Zithunzi Zolaula Zagwiritsidwe Ntchito: Kufufuza Zowonongeka kwa Zotsatira za Kafukufuku 2000-2017. (2018)

Mawu Ofunika: Kugwiritsa ntchito zolaula ; zinthu zomwe zimachitika ; unyamata ; zinthu zomwe zikuchitika ; zinthu zomwe munthu aliyense amagwiritsa ntchito ; kuwunikira mabuku ; prisma

Mtundu wa Chikalata: Nkhani Yowunikiranso

Tsiku lofalitsa: March 1, 2018

ZINTHU

3.2. Maofesi Akulu / Maphunziro Oyambirira

Mitundu yofufuzidwa kwambiri (yowoneka ngati zochititsa chidwi m'kati mwa zofufuza za 6) inayambitsidwa mogwirizana ndi maubwenzi ofunika kwambiri omwe awonetsedwa pokhudzana ndi PU muunyamata ndipo zolemba zazikuluzikulu zokhudzana ndi zochitikazo zafotokozedwa pansipa. Chidule cha zomwe zapezazo ndizokhazikitsidwa pansi pa magulu atatu apamwamba a maphunziro omwe akukamba za zochitika payekha, zochitika ndi zochitika zokhudzana ndi ntchito ndi zosiyana siyana kuchokera kwa ambiri mpaka osanthuledwa.

3.3. Zomwe Zimagwirizana

3.3.1. Kugonana Kwachilengedwe

Kugonana kwachilengedwe kwafufuzidwa ngati njira yofufuzira mu maphunziro 46 mwa 57 omwe aphatikizidwa mu ndemanga ya mabuku yomwe ilipo. Mwachidule, zomwe zapezeka zikugwirizana ndi amuna omwe akunena kuti amagwiritsa ntchito zolaula zambiri komanso mwadala kuposa akazi ndipo kusiyana kwa amuna ndi akazi kumawonjezeka paunyamata, zokhudzana ndi kuchuluka kwa machitidwe ogonana odziwa zambiri komanso; mwayi wogonana ndi bwenzi la amuna [7, 10, 11, 25-32]. Kusiyana kokhudzana ndi amuna ndi akazi pakugwiritsa ntchito zolaula kunabwerezedwanso pankhani yokhudzana ndi kuwonetsedwa pa intaneti komanso pa intaneti komanso kugwiritsa ntchito zinthu zokhudzana ndi zolaula potumizirana mauthenga olaula (kutumizirana mauthenga olaula ndi kusinthana zinthu zogonana kapena zoyambitsa chilakolako, mauthenga, zithunzi, ndi makanema kudzera pa foni yam'manja, intaneti, kapena malo ochezera a pa Intaneti) [33, 34]. Komabe, ngakhale adavomereza kuti amuna amafunafuna zinthu zokhudzana ndi kugonana kuposa akazi, maphunziro ena adawonetsa kusiyana malinga ndi njira yolankhulirana, pomwe amuna amapeza zambiri kuposa akazi pakufuna zinthu zolaula pa intaneti, makanema ndi wailesi yakanema [15]. Chochititsa chidwi n'chakuti, kukhala mnyamata kunapezeka kuti kumateteza nkhanza zogonana, pamene munthu akudya zinthu zolaula, ndipo zotsatira zina zowonera mafilimu olaula pa kugonana kosafunikira zinaonekera kuti ndizokwera kwambiri pakati pa atsikana [35]. Mabuku aposachedwapa amakonda kutanthauzira kusiyana kwa amuna ndi akazi pakugwiritsa ntchito zinthu zolaula potengera kusiyana kwa njira yolankhulirana ndi zotsatira za atolankhani [36], poganiza kuti kusiyana kotereku sikungakhalepo kokha komanso kumakhudzanso amuna ndi akazi mosiyana; makamaka pokhudzana ndi momwe amaonera zinthu zogonana [12].

Maganizo a 3.3.2 Kugonana

Kawirikawiri, maphunziro a 21 anafufuza momwe achinyamata akugonana ndi makhalidwe awo pa kugonana poyerekeza ndi PU. N'zosadabwitsa kuti zolinga zowononga zolaula zakhala zogwirizana kwambiri ndi maganizo oyenera a PU [15] komanso zomwe zimawathandiza achinyamata kugonana komanso khalidwe lachiwerewere [7, 37, 38]. Mwachindunji, kufufuza kwa nthawi yaitali ndi magawo osiyanasiyana pogwiritsa ntchito Chinois,

Zitsanzo za ku United States, Taiwan ndi Dutch zinasonyeza kuti kuwonetsedwa koyambirira kwa zolaula kunaneneratu malingaliro ambiri okhudzana ndi kugonana, nkhanza zogonana, machitidwe osiyanasiyana okhudzana ndi kugonana mwa akazi ndi kuganizira kwambiri za kugonana komanso kuyesa kugonana pambuyo pake mwa amuna [7, 30, 39-41]. M'nkhaniyi, Haggstrom-Nordin, Hanson, Hanson ndi Tyden [29] akugwira ntchito ndi gulu la achinyamata aku Sweden, adapeza kuti amuna omwe amagwiritsa ntchito zolaula zambiri amakonda kulakalaka kugonana, kulota, kapena kuchita zinthu zomwe zimawonetsedwa m'mafilimu olaula. Izi zikuwoneka kuti zikugwirizana ndi mabuku omwe akusonyeza kuti ogwiritsa ntchito zolaula nthawi zambiri amanena kuti anthu ambiri amalakalaka kugonana, komanso malingaliro olakwika okhudza moyo wogonana, malingaliro okhudza kugonana ndi kugonana komanso malingaliro oipa okhudza kugonana ( monga . zinthu zokhudzana ndi kugonana monga kulamulira ndi kunyoza makamaka) [27, 42-44].

3.3.3. Development

Maphunziro khumi ndi awiri (kuchokera mu 57 omwe akuphatikizidwa mu ndondomeko yamakono) awona kusintha kwa chitukuko m'makhalidwe a PU, komanso ponena za iwo paunyamata. Zoonadi, zofukufuku zatsimikizira kuti nthawi yowonjezereka, kusakanizidwa msinkhu ndi ukalamba kumayenderana ndi PU [7, 13, 45, 46]. Kuwonetsa molakwika, kuyang'ana zolaula zapezeka kuti zimakhudza kukula kwa makhalidwe, makamaka makamaka omwe amapita ku chipembedzo panthawi ya unyamata [47]. N'zosadabwitsa kuti kuonerera zolaula kwawonetsedwa kuti kumachititsa kuti achinyamata azikhala achipembedzo nthawi yambiri, osagonana [47]. Pachifukwa chimenecho, chitukuko chachinyamata chabwino chimagwirizanitsidwa ndi chiwerengero choyamba cha PU ndi kusintha kwake kwa nthawi m'zaka zachinyamata zachi China [28].

3.3.4. Kuzunzidwa

Kuzunzidwa kwa anthu ndi kuzunzidwa kunaphunziridwa mu maphunziro a 11 ndi maubwenzi akuluakulu omwe amavumbulutsidwa pokhudzana ndi PU yachinyamata. Kuwonetsa zolaula / zachiwerewere zikuwonekera kukhala kofala pakati pa achinyamata, okhudzidwa ndi makhalidwe omwe ali pangozi, ndipo, makamaka akazi, amagwirizana ndi mbiri ya chizunzo [48]. Pomwepokha, kuphunzira kwa Ybarra ndi Mitchell [11] kunamveka kuti ogwiritsa ntchito zolaula (pa intaneti kapena kunja) ankakonda kufotokoza zochitika zambiri zowononga thupi kapena kugonana, pamene kufufuza kwina kunatsimikizira mgwirizano weniweni pakati pa kuonera zolaula mosaganizira ndi kusokonezeka kwachinsinsi [14]. Chochititsa chidwi ndi chakuti, patapita kafukufuku wawo, Ybarra ndi Mitchell [11] adathandizira kuti anthu omwe akukula pakati pa zaka 10-15 (osadalira amuna ndi akazi) anali okonzeka kufotokoza khalidwe lachiwerewere pamene anali atadziwika kale ndi PU. Zotsatira zake zinali zotsutsana ndi kafukufuku wammbuyo omwe amasonyeza kusiyana kwa kusiyana pakati pa amuna ndi akazi pazomwe PU anachita komanso kuchita nawo zachiwawa, ndipo amuna omwe ali achinyamata amakhala ndi mwayi woonetsa makhalidwe onse awiri (9). Komabe, kafukufuku wina anapeza kuti zolaula sizinayambe kukhala ndi chizolowezi chogonana komanso kuti chilakolako choonera zolaula sichimawoneka kuti sichimayambitsa khalidwe logonana pakati pa achinyamata (46). Ngakhale izi, zofukufuku zina zasonyeza kuti kuwonetsera kwa PU kunali kwakukulu, kugwirizanitsa ndi khalidwe lapamwamba la achinyamata, kugonana kwapakati pachitetezo cha kugonana ndi kugonana pa Intaneti pachitetezo cha anyamata ndi chizunzo chokhudzana ndi kuonera zolaula [ 14, 27]

3.3.5. Malingaliro Amaganizo Aumaganizo

Kafukufuku khumi ndi mmodzi adawonetsa zizindikiro za thanzi la maganizo/makhalidwe ndi/kapena zizindikiro zomwe zimagwirizanitsidwa ndi PU ya achinyamata, komanso kusiyana kwa momwe thanzi la maganizo limakhalira malinga ndi kugwiritsa ntchito zolaula ( monga pa intaneti ndi kunja kwa intaneti) [11, 49]. Mwachidule, ndipo ngakhale kuti maphunziro ena sanatsimikizire mgwirizano pakati pa thanzi losauka la maganizo ndi PU [50], zambiri zomwe zapezeka zimagwirizana ndi PU yapamwamba panthawi yaunyamata nthawi zambiri imakhudzana ndi mavuto amalingaliro ( monga kuvutika maganizo) ndi machitidwe [10, 14, 34]. Pankhaniyi, kafukufuku wa Ybarra ndi Mitchel [11] adawonetsa kuti ofunafuna zolaula pa intaneti amatha kunena zizindikiro za kuvutika maganizo poyerekeza ndi omwe sali pa intaneti komanso omwe sali pa intaneti. Komabe, Tsitsika et al . [10] adanenanso kuti ngakhale kuti PU ya pa intaneti nthawi zambiri imagwirizanitsidwa kwambiri ndi mavuto amalingaliro ndi amisala, kugwiritsa ntchito pafupipafupi sikunali koyenera. Chifukwa chake, adatchula mtundu womwe ungatheke kukhala wokhazikika wa PU (wotanthauzidwa ndi kuchuluka kochepa). Pa mzerewu, Luder et al . [46] adapereka kusiyana kokhudzana ndi jenda pakati pa PU ndi zizindikiro za kuvutika maganizo ndi amuna omwe ali ndi chiopsezo chachikulu. Kupeza kumeneku kunali kogwirizana ndi kafukufuku wa nthawi yayitali womwe ukuvumbula kuti zinthu zosauka pa thanzi la maganizo zimakhudzidwa ndi chitukuko cha kugwiritsa ntchito mokakamiza zinthu zolaula pa intaneti pakati pa anyamata achinyamata [51].

3.3.6. Kufunafuna Kwambiri

Zizolowezi zofunafuna chilakolako cha kugonana zimawonekanso kuti zakhala zikufufuzidwa mobwerezabwereza poyerekeza ndi PU muunyamata [4, 13, 34, 46, 52, 53]. Komabe, zotsatira zake sizinagwirizane ndi kafukufuku wina wotsimikizira [46, 54] ndi ena osatsimikizira machitidwe enaake a ubale pakati pa kufunafuna chilakolako cha kugonana ndi PU wachinyamata [4]. Komabe, kafukufuku wambiri amatsatira kutsimikizira mgwirizano pakati pa kufunafuna chilakolako cha kugonana ndi PU muunyamata. Makamaka, Braun ndi anzake [37] adathandizira kuti achinyamata aamuna ndi aakazi omwe amafunikira kwambiri chilakolako cha kugonana amakhala ndi mwayi wofunafuna zolaula. Pankhaniyi, Luder et al . [46] adapeza kuti amuna ndi akazi, omwe amawonetsa zolaula, amakhala ndi mwayi wofunafuna chilakolako cha kugonana. Mofananamo, Ševčikova, et al . [34] adafufuza zinthu zokhudzana ndi kuwonetsedwa ku zolaula ndipo adapeza kuti kufunafuna chilakolako cha kugonana kumakhala chizindikiro cha kuwonetsedwa pafupipafupi ku zolaula pa intaneti komanso pa intaneti. Pomaliza, pali umboni wakuti ubale pakati pa kugwiritsa ntchito zolaula pa intaneti ndi khalidwe la kugonana ukhoza kuyambitsidwa ndi kufunafuna chilakolako cha kugonana [38].

3.3.7. Zipembedzo

Kuchuluka kwa chipembedzo kwagwirizanitsidwa ndi kuchepa kwa PU muunyamata [9, 47, 55, 56]. Kafukufuku wasonyeza kuti maubwenzi ofooka ndi mabungwe akuluakulu a anthu, kuphatikizapo mabungwe achipembedzo nthawi zambiri amakhala ofala pakati pa ogwiritsa ntchito zolaula [9]. Pachifukwa chimenecho, kuonera zolaula pafupipafupi kwathandizidwa kuti kuchepetse kupezeka kwa anthu olambira Mulungu, kufunika kwa chikhulupiriro chachipembedzo, kuchuluka kwa mapemphero, komanso kuyandikira kwa Mulungu, pomwe zawonetsedwa kuti zikuwonjezera kukayikira zachipembedzo [47]. Chochititsa chidwi n'chakuti, zotsatirazi zimakhalapo mosasamala kanthu za jenda ndipo zikuwoneka kuti ndizolimba kwa achinyamata poyerekeza ndi akuluakulu omwe akuyamba kumene [47]. Komabe, ngakhale maphunziro ena atsimikiziranso kuti kupezeka kwa anthu opembedza kumachepanso ndi PU yokwera, adawonetsa kusiyana pakati pa chipembedzo chotsika ndi PU, pomwe kugwiritsa ntchito zolaula kumakhala kofooka pamlingo wapamwamba wa anthu opembedza, makamaka pakati pa anyamata [55]. N'zosadabwitsa kuti kukonda atsogoleri achipembedzo kwapezeka kuti kumagwirizana ndi kuchuluka kochepa kwa anthu okonda zolaula pakati pa achinyamata [56]. Komabe, ziyenera kudziwika kuti achinyamata osiyanasiyana amasiyana pakugwiritsa ntchito zolaula, zomwe zingaphatikizepo kusiyana kwa chipembedzo pamlingo wa chikhalidwe. Izi zikugwirizana ndi zomwe zapezeka zomwe zikusonyeza kuti achinyamata ochokera m'magulu osiyanasiyana achipembedzo ( monga Akatolika, Apulotesitanti, ndi zina zotero ) amasiyana malinga ndi momwe amagwiritsira ntchito zolaula, mwina chifukwa cha kusiyana kwa kulekerera zolaula.

3.3.8. Mabungwe Achikhalidwe

Kugwirizana pakati pa PU muunyamata ndi maubwenzi omwe achinyamata amachita kumawoneka kuti kwakopa chidwi cha kafukufuku [38]. Ponseponse, zikuwoneka kuti pali mgwirizano wakuti achinyamata omwe amagwiritsa ntchito intaneti pafupipafupi pa zolaula nthawi zambiri amasiyana m'makhalidwe ambiri a anthu kuchokera kwa achinyamata omwe amagwiritsa ntchito intaneti podziwitsa, kulankhulana ndi anthu komanso zosangalatsa [9]. Makamaka, njira yodziyimira pawokha paubale ikuwoneka kuti ikugwirizana ndi kuchuluka kwa ogwiritsa ntchito zolaula [57]. Mogwirizana ndi izi, Mattebo et al ., [8] adathandizira kuti chiwerengero chachikulu cha ogwiritsa ntchito zolaula nthawi zambiri achinyamata amanena kuti pali mavuto ambiri paubwenzi ndi anzawo poyerekeza ndi ogwiritsa ntchito wamba komanso osagwiritsa ntchito pafupipafupi. Pomaliza, chizolowezi cha ufulu wolankhulana pankhani ya maubwenzi a anthu chagwirizanitsidwa ndi PU yapamwamba paunyamata [4].

3.4. Zochitika Zofanana

3.4.1. Zogwiritsa ntchito pa Intaneti

Makhalidwe ogwiritsira ntchito pa intaneti adafufuzidwa m'maphunziro 15 mwa 57 omwe adaphatikizidwa mu ndemangayi. Izi zikusonyeza kuti makhalidwe omwe achinyamata amakumana nawo pa zolaula pa intaneti komanso kuzunzidwa ndi chilakolako chogonana ndi monga kugwiritsa ntchito masewera apa intaneti kwambiri, machitidwe oopsa pa intaneti, kuvutika maganizo ndi kuwonetsa kuzunzidwa pa intaneti, komanso kudziwonetsa mwaufulu pa intaneti [49]. Izi zikugwirizana ndi kafukufuku wochitidwa ndi Doornward et al . [30], womwe udawonetsanso kuti achinyamata aamuna ndi aakazi amakonda kugwiritsa ntchito malo ochezera a pa Intaneti tsiku lililonse. Mosiyana ndi kafukufuku wina, maphunziro ena adawonetsa kuti thanzi loipa la maganizo ndi ubale wovuta ndi makolo sizinagwirizane ndi makhalidwe ogwiritsira ntchito pa intaneti. Komabe, kudziwonetsa mwaufulu pa intaneti kunagwirizanitsidwa kwambiri ndi chiopsezo chogonana pa intaneti pakati pa achinyamata aamuna ndi aakazi [50]. Kuphatikiza apo, kafukufuku wochitidwa ndi Mattebo et al ., [8] adapeza kuti amuna, omwe nthawi zambiri amagwiritsa ntchito zolaula, amakhala ndi nthawi yogonana kwambiri, ndipo amakhala nthawi yambiri pa intaneti ( monga maola opitilira 10 otsatizana, kangapo pa sabata), okhala ndi moyo wopanda thanzi ( monga kunenepa kwambiri), mosiyana ndi ogwiritsa ntchito zolaula wamba/otsika.

3.4.2. Kugonana kwa Achinyamata

Khalidwe la achinyamata pankhani ya kugonana ndi PU linafufuzidwa m'maphunziro 11, ndipo maphunziro onse akuwonetsa zotsatira zofunika. Kafukufuku wochitidwa ndi Doornward, et al . [31, 32] adapeza kuti anyamata achinyamata omwe ali ndi machitidwe okakamiza kugonana, kuphatikizapo kugwiritsa ntchito zinthu zowonekera pa intaneti, adanenanso kuti amadzidalira kwambiri, amakhala ndi nkhawa kwambiri komanso amakonda kwambiri kugonana. Pachifukwa chimenecho, maphunziro ena awonetsa kuti anyamata omwe adapezeka kuti amagwiritsa ntchito zinthu zogonana komanso malo ochezera a pa Intaneti amavomerezedwa kwambiri ndi anzawo ndipo adawonetsa kuti ali ndi chidziwitso chachikulu poganizira za kugonana kwawo [31, 32]. Kuphatikiza apo, anyamata omwe adawonetsa kugwiritsa ntchito zolaula pafupipafupi ankakonda kukhala ndi nthawi yogonana ali aang'ono komanso kuchita zinthu zosiyanasiyana zogonana. Kuphatikiza pa izi, kukhala mtsikana, kukhala ndi makolo olekana, kukhala ndi nkhanza zogonana, komanso kukhala ndi malingaliro abwino pa zolaula kwakhala kogwirizana ndi zomwe zimachitikira kwambiri paunyamata [8].

3.4.3. Mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya zolaula

Zithunzi zolaula zokhudzana ndi PU zinafufuzidwa m'maphunziro 10, zomwe zikusonyeza kugwirizana kwakukulu ndi machitidwe a kugonana kwa achinyamata. Makamaka, kafukufuku wochitidwa ndi [52] adavumbulutsa kuti achinyamata achichepere nthawi zambiri amakhala ndi nkhani zokhudzana ndi chikondi, ulamuliro komanso chiwawa. Mosiyana ndi izi, achinyamata achikulire ndi achinyamata omwe ali ndi maphunziro apamwamba amakonda kusankha zolaula zokhudzana ndi ulamuliro pafupipafupi. Pankhaniyi, Hald et al . [38] adapeza kuti panali ubale wocheperako, koma wofunikira, pakati pa zomwe zili muzinthu zogonana zomwe zimadyedwa ndi machitidwe ogonana omwe achinyamata amawonetsa. Mwachitsanzo, kukonda zolaula zachiwawa/zonyansa kunali kwakukulu kwa amuna omwe adatenga zithunzi zogonana, anali ndi anzawo omwe ankagula/kugulitsa ntchito zogonana ndipo ankakonda kumwa mowa wambiri. Mofananamo, ngakhale mosiyana pang'ono, akazi omwe anali ogula zolaula zachiwawa/zonyoza ankakonda kujambula zithunzi zogonana, kukhala ndi anzawo omwe ankagula/kugulitsa ntchito zokhudzana ndi kugonana komanso kusuta [42, 48].

3.4.4. Zithunzi Zachikhalidwe

Zithunzi zolaula zachikhalidwe zimatanthauzidwa kuti ndizogwiritsa ntchito zolaula (zomwe sizili pa intaneti) zolaula monga magazini, kanema wawayilesi komanso makanema [28]. Zithunzi zolaula zidasanthulidwa m'maphunziro a 7, ndikuwonetsa kuti mwina chidwi chofufuza zakugwiritsa ntchito zolaula zatsika kwambiri poyerekeza ndi kumwa zolaula pa intaneti. Shek & Ma [28] afotokoza kuti izi ndichifukwa chakukula kwazinthu zotsika mtengo zapaintaneti zapaintaneti. Pambuyo pake, achinyamata amatha kuwona zolaula pa intaneti mosavuta komanso mosadziwika kudzera pamakompyuta, mapiritsi ndi mafoni [28, 44].

3.5. Zochitika Zowonjezera

3.5.1. Banja Logwira Ntchito

Kugwira ntchito kwa banja kunkafufuzidwa mu maphunziro a 12 omwe anaphatikizidwa mu ndemanga yangapo. Mwachindunji, Weber ndi anzathu [44] adalangiza kuti achinyamata "omwe amadziona ngati osadziimira okha ndi makolo awo amakonda kudya zolaula kawirikawiri. Izi zimagwirizananso ndi zowonjezera zina [11], zomwe zinathandizanso kuti achinyamata adziwe kuti ali ndi ubale wosauka ndi makolo awo, kudzipereka kwapabanja, kusamalidwa kochepetsetsa kwa makolo, komanso kuyankhulana kwapang'ono kumakhala kovuta ku PU. Chochititsa chidwi, kuti zinthu zoterezi zimawoneka kuti zimakhudza kwambiri ntchito za m'banja, zomwe zakhudzana kwambiri ndi PU [9, 58].

3.5.2. Chikhalidwe cha anzanga

Chikhalidwe cha anzawo pa PU chinafufuzidwa pa maphunziro a 7. Zomwe zimachitika zimasonyeza kuti chikhalidwe cha anzako chimakhudzana ndi malingaliro a amuna, chikhalidwe cha kugonana, komanso kuzindikira kwa anzanu komanso khalidwe lachiwerewere likugwirizana ndi PU [7, 31, 32] achinyamata. Makamaka, kugwiritsira ntchito zida zolaula pa Intaneti pakati pa anyamata, komanso kugwiritsa ntchito malo ochezera a pa Intaneti pakati pa amuna ndi akazi onse kumagwirizanitsidwa bwino ndi malingaliro a anzawo ndi makhalidwe achiwerewere [7, 31, 32]. Pa mzere umenewo, maphunziro a Peter ndi Valkenburg [59, 60] adatsindika malingaliro a kugonana monga makamaka mwakuthupi komanso osasangalatsa m'malo mokondana ndi pachibale, otchedwa "chikhalidwe cha anthu" ndi "ntchito" potsatira. Kufufuza uku kunasonyeza kuti kugwiritsidwa ntchito kawirikawiri pazinthu zolaula pa intaneti kunapanga zonse "zenizeni" ndi "zothandiza". Izi zikhoza kutanthauzidwa pa nthawi zambiri zolaula zomwe zimayambitsa kuchepetsa chiyanjano cha maubwenzi mwa kuchititsa malingaliro a kugonana monga momwe zimakhalire zogonana. Kuphatikiza pa izi, Kwa anzanu [43] omwe amathandizidwa kuti kukakamizidwa ndi anzanu kumakhudzanso zochitika zogonana ndi zochitika zogonana.

KUKANGANANI

Zofukufuku zomwe zikupezeka pazinthu zowonongeka zowonetsera zikuwonetsa kuti kafukufuku m'munda wa PU wachinyamata wagwiritsa ntchito nkhani zazikulu zazikulu zitatu zokhudzana ndi (I), chiganizo (C) ndi zochitika (A). Zowonjezereka, zambiri mwazofukufuku zomwe zinagwiritsidwa ntchito panthawiyi zakhala zikugwirizanitsidwa ndi munthu aliyense (I: 18), ndikugogomezera zosiyana zokhudzana ndi ntchito zokhudzana ndi ntchito (A: 8) zotsatirazi, ndi zofanana zokhudzana ndi zochitikazo. wothandizira kukhala osaphunzira kwambiri (C: 6). Zofukufukuzi zikuwonetsa chizoloŵezi cholimba cha kufufuza zochitika za munthu payekha pa PU muunyamata, ndi kufufuza kwakukulu kwambiri pa zochitika zokhudzana ndi ntchito ndi zochitika m'zinthu zomwe zilipo (Table 1). Izi zimazindikiritsa kusamvetseka muzinthu zomwe ziyenera kuti zidzakambidwe ndi kafukufuku wamtsogolo.

4.1. Zomwe Zimagwirizana

Pogwiritsa ntchito zifukwa zofanana, kugonana kwachilengedwe, malingaliro okhudzana ndi kugonana, zifukwa zokhudzana ndi chitukuko, kuzunzidwa, khalidwe laumoyo, kufunafuna, kukhudzidwa ndi zikhulupiliro ndi makhalidwe okhudzana ndi chikhalidwe cha anthu zakhudza chidwi chofufuza za PU yachinyamata. Zowonongeka, zotsatira zimasonyeza kuti amuna, maganizo omasuka kwambiri pankhani ya kugonana, kusakanizidwa msinkhu ndi msinkhu wawo, kuzunzika kwapadera ndi kuzunzidwa, matenda aumphawi, zofuna zowonongeka komanso kulephera kugwirizana ndi chikhalidwe cha anthu zimakhala zofanana ndi zapamwamba pa nthawi ya unyamata [4 , 7, 10, 11, 13, 14, 25, 27-29, 31, 32, 34, 37, 38, 45-48, 50].

4.2. Zochitika Zofanana

Poganizira zochitika zokhudzana ndi ntchito, kugwiritsira ntchito pa intaneti, khalidwe lachiwerewere la achinyamata, zolaula zosiyana siyana komanso zolaula zowonongeka zimakhala zikukopa chidwi chofunika kwambiri pa kafukufuku. Chochititsa chidwi ndi chakuti, masewera apamwamba a masewera a pa intaneti, ma intaneti akunyengerera, mawonetseredwe a cyberbullying, ndi kugonana mwadzidzidzi kugonana pa intaneti kumawoneka kuti akugwirizana kwambiri ndi PU [31, 32, 49]. Pankhani yokhudzana ndi kugonana, achinyamata omwe ali ndi makhalidwe okhudzana ndi kugonana, moyo wamakono komanso wodziwa zambiri za kugonana umakhala wovuta kwambiri kwa PU [8, 31, 32]. Ponena za zolaula, anyamata achichepere 'amayamba kukonda kwambiri, kuwongolera-iwowa ndi chiwawa-iwowa PU, pamene achinyamata achikulire ndi achinyamata omwe ali ndi maphunziro apamwamba amapindula kwambiri-iwowo PU [52]. N'zosadabwitsa kuti kafukufuku wonena za kugwiritsa ntchito zizoloŵezi zolaula zikuwoneka kuti adatsika, mwina chifukwa chowonjezeka kupezeka kwa mafilimu oonera zolaula [44, 58].

4.3. Zochitika Zowonjezera

Poganizira zochitika zomwe zimagwirizanitsidwa ndi PU yachinyamata, banja limagwira ntchito komanso chikhalidwe chawo / zokhudzana ndi chikhalidwe chawo zakhala zikupondereza chidwi [9, 15, 58]. Mwachindunji, kudziimira kwa makolo, ubale wosauka ndi makolo, kudzipereka kwambiri kwa banja, chisamaliro chochepa cha makolo, komanso kuyankhulana kwapabanja kumakhala kosavuta pakati pa achinyamata omwe akupereka PU. Pankhani ya chikhalidwe cha anzanu, mbali zokhudzana ndi malingaliro amtundu wa amuna, zilakolako za kugonana, kulingalira kwa chiyanjano cha anzako komanso khalidwe lachiwerewere zakhala zikugwirizana ndi PU [7, 31, 32] yachinyamata. Mu mzere umenewo, malingaliro a kugonana monga mwakuthupi komanso osasangalatsa m'malo mokondana ndi achibale, otchedwa "chikhalidwe cha anthu" ndi "kugwiritsa ntchito" anawonekera kwambiri pakati pa achinyamata oonera zolaula [59, 60]. Mofananamo, kukakamizidwa ndi anzanu kunapitirizanso kufotokozera PU momveka bwino m'zaka zaunyamata [59, 60].

POMALIZA

Chotsatira, chidwi cha kafukufuku pa PU wachinyamata chikuwonekera mosagawanika m'madera atatu akuluakulu omwe amadziwika ndi zochitika payekha, zochitika ndi zochitika. Zinthu zina zachititsa chidwi kwambiri, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti mudziwe zambiri zokhudza PU yachinyamata. Komabe, kutsindika kwakukulu ndi kofunika kwambiri pokhudzana ndi zochitika ndi zochitika za PU zofanana. Kafukufukuyu angagwirizane ndi malingaliro amasiku ano, omwe amapezeka m'dera lonse la maganizo okhudzana ndi chitukuko, komanso momwe amachitira zizoloŵezi zowonongeka, ndipo amatha kuwunikira njira zothandizira kupewa komanso kuchitapo kanthu zomwe zikukhudza zovuta za banja la achinyamata, sukulu ndi mudzi [76-78].