kapangidwe kake ndikuunika kuti ndi zovomerezeka komanso kudalirika pogwiritsa ntchito zitsanzo za akuluakulu 703 aku Poland. Mu Phunziro 5, tinawerengera momwe angadzichepetse pazenera pogwiritsa ntchito zitsanzo za amuna 105 omwe akufuna kulandira chithandizo chamankhwala ogwiririra (CSBD).
Results
Zotsatira zakusanthula kwa magawo akuluakulu ndikusanthula kotsimikizika zidathandizira yankho la chinthu chimodzi chomwe chidapereka kusasinthika kwambiri kwamkati (α = 0.89-0.90), ndipo imawunikiranso mbali zina zopangidwira, zomasulira, zomasulira, komanso zotsatsa tsatanetsatane watsopano. Zotsatira kuchokera pa Receiver Operating Characteristic (ROC) pamapindikira zatsimikiza kuti kudula kwa anayi kapena kupitilira kuti mupeze PPU.
Mawuwo
BPS imawoneka ngati yanzeru, yochepa, komanso yosavuta kugwiritsa ntchito m'malo osiyanasiyana okhala ndi kuthekera kwakukulu kogwiritsidwa ntchito munthawi zonse padziko lonse lapansi.
Introduction
Pakadali pano, pamakhala kutsutsana pakati pa azachipatala ndi akatswiri ofufuza za momwe angatherere kuchita zambirimbiri pazakugonana.Kraus, Voon, & Potenza, 2016b), ndipo akatswiri apanga kusanthula kuphatikizapo hypersexual disorder (Kafka, 2010,, chisokonezo-cholamulira matenda (Grant et al., 2014; Kraus et al., 2018),, yogwirizana ndi chisangalalo cha kugonana (CSBD) (Coleman, Raymond, & McBean, 2003,, kapena chizolowezi chamakhalidwe (Kor, Fogel, Reid, & Potenza, 2013). Kugwiritsa ntchito zolaula pamavuto (PPU) kungathe kukhala m'magulu ndi machitidwe ena azakugonana omwe amapeza njira zodziwira CSBD monga momwe akufotokozera mu ICD-11 (Kraus et al., 2018). CSBD imafotokozedwa ngati njira yosalephera yolamulira mwamphamvu, kukakamiza zogonana kapena kukakamiza, zomwe zimabweretsa kubwereza-bwereza kwa nthawi yayitali (mwachitsanzo, miyezi isanu ndi umodzi kapena kupitilira pamenepo) yomwe imabweretsa zovuta kapena kusokonezeka pagulu, pantchito, kapena pa chinthu china chofunikira. madera ogwirira ntchito (Kraus et al., 2018; World Health Organisation, 2018). Kafukufuku waposachedwa adawunikira mawonekedwe a psychometric a pulogalamu yongodzipanga yomwe idapangidwa kuti ayesere kuyesedwa kwa PPU m'mitundu isanu yopangidwa ndi achikulire omwe samakhala kuchipatala komanso odwala.
Kuyerekezera kwa CSBD pakati pa anthu azachipatala komanso omwe siachipatala kumakhala kovutaGola & Potenza, 2018; Kraus, Voon, et al., 2016b). Kafukufuku waposachedwa wa achikulire 2,325 aku US adawona kuti 8.6% mwa akazi oyimira (7.0% ya azimayi ndi 10.3% ya amuna) amavomereza zamavuto okhudzana ndi zovuta komanso / kapena kuwonongeka komwe kumakhudzana ndi nkhawa zokhudzana ndi malingaliro okhudzana ndi kugonana, chilimbikitso, ndi chikhalidwe (Dickenson, Gleason, Coleman, & Miner, 2018). Makamaka pazakugwiritsa ntchito zolaula, zambiri zochokera pamitundu yoimira dziko la US za 2,075 za intaneti zidapeza kuti pafupifupi theka (n = 1,056) anena zolaula zaka zapitazo, ndipo 11% ya azibambo ndi 3% azimayi "amadzimva kuti ali ndi chizolowezi choonera zolaula" (Grubbs, Kraus, & Perry, 2019b). Umboni woyambirira wopezedwa ndi ankhondo ankhondo aku US akuwonetsa kuchuluka kwamakhalidwe oponderezedwa (Smith et al., 2014); Komabe, kafukufuku sanawunikire PPU pakati pa akatswiri omenyera ufulu waku US, gulu lomwe ladziwika ndi comorbidities yayikulu pachipatala komanso kukhudzidwa (James, Strom, & Leskela, 2014).
Kuphatikiza apo, mwa anthu omwe akufuna chithandizo cha CSBD, ambiri (> 80%) amafotokoza nkhawa zawo ndi zolaula (Gola et al., 2018; Kraus, Potenza, Martino, & Grant, 2015b; Reid et al., 2012; Scanavino et al., 2013). Kwa anthu awa, PPU nthawi zambiri imakhala ndi kulakalaka, kuchepetsa kudziletsa, kulephereka pakugwira ntchito, komanso kugwiritsa ntchito zolaula kuti athane ndi nkhawa kapena kusokonekera kwa maganizo (Kraus, Martino, & Potenza, 2016a; Wordecha et al., 2018). Anthu omwe akufuna kulandira chithandizo cha PPU ndi machitidwe ena ogonana nthawi zambiri amafotokoza nkhawa zamisala kuphatikizapo, kukhumudwa, nkhawa, komanso zovuta zogwiritsa ntchito mankhwala (Kraus, Potenza et al., 2015b).
Kuti muzindikire PPU, masikelo odzilemba angapo adapangidwa ndikuyesedwa kuphatikiza Nkhani Yovuta Kuwona Zolaula.Kor et al., 2014), Scalege Zolaula Zogwiritsa Ntchito Zolaula (CPC) (Noor, Rosser, & Erickson, 2014), Cyber Zolaula Zogwiritsa Ntchito Inventory (CPUI / CPUI-9) (Grubbs, Sessoms, Wheeler, & Volk, 2010; Grubbs, Volk, Exline, & Pargament, 2015), Zolaula Zogwiritsa Ntchito Zolaula (PCI) (Kutenga, Li, Gilliland, Stein, & Fong, 2011b), Kufunafuna Zithunzi Zolaula (PCQ) (Kraus & Rosenberg, 2014), ndi Mavuto Owona a Zithunzi Zolaula (PPCS) (Bothe et al., 2018), ndi Mavuto a Zithunzi Zolaula (PPCS-6) (Bőthe, Tóth-Király, Demetrovics, & Orosz, 2020). Ngakhale ili yonse imakhala ndi nyonga, zambiri zodzidziwitsa izi zimakhala ndi malire ndipo nthawi zambiri sizinayesedwe koopsa ma psychometric (onani. Fernandez & Griffiths, 2019 kuti mukambirane zolaula. Mwachitsanzo, amakhala kuti adapangidwa ndikuyesedwa pamayiko osakhala achipatala, omwe amakhala mosavuta kumayiko a Azungu, nthawi zambiri amakhala opanda chidziwitso choganiza kapena chofufuzira, amawunikira malo angapo osasinthika, ndipo alibe chidziwitso chodula matenda kuti adziwe omwe akuyenera kuwunikiridwa ndi akatswiri azaumoyo. Ngakhale mavutowa akukhudzana ndi ufulu wawo, iwo ndi okhudzanso kwambiri poyerekeza kuzindikira kwa CSBD. Mu Juni 2019, CSBD idawonjezedwa ku ICD-11 (Bungwe la World Health, 2018) komanso ndi kupezeka kwakukulu kwa PPU, kukula kwa zida zazifupi, zolimba, komanso zamaukadaulo za PPU ndizofunikira kuthana ndi mipata yomwe ili pano m'munda.
Zolinga za phunziroli
Potengera zomwe tafotokozazi pamwambapa, ntchitoyi ikufotokoza za kupangidwa kwa chida chachidule chowonera zolaula (BPS) kuti izindikire PPU m'maphunziro asanu odziyimira pawokha. Mu Phunziro 1, tidasanthula momwe omenyera nkhondo aku US aku 283 akuvomerezera mgwirizano ndi zomwe akufuna, tidasanthula zigawo zikuluzikulu, ndikuwunika kudalirika kwa BPS. Mu Phunziro 2, tidagwiritsa ntchito ntchito ya Omnibus yoperekedwa ndi Qualtrics Survey Software kuti tilandire akuluakulu 2,075 aku US omwe akufanana ndi zikhalidwe zoyimira ku US kuti athe kutsimikizanso mawonekedwe azenera, kuwunika kudalirika kwake, ndikuwunika ubale womwe ulipo pakati pa BPS ndi njira za psychopathology. Mu Phunziro 3, tidagwiritsa ntchito gulu la Turkprime kuwunikanso mawonekedwe a BPS mu 1,063 akuluakulu aku US omwe amafanananso ndi zikhalidwe zoyimira ndikuwunika kulumikizana ndi njira za psychopathology. Mu Phunziro 4, tidalemba anthu aku 703 omwe amakhala ku Poland kuti atsimikizire momwe zinthu ziliri ku non-US ndikuwunika kusasinthasintha kwamkati ndi kuvomerezeka. Mu Sampulo 5, tidasanthula mawonekedwe azachipatala a amuna amuna 105 ku Poland omwe akufuna chithandizo cha PPU kuti adziwe momwe angathandizire pakadulidwa. Kulemba maphunziro onse kumafotokozedwa mwatsatanetsatane mu Zowonjezera Zowonjezera.
Kafukufuku wasanthula pa maphunziro 1-5
Mu Maphunziro 1 ndi 4, tidagwiritsa ntchito SPSS-19 pofotokoza, ma bwaloli, kuwunika kwa zinthu zazikulu, kukonza kwa Pearson Product, ANCOVAs, ndi kudziyimira pawokha t-Ziyeso.
Mu Maphunziro 2 ndi 3, tinayendetsa zitsanzo zathu za CFA pogwiritsa ntchito lavaan (Rosseel, 2011) phukusi la R, pogwiritsa ntchito mawebusayiti osalemera pang'ono, osaganizira zokhazokha kapena otsogola komanso omwe angakonde deta yoyambira (Flora & Curran, 2004). Pa Phunziro 5, tinagwiritsa ntchito SPSS-19 pochita zowunikira za Receiver Operating Characteristic (ROC).
Phunzirani 1
njira
Ndondomeko ndi omvera
Phunziro 1 lidachitika ndi zidziwitso za polojekiti ya Survey of Experience of Returnback Veterans (SERV), yomwe idalemba asitikali ankhondo ku US (Kraus et al., 2017; Smith et al., 2014). Njira zomwe amagwiritsa ntchito ntchito yolemba anthu ntchito ndi kuwongolera polojekitiyi yafotokozedwera kwina (Kraus et al., 2017). Zoyenera kuphunzira ziyende motere: (a) olekanitsidwa (ochotsedwa) kunkhondo ya ku US; (b) msirikali wakale wa Iraq, Afghanistan, kapena madera ozungulira; (c) azaka zosachepera 18; (d) Wolankhula Chingerezi; ndipo, (e) okhala ku US Magawo a tsambali adasindikizidwa m'mapepala otsatirawa (Decker et al., 2019; Moisson et al., 2019; Scoglio et al., 2017; Turban, Potenza, Hoff, Martino, & Kraus, 2017, Turban, Shirk, Potenza, Hoff, & Kraus, 2020), koma palibe limodzi mwa mapepala awa omwe amayang'ana kwambiri kapangidwe kapena kutsimikizika kwa BPS.
Makhalidwe Otsatira
Mwa ophunzira 283 omwe adafunsidwa, ambiri anali amuna (70.6%, n = 197) ali ndi zaka 35.1. (SD = 9.2) zaka. Mitundu yazitsanzo zalembedwa Powonjezera Pezani 1.
Njira
Wolemba woyamba adapanga zinthu zisanu ndi chimodzi zoyambirira ku BPS ngati muyeso wa PPU mu zitsanzo za asitikali aku US. Zinthu izi zidapangidwa poyambilira pomwe wolemba woyamba amamaliza chiyanjano cha postdoctoral mu psychology. Zinthu zidapangidwa potengera kulumikizana kwazachipatala ndi odwala ndikupitiliza ntchito kuchokera ku kafukufuku wam'mbuyo wofufuza zamankhwala a PPU (onani Kraus, Martino et al., 2016a; Kraus & Rosenberg, 2014). Kenako, zinthu zomwe zidakonzedwazo zidayesedwa ndi ena awiri mgulu lisanayesedwe mu Phunziro 1.
Mu Phunziro 1, ophunzira adapatsidwa BPS, yomwe idapangidwa kuti izindikire anthu omwe akuwonetsa mavuto omwe amayang'anira kugwiritsa ntchito zolaula. Mulingo woyamba unali ndi zinthu zisanu ndi chimodzi. Ophunzira adafunsidwa, "M'miyezi isanu ndi umodzi yapitayi, kodi zidakuchitikirani pankhani yolaula?" Mayankho a chinthu anali 6 (never), 0 (nthawi zina), ndi 1 (pafupipafupi), okhala ndi mndandanda kuchokera pa 2 mpaka 0. Onani. Gulu 1 kutchulira ndendende kwa BPS.
Gulu 1.Phunziro 1, Chiwerengero cha mgwirizano wapazinthu zisanu ndi chimodzi cha Brief Pornography Screen (BPS) pakati pa veterans aku US (N = 222)
| zinthu | Palibe (%) | Nthaŵi zina (%) | Nthawi zambiri (%) | M (SD) | Chombo chophatikizira |
| Mukupezeka kuti mumagwiritsa ntchito zolaula kuposa momwe mukufuna. | 60.5 | 29.6 | 9.9 | 1.49 (0.67) | 0.80 ∗ |
| Mwayesanso "kusiya" kapena kusiya kugwiritsa ntchito zolaula, koma sizinaphule kanthu. | 73.5 | 18.8 | 7.2 | 1.33 (0.61) | 0.82 ∗ |
| Zimakhala zovuta kukana chilimbikitso champhamvu chogwiritsa ntchito zolaula. | 61.9 | 28.7 | 9.0 | 1.47 (0.66) | 0.84 ∗ |
| Mumapezeka mukugwiritsa ntchito zolaula kuti muthane ndi malingaliro amphamvu (mwachitsanzo, chisoni, mkwiyo, kusungulumwa, ndi zina zambiri). | 68.6 | 20.2 | 10.8 | 1.42 (0.68) | 0.73 ∗ |
| Mumapitilizabe kugwiritsa ntchito zolaula ngakhale mukumva kuti ndinu wolakwa. | 61.4 | 25.6 | 12.6 | 1.51 (0.71) | 0.76 ∗ |
| Anthu afotokoza nkhawa yanu ndikugwiritsa ntchito zolaula. | 90.6 | 5.8 | 3.1 | 1.12 (0.41) | 0.49 |
Zindikirani. Zomwe zimayikidwa mwachindunji zikuwonetsa zolemetsa zapamwamba pazinthuzo. Zosowa pa ophunzira awiri.
Gawo 1 = 3.75; Kukula kwa kusiyana = 62.5%.
*Zinthu zolimbitsa zinasungidwa mu mtundu wotsiriza.
M = zikutanthauza; SD = kupatuka kwofananira.
Tinagwiritsanso ntchito Mafunso a Mbiri ya Zokhudza Kugonana ndi Zolaula (Rosenberg & Kraus, 2014) kuwunika mbiri yakugonana ndi zolaula zomwe amagwiritsa ntchito, PCQ (Kraus & Rosenberg, 2014) kuyesa kukhumba zolaula (α = 0.83), ndi PPUS (Kor et al., 2014) kuyesa mawonekedwe okhudzana ndi PPU (α = 0.83). Mulingo wa UPPS-P Wosakhazikika Pamakhalidwe (Cyders, Littlefield, Coffey, & Karyadi, 2014; Lynam, Smith, Whiteside, & Cyders, 2006) ndi funso lazinthu 45 zomwe zimayesa kusunthika konse (α = 0.80) ndi Kukonzekera (kusowa) (α = 0.84), Kuchita Zachangu (α = 0.81), Mwachangu (α = 0.81), Kuyang'ana Kwambiri (α = 0.84), ndi kupirira (kusowa) kwa zigawo (α = 0.83), ndi Hypersexual Behavior Inventory (HBI) (Reid, Garos, & Carpenter, 2011a) kuyeza machitidwe a Hypersexeness (α = 0.82). Funso lowonjezera linayesa chidwi cha omenyera nkhondo kuti alandire chithandizo cha machitidwe ena a CSBD (mwachitsanzo, zolaula, zolaula / zosadziwika, ndi zina).
Ethics
Institutional Review Board of the department of Veterans Affairs avomereza kafukufukuyu. Ophunzira onse adapereka chidziwitso cholembedwa asadalowe nawo phunziroli.
Results
Kugwiritsa ntchito zolaula komanso machitidwe ogonana pakati pa ankhondo
Makumi awiri ndi limodzi (n = 59) mwa ochita nawo kafukufuku adati sanawonepo zolaula. Pafupifupi 51% (n = 42) azimayi adawonetsa kuti sanagwiritsepo zolaula poyerekeza ndi 8.6% ya amuna (n Nambala = 17)2 (5) = 96.15, P <0.001, Cramer V = 0.59. Chifukwa kafukufuku waposachedwa amayang'ana pa kuwunika kwa ma psychometric a BPS kuti ayesetse PPU, tinachotsa awa osagwiritsa ntchito zolaula 59, ndikusiya anthu 220 kuti awunike pambuyo pake.
Kuchepetsa zinthu ndi mawonekedwe a Brief Pornography Screen (BPS)
Choyamba tidayendetsa zinthu posanthula zinthu zonse zisanu ndi chimodzi zoyambirira (Gulu 1). Zinthu zonse zinalumikizidwa bwino (rs = 0.31-0.70, P <0.001), ndikuwonetsa kuti palibe amene angachotsedwe motere. Chachiwiri, tidasanthula kuwerengera kwafupipafupi pamlingo uliwonse wamgwirizano pazinthu zisanu ndi chimodzi zomwe zili pa BPS kuti tipeze zinthu zilizonse zomwe 'sizili bwino' (Clark & Watson, 1995). Pogwiritsa ntchito lamulo ili, chinthu chimodzi ("Anthu afotokoza nkhawa") chinali choyenera kuthetsedwa; Komabe, tinapereka zinthu zonse zisanu ndi chimodzi pazowunikira zazikulu (zosasinthidwa) kuti tikwaniritse zina.
Kusanthula kwakukulu kwa zinthu (PCA) nthawi zambiri kumagwiritsidwa ntchito pakuchepetsa zinthu, ndipo PCA ndi kuwunika kwa kusanthula (EFA) nthawi zambiri kumakhala ndi zotsatira zofananira (Schneeweiss & Mathes, 1995). Chifukwa cha kuphweka kwa BPS (choyambirira zinthu 6) komanso chinthu chimodzi chomwe chimapangitsa, cholinga chathu chinali kungochepetsa kuchuluka kwa zinthuzo kwinaku tikusunga momwe tingagwiritsire ntchito kusiyanasiyana koyambirira (XNUMX)Conway & Huffcutt, 2003). Komabe, BPS ikadaphatikizira zinthu zingapo, ndipo tinali ndi chidwi ndi ubale wapakati pa zinthuzi, EFA kapena zojambula zoyeserera (SEM) zikadalingaliridwa. Pansipa timapereka lipoti la PCA.
Zotsatira zinapereka gawo limodzi lokha ndi eigenvalue ya 3.75, yomwe inali 62.5% ya kusiyana konsekonse (Gulu 1). Chinthu chokhacho chomwe chidadziwika kale chomwe sichinali chokwera kwambiri (-0.50) ndimagulu (> 0.40); kugwiritsa ntchito lamuloli (Costello & Osborne, 2005), chinthucho chidaponyedwa. Zinthu zisanu zotsalazo zinali ndi mgwirizano wokwanira wamkati (α = 0.89), kudalirika kophatikiza (0.92), ndi kulumikizana kwapakatikati pazinthu (r = 0.62), kuthandizira kusatsata kwa BPS (Clark & Watson, 1995).
Kupanga, kutembenuza, kutsimikizira, komanso tsankho la BPS
Kuti tiwone chinthu chimodzi chazomwe tikufuna kuti tidziwe, tidapima kaye ngati ziwonetsero za BPS ndizosiyanasiyana ngati kuchuluka kwa zolaula zomwe taonera, titasinthana ndi jenda. Zotsatira za ANCOVA zikuwonetsa chofunikira chachikulu pakugwiritsa ntchito zolaula, F (3, 216) = 14.32, P <0.001, η pang'ono2 = 0.12. Kugwiritsa ntchito kufananizira kwa post-hoc (Bonferroni-fixed) tapeza kuti ogwiritsa ntchito zolaula tsiku ndi tsiku (M = 4.39, SD = 2.10, SE = 0.48) anali ndi ma BPS okwera kwambiri kuposa omwe anali ndi owerenga sabata (M = 2.53, SD = 0.73, SE = 0.29), omwe nawo anali ndi ma BPS okwera kuposa omwe anali nawo ogwiritsa ntchito pamwezi (M = 1.45, SD = 0.36, SE = 0.25). Tidawerengetsanso kulumikizana kwa Pearson Product-mphindi kuti muwone kuyanjana pakati pa zosintha zamaphunziro, komanso mchilimbikitso chotsimikizika, tidapeza kulumikizana kwabwino pakati pa PPUS ndi BPS zambiri (onani. Gulu 2 pa malingana ndi jenda). Pothandizira kutsimikizira kotsimikizika, tinapeza kulumikizana kwabwino koma koyenera pakati pa BPS, HBI, ndi PCQ scores. Pothandizira kutsimikizika kopanda tsankho, BPS sinali yogwirizana kwambiri ndi kuchitapo kanthu, ngakhale kwa abambo, osati akazi, kufunikira kwakanthawi komanso koyenera kunali kothandizirana, ngakhale pang'ono, ndi ziwonetsero za BPS.
Gulu 2.Phunziro 1, Correlations ndi njira ndi kupatuka kwakaphatikizidwe kochita kusinthasintha kosangalatsa kwa omenyera ufulu aku US
| variable | Chidule cha Zithunzi Zolaula | zosiyanasiyana | |||
| Akazi (n = 40) | Amuna (n = 180) | ||||
| r | M (SD) | r | M (SD) | ||
| Chidule cha Zithunzi Zolaula | - | 0.80 (1.73) | - | 2.55 (2.87) | 0-10 |
| Kuonera Zolaula | 0.32 ∗ | 2.03 (0.95) | 0.45 ∗∗ | 2.95 (1.34) | 1-7 |
| Zosokoneza Zolaula Gwiritsani Ntchito Mng'oma | 0.77 ∗∗ | 1.27 (0.50) | 0.75 ∗∗ | 1.92 (0.98) | 1-5.7 |
| Mchitidwe Wosagonana Wosagonana | 0.66 ∗∗ | 27.1 (9.0) | 0.60 ∗∗ | 34.8 (15.4) | 18-95 |
| UPPS-P Kuchita Zachangu | 0.29 | 2.27 (0.51) | 0.30 ∗∗ | 2.36 (0.52) | 1.3-3.9 |
| UPPS-P Kulephera Kukonzekera | 0.11 | 2.07 (0.44) | -0.03 | 2.08 (0.40) | 1.2-3.3 |
| UPPS-P Kulephera Kupirira | 0.18 | 1.79 (0.42) | 0.11 | 1.94 (0.48) | 1.0-3.4 |
| Kufunafuna kwa PPS-P | -0.02 | 2.61 (0.48) | 0.05 | 2.87 (0.37) | 1.2-4.0 |
| UPPS-P Posachedwa Mwadzidzidzi | 0.22 | 1.94 (0.44) | 0.22 ∗∗ | 2.23 (0.48) | 1.1-3.6 |
Zindikirani. ∗P <0.05, ∗∗P <0.01.
M = zikutanthauza; SD = kupatuka kwofananira.
Njira zamakhalidwe azogonana
Mwa akatswiri okwana 220 omwe anafufuza za zolaula zawo (onani Powonjezera Pezani 1), asanu ndi anayi adawonetsa kuti akufuna kulandira chithandizo cha PPU. Onse amuna anali amuna (9 mwa amuna 180, 5%). BPS imatanthawuza zowonjezera pazinthu zisanu zotsalira za amuna asanu ndi anayi anali 6.67 (SD = 2.95). Maphunziro onse azotsatira (2-5) adagwiritsa ntchito zinthu zisanu zomwe zidasungidwa poyambira pa Phunziro 1.
Phunzirani 21
njira
Njira ndi Ophunzira
Pogwiritsa ntchito ntchito ya Omnibus yoperekedwa ndi Qualtrics Survey Software, tidalemba gulu ladziko lonse la US (zitsanzo zosagwirizana ndi kalembedwe ka anthu a mibadwo ya zaka, jenda, fuko, fuko, ndalama, ndi dera la US Census) pophunzira gawo la anthu akuluakulu (N = 2,075; 51% azimayi [n = 1,059], amuna 49% [n = 1,016]; Mm'badwo = 44.8, SD = 16.7).
Zigawo za tsambali zafotokozedwa kwina kulikonse pamapepala otsatirawa, koma palibe mapepala omwe amayang'ana kwambiri za mtundu wa BPS kapena kuwona kwake Grubbs, Kraus et al., 2019b; Grubbs, Kraus, Perry, Lewczuk, & Gola, 2020).
Njira
Kusanthula kunali kwa akulu okha omwe adavomereza kuti aziwona zolaula chaka chatha (N = 1,058, 66% amuna). Makhalidwe ogwiritsa ntchito zolaula amayesedwa kudzera pazinthu zitatu. Mwachindunji, tidafunsa ophunzira kuti nthawi zambiri adawona zolaula ali okha chaka chatha. Tafunsanso ophunzira kuti adachitapo zolaula kangati chaka chatha. Mwa mafunso onsewa, mayankho ochokera pa 1 (ayi konse) kwa 8 (kamodzi patsiku kapena kuposerapo). Chinthu chimodzi chokha chidafunsa ophunzira kuti anene, mphindi zochepa, momwe amathera tsiku lililonse, pafupifupi, amawonera zolaula.
Olunjika pa chitsanzo ichi komanso kuphatikiza pa BPS, tinawunikanso kuvutika kwamalingaliro pophatikiza zinthu zitatu zokhudzana ndi kukhumudwa ndi zinthu ziwiri zokhudzana ndi nkhawa kuchokera pa Mtengo Wodula Zizindikiro za DSM-5 (Ochepa et al., 2013). Tinapereka zinthu zitatu za CPUI-9 (Grubbs et al., 2015) kuwunika mayankho kapena zikhulupiriro pazakugwiritsa ntchito zolaula. Chilichonse chimakodwa pamiyeso 1 (satsutsana kwambiri) kwa 7 (amavomereza kwambiri). Zinthu zovomerezeka izi zidatengedwa ku ma subscales a CPUI-9: Perceved Compulsivity (mwachitsanzo, "Ndikhulupirira kuti ndachita zolaula"), Kufikira kwamphamvu (mwachitsanzo, "Ndasiya zinthu zomwe ndimayenera kuchita kuti ndiziwonera zolaula") , ndi Emotional Distress (mwachitsanzo, "Ndimakhala wokhumudwa nditatha kuwona zolaula"). Zinthu zonse zitatuzi ndizogwirizana kwambiri ndi zamakhalidwe ogwiritsa ntchito zolaula (Grubbs, Wilt, Exline, & Pargament, 2018a; Grubbs, Wilt, Exline, Pargament, & Kraus, 2018b).
Ethics
Institutional Review Board of the department of Bowling Green State University anavomera kuti Phunziro 2 ndi lopanda chilinganizo. Ophunzira onse adapereka chidziwitso pakompyuta chisanachitike kuchita nawo kafukufukuyu.
Results
Tidapanga Confirmatory Factor Analysis (CFA) pogwiritsa ntchito mitundu yaying'ono yolemera masikono (DWLS) yokhala ndi kusiyanasiyana kwamphamvu, popeza kuyerekezera kwa DWLS sikuganiza zokhazokha kapena kusinthika kwatsalira kwa otsalira ndipo ndikofunikira kuti deta ikhale yofananira (Flora & Curran, 2004). Kusanthula uku kunawonetsa BPS yabwino kwambiri yopanga unidimensional factor kapangidwe kake (Robust χ2 (5) = 3.06, P = 0.69; CFI = 1.00, TLI = 1.00, RMSEA <0.001, SRMR = 0.01). Avereji ya ziwerengero za BPS zinali zochepa (M = 1.56, SD = 2.53), ndikuwunika kudalirika kwamkati kwawonetsa kukhulupirika kwapakati mkati (α = 0.90). Amuna adapeza zambiri BPS (M = 2.24, SD = 2.81) kuposa azimayi (M = 1.70, SD = 2.60); t (2, 1,056) = 3.05, P <0.001, a Cohen d = 0.20).
Zambiri za BPS zinali zogwirizana ndi njira zingapo pamayendedwe omwe akuyembekezeka. Zambiri za BPS zinali zogwirizana ndi zonena kuti, "Ine sindimachita zolaula"r = 0.620, P <0.001), "Ndikumva kuwawa nditatha kuwona zolaula" (r = 0.47, P <0.001), ndipo "Ndasiya zinthu zomwe ndimayenera kuchita kuti ndiwone zolaula" (r = 0.59, P <0.001). Zambiri za BPS zimalumikizidwa ndikuwonera zolaula zomwe zimawonedwa chaka chatha (r = 0.39, P <0.001), kuseweretsa maliseche pazaka zapitazi (r = 0.40, P <0.001), mphindi zochepa tsiku lililonse amagwiritsa ntchito zolaula (r = 0.23, P <0.001), ndikumverera kwachidziwitso pamavuto amisala (r = 0.34, P <0.001).
Phunzirani 32
njira
Njira ndi Ophunzira
Zambiri kuchokera kwa achikulire omwe amagwiritsa ntchito intaneti 470 omwe anagwiritsa ntchito zolaula zaka zapitazo zidasanthula kuchokera ku zitsanzo zazikulu za 1,063 zaku US zomwe zimafanana ndi zikhalidwe zakuimilira dziko lonse la US malinga ndi zomwe zikuyimira dziko lonse la US US potsatira zaka, jenda, fuko, mtundu, dera la US Census, ndi ndalama. Zosagwiritsa ntchito njira iyi zomwe sizingatheke zinapangidwanso ndi kubwezeretsedwanso ndi ntchito ya gulu la Turkprime (Litman, Robinson, & Abberbock, 2017).
Zigawo za tsambali zidasindikizidwa kale m'mapepala otsatirawa (Grubbs et al., 2020; Grubbs & Gola, 2019; Grubbs, Grant; Angelman, 2019; Grubbs, Warmke, Tosi, James, & Campbell, 2019d); komabe, palibe maphunziro omwe adayang'ana pakupanga kapena kutsimikizika kwa BPS.
Njira
Mogwirizana ndi Phunziro 2, tinangotsimikiza za iwo omwe adanena zolaula chaka chatha (N = 470; Mm'badwo = 44.9; SD = 15.9; Amuna 72%). Zoyeserera zolaula zimayesedwa, monga Phunziro 2, kugwiritsa ntchito BPS ndi njira zomwe amagwiritsa ntchito pafupipafupi zolaula, kuseweretsa maliseche zolaula, komanso kugwiritsa ntchito zolaula tsiku lililonse mphindi. Zovuta zowonjezeredwa zimayezedwa kudzera muyezo womwewo wa DSM-5 Cross-Cutting womwe wafotokozedwa mu Phunziro 2. Malingaliro omwe adadziwonetsa kuti ali ndi vuto lolaula adayesedwa ndi CPUI-9 (α = 0.91; Grubbs et al., 2010; Grubbs et al., 2015) ndi cholumikizira chake chomwe chikuwunikira Ubwino Wodzikakamiza (α = 0.93), Mavuto Akumva (α = 0.92), ndi Kuyesetsa Kofikira (α = 0.87).
Ethics
Institutional Review Board of the department of Bowling Green State University anavomera kuti Phunziro 3 ndi lopanda chilinganizo. Ophunzira onse adapereka chidziwitso pakompyuta chisanachitike kuchita nawo kafukufukuyu.
Results
A CFA pogwiritsa ntchito kuyerekezera kwa Robust DWLS adawululira BPS yabwino kwambiri pazosagwirizana (χ2 (5) = 8.64, P = 0.12; CFI = 0.99, TLI = 0.98, RMSEA = 0.03, SRMR = 0.02). Kutanthauza kwa BPS kumakhala kotsika (M = 1.92, SD = 2.69) ndipo kudalirika kwamkati kunali kwakukulu (α = 0.91). Amuna (M = 2.25, SD = 2.75) adakwera kwambiri kuposa azimayi (M = 1.12, SD = 2.39; t [1,48] = 4.04, P <0.001, a Cohen d = 0.40).
Malonda a BPS adalumikizidwa ndi zambiri pa CPUI-9 yonse (r = 0.72, P <0.001) ndi Kuzindikira Kukakamizidwa (r = 0.75, P <0.001), Ntchito Zofikira (r = 0.64, P <0.001), ndi Mavuto Amtima (r = 0.47, P <0.001) ndalama zochepa. Zambiri za BPS zidalumikizidwa ndi kuchuluka kwa zolaula zomwe zidagwiritsidwa ntchito chaka chatha (r = 0.47, P <0.001), kuchuluka kwa maliseche pazolaula chaka chatha (r = 0.43, P <0.001), kugwiritsa ntchito zolaula tsiku ndi tsiku mphindi (r = 0.33, P <0.001), ndikumva kupsinjika kwakukulu (r = 0.33, P <0.001).
Phunzirani 4
njira
Ndondomeko ndi omvera
Chitsanzo (Powonjezera Pezani 4) anali ndi amuna 703 achikulire aku Poland (azimayi 512, 72.8%) azaka 18-54 (M = 26.04, SD = 6.07). Gawo latsamba lino (amuna 191) limachokera patsamba lachifotokozero Kowalewska, Kraus, Lew-Starowicz, Gustavsson, ndi Gola (2019).
Akuluakulu onse adalembedwa kuchokera pagulu ladziko la Poland kudzera pa intaneti yotsatsa pa gumtree.pl (Mtundu wa Chipolishi wa Craigslist) ndi hiperseksualnosc.pl (tsamba la gulu lofufuzira). Ophunzira omwe adamaliza kafukufukuyu pa intaneti ndikusiya maimelo awo anali oyenera kulandira nawo mphotho zotsatirazi, zikalata zisanu zamabuku 30, 15, kapena 5 USD ndi matikiti 30 kupita kumalo owonera kanema. Maimelo onse amaimelo adasungidwa mudongosolo losiyana ndipo samalumikizidwa ndi zofunsa mafunso kuti athandizire kuti asadziwike.
Njira
Kuphatikiza pa kugwiritsa ntchito BPS, tidayesanso kusayenerera pogwiritsa ntchito kusintha kwa Chipolishi kwa UPPS-P (Poprawa, 2014). Tidayesa zolemba zogwiritsa ntchito Chipolishi cha Obsessive Compulsive Inventory - Revised (OCI-R) (Foa et al., 2002; tsatanetsatane wa kumasulira komwe kwaperekedwa mu; Gola et al., 2017a) ndi mawonekedwe a Chipolishi pa Chiyeso cha Kugonjera Kwa Kugonana - Revised (SAST-R) (Gola et al., 2017a) kuwunika (1) kuganizira kwambiri za kugonana, (2) kukhudza, (3) kusokoneza ubale ndi machitidwe azakugonana, ndi (4) kumverera kolephera kuwongolera machitidwe ogonana (SAST-R okwana α = 0.80).
Ethics
Njira zonse zidavomerezedwa ndi Ethical Committee of Institute of Psychology, Polish Academy of Science. Ophunzira onse adapatsidwa chilolezo chidziwitso asanatenge nawo phunziroli.
Results
Ma Psychometric a BPS yosinthidwa ndi Chipolishi
CFA yowonjezereka yogwiritsira ntchito kuyerekezera kwa Robust DWLS idapereka choyenera kwambiri pakuyankha chinthu chimodzi (Robust χ2 (5) = 2.12, P = 0.83; CFI = 1.00, TLI = 1.00, RMSEA = 0.00, SRMR = 0.02). Zofanana ndi maphunziro am'mbuyomu, kusinthidwa kwa Chipolishi kwa BPS kunali ndi kusasinthika kwamkati (α = 0.89) ndi kuphatikiza kwapakatikati pazogwirizana (r = 0.62). Onse, kusasinthika kwamkati komanso kutanthauza kulumikizana kwa chinthu kunali kwakukulu mwa amuna (α = 0.88; r = 0.61) kuposa akazi (α = 0.85; r = 0.54).
Monga chithunzi Gulu 3, mwachitsanzo chonse, kuchuluka kwa BPS kunali 1.92 (SD = 2.65). Amuna (M = 3.56, SD = 3.11) anali ndi masukulu okwera kwambiri a BPS poyerekeza ndi azimayi (M = 1.12, SD = 1.92), t (701) = 10.12, P <0.001, a Cohen d = 0.76). Chiwerengero cha mphindi zomwe adawonera zolaula sizinaphatikizidwe ndi ma BPS ambiri koma kwa amuna okha. Pothandizira kutsimikizika kopitilira muyeso, zambiri za BPS zidalumikizidwa bwino ndi kuwonongedwa kwa chizindikiro monga momwe amayeza ndi SAST-R. Pothandizira kutsimikizika kopanda tsankho komanso zofanana ndi Phunziro 1, sitinapeze kulumikizana pakati pazambiri za BPS ndi UPPS-P pofunafuna-kusapeza komanso kusowa kwa makonzedwe komanso kulumikizana kwakuthupi pakati pazambiri za BPS komanso kusakhala ndi changu, kufulumira, komanso kupirira. Malonda a BPS anali olumikizidwa pang'onopang'ono ndi zinthu zowoneka-zolimbikitsa (onani Gulu 3 pazamalumikizidwe onse).
Gulu 3.Zowonongeka za BPS zambiri ndi miyeso ina mwa zitsanzo za akulu ammudzi waku Poland (N = 703)
| variable | Chidule cha Zithunzi Zolaula | zosiyanasiyana | |||
| Akazi (n = 512) | Amuna (n = 191) | ||||
| r | M (SD) | r | M (SD) | ||
| Chidule cha Zithunzi Zolaula | - | 1.12 (1.92) | - | 3.56 (3.11) | 0-10 |
| Kuchuluka kwa zolaula sabata yatha (min.) | 0.07 | 60.46 (108.93) | 0.17 ∗ | 124.66 (179.12) | 1-1,200 |
| Kuyezetsa Kugonana Kwachiwerewere - Kukonzedwanso | 0.43 ∗∗ | 3.81 (2.99) | 0.61 ∗∗ | 5.51 (4.23) | 0-18 |
| Kuzindikira Kwamphamvu - Kukonzanso | 0.17 ∗∗ | 18.03 (10.38) | 0.25 ∗∗ | 19.21 (9.72) | 0-58 |
| UPPS-P Kuchita Zachangu | 0.22 ∗∗ | 29.26 (7.16) | 0.29 ∗∗ | 27.02 (7.79) | 2-48 |
| UPPS-P Kulephera Kukonzekera | 0.06 | 22.28 (5.26) | 0.14 | 21.83 (5.86) | 2-41 |
| UPPS-P Kulephera Kupirira | 0.14 ∗∗ | 20.25 (5.18) | 0.15 ∗ | 20.24 (4.92) | 2-37 |
| Kufunafuna kwa PPS-P | -0.06 | 31.22 (7.75) | -0.004 | 34.39 (7.99) | 4-48 |
| UPPS-P Posachedwa Mwadzidzidzi | 0.12 ∗∗ | 28.02 (9.54) | 0.27 ∗∗ | 28.90 (10.03) | 9-56 |
Zindikirani. *P <0.05, ∗∗P <0.01.
M = zikutanthauza; SD = kupatuka kwofananira.
Phunzirani 5
njira
Njira ndi otenga nawo mbali
Kuti tiwonetsetse za BPS yomwe yadula, tidapezanso owonjezera a 105 aku Poland azaka za pakati pa 18 ndi 55 (M = 32.94; SD = 7.45) omwe anali kufunafuna chithandizo cha CSBD, ambiri omwe adanenanso PPU (onani Mahebulo owonjezera 5 ndi 6). Gulu lofunafuna chithandizo limaphatikizapo zosintha kuchokera mu maphunziro awa: Mawuecha et al. (2018) (Amuna 9); Gola, Lew-Starowicz, Draps, ndi Kowalewska (2019) (Amuna 57); Draps ndi al. (2020) (Amuna 26); Holas, Draps, Kowalewska, Lewczuk, & Gola (2020) (Amuna 13). Gulu loyang'anira linali ndi amuna 191 achikulire azaka 18-54 (M = 26.04; SD = 6.07) kuchokera pa Phunziro 4.
Odwala omwe amafunafuna chithandizo adalembetsedwa mwa amuna omwe akufuna kulandira chithandizo cha PPU m'makliniki awiri a sexology ku Warsaw pakati pa Juni 2014 ndi Novembala 2017. Odwala onse omwe amafuna chithandizo cha PPU anakumana ndi njira zinayi mwa zisanu zomwe zimafufuza monga hypersexual diagnostic Kafka (2010) ya DSM-5.
Njira
Nditamaliza kuyankhulana koyambirira, odwala adayang'aniridwa kuti aphatikizire / kupatula njira. Kuphatikiza / kupatula njira zake zimakhudzana ndi amuna okhaokha kapena akazi okhaokha (monga zimayesedwa pogwiritsa ntchito kusintha kwa mpingo waku Kinsey Scale; Kinsey, Pomeroy, & Martin, 1948) Osakakumana ndi diganostic njira zothetsera kumwa mowaSaunders, Aasland, Babor, De la Fuente, & Grant, 1993) kapena vuto la kutchova juga (zambiri <5 pa South Oaks Gambling Screen (SOGS α = 0.70) (Lesieur & Blume, 1987). Odwala onse wamwamuna adayesedwanso ndi Structured Clinical Mafunso a DSM-IV (SCID) (Gibbon, Spitzer, Williams, Benjamin, & Choyamba, 1997) yopewa-kukakamiza, kuletsa kusokoneza, kupuma, nkhawa, malingaliro, komanso kugwiritsa ntchito mankhwala osokoneza bongo (Powonjezera Pezani 6). Odwala aamuna amakumana ndi njira zitatu za CSBD (Kraus et al., 2018) ndi zinayi chifukwa cha matenda oopsa (Kafka, 2010) ndipo palibe mwamavuto omwe tatchulawa omwe adayitanidwa kuti achite nawo kafukufukuyu.
Ethics
Njira zonse zidavomerezedwa ndi Ethical Committee of Institute of Psychology, Polish Academy of Science. Ophunzira onse adapatsidwa chilolezo chidziwitso asanatenge nawo phunziroli.
Results
Chiwerengero chapakati cha BPS cha abambo omwe amafuna chithandizo chinali 7.50 (SD = 2.58) ndipo anali wamkulu kwambiri kuposa amuna omwe safuna chithandizo, 3.56 (SD = 3.12), z = 14.66, P <0.001, a Cohen d = 1.38. Tidayesa mtundu wa a priori gulu losankhidwa la odwala (n = 105) motsutsana ndi amuna onse ochokera pagululi (Phunziro 4, n = 191) (onani Chith. 1 for ROC curve). Curve ya ROC yalanda malo a 82.2% ya zinthu zisanu zoyeserera (SE = 0.02; P <0.001), yodziwika ndi 95% yodalira malire ndi malire a 77.5% ndi 86.9%. Monga momwe tawonetsera Gulu 4, mtengo wodulidwa ndi 4, pomwe kuzindikira kwawo ndi 58.42%, kuchuluka kwa 90.48%, mtengo wolosera wabwino 91.74% (95% CI 85.88% -95.30%), mtengo wolosera wolakwika 54.60% (95% CI 50.12% -59.00 %), komanso kulondola 69.83% (95% CI 64.24 %-75.02%). Mtengo wodulidwa wa 5 amadziwika ndi kumva kwa 68.42% komanso kutanthauza kwa 83.81% (onani. Gulu 4).
Phunziro 5, ROC yokhotakhota ya BPS yosinthidwa ndi akuPoland kwa omwe akufuna chithandizo chovuta kugwiritsa ntchito zolaula (Zambiri za 4 kapena zapamwamba)
Ndemanga: Zolemba za Achinyamata Ochita Kugonjera J Behav 9, 2; 10.1556/2006.2020.00038
Gulu 4.Kusanthula kwa ROC kwa Screen Briction ya Zolaula (BPS) yokhala ndi zambiri zomwe zingachitike
| kuwirikiza kawiri | Mtengo wa 4 pa BPS | Mtengo wa 5 pa BPS | ||
| mtengo | 95% CI | mtengo | 95% CI | |
| Kutengeka | 58.4% | 51.1 - 65.5% | 68.4% | 61.3 - 75.0% |
| Zenizeni | 90.5% | 83.2 - 95.3% | 83.8% | 75.6 - 90.3% |
| Kusangalatsa Kwachidziwikire | 6.13 | 3.36-11.20 | 4.23 | 2.71-6.60 |
| Kusasinthika kwa Kuyipa Kwa Kuyipa | 0.46 | 0.38-0.55 | 0.38 | 0.30-0.47 |
| Matenda ofala | 64.4% | 58.7 - 69.9% | 64.4% | 58.7 - 69.9% |
| Mtengo Wabwino Kwambiri | 91.7% | 85.8 - 95.3% | 88.4% | 83 - 92.3% |
| Mtengo Wosatsutsika Woyipa | 54.6% | 50.1 - 59% | 59.5% | 53.9 - 64.8% |
| lolondola | 69.8% | 64.2 - 75% | 73.9% | 68.5 - 78.8% |
Kuyesa kusintha kwa PPU pakati pa odwala omwe amafuna chithandizo, tinayerekezera BPS zambiri za amuna 57 athu kuchokera kumayesedwe athu azachipatala isanachitike komanso itatha miyezi iwiri ya pharmacotherapy ndi naltrexone kapena paroxetine (Gola et al., 2019) pogwiritsa ntchito chitsanzo chodalira t-. Zambiri za BPS ndizosiyanasiyana potsatira chithandizo (t (56) = 6.75; P <0.001, a Cohen d = 1.80), wokhala ndi ma BPS okwera ambiri asanachiritsidwe (M = 8.54; SD = 1.77) kuposa pambuyo pa miyezi iwiri ya chithandizo (M = 5.75; SD = 2.97).
Kukambirana
Kafukufuku waposachedwa adayesa BPS, chida chofufuzira mwachidule, pozindikira PPU yomwe ingachitike. Njira yolimba yampangidwe yomwe imagwiritsidwa ntchito m'maphunziro athu sinagwiritsidwepo ntchito kale popanga masikelo omwe adapangidwa kuti ayese PPU. Ponseponse, BPS ndiyabwino mwamaganizidwe monga zikuwonetsedwa ndi miyeso yodalirika komanso yovomerezeka pamasampulu angapo, ndikupereka chithandizo choyambirira chogwiritsira ntchito machitidwe azachipatala, ngakhale kuti kafukufuku wowonjezera amafunikira kuti adziwe momwe angagwiritsire ntchito anthu ofuna chithandizo mokwanira.
Ntchito isanachitike idawonetsa kuti amuna, abale ndi akazi, amawonera ndikuchita zolaula nthawi zambiri (Bothe et al., 2018; Grubbs, Wilt, Exline, & Pargament, 2018a; Wright, 2013), ndipo izi zidawoneka pamitundu isanu yonseyi. Pogwirizana ndi kafukufuku wakale, tapeza kuti, amuna, poyerekeza ndi azimayi, adanenanso zakukhudzana ndi zolaula (Bothe et al., 2018; Kor et al., 2014). Phunziro lathu ndiwopadera chifukwa tidasanthula momwe ma psychometric amatha pakati pa zitsanzo zisanu (mwachitsanzo, ma veteran aku US, zitsanzo ziwiri zazikulu za akuluakulu ku US, achikulire aku Poland, ndi odwala amuna aku Poland omwe akalandira chithandizo cha CSBD). Poganizira kusiyanasiyana kwa zitsanzo zomwe tapeza kuti tiwunikenso ma psychometric a BPS, tikukhulupirira kuti zomwe zapezazi zili ndi zotsatirapo zamagulu onse azachipatala komanso osakhala azachipatala ochokera mayiko osiyanasiyana. Komabe, ndi zomwe zanenedwa, kusamala kumalangizidwabe, ndipo tikulimbikitsa kufufuza kwina kuti zitsimikizire BPS kuti ikhale ndi anthu ambiri azachipatala, makamaka pakati pa azimayi ndi ang'onoang'ono ogonana ndi amuna ndi akazi omwe akufuna chithandizo cha PPU.
Kupenda kwathu koyambirira kwa zinthu zisanu ndi chimodzi zomwe zili mu Phunziro 1 kunavumbulutsa kuti chinthu chimodzi chinali chosasokonekera, ndipo kupendanso kwina kunati kuchotsa. Pafupifupi maphunzirowa, mawonekedwe achinsinsi omwe adawonetsedwa akuwonetsa kusasunthika kwamkati komanso kupanga, kusinthanitsa, kusankha, komanso kuvomerezeka. Monga zikuyembekezeredwa, ma BPS ambiri adalumikizana kwambiri ndi masikelo ena akuwunika a PPU (mwachitsanzo, CPUI-9 (Grubbs et al., 2015) ndi PPUS (Kor et al., 2014)) Pokhapokha ngati zikugwirizana ndi chizindikiro kuwonetsa kuyesereraReid, Garos et al., 2011a; Reid, Li et al., 2011b) kapena zizolowezi zogonana (Gola et al., 2017b). Chifukwa chake, nsalu yotchinga imalumikizidwa kwambiri ndi miyeso yoyesedwa ya PPU koma imalumikizidwa ndi miyambo yokhudzana ndi CSBD (mwachitsanzo, kuwongolera mphamvu, kulephera kuyesa). Sitinakonzekere BPS kuti ikhale ngati protocol ya CSBD. Kafukufuku akuwonetsa, komabe, kuti PPU ndi imodzi mwamavuto omwe amadziwika kwambiri pakati pa anthu omwe akufuna chithandizo chaumoyo cha CSBD (Kraus, Meshberg-Cohen, Martino, Quinones, & Potenza, 2015a; Kraus, Potenza et al., 2015b; Reid et al., 2012). Chifukwa chake, BPS ikhoza kukhala chida chothandiza kuzindikira PPU pakati pa anthu omwe akufuna chithandizo cha CSBD. Zowunikira zowonjezera pazachipatala zimafunikira kuti zidziwike kukhalapo kwa CSBD, yomwe imatha kuwonetsedwa ngati PPU pakati pa anthu omwe akufuna chithandizo omwe ali ndi zosiyana siyana pazachipatala (Kraus & Sweeney, 2019).
Tidapezanso kuti, zambiri, BPS zambiri sizinaphatikizidwe mwachisawawa ndi impulsivity (Cyders et al., 2014; Lynam et al., 2006) ndi mawonekedwe okakamiza (Foa et al., 2002). Pothandizira ntchito zam'mbuyo (Bőthe et al., 2018, 2019), Zambiri zaku BPS zidasinthidwa modabwitsa ndi miyambo ya zikuluzikulu zakukhumudwa ndi kukhumudwa; tapezanso kulumikizana kwapakati pakati pa zambiri za BPS komanso miyeso yakukhudzidwa ndikuwona zolaula ndikuyang'ana zolaula pazinthu zina (Grubbs, Perry, Zofuna, & Reid, 2019c). Monga taonera kwina (Kor et al., 2014), tidapezanso kuyanjana pang'ono pakati pa kuwonera zolaula ndi PPU monga momwe anayeza ndi BPS, ngakhale kuti ubalewo unawoneka wolimba pakati pazambiri za BPS komanso kuseweretsa maliseche pafupipafupi. Tinkayembekezera mayanjano oterowo pakati pa oonera zolaula ndi mbiri ya BPS. Monga tafotokozeredwa mu ntchito zina (Gola, Lewczuk, & Skorko, 2016; Kraus, Martino, et al., 2016a; Bőthe et al. 2020,, tidapezanso kuti kuwonera zolaula sikutanthauza chizindikiro cha PPU. Mwa zitsanzo zonse ziwiri zaku US, tidapeza kuchuluka kwa anthu (makamaka abambo) akuponya anayi kapena akulu ku BPS.1
Kafukufuku owonjezera amafunikira pakukhazikitsa njira za BPS zogwiritsira ntchito zolaula, zomwe zimatha kusiyanasiyana malinga ndi jenda, zaka, komanso mwina pazinthu zina pazachuma. Kupitilira apo, kafukufuku akuwonekeranso pankhani yophunzira kugwiritsa ntchito zolaula, ndipo pakufunikira ntchito yochulukirapo kuti idziwe zoopsa komanso zoteteza zomwe zimakhudzana ndi PPU. Kuphatikizanso, kupeza mitundu yayikulu, yazachikazi kumapereka mwayi wowunikira kwambiri zotsatira zakugonana mukamaphunzira PPU mu zitsanzo zosagwirizana ndi zamankhwala. Pali chosowa china chofufuzira PPU mwa amayi omwe akuwonetsa kuchuluka kwa zolaula (mwachitsanzo, tsiku lililonse, kangapo patsiku). Gululi silinayimilidwe chimodzimodzi pamitundu yathu komanso pa bolodi, azimayi omwe amagwiritsa ntchito zolaula nthawi zambiri amafotokoza milandu yotsika poyerekeza ndi amuna. Zotsatira za amayi, makamaka, ziyenera kuchenjezedwa, chifukwa zotsatira zathu zimakhudzidwa ndi kukula kocheperako, ndikufufuza kopitilira muyeso wokhudzana ndi jenda mwa amayi a PPU ndikulimbikitsidwa. Monga zachitika pofufuza waposachedwa (Bőthe et al. 2020), tikuperekanso kuti kuyesedwa koyimira pakati pa amuna ndi akazi ndi BPS kuchitike kuti ipitilize kufufuzanso za ma psychometric ake ndi akazi kapena magulu osiyanasiyana.
Mphamvu yayikulu yamaphunziro athu aposachedwa ndikuti tidaphatikiza zitsanzo za abambo omwe amafuna chithandizo cha CSBD kuti azindikire chidwi chake komanso momwe chithunzi chake chilili PPU. Makamaka, mu Phunziro 5, tinayima palokha patokha a PPU mwa amuna 105 omwe adalemba mayeso azachipatala a CSBD. Pambuyo poyerekeza odwala CSBD ndi omwe sanakhudze omwe sanakhudzidwe, tinatsimikiza kuti koyamba kudula kachipatala ku BPS akhale anayi. Monga momwe tikumasulira pakali pano, kuchuluka kwa anayi kapena kupitilira pa BPS kuyeneranso kuvomerezedwa ndi katswiri wa zaumoyo ku PPU. Komabe, kuchuluka pakati pa amuna ofunafuna chithandizo ku Chipolishi (omwe amadziwika kuti ndi amuna kapena akazi okhaokha) komanso akatswiri omenyera ufulu wofuna kulandira chithandizo ku PPU adanenanso zambiri pamwambapa 6. Zotheka kuti kudulidwa komwe kumakhalako kumachepera panayi, ndi kuchuluka kwa zisanu ndi chimodzi kapena kupitirira , mwina kuwonetsa kufunikira kwa ntchito zamankhwala. Kukonzanso kwina ndi zitsanzo zachipatala komanso zopanda matenda kuti muwonetsetse kuti mulibe gawo labwino pa BPS ndizoyenera. Malingaliro odulidwawo akuyenera kutanthauziridwa mosamala pakali pano.
Ngakhale ndikulonjeza, phunziroli lili ndi malire ambiri. Choyamba, ngakhale anayi mwa zitsanzo zisanuzi adaphatikiza azimayi, kafukufuku wowonjezera pa PPU mwa amayi ndi anthu osiyanasiyana amafunika kuthana ndi malingaliro okhudzana ndi jenda komanso kusiyanasiyana. Zoyambirira zimanenanso kuti azimayi ndi ocheperapo kwambiri kuposa abambo omwe angafune chithandizo cha PPU (Lewczuk, Szmyd, Skorko, & Gola, 2017). Chowonjezera china ndikuti tidangopeza zitsanzo za amuna achibwenzi achi Kipolishi kuti adziwe kuchuluka kwa madokotala omwe adadula matenda a BPS, ndipo ntchito yamtsogolo ikufunika kudziwa gawo la amayi komanso anthu azachipatala ochokera kumaiko ena komanso anthu osiyana zikhalidwe. zotengera. Pakadali pano, tiribe umboni wonena kuti pakhale maudindo osiyanasiyana a amuna ndi akazi kapena magulu ena ake. Tikukayikira kuti kuwonjezeranso kuphunzira kwa PPU pamitundu yayikulu, yosiyanasiyana ya abambo ndi amai, magulu ochepa pa akazi ndi amuna, komanso magulu ena, kuphatikizapo zitsanzo zachipatala komanso zopanda matenda, zikuthandizira kuzindikira ambiri omwe ali ndi mwayi wotsimikizira anthu omwe ali ndi PPU.
Komanso, tikuvomereza kuti kafukufuku wowonjezereka amafunikanso kutsimikizira njira za BPS komanso njira zina za PPU m'maiko osakhala azungu komanso zitsanzo zamitundu yosiyanasiyana komanso m'magulu ochepera. Kupitilira muyeso kwa kafukufuku wochokera ku maiko aku Western kwachepetsa kumvetsetsa kwathu PPU pakati pa zikhalidwe ndi mafuko osiyanasiyana. Ndizotheka kuti gawo lomwe lingakhalepo pa BPS lingasiyane potengera jenda kapena chikhalidwe, ndipo ntchito yowonjezera ndiyofunika kudziwa malo oyenera a magulu azachipatala komanso opanda matenda. Pokhazikika pamenepa, maphunziro azikhalidwe zamitundu mitundu komanso zingapo zowunika momwe BPS ikufunikira. Zowonjezera zomwe tikufuna ndikuti sitinagwiritse ntchito kuyankhulana kwamankhwala anayi pazophunzirazi kuyambira pomwe tidadalira zozikika zochokera pa intaneti zomwe zimaperekedwa chifukwa cha zovuta ndi zovuta zolembera magulu akulu a abambo ndi amayi ochokera kosiyanasiyana. Zambiri ndi mayankho zimasiyana pamlingo wina pamene sing'anga imaperekedwa kumaso ndi asing'anga. Kuphatikiza apo, mu maphunziro amtsogolo omwe ali ndi zitsanzo zazikulu, zamitundu yambiri zotsimikizika mwachipatala kudzera pazofunsidwa, malingaliro othandizira poyankha zinthu (IRT) atha kugwiritsidwa ntchito kuti azitha kudziwa komwe anthu ali pomwepo PPU, ndipo zolaula zimagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri, pogwiritsa ntchito BPS ndi kupereka kumveketsa kowonjezereka ndi kuwongolera kwa ziwonetsero zomwe zingadule. Kuphatikiza apo, chifukwa Phunziro 5 lidangokhala ndi amuna omwe adadzilemba okha kuti ndi amuna kapena akazi okhaokha, timalimbikitsa kupitiliza kufufuza ndi BPS kuti muphatikize amuna ogonana amuna kapena akazi okhaokha komanso zikhalidwe zina zogonana posankha zomwe angadule PPU.
Kugwiritsa ntchito kwa BPS ngati chida chachipatala kuyenera kuonedwa kosiyana ndi zofunikira zake ngati chida chomvetsetsa PPU m'maphunziro a anthu. Zowonjezereka, ntchito yamtsogolo ikuyenera kuwunikira ndikulongosola kugwiritsa ntchito ndi kutanthauzira kwabwino kwambiri kwa masipoti a BPS m'mazipatala osagwirizana ndi matenda. Monga tafotokozera kwinaKraus & Sweeney, 2019), ndikofunikira kufufuza PPU pakati pa anthu omwe akufuna chithandizo chamankhwala ndikumvetsetsa zomwe zimapangitsa munthu kufunafuna chithandizo. Zomwe zili zonse komanso zopinga posamalira PPU sizinayesedwebe mokwanira komanso zimafunikira chisamaliro china. Pakadali pano, tikuganiza kuti mawonekedwe abwino pa BPS sayenera kutanthauziridwa ngati chidziwitso cha vuto lomwe lili ndi matenda amisala. Popeza BPS sichifunsa za kusokonezedwa pazochitika zazikulu za moyo zomwe zikufotokozedwa mwatsatanetsatane wazidziwitso za CSBD, kuwunika koteroko kuyenera kuchitidwa kwa anthu osanthula bwino za BPS. Kufufuza kwamtsogolo ndikofunikira kuyesa ndikutsimikizira BPS pakati pamitundu yosiyanasiyana yogwiritsa ntchito kapangidwe kandalama komanso zaumwini. Zina, monga kusakhazikika kwamakhalidwe abwino ndi matenda amisala (kugwiritsa ntchito mankhwala osokoneza bongo, kupumula) ndi zikhalidwe zamankhwala (dementia, Parkinson), ziyenera kuganiziridwanso poyesa PPU ndikuwona momwe angapangire chithandizo chamankhwalaMtundu, Antons, Wegmann, & Potenza, 2019; Grubbs & Perry, 2019; Grubbs, Perry, Zofuna, & Reid, 2019c; Grubbs, Wilt, Exline, Pargament, & Kraus, 2018b; Kraus & Sweeney, 2019). Ofufuza (Štulhofer, Bergeron, & Jurin, 2016a; Štulhofer, Jurin, & Briken, 2016b) tawonanso kuti zinthu monga chikhumbo chachikulu chakugonana zidakhalabe zovuta kuzisala koyerekeza, zomwe zimadzetsa nkhawa zokhudzana ndi momwe PPU imagwirira ntchito. Kafukufuku wina wowunika chikhumbo chachikulu cha kugonana ndi / kapena machitidwe pakati pamagulu osiyanasiyana amafunikira pamene ofufuza ndi asing'anga amapanga zida zowunika PPU molondola. Malingaliro omwewo akupezeka pakuwunika kupanda ungwiro monga momwe amafotokozedwera mu CSBD.
Makamaka, kafukufuku wowonjezereka amafunikira kuti ayese kuyesa-kubwereza komanso kumva komanso kuwonekera pakati pa zitsanzo zachipatala komanso zopanda matenda pogwiritsa ntchito BPS. Popeza kufupika kwa BPS (1-2 mphindi kumaliza), kufufuza kowonjezera kuyenera kuyendetsa kugwiritsa ntchito kwake pazachipatala ndi azachipatala kuzindikira anthu omwe ali ndi PPU omwe angapindule ndi chithandizo. Pomaliza, kuyesa kwathu koyambirira kwa BPS kukuwonetsa kuti ndizopanga nzeru, zazifupi, komanso zosavuta kugwiritsa ntchito pazachipatala komanso pazovuta zamankhwala zomwe zili ndi mwayi waukulu wogwiritsidwa ntchito pakupezeka kwa madera ena apadziko lonse lapansi.
Magwero azandalama
Olembawa adafotokozera kulandira chithandizo chotsatira cha kafukufukuyu, kulemba, ndi kufalitsa nkhaniyi. Study 1 idathandizidwa ndi thandizo lochokera ku Dipatimenti ya Veterans Affairs Office of Research and Development, Clinical Science Research and Development (ZDA1, PI Rani A. Hoff) ndi VISN 1 New England MIRECC (PI Shane W. Kraus). Maphunziro 2 ndi 3 adathandizidwa ndi ndalama zamagulu zoperekedwa ndi Bowling Green State University (PI Joshua Grubbs). Maphunziro 4 ndi 5 adathandizidwa ndi National Science Center of Poland (2014/15 / B / HS6 / 03792; PI M. Gola).
Steven D. Shirk, Steve Martino, ndi Rani A. Hoff ndi antchito anthawi zonse a Department of Veterans Affairs. Dr. Potenza alandila thandizo kuchokera ku Connecticut State department of Mental Health and Addiction Services, ku Connecticut Mental Health Center, ndi ku Connecticut Council pa Vuto Kutchova Njuga. Mad. Kraus, Potenza ndi Shirk alandila thandizo ku National Center for Responsible Gaming. Mabungwe azandalama sanapereke ndemanga kapena ndemanga zomwe zalembedwa, ndipo zomwe zalembedwazo zikuwonetsa zopereka ndi malingaliro a alembowo ndipo sizikuwonetsa malingaliro a mabungwe othandizira.
Zopereka za olemba
SWK adaganiza ndipo adalemba zoyambirira. SWK, RAH, MNP, ndi SM adathandizira pakupanga deta komanso kusanthula deta pa Phunziro 1. JBG inathandizira kuti deta isakanikidwe ndikuwunika kwa Maphunziro 2 ndi 3. MG, EK, ndi ML anathandizira pakupanga deta komanso kusanthula kwa Maphunziro 4 ndi 5. SDS idapereka kuyang'anira zowerengera pa Phunziro 1 ndikuwongolera maphunziro enawo. Olemba onse adapereka ndemanga, amawerenga, ndikuwunikiranso zolemba pamanja zisanaperekedwe. SWK ndi olemba ena adavomereza kusanja komaliza kwa zolemba pamanja.
Mikangano pazokonda
Olembawo sananene kuti pali zotsutsana zilizonse pazokhudza kusaka, kulemba ndi kusindikiza nkhaniyi.
| Chidule cha Zithunzi Zolaula (BPS) | tsiku: | ||
| ID #: | |||
| Mayendedwe: M'miyezi 6 yapitayi, kodi zina mwa zinthu izi zidakuchitikirani chifukwa chogwiritsa ntchito zolaula? | Never | Nthawi zina | Nthawi zambiri |
| 0 | 1 | 2 |
| 0 | 1 | 2 |
| 0 | 1 | 2 |
| 0 | 1 | 2 |
| 0 | 1 | 2 |
Kulemba. Kujambula kwa 4 ≥ kumawoneka ngati chophimba pakugwiritsira ntchito zolaula. Kupimidwa kowonjezera kuti mugwiritse ntchito zolaula zovuta kumalimbikitsidwa.
1Mwa ogwiritsa ntchito zolaula zaka zam'mbuyomu, 25% (20.6% ya azimayi, 28.6% ya amuna) adagwira anayi kapena kupitilira pa BPS (13.8% yonse; 7.6% ya akazi; 20.2% ya amuna).
2Mwa ogwiritsa ntchito zolaula zaka zam'mbuyomu, 30.1% (11.6% ya azimayi; 32.8% ya amuna) adachita zinayi kapena kupitilira (11.6% yonse; 1.9% ya azimayi; 10.1% ya amuna).
Deta yowonjezera
Zowonjezera pa nkhaniyi zitha kupezeka pa intaneti pa https://doi.org/10.1515/jba.2020.00038.
Zothandizira
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