Zolaula ndi maphunziro a Achinyamata alembedwa pansipa. An (L) patsogolo pa ulalowu akuwonetsa nkhani, makamaka yokhudza kafukufuku. Zolemba ndi makanema awa a YBOP atha kukhala osangalatsa:
- N'chifukwa Chiyani Sindiyenera Kuonera Johnny Watch Porn Ngati Amamukonda?
- Kugonana koyamba: Only The Science Please
- Achinyamata Amagwiritsa Ntchito Zambiri Kuti Apeze Mojo wawo
- Video: Ubongo Wachikulire Umathamanga Kwambiri pa Intaneti pa Intaneti (2013)
Ndemanga zamabuku & meta-kusanthula (pofika tsiku lofalitsa):
Zotsatira za Zolaula pa Intaneti pa Ukwati ndi Banja: Kubwereza kafukufuku (2006) - Zolemba:
Kufufuza njira zowonongeka za zolaula za pa Intaneti, komabe, ndizosawerengeka ndipo gawo la kafukufuku wamakono ndilochepa. Kufufuza kwa kafukufuku komwe kulipo kunali kochitidwa ndipo zowonongeka zambiri zinawululidwa. Ngakhale zambiri sizikudziwika pokhudzana ndi zolaula za pa Intaneti paukwati ndi mabanja, deta yomwe ilipo imapereka chidziwitso choyamba cha opanga ndondomeko, ophunzitsira, odwala, ndi ochita kafukufuku.
Zotsatira zachindunji kwa ana ndi achinyamata Zotsatira zotsatirazi zimaonedwa kuti zimakhudza kwambiri ana ndi achinyamata omwe amagwiritsa ntchito kapena kukumana ndi zolaula okha:
1. Ngakhale zili zoletsedwa, achinyamata amakhala ndi zovuta zolaula ndipo izi zingathe kukhumudwitsa, kusokoneza, kuzunza, ndi / kapena kusintha mankhwala.
2. Achinyamata nthawi zambiri amakakamizidwa, kunyengedwa, kusocheretsedwa, kapena "kugwedezeka" pofuna kuona zolaula pa Intaneti.
3. Kafufuzidwe amasonyeza kuti kuonera zithunzi zolaula kungathandize achinyamata kukhala osakayikira komanso kuti nthawi zambiri amagwiritsa ntchito malingaliro monga kusekedwa, mantha, manyazi, mkwiyo, mantha, ndi chisoni.
4. Kuwonetsa zithunzi zolaula pa Intaneti ndi / kapena kutenga nawo mbali pazokambirana za kugonana kungapweteke chikhalidwe cha achinyamata ndi kugonana kwa achinyamata komanso kuchepetsa kupambana kwawo mu ubale wam'tsogolo.
5. Zithunzi zolaula zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito paunyamata zakhala zikugwirizana ndi kugonana koyambirira, komanso kuwonjezeka kwa kugonana ndi abambo komanso kugonana ndi anthu omwe sali nawo pachibwenzi.
Zambiri Zokhudza Media Pazoyeserera Za Kugonana pa Achinyamata Kuwerengera Kuyankha Kwambiri (2011) - Zolemba:
Kafukufuku wokhudzana ndi zomwe zikuluzikulu zofalitsa pamafilimu azogonana achichepere sizinachedwe kuchulukana ngakhale pali umboni wanthawi yayitali wazolimbikitsa kugonana. Zomwe zikuwonetsa pa nkhani zakugonana zasintha kwambiri m'zaka zaposachedwa. Cholinga cha mutuwu ndikuwunikanso magawo omwe amapezeka pazochitika zokhudzana ndi kugonana kuti adziwe ngati ntchito iyi ikutsimikizira kuti izi zatheka. Miyezo yomwe imayambitsa kukhudzika kochokera kwa Cook ndi Campbell (1979) imagwiritsidwa ntchito kuti izi zitheke. Akuti kafukufuku yemwe apeza mpaka pano amapititsa patsogolo gawo lililonse pazowonjezera zilizonse komanso kuti atolankhani ambiri amachititsa chidwi cha achinyamata ku United States.
Zotsatira za Zithunzi Zolaula pa Intaneti pa Achinyamata: Kupenda kafukufuku (2012) - Kuchokera pamapeto:
Kuchulukirapo kwa intaneti ndi achinyamata kukupanga mwayi wophunzirapo kanthu pa zakugonana, kuphunzira, ndi kukula. Komanso, chiopsezo chowopsa chomwe chimawonekera m'mabukuwo chapangitsa ofufuza kuti apeze kafukufuku wokhudzana ndi zolaula za pa intaneti kuti athandizire kulumikizana. Kafukufukuyu akuwonetsa kuti achinyamata omwe amamuonera zolaula atha kukhala ndi zikhulupiriro komanso zikhulupiriro zosatheka. Mwa zomwe zapezedwa, kuchuluka kwakazolowera zogonana, chidwi chogonana, komanso kuyeserera zakugonana zakhala zikugwirizana ndi kugwiritsa ntchito zolaula pafupipafupi…. Komabe, zopeza zosasintha zalumikizana ndikugwiritsa ntchito zolaula kwa achinyamata zomwe zikuwonetsera zachiwawa ndi milingo yowonjezereka ya mchitidwe wogonana.
Zolemba zimasonyezanso ubale wina pakati pa achinyamata omwe amagwiritsa ntchito zolaula. Atsikana akuti amadziona kuti ndi otsika poyerekeza ndi azimayi omwe amawaona pazolaula, pomwe anyamata amawopa kuti mwina sangakhale ovutitsidwa kapena otha kuchita ngati abambo pazosezi. Achinyamata amanenanso kuti kugwiritsa ntchito zolaula kunachepa pamene kudzidalira kwawo komanso chitukuko cha anthu zikuchulukirachulukira. Kuphatikiza apo, kafukufuku akuwonetsa kuti achinyamata omwe amagwiritsa ntchito zolaula, makamaka omwe amapezeka pa intaneti, ali ndi magawo ocheperako ogwirizanitsidwa ndi anzawo, amawonjezeka pamavuto azikhalidwe, machitidwe apamwamba onyenga, kuchuluka kwa zisonyezo zokhumudwitsa, ndikuchepetsa mgwirizano wogwirizana ndi omwe akuwasamalira.
Chibadwidwe Chatsopano Chogonana (2013) - Ngakhale sikunali kuwunika, inali imodzi mwa mapepala oyamba kusiyanitsa achinyamata omwe amagwiritsa ntchito zolaula ngati "apamwamba" a CSB. Mapeto:
Akuti chizolowezi chogonana chitha kusiyanitsidwa ndi ma etiologies awiri apadera. Wokonda "wamasiku ano" akuti ndiwosiyanako chifukwa chakuwonetsedwa kwazomwe zakhala zikuchitika pazikhalidwe zokhudzana ndi kugonana komwe kumapangitsa kuti anthu azichita zachiwerewere, pomwe "chizolowezi" choyipa chimayendetsedwa ndi zoopsa, kuzunzidwa, kudzimva kosasunthika, kusokonekera kwa kuwongolera, manyazi, manyazi -zidziwitso zochokera, komanso zovuta zam'maganizo. Ngakhale onse atha kugawana zofananira (machitidwe okakamiza, kusokonezeka kwa malingaliro, kuwonongeka kwa ubale), etiology ndi zina zamankhwala zitha kukhala zosiyana.
"Kugonana" kwachikale, pamene akukangana kwambiri, adayang'anitsitsa kwambiri mufukufuku, m'madera ogwira ntchito, komanso mu chikhalidwe chodziwika bwino. Njira zothandizira, ngakhale sizikufalikira, ziri zosiyanasiyana ndipo zilipo, ngakhale pokhapokha ngati maphunziro ovomerezeka okhudzana ndi kugonana akuchitidwa ku United States, omwe amachititsa odwala matendawa kukhala ogwira ntchito ndi "chikhalidwe" chogonana.
Kugonana kwamakono, komabe, ndichinthu chosadziwika, makamaka kwa ana ndi achinyamata. Kafukufuku ndi zolemba ndizochepa ndipo, chosangalatsa, zimasindikizidwa nthawi zambiri kuchokera kumayiko akunja kwa United States (He, Li, Guo, & Jiang, 2010; Yen et al., 2007). Kafukufuku wokhudza atsikana komanso chizolowezi chogonana sichipezeka. Chithandizo chapadera cha ana ndi achinyamata omwe amaphunzitsidwa zakugonana ndizachilendo kwambiri. Komabe ana ambiri, achinyamata, ndi achikulire akusowa chithandizo chamankhwala chotere, ndipo akatswiri akuchedwa kuyankha. Kafukufuku, zokambirana, ndi maphunziro amafunikira mwachangu kuti athe kukwaniritsa zosowa za achichepere kwambiri pakati pa anthu athu omwe akulimbana ndi mchitidwe wogonana.
Kodi kugonana ndizatsopano zokhudzana ndi chiwerewere ndi achinyamata? Kuwongolera mwatsatanetsatane ndi kusanthula meta (2016) - Kuchokera kumabuku:
Results: Maphunziro khumi ndi anayi, onse opanga magawo onse pakupanga, adakwaniritsa njira zophatikizira. Kafukufuku zisanu ndi chimodzi (omwe ali ndi 10 352) adayesa kuyang'ana kwa achinyamata ku SEWs ndi asanu ndi atatu (omwe ali ndi 10 429) adayesa kutumizirana zolaula. Panali kusintha kwakukulu pamaphunziro onse pofotokozera komanso matanthauzidwe ake. Meta-amafufuza adawona kuti kuwonetsa kwa SEW kudalumikizidwa ndi kugonana kopanda kondomu; kutumizirana zolaula kumalumikizidwa ndi kugonana komwe kumagonana, zochitika zaposachedwa zamankhwala, kumwa mowa komanso kugwiritsa ntchito mankhwala osokoneza bongo musanagonane, Maphunziro ambiri anali ndi kusintha kocheperako kwa omwe angakhumudwe.
Mawuwo: Kafukufuku wapansi akuwonetsa kuyanjana kolimba pakati pa kudziwonetsa zomwe zili zolaula pazowulutsa zatsopano komanso machitidwe azakugonana mwa achinyamata. Kufufuza kwa nthawi yayitali kumapereka mwayi wina wowonjezera kusokoneza, komanso kumvetsetsa bwino njira zomwe zimayambira m'mabungwe omwe amapenyerera.
Media ndi Sexualization: Boma la Kafukufuku Wofufuza, 1995-2015 (2016) - Kuchokera pamabatani:
Cholinga cha ndemangayi chinali kupanga zofufuza zoyenera za zotsatira zoyezetsa zolaula. Cholinga chake chinali pa kafukufuku wofalitsidwa m'mabuku a chinenero cha Chingerezi pakati pa 1995 ndi 2015. Zonse za 109 zolemba zomwe zili ndi maphunziro a 135 zinayankhidwa. Zomwe anapezazi zinapereka umboni wosatsutsika wakuti ma laboratory komanso maulendo onse, zomwe zimachitika tsiku ndi tsiku, zimakhudzana ndi zotsatira zosiyanasiyana, kuphatikizapo kuchuluka kwa kusakhutira thupi, kudzikonda kwambiri, kuthandizidwa kwambiri ndi zikhulupiliro za kugonana komanso zikhulupiliro zokhudzana ndi kugonana, komanso Kulekerera kwambiri chiwawa chogonana kwa amayi. Kuwonjezera pamenepo, kufotokozera mwachidziwitso ku zinthu izi kumapangitsa amayi ndi abambo kukhala ndi lingaliro lochepa la luso la amai, chikhalidwe, ndi umunthu.
Achinyamata ndi Zithunzi Zolaula: Kubwereza Zaka Zakafukufuku za 20 (2016) - Kuchokera pamabatani:
Cholinga cha kuwunikaku chinali kukonza zofufuza zamphamvu zomwe zidasindikizidwa muma magazine a Chingerezi omwe ali pakati pa 1995 ndi 2015 pazowonekera, zoneneratu, komanso zomwe achinyamata amagwiritsa ntchito pazolaula. Kafukufukuyu adawonetsa kuti achinyamata amagwiritsa ntchito zolaula, koma kuchuluka kwa kuchuluka kunali kosiyanasiyana. Achinyamata omwe amagwiritsa ntchito zolaula nthawi zambiri anali amuna, pamalo opitilira patsogolo kwambiri, omasaka zamalingaliro, ndipo anali ndi mabanja ofooka kapena ovuta. Kugwiritsa ntchito zolaula kumalumikizidwa ndi malingaliro olaula ogonana ndipo amayanjanitsidwa ndi zikhulupiriro zamphamvu zogonana. Zinkawonekeranso kuti ndizokhudzana ndi zochitika zogonana, chidwi chachikulu chogonana, komanso kuchita zachiwerewere zambiri, pokhudzana ndi kupindika komanso kuchitiridwa nkhanza.
Ndemanga iyi idawunikira kafukufuku wamtsogolo womwe umayang'ana zotsatira za zinthu zolaula pazikhalidwe za achinyamata, zikhulupiriro ndi machitidwe awo.
Cholinga cha phunziroli chinali kupereka malingaliro owunikira a maphunziro ataliatali omwe amayang'ana kwambiri zotsatira za kugwiritsidwa ntchito kwa zinthu zolaula pa achinyamata. Magulu angapo apadera pakati pazinthu zolaula ndi malingaliro a achinyamata, zikhulupiliro ndi zomwe adachita zidafotokozedwa m'maphunzirowa. Zinthu zolaula zimawoneka kuti zimakhudza malingaliro angapo okhudzana ndi kugonana, zikhulupiriro zokhudzana ndi jenda, mwayi wokhala wogonana komanso wogonana.
Kafukufuku wowunikidwayo adapeza kuti kugwiritsa ntchito zolaula kumakhudza malingaliro ndi zikhulupiriro za achinyamata, monga kutengeka ndi kugonana (Peter & Valkenburg, 2008b), kusatsimikizika pazakugonana (Peter & Valkenburg, 2010a; van Oosten, 2015), the kukakamira azimayi (Peter & Valkenburg, 2009a), kukhutitsidwa ndi kugonana (Peter & Valkenburg, 2009b), malingaliro azisangalalo ndi zololera (Baams et al., 2014; Brown & L'Engle, 2009; Peter & Valkenburg, 2010b), malingaliro osiyana pakati pa amuna ndi akazi (Brown & L'Engle, 2009) ndikuwunika thupi (Doornwaard et al., 2014).
Chiwawa chokhala pachibwenzi (DV) ndi nkhanza zogonana (SV) ndizovuta zomwe zikuchuluka pakati pa achinyamata ndi achinyamata omwe akutuluka. Gulu lokhala ndi mabuku likuwonetsa kuti kuwonetsedwa pazowonera zolaula (SEM) ndi makanema olaula (SVM) atha kukhala pachiwopsezo cha DV ndi SV. Cholinga cha nkhaniyi ndikuwunikira komanso kuwunikira mabuku athu mwatsatanetsatane pa zomwe zimawonetsedwa pakuwonekera kwa SEM ndi SVM pa DV ndi malingaliro ndi machitidwe a SV.
Kafukufuku wokwanira 43 omwe amagwiritsa ntchito zitsanzo za achinyamata ndi omwe akutukuka adawunikiridwa, ndipo zonse pamodzi zomwe anapeza zidatsimikiza kuti (1) kuwonekera kwa SEM ndi SVM kumayenderana kwambiri ndi nthano za DV ndi SV ndikulandila malingaliro ama DV ndi SV; (2) kuwonekera kwa SEM ndi SVM ndikogwirizana kwenikweni ndi nkhanza zenizeni za DV ndi SV, zoyipa, komanso osadutsa; (3) SEM ndi SVM zimakhudza kwambiri machitidwe amunthu a DV ndi SV kuposa machitidwe azikhalidwe za DV ndi SV; ndi (4) malingaliro omwe analipo okhudzana ndi DV ndi SV komanso makonda pazosangalatsa amayanjanitsa ubale pakati pakuwonekera kwa SEM ndi SVM ndi malingaliro a DV ndi SV.
Kafukufuku wamtsogolo akuyenera kuyesetsa kugwiritsa ntchito mapangidwe oyeserera komanso kuyesera, kuyang'anitsitsa oyimira pakati ndi owongolera a SEM ndi SVM pazotsatira za DV ndi SV, kuyang'ana pazovuta za SEM ndi SVM zomwe zimapitilira momwe amuna amachitira nkhanza kwa amayi, ndikuwunika momwe mapulogalamu owerengera atolankhani angagwiritsidwire ntchito pawokha kapena molumikizana ndi mapulogalamu omwe alipo a DV ndi SV kuti athandize pulogalamuyi.
Zithunzi Zolaula Zagwiritsidwe Ntchito: Kufufuza Zowonongeka kwa Zotsatira za Kafukufuku 2000-2017. (2018) - Zambiri zochokera kumagawo okhudzana ndi zolaula pa wogwiritsa ntchito:
Cholinga cha ndondomekoyi yowonongeka ndikupanga mapepala a chidwi pa kafukufuku m'munda ndikuyang'ana ngati zotsatira zowonjezera zakhala zikuchokera m'madera ofufuza.
Maganizo a Anthu Ogonana - Pafupifupi, kafukufuku wa 21 adayang'ana malingaliro a achinyamata pazakugonana ndi chikhalidwe chawo pakugonana pokhudzana ndi PU. Palibe chodabwitsa kuti zolinga zolaula zimalumikizidwa makamaka ndi malingaliro omwe amawoneka kuti amaganiza za PU komanso chidwi chachikulu pa malingaliro a achinyamata pazogonana.
Kukula - Makamaka, kuwonera zolaula kwapezeka kuti kukukhudza kusintha kwa zinthu, makamaka makamaka kwa zipembedzo paunyamata. Zosadabwitsa kuti kuonera zolaula kwawonetsedwa kuti kumapangitsa kuti zikhale zachabechabe, kuchepetsa chipembedzo cha achinyamata pakapita nthawi, mosaganizira za jenda.
Kuthetsa - Kudziwonera zolaula / zolaula kumawoneka kuti ndizofala pakati pa achinyamata, omwe amagwirizana ndi zomwe akuchita pachiwopsezo, ndipo, makamaka mwa akazi, zimagwirizana ndi mbiri yakuzunzidwa. Komabe, kafukufuku wina adatsimikiza kuti kuwonetsa zolaula sikunayanjane ndi machitidwe oopsa ogonana komanso kuti kufunitsitsa kuonera zolaula sikunawonetse kukhala ndi vuto pa chiwerewere choopsa pakati pa achinyamata. Ngakhale izi, zotsatira zina zidawonetsa kuti kuwonetsedwa kwathunthu kwa PU kumayenderana ndi mavuto apamwamba pakati pa achinyamata, kuvutitsidwa kwakanthawi yayitali pa intaneti komanso kufunsira kwa kugonana kwa pa intaneti ndikulimbikitsa kwa anyamata kuchita zachiwerewere ndikuzunza kumagwirizanitsidwa kwambiri ndi kuwonera zolaula nthawi zonse.
Malingaliro Amaganizo Aumaganizo - Mwapadera, ndipo ngakhale maphunziro ena sanatsimikizire kuyanjana pakati pa thanzi lama psychology ndi PU, zambiri zomwe zapezedwa zimasinthira ku PU yapamwamba imeneyi panthawi yaunyamata imakonda kukhudzana ndi kukhumudwa kwambiri (mwachitsanzo. kupsinjika) ndi zovuta pamakhalidwe. Mzerewu, Luder Et al. analongosola kusiyana pakati pa amuna ndi akazi pakati pa PU ndi mawonetseredwe opweteka ndi amuna omwe akupereka chiopsezo chachikulu. Zomwe anapezazi zinali zogwirizana ndi kafukufuku wa nthawi yaitali zomwe zikuwulula kuti zikhalidwe zaumphaŵi zosautsa zaumphawi zinkakhudzidwa ndi chitukuko chogwiritsira ntchito zolaula pa Intaneti pakati pa anyamata achichepere.
Zolemba Pamanja - Ponseponse, zikuwoneka kuti pali mgwirizano kuti achinyamata omwe amagwiritsa ntchito intaneti zolaula nthawi zambiri amakhala osiyana pamiyambo yambiri kuchokera kwa achinyamata omwe amagwiritsa ntchito intaneti pazidziwitso, kulumikizana ndi anzawo komanso zosangalatsa.
Makhalidwe Ogwiritsa Ntchito Pa intaneti - Makhalidwe ogwiritsira ntchito pa intaneti adafufuzidwa mu 15 kuchokera mu maphunziro a 57 omwe adaphatikizidwa pakuwunika kwatsopano. Izi zikuonetsa kuti mawonekedwe omwe achinyamata amakhala nawo pa zolaula za pa intaneti komanso kuchitiridwa zachipongwe amaphatikiza kuchuluka kwa ogwiritsa ntchito pa intaneti, machitidwe ochezera pa intaneti, kukhumudwa komanso kuwonekera pa intaneti.
Zochita Za Achinyamata Achinyamata - Kuchita zachiwerewere kwa achinyamata kwa PU kunkafufuzidwa mu maphunziro a 11, ndi maphunziro onse omwe adalemba zotsatira zotsatira. Phunziro lopangidwa ndi Doornward, Et al. adapeza kuti anyamata achichepere 'okhala ndi machitidwe okakamiza ogonana, kuphatikiza kugwiritsa ntchito intaneti yotsimikizika, adatinso kudzidalira, kupsinjika kwakukulu komanso chidwi chambiri chogonana. Mundimezi, kafukufuku wina wasonyeza kuti anyamata omwe amapezeka kuti amagwiritsa ntchito zolaula komanso malo ochezera a pa Intaneti adavomerezedwa ndi anzawo ndipo adawonetsa chidwi chachikulu pakugonana kwawo. Kuphatikiza apo, anyamata omwe amawonetsa zolaula nthawi zambiri amakhala ndi chizolowezi chogonana akadali achichepere komanso amagonana mosiyanasiyana.
Kugwiritsa ntchito mafilimu okhudzana ndi kugonana ndi zotsatira zake pa thanzi la aang'ono: umboni watsopano wa mabukuwa (2019) - Kuchokera kumabuku:
Kufufuza kwa mabuku kunachitika pa PubMed ndi ScienceDirect mu March 2018 ndi funso "(Zithunzi zolaula kapena zolaula zolaula pa intaneti) NDI (mwana kapena mwana kapena OR wamng'ono) NDI (zotsatira kapena khalidwe kapena thanzi)". Zotsatira zomwe zinasindikizidwa pakati pa 2013 ndi 2018 zinafufuzidwa ndikuziyerekeza ndi umboni wakale.
Malinga ndi kafukufuku wosankhidwa (n = 19), kuyanjana pakati pa zolaula za pa intaneti ndi zotsatira zingapo, malingaliro ndi malingaliro - zotsatira zoyambirira zakugonana, kuchita nawo ziwonetsero zambiri zokhudzana ndi chiwerewere, kutenga magwiridwe osokoneza bongo kuzindikira kwa thupi, kukwiya, zizindikiro zodandaula kapena zokhumudwitsa, kugwiritsa ntchito zolaula mokakamiza - zimatsimikiziridwa.
Kuwonetsa zolaula pa intaneti pa umoyo wa ana akuwoneka kukhala kofunikira. Nkhaniyi silingathe kunyalanyazidwa ndipo iyenera kuyang'aniridwa ndi maiko osiyanasiyana komanso osiyanasiyana. Kulimbitsa makolo, aphunzitsi ndi ogwira ntchito zachipatala pogwiritsa ntchito mapulogalamu othandiza pa nkhaniyi adzawathandiza kuchepetsa luso la kulingalira za zolaula, kuchepetsa ntchito zake ndi kupeza maphunziro okhudzana ndi kugonana ndi oyenerera omwe ali oyenerera pa chitukuko chawo.
Kuwona zolaula kupyolera muzitsulo za ufulu wa ana (2019) - Zolemba zingapo:
Zotsatira zoyipa zomwe zidawonetsedwa zikuphatikizidwa, koma sizinangokhala ndi izi: (1) malingaliro opondereza azimayi (Brown & L'Engle, 2009; Peter & Valkenburg, 2007; Peter & Valkenburg, 2009; Häggstrom-Nordin, et al., 2006) ; (2) nkhanza zogonana mwa anthu ena ochepa (Ybarra & Mitchell, 2005; Malamuth & Huppin, 2005; Alexy, et al., 2009); (3) kusakhazikika pagulu (Mesch, 2009; Tsitsika, 2009); (4) kutengeka ndi kugonana (Peter & Valkenburg, 2008a); ndi (5) kukakamizidwa (Delmonico ndi Griffin, 2008; Lam, Peng, Mai, ndi Jing, 2009; Rimington ndi Gast, 2007; van den Eijnden, Spijkerman, Vermulst, van Rooij, ndi Engels, 2010; Mesch, 2009).
Kafukufuku wowonjezera akuwonetsa kuti zolaula zikugwiritsidwa ntchito pokonzekeretsa ndi kukopa ana kuti azichita zibwenzi (Carr, 2003; "Kukonzekera pa intaneti," nd, 2015; United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime, 2015). Mafunso omwe amapereka kwa omwe akutsogolo omwe amagwira ntchito ndi omwe amazunzidwa ndi ana omwe adachitidwa mu Meyi 2018 chikalata chomwe opereka chithandizo akuwona zomwe zikuwoneka kuti zikuchulukirachulukira kuzinthu zakugwiriridwa pakati pa ana komanso kuti wolakwira nthawi zambiri amawonetsedwa zolaula nthawi zambiri (Binford, Dimitropoulos, Wilson, Zug, Cullen, & Rieff, osasindikizidwa).
Kuphatikiza pa mabuku omwe amayang'ana kwambiri zomwe zimapangitsa ana kuwonera zolaula, pali buku lalikulu kwambiri lomwe limaganizira momwe kuwonekera kwa zolaula kumakhudzira achikulire, kuphatikizapo achinyamata. Monga kafukufuku yemwe amayang'ana kwambiri kuwonetsa kwa ana zolaula, maphunziro awa akuwunikiranso ubale womwe umakhala pakati pakudziwitsidwa zolaula komanso kusasokoneza chikhalidwe cha anthu, kuphatikiza kudzipatula, kusachita bwino, kukhumudwa, kudzipha, komanso kudana nazo pamaphunziro (Tsitsika, 2009; Bloom et al., 2015; Campbell, 2018).
Kafukufuku wakuwonetsa atsikana zolaula pomwe ana akuwonetsa kuti zimakhudza kudzipangira kwawo (Brown & L'Engle, 2009).
Anyamata omwe amawonetsedwa zolaula ali ana amawonetsa zomwezi. Amawonetsa nkhawa zokhudzana ndi magwiridwe antchito komanso kusakhutira kwa thupi ("Ana Otetezedwa Pakompyuta," 2016; Jones, 2018).
Zikuwoneka kuti pali kulumikizana pakati pazowonera zolaula komanso malingaliro azakugonana kwa akazi (Hald, Kuyper, Adam, & de Wit, 2013; Hald, Malamuth, & Yuen, 2010).
Ana aamuna ndi akazi omwe amawonetsedwa zolaula amakonda kukhulupirira kuti zomwe amawona, monga kugonana kumatako ndi gulu logonana, ndizofanana pakati pa anzawo (Livingstone & Mason, 2015). Achinyamata aamuna ndi akazi omwe amawonetsedwa zolaula atha kuyamba kale kugonana (Brown & L'Engle, 2009; Owens, et al. 2012), ali ndi zibwenzi zingapo (Wright & Randall, 2012; Chigumula, 2009, p. 389), ndipo amachita zachiwerewere (Svedin Akerman, & Priebe, 2011; Wright & Randall, 2012).
Zomwe zimapangitsa ubongo wachinyamata kukhala wokhudzana ndi kugonana (2019) - Zowonjezera zochepa:
Ma paradigms apadera aubongo wachinyamata amaphatikizapo izi: 1) Khola loyambirira lokhazikika komanso ma circuits oyenda mwamphamvu komanso oyenda mozungulira (Dumontheil, 2016; Somerville & Jones, 2010; Somerville, Hare, & Casey, 2011; Van Leijenhorst et al. , 2010; Vigil et al., 2011); 2) Kutalikirana kwa matenda amitsempha (McCormick & Mathews, 2007; Schulz & Sisk, 2006; Sisk & Zehr, 2005; Vigil et al., 2011); 3) Dopamine yogwira ntchito kwambiri (Andersen, Rutstein, Benzo, Hostetter, & Teicher, 1997; Ernst et al., 2005; Luciana, Wahlstrom, & White, 2010; Somerville & Jones, 2010; Wahlstrom, White, & Luciana, 2010) ; 4) Chotchulidwa cha HPA axis (Dahl & Gunnar, 2009; McCormick & Mathews, 2007; Romeo, Lee, Chhua, McPherson, & McEwan, 2004; Walker, Sabuwalla, & Huot, 2004); 5)
Kuchuluka kwa testosterone (Dorn et al., 2003; Vogel, 2008; Mayo Clinic / Mayo Medical Laboratories, 2017); ndi 6) Mphamvu yapadera yamahomoni a steroid (cortisol ndi testosterone) pakukula kwaubongo panthawi yazoyang'anira (Brown & Spencer, 2013; Peper, Hulshoff Pol, Crone, Van Honk, 2011; Sisk & Zehr, 2005; Vigil et al., 2011).
Blakemore ndi ogwira nawo ntchito athandiza anthu kuti azitha kukonzekera ubongo ndipo akuganiza kuti zaka zaunyamata ziyenera kuonedwa ngati nthawi yovuta chifukwa cha kukonzanso kwa ubongo komwe kumachitika (Blakemore, 2012). Mbali za ubongo zomwe zimasintha kwambiri paunyamata zimaphatikizapo kuyendetsa mkati, kugwiritsira ntchito zamakono ndi kukonza (Blakemore, 2012).
Blakemore ndi Robbins (2012) adalumikiza unyamata kuti ukhale pachiwopsezo chopanga zisankho ndipo adati izi zimachitika pakudzipatula pakati, pang'onopang'ono, kozungulira kwa kayendetsedwe kazovuta komanso kuyankha panthawi yaunyamata motsutsana ndi chitukuko cha dongosolo lamalipiro, lomwe nthawi zambiri limakhala lodana kwambiri ndi mphoto muunyamata ..…
Kugwiritsa ntchito zolaula pafupipafupi komanso pafupipafupi kumalumikizidwa kwambiri ndi kusokonekera pakati pa achinyamata achi Greek (Tsitsika et al., 2009). Zithunzi zolaula zathandizira kuchepetsa kuchotsera, kapena chizolowezi cha munthu chochepetsera zotsatira zamtsogolo pofuna kulandira mphotho zomwe zachitika posachedwa (Negash, Sheppard, Lambert, & Fincham, 2016). Negash ndi anzawo adagwiritsa ntchito zitsanzo zomwe zinali ndi zaka zapakati pa 19 ndi 20, zomwe wolemba adanenetsa kuti zidalingaliridwenso ngati achinyamata.… ..
Tikufuna kufotokozera mwachidule chitsanzo cha ntchito, poganizira zosiyana siyana za ubongo wa achinyamata komanso zomwe zimagwiritsa ntchito zolaula. Kupezeka kwa mbali zofunikira zomwe zimagwirizanitsidwa ndi ubongo wapadera wachinyamata komanso zolaula zimadziwika.
Mukawonetsedwa pazinthu zolaula, kukondoweza kwa amygdala ndi axis ya HPA kukadakulitsidwa muunyamata, kuyerekeza ndi wamkulu. Izi zimapangitsa kudalitsika kwa kortortal koyamba ndikuwonjezeranso kutsegulira kwa gangal ganglia muubwana. Izi, motero, zimatha kuyipitsa ntchito yayikulu, yomwe imaphatikizapo zoletsa komanso kudziletsa, komanso imathandizira chidwi. Chifukwa bongo wam'nyamatayo ukadakulabe, zimakhala zoyenera kwambiri kuubongo wa neuroplasticity. Cortex yoyambirira ikakhala "yosagwirizana ndi mzere," titero, imayendetsa kubisala kochenjera komwe kumakondweretsa chitukuko cha subcortical.
Ngati vuto la kuchepa kwa mitsempha limapitilira kwa nthawi, izi zimatha kuyambitsa kuzungulira kozungulira komwe kumapangitsa gawo lodziwika bwino lomwe, lomwe lingapangitse wachinyamata kuti apitilize kudzikhutiritsa yekha komanso kuti asakhale ndi chidwi. Mitsempha ya unyamata, kapena gawo la chisangalalo laubongo, limakhala ndi kukokomeza kwakukulu poyerekeza ndi wamkulu. Kuchulukitsitsa kwa dopamine kumasulira kumasulira komwe kumakhudzidwa ndi dopamine, monga kusangalatsa komanso kulakalaka (Berridge, 2006; Volkow, 2006)….
Chifukwa cha zenera lachitukuko laubwana, cortisol ndi testosterone zimakhudza gulu laubongo kapena kuthekera kwa mabwalo osiyanasiyana a neural. Izi sizingapezeke mwa munthu wamkulu chifukwa zenera la bungwe latseka. Kukhazikika kwanthawi yayitali ku cortisol kumatha kuthekera, munthawi ya gulu lachinyamata, kuyendetsa matenda am'mitsempha omwe amachititsa kuti magwiridwe antchito asasinthike komanso kupirira kupsinjika ngakhale atakula (McEwen, 2004; Tsoory & Richter-Levin, 2006; Tsoory, 2008; McCormick & Mathews, 2007; 2010).
Kukhwima kwa msinkhu wa ubwana wa amygdala, mwina pang'ono, kumadalira kukula kwa testosterone pakuwonekera pawindo lazovuta launyamata (De Lorme, Schulz, Salas-Ramirez, & Sisk, 2012; De Lorme & Sisk, 2013; Neufang et al., 2009; Sarkey, Azcoitia, Garcia- Segura, Garcia-Ovejero, & DonCarlos, 2008). Amygdala wolimba amalumikizidwa ndimitengo yayikulu yakukhudzidwa ndikudziwongolera kodziletsa (Amaral, 2003; Lorberbaum et al., 2004; De Lorme & Sisk, 2013)… ..
Zaka zambiri za kafukufuku zasanthula zotsatira za kufotokozedwa ndi zochitika zogonana zogonana m'mafilimu. Pali meta imodzi yokha yofotokozera pa mutu uwu, zomwe zikusonyeza kuti kufotokozera ku "mafilimu opanga mafilimu" sikungathandize kwenikweni pa chiwerewere. Pali zifukwa zingapo zoperewera pa kafukufuku wamakono, ndipo cholinga cha kusanthula kamvekedwe kake ndiko kuyesa mayanjano pakati pa zokhudzana ndi kugonana ndi momwe ogwiritsira ntchito ndi khalidwe la chiwerewere.
Kufufuzira kwapadera kwa mabuku kunkachitidwa kuti mupeze nkhani zofunikira. Kuphunzira kulikonse kunkapezeka ndi mayanjano pakati pa kugonana ndi zochitika zogonana ndi chimodzi mwa zotsatira zisanu ndi chimodzi kuphatikizapo malingaliro a kugonana (malingaliro ololera, ochita zogwirizana ndi anzawo, ndi ziphunzitso zogonana) ndi zizolowezi zogonana (khalidwe lachiwerewere, zaka za kugonana, ndi khalidwe logonana).
Ponseponse, kuwunika kumeneku kumawonetsa ubale wosasinthika komanso wolimba pakati pa kuwonekera kwa atolankhani ndi malingaliro akugonana komanso chikhalidwe chomwe chimatenga nthawi yayitali pazotsatira zambiri komanso makanema ambiri. Media akuwonetsa machitidwe achiwerewere ngati otchuka kwambiri, osangalatsa komanso opanda chiopsezo [3], ndipo akatswiri athu akuwunikira kuti lingaliro la woganiza lingapangidwe, mwa zina, powona mitundu iyi. Zomwe tapeza zikutsutsana kwambiri ndi kusanthula kwa meta koyambirira, komwe kunapangitsa kuti kufalitsa nkhani pazokhudza kugonana kunali kopanda pake kapena kosagwirizana [4]. Kuwunika kwa meta koyambirira komwe kumagwiritsa ntchito kukula kwa zotsatira za 38 ndikuwona kuti zimbale za "sexy" zinali zofooka komanso zogwirizana ndi machitidwe ogonana (r = .08), pomwe metaanalysis amagwiritsa ntchito nthawi zoposa 10 nthawi zochulukirapo (n = 394) ndipo tapeza zotsatira zophatikizira pafupifupi kukula kwake (r = .14).
Choyamba, tapeza mgwirizano wabwino pakati pa zogonana ndi achinyamata komanso achinyamata ndikulolera kugonana ndi malingaliro okhudza kugonana kwa anzawo.
Chachiwiri, kufotokozera zokhudzana ndi kugonana kunagwirizanitsidwa ndi kuvomereza kwambiri nthano zochigwiriridwa.
Pomalizira, kufotokozera za kugonana kunapezeka kuti kuneneratu makhalidwe a chiwerewere kuphatikizapo zaka za kugonana, zochitika za kugonana, komanso khalidwe loopsa la kugonana. Zotsatirazi zinasintha njira zambiri ndipo zimapereka chithandizo chotsimikiziridwa kuti mauthenga amathandizira pa zochitika za kugonana kwa achinyamata.
Ngakhale kuwunikira kwa meta kunawonetsa zotsatira zazikulu zowonekera paziwonetsero zakugonana pazikhalidwe ndi zochitika pamitundu yonse yosangalatsa, zotsatirazi zidasinthidwa ndi zosiyana zingapo. Makamaka, zowopsa zazaka zonse zimadziwika; Komabe, zotsatira zake zinali zochulukirapo kuwirikiza kawiri kwa achinyamata ngakhale achikulire omwe akutuluka, mwina kuwonetsera kuti otenga mbali wachikulire ali ndi luso lofanizira, lenileni la dziko lomwe angatengeko kuposa omwe amatenga nawo mbali [36, 37]. Kuphatikiza apo, zotsatira zake zinali zamphamvu kwa abambo poyerekeza ndi zazimayi, mwina chifukwa kuyesa kugonana kumagwirizana ndi zolemba zogonana zachimuna [18] komanso chifukwa amuna achimuna amalangidwa kangapo poyerekeza ndi zilembo zachikazi poyambitsa kugonana [38]
Zotsatira izi zimakhudza kwambiri thanzi la achinyamata komanso achikulire omwe akuthupi komanso m'maganizo. Kuzindikira kuchuluka kwa zochitika zogonana ndi anzawo komanso kuloleza zachiwerewere kumatha kukulitsa kukakamizidwa kwamkati kuyesa kuyesa [39]. Pakafukufuku wina, kuwonetsedwa pazinthu zokhudzana ndi kugonana ali mwana kunawoneka kuti kupititsa patsogolo kugonana ndi miyezi 9e17 [40]; komanso, kuyesa koyambirira kumatha kuwonjezera ngozi zamaganizidwe ndi thanzi [37].
Zotsatira zochepa zomwe zimawoneka pano zikufanana ndi zomwe zinafukufuku m'maganizo a zamaganizo monga momwe ma TV akukhudzira chiwawa [41], khalidwe lachikhalidwe [42], ndi thupi labwino [43]. Pazifukwa izi, ngakhale kuti ma TV akugwiritsa ntchito mauthenga ndi gawo limodzi chabe la zosiyana pakati pa zotsatira za chidwi, ofalitsa amachitanso mbali yofunikira. Kuyerekezera uku kumasonyeza kuti zolaula zokhudzana ndi kugonana ndizochepa, koma zimakhala zofunikira pa chitukuko cha khalidwe la kugonana ndi khalidwe la achinyamata ndi achinyamata akuluakulu.
Kuwonetsera Zithunzi Zolaula za Ana ndi Achinyamata (2020) - Magome awiri akulu achidule kuwunikiraku:
Achinyamata, Kugonana Ndi M'badwo wa Zolaula (2020) - Zolemba:
Posachedwa chidwi cha zotsatira za zolaula kwa ana ndi chitukuko cha kugonana kwa achinyamata chawonjezereka zomwe zikuwonjezera kuwonjezeka kwa maphunziro m'derali, malamulo akusintha ndikuwonetsa chidwi cha anthu ambiri. Pepala ili likufuna kubwezera zomwe zapezedwa kuphatikizapo kafukufuku waposachedwa kwambiri womwe wachitika ku UK. Mabukuwa amawonetsa kulumikizana pakati pa kuonera zolaula ndi zinthu zolaula komanso malingaliro ndi malingaliro a achinyamata. Izi zikusonyeza kuti kugonana kwa achinyamata kumakhudzidwa ndi zithunzi zolaula komanso kuti izi zimakhudza malingaliro a ana ndi achinyamata. Mavutowa amayambika pa intaneti ya achichepere othandizira, kuphunzira pazachuma ndi zina zokhudzana ndi kuchuluka kwa anthu, osatinso jenda omwe apezeka kuti ndiwofunika. Kafukufuku waposachedwa apeza zomwe zasintha muzochita zachiwerewere zomwe zimawonetsedwa chifukwa chowonera zolaula monga kuchuluka kwa kugonana komwe kumapangitsa kuti azingovomera. Maulalo apakati pa zolaula ndi kukakamizidwa kugonana amapezekanso. Ana ndi achinyamata amakhudzidwa bwanji ndi zithunzi zoterezi komanso zomwe angachite kuti athandizire achinyamata zimatsutsidwa poganiza kuti pali zoperewera m'mabuku komanso zovuta zomwe zilipo ndi mabuku omwe alipo. Kufunika kwinanso kwa kuphunzira kumakambidwira.
Chimodzi mwazinthu zodetsa nkhawa kwambiri zochokera mdziko latsopanoli ndikumonera zolaula kwa achinyamata. Cholinga cha kuwunikiraku ndikufotokozera zotsatira ndi kusokonezeka kwamalingaliro komwe kumachitika chifukwa chogwiritsa ntchito zolaula mwa achinyamata, komanso zomwe zimachitika chifukwa cha izi, zomwe zimaphatikizapo ziwonetsero, zoyipa, kuzunzidwa, komanso Kupanga mitundu yatsopano yazogonana pa intaneti. Zotsatira zazikuluzikulu zikusonyeza kuti kulumikizana koyamba ndi zolaula kumayamba ali ndi zaka 8, ndizofunikira pamakhalidwe ndi malingaliro, monga hypersexualization, kusokonezeka kwamaganizidwe, komanso kupitiliza kusasiyana pakati pa amuna ndi akazi. Kuphatikiza apo, zolaula zomwe achinyamata adachita zalumikizidwa ndi kukulitsa kwa paraphilias, kuwonjezeka kwa nkhanza zakugonana komanso kuzunzidwa, ndipo, pamapeto pake, kwalumikizidwa ndikuwonjezeka kwa kuchitiridwa nkhanza pa intaneti.
Zomwe zimagwirizanitsidwa ndi zolaula zaunyamata zimagwiritsa ntchito ndemanga yofotokozera (2022) - Zosintha:
Cholinga: Nkhaniyi ikufuna kuwunikanso kuchuluka kwa mabuku omwe alipo omwe amayang'ana pakuwunika zinthu zomwe zimagwirizanitsidwa ndi zolaula zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito paunyamata. Njira: Maphunziro omwe adasindikizidwa mu Chingerezi zaka 15 zapitazi adafufuzidwa mu PubMed ndi Google Scholar. Maphunziro omwe anapezeka pa zolaula za achinyamata amagawidwa m'magulu otsatirawa: (1) makhalidwe ogonana; (2) makhalidwe oipa okhudza kugonana; (3) kulolera kugonana; (4) malingaliro okhudza kugonana ndi maudindo a amuna ndi akazi; (5) nkhanza, chiwawa, nkhanza, kukakamiza kugonana, ndi nkhanza; (6) kugwiritsa ntchito mankhwala; (7) psychopathology (kuphatikiza kugwiritsa ntchito zolaula zovuta); ndi (8) ubale ndi makolo/banja ndi anzawo. Zotsatira ndi Mapeto: Zofukufuku zosiyanasiyana, zotsatira zachipatala ndi zotsutsana zimakambidwa.
Makolo aku US Amapeputsa Kugwiritsa Ntchito ndi Kuphunzira Zolaula za Ana Awo (2022) - Zosintha:
Kafukufuku wokhudzana ndi chidziwitso cha makolo ndi kusintha kwabwino kwa achinyamata akuwonetsa kuti milingo yolondola kwambiri ya makolo amawonjezera mwayi wa makolowo. Ngakhale pali mabuku ambiri okhudzana ndi zolaula za achinyamata omwe amagwiritsa ntchito ndi kusintha kolakwika kwa achinyamata, komabe, ndi kafukufuku wochepa chabe omwe amayerekezera zikhulupiriro za makolo pakugwiritsa ntchito zolaula za ana awo ndi malipoti a achinyamata ndipo zochepa chabe mwa izi zachitika ku US. Kafukufuku wapano adagwiritsa ntchito chidziwitso chapadziko lonse chomwe chasonkhanitsidwa kuchokera ku zaka 614 za makolo ndi achinyamata ku US ngati njira ina yolimbikitsira gawo lofunikirali la kafukufuku wa makolo ndi ana. Makolo anali ndi zaka 44.78 pafupifupi (SD = 7.76). Amayi anali 55.80% ya makolo (abambo anali 44.20%). Ana anali ndi zaka 15.97 pafupifupi (SD = 1.38). Ana aakazi anali 50.20% ya ana (amuna anali 49.80%). Anyamata ankakonda kunena za zolaula zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito ndi kuphunzira pamitundu yosiyanasiyana ya zolaula komanso madera ogonana. Makolo amalingalira molondola za kusiyana kwa kusiyana pakati pa amuna ndi akazi, komabe nthawi zonse ankapeputsa kuwonekera kwa ana aamuna ndi aakazi kuwonetseredwa ndi kuyanjana ndi zolaula.. Chochititsa chidwi n'chakuti, ngakhale kuti makolo ankakhulupirira kuti ana awo aamuna amaonera ndi kuphunzira pa zolaula kuposa ana aakazi, kupeputsa kwawo kunali kokulirapo kwa ana aamuna. Zikhulupiriro za amayi ndi abambo sizinali zodziwika bwino pamlingo waukulu wa zotsatira ndipo zinkakhudzana ndi jenda la ana nthawi imodzi yokha. Zotsatira zimakambidwa pokhudzana ndi mantha amakhalidwe komanso kunyozeredwa kwachiwopsezo paunyamata ndi zotsatira za media.
Zithunzi Zolaula ndi Zomwe Zimakhudza Kugonana Kwa Achinyamata / Achinyamata (2023)
Ndemanga yaying'ono iyi ikukhudza nkhani zokhudzana ndi zotsatira za zolaula zokhudzana ndi kugonana kwa achinyamata.
M'ndandanda pansipa (L) akuwonetsa nkhani yokhudza phunziro.
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