Zithunzi Zolaula Zagwiritsidwe Ntchito: Kufufuza Zowonongeka kwa Zotsatira za Kafukufuku 2000-2017. (2018)

Keywords: Zithunzi zolaula zimagwiritsa ntchito; zinthu zochitapo kanthu; unyamata; zochitika zamkati; zinthu zina; kusanthula kwazolemba; matenda

Mtundu wazinthu: Onaninso Nkhani

Tsiku lofalitsa: March 1, 2018

ZINTHU

3.2. Maofesi Akulu / Maphunziro Oyambirira

Mitundu yofufuzidwa kwambiri (yowoneka ngati zochititsa chidwi m'kati mwa zofufuza za 6) inayambitsidwa mogwirizana ndi maubwenzi ofunika kwambiri omwe awonetsedwa pokhudzana ndi PU muunyamata ndipo zolemba zazikuluzikulu zokhudzana ndi zochitikazo zafotokozedwa pansipa. Chidule cha zomwe zapezazo ndizokhazikitsidwa pansi pa magulu atatu apamwamba a maphunziro omwe akukamba za zochitika payekha, zochitika ndi zochitika zokhudzana ndi ntchito ndi zosiyana siyana kuchokera kwa ambiri mpaka osanthuledwa.

3.3. Zomwe Zimagwirizana

3.3.1. Kugonana Kwachilengedwe

Kugonana kwachilengedwe kumayesedwa ngati kufufuza kosinthika mu 46 kuchokera pa maphunziro a 57 omwe akuphatikizidwa mu ndondomeko yowonongeka yopangira mabuku. Mwachidule, zomwe zimawoneka zimakhudzana ndi amuna omwe amawagwiritsa ntchito mozama komanso molakwika kwambiri kusiyana ndi akazi omwe ali ndi kusiyana pakati pa amayi ndi akazi omwe akuwonjezeka pa nthawi yaunyamata, okhudzana ndi makhalidwe apamwamba okhudzana ndi kugonana komanso; mwayi wapamwamba wogonana ndi bwenzi la amuna [7, 10, 11, 25-32]. Kusiyanasiyana kwa kugonana pa zolaula zogwiritsira ntchito zolaula kunayankhidwa mobwerezabwereza pankhani ya mauthenga a pa intaneti ndi opanda pake komanso kugwiritsa ntchito zokhudzana ndi zolaula pazithunzithunzi zolaula zolaula (kutumizirana zithunzi zolaula ndikutumizirana zokhudzana ndi kugonana kapena zosokoneza, mauthenga, zithunzi, ndi mavidiyo kudzera smartphone, Intaneti, kapena malo ochezera a pa Intaneti) [33, 34]. Komabe, ngakhale kuti amavomereza kuti amuna amaperekedwa kuti azitenga zogonana zokhudzana ndi kugonana kusiyana ndi akazi, kafukufuku wina amasonyeza kusiyana kwake malinga ndi sing'anga, ndipo amuna amaimba kwambiri kuposa akazi pofufuza zolaula pa intaneti, mafilimu ndi TV [15]. Chochititsa chidwi n'chakuti pokhala mnyamata anapezeka akuchita zachiwawa chifukwa cha chiwerewere, pamene akuwonetsa zolaula, ndi zotsatira zowonera mafilimu olaula pazomwe akuwonetsa kuti ndi apamwamba kwambiri kwa atsikana [35]. Mabuku atsopano amatha kufotokoza kusiyana kwa kusiyana kwa amuna ndi akazi pogwiritsa ntchito zolaula pa nkhani ya kusiyana kwa momwe mafilimu amafikira [36], poganiza kuti kusiyana koteroko sikungokhalapo koma kumawonjezera amuna ndi akazi mosiyana; makamaka makamaka pokhudzana ndi kugonana kwawo [12].

Maganizo a 3.3.2 Kugonana

Kawirikawiri, maphunziro a 21 anafufuza momwe achinyamata akugonana ndi makhalidwe awo pa kugonana poyerekeza ndi PU. N'zosadabwitsa kuti zolinga zowononga zolaula zakhala zogwirizana kwambiri ndi maganizo oyenera a PU [15] komanso zomwe zimawathandiza achinyamata kugonana komanso khalidwe lachiwerewere [7, 37, 38]. Mwachindunji, kufufuza kwa nthawi yaitali ndi magawo osiyanasiyana pogwiritsa ntchito Chinois,

Zitsanzo za ku United States, Taiwan ndi Dutch zikusonyeza kuti kuonera zolaula mofulumira kunaneneratu kuti chiwerewere chimakhala choletsedwa, kugwiriridwa, kugonana ndi akazi komanso kugonana kwa amuna [7, 30, 39-41]. Mzere umenewo, Haggstrom-Nordin, Hanson, Hanson ndi Tyden [29] akugwira ntchito ndi anthu ambiri a ku Sweden, anapeza kuti amuna ogulitsa zithunzi zolaula amayamba kugonana, kuganiza, kapena kuchita zoonetsa mafilimu olaula. Izi zikuwoneka kuti zikugwirizana ndi zolemba zomwe zimasonyeza kuti anthu omwe amagwiritsa ntchito zolaula kawirikawiri amanena kuti kugonana kumakhala kovuta kwambiri, komanso ziphunzitso zowonongeka zokhudzana ndi kugonana, malingaliro okhudzana ndi kugonana ndi kugonana ndi maganizo oipa a amuna ndi akazi (mwachitsanzo. chiwerewere chimakhudzana ndi zolaula monga kulamulira ndi kuchititsidwa manyazi makamaka [27, 42-44].

3.3.3. Development

Maphunziro khumi ndi awiri (kuchokera mu 57 omwe akuphatikizidwa mu ndondomeko yamakono) awona kusintha kwa chitukuko m'makhalidwe a PU, komanso ponena za iwo paunyamata. Zoonadi, zofukufuku zatsimikizira kuti nthawi yowonjezereka, kusakanizidwa msinkhu ndi ukalamba kumayenderana ndi PU [7, 13, 45, 46]. Kuwonetsa molakwika, kuyang'ana zolaula zapezeka kuti zimakhudza kukula kwa makhalidwe, makamaka makamaka omwe amapita ku chipembedzo panthawi ya unyamata [47]. N'zosadabwitsa kuti kuonerera zolaula kwawonetsedwa kuti kumachititsa kuti achinyamata azikhala achipembedzo nthawi yambiri, osagonana [47]. Pachifukwa chimenecho, chitukuko chachinyamata chabwino chimagwirizanitsidwa ndi chiwerengero choyamba cha PU ndi kusintha kwake kwa nthawi m'zaka zachinyamata zachi China [28].

3.3.4. Kuzunzidwa

Kuzunzidwa kwa anthu ndi kuzunzidwa kunaphunziridwa mu maphunziro a 11 ndi maubwenzi akuluakulu omwe amavumbulutsidwa pokhudzana ndi PU yachinyamata. Kuwonetsa zolaula / zachiwerewere zikuwonekera kukhala kofala pakati pa achinyamata, okhudzidwa ndi makhalidwe omwe ali pangozi, ndipo, makamaka akazi, amagwirizana ndi mbiri ya chizunzo [48]. Pomwepokha, kuphunzira kwa Ybarra ndi Mitchell [11] kunamveka kuti ogwiritsa ntchito zolaula (pa intaneti kapena kunja) ankakonda kufotokoza zochitika zambiri zowononga thupi kapena kugonana, pamene kufufuza kwina kunatsimikizira mgwirizano weniweni pakati pa kuonera zolaula mosaganizira ndi kusokonezeka kwachinsinsi [14]. Chochititsa chidwi ndi chakuti, patapita kafukufuku wawo, Ybarra ndi Mitchell [11] adathandizira kuti anthu omwe akukula pakati pa zaka 10-15 (osadalira amuna ndi akazi) anali okonzeka kufotokoza khalidwe lachiwerewere pamene anali atadziwika kale ndi PU. Zotsatira zake zinali zotsutsana ndi kafukufuku wammbuyo omwe amasonyeza kusiyana kwa kusiyana pakati pa amuna ndi akazi pazomwe PU anachita komanso kuchita nawo zachiwawa, ndipo amuna omwe ali achinyamata amakhala ndi mwayi woonetsa makhalidwe onse awiri (9). Komabe, kafukufuku wina anapeza kuti zolaula sizinayambe kukhala ndi chizolowezi chogonana komanso kuti chilakolako choonera zolaula sichimawoneka kuti sichimayambitsa khalidwe logonana pakati pa achinyamata (46). Ngakhale izi, zofukufuku zina zasonyeza kuti kuwonetsera kwa PU kunali kwakukulu, kugwirizanitsa ndi khalidwe lapamwamba la achinyamata, kugonana kwapakati pachitetezo cha kugonana ndi kugonana pa Intaneti pachitetezo cha anyamata ndi chizunzo chokhudzana ndi kuonera zolaula [ 14, 27]

3.3.5. Malingaliro Amaganizo Aumaganizo

Maphunziro khumi ndi asanu ndi anayi adawululira zaumoyo / zizindikiro ndi / kapena zizindikiro zomwe zimagwirizanitsidwa ndi PU yachinyamata, komanso kusiyana komwe kumaganizira za umoyo wamaganizo monga momwe amaonera zolaula (mwachitsanzo. Intaneti ndi offline) [11, 49]. Momwemo, komanso ngakhale maphunziro ena osatsimikizira kuti pali mgwirizano pakati pa thanzi laumphawi ndi PU [50], zomwe ambiri amapeza zikugwirizana pa PU yapamwamba paunyamata nthawi zambiri zimakhala zofanana ndi zapamwamba (mwachitsanzo. kuvutika maganizo) ndi mavuto a khalidwe [10, 14, 34]. Momwemonso, kuphunzira kwa Ybarra ndi Mitchel [11] kunasonyeza kuti ofunafuna zolaula pa Intaneti akutha kufotokozera zizindikiro za kupsinjika maganizo poyerekeza ndi osakondera ndi osafunafuna. Komabe, Tsitsika Et al. [10] adanena kuti ngakhale kuti PU yambiri ya pa Intaneti imakhala yogwirizana kwambiri ndi mavuto a m'maganizo ndi m'maganizo, ntchito yosagwiritsidwa ntchito sizinali. Kotero, iye ankanena mawonekedwe omwe angakhale ophiphiritsira a PU (otanthauzidwa ndifupipafupi). Mu mzere umenewo, Luder Et al. [46] inalongosola kusiyana pakati pa kugonana pakati pa PU ndi mawonetseredwe opweteka ndi amuna omwe akupereka chiopsezo chachikulu. Zomwe anapezazi zinali zogwirizana ndi kafukufuku wa nthawi yaitali zomwe zikuwulula kuti zinthu zosautsa zaumphaŵi zakhala zikuphatikizidwa pakukakamiza kugwiritsira ntchito zolaula pa Intaneti pakati pa achinyamata omwe ali achinyamata (51).

3.3.6. Kufunafuna Kwambiri

Zizolowezi zofunafuna chidwi zikuwonekeranso kuti zidawunikiridwa mobwerezabwereza pokhudzana ndi PU muunyamata [4, 13, 34, 46, 52, 53]. Komabe, zotsatira zake sizikugwirizana ndi kafukufuku wina wotsimikizira [46, 54] ndi ena osatsimikizira mtundu uliwonse wamabungwe omwe ali pakati pa kufunafuna chidwi ndi PU yachinyamata [4]. Komabe, maphunziro ambiri amatanthauza kutsimikizira kuyanjana pakati pazomwe zimakhumba chidwi ndi PU muunyamata. Makamaka, Braun ndi ogwira nawo ntchito [37] adathandizira kuti anyamata ndi atsikana omwe ali ndi vuto lalikulu lokopa nthawi zambiri amatha kufunafuna zolaula. Mu mzerewu, Luder Et al. [46] anapeza kuti onse amuna ndi akazi, amene amadziwonetsera okha ku zolaula, amakhala osowa kwambiri. Mofananamo, Ševčikova, Et al. Zotsatira za [34] zomwe zimagwirizanitsidwa ndi kugonana ndi zochitika zogonana ndi kupeza zokhumba kufuna kukhala otsogolera kuonera zolaula nthawi zonse pa intaneti ndi kunja. Pomalizira, pali umboni wosonyeza kuti kugonana pakati pa kugonana ndi khalidwe la kugonana kungakhale mkhalapakati ndi kufunafuna [38].

3.3.7. Zipembedzo

Makhalidwe apamwamba a zipembedzo akhala akugwirizana ndi mafupipafupi a PU muunyamata [9, 47, 55, 56]. Kafukufuku wasonyeza kuti maubwenzi ofooka omwe amachititsa kuti anthu azikhala ndi magulu a anthu, kuphatikizapo zipembedzo zimakhala zofala kwambiri kwa anthu oonera zolaula [9]. Momwemonso, kuyang'ana zolaula kaŵirikaŵiri kwakhala kwathandizidwa kuti kuchepetsere kupezeka kwachipembedzo, kufunika kwa chikhulupiriro chachipembedzo, kupemphera kwafupipafupi, ndi kuyanjana kwa Mulungu, pamene kunasonyezedwa kuwonjezera kukayikira kwachipembedzo [47]. Chochititsa chidwi, zotsatirazi zimagwira mosasamala za amuna ndi akazi ndipo zimaoneka ngati zamphamvu kwa achinyamata poyerekeza ndi akuluakulu omwe akufalikira [47]. Komabe, ngakhale kufufuza kwina kwatsimikiziranso kuti kupezeka kwachipembedzo kumachepetsanso ndi PU yapamwamba, iwo amasonyeza kusiyanitsa pakati pa amuna ndi akazi pakati pokhudzana ndi zipembedzo zochepa ndi PU, ndi kugwiritsira ntchito zolaula kukhala zofooka pamisonkhano yapamwamba yopembedza, makamaka anyamata [55]. N'zosadabwitsa kuti chiyanjano cha atsogoleri achipembedzo chapezeka kuti chikugwirizana ndi zolaula pakati pa achinyamata [56]. Komabe, tisaiwale kuti achinyamata osiyanasiyana amasiyana ndi zolaula, zomwe zingaphatikizepo kusiyana pakati pa zipembedzo ndi chikhalidwe. Izi zikugwirizana ndi zofukufuku zomwe zikusonyeza kuti achinyamata akuchokera m'magulu osiyanasiyana achipembedzo (mwachitsanzo. Akatolika, Achiprotestanti, etc.) zosiyana ndi zolaula, mwina chifukwa chosiyana zolaula.

3.3.8. Mabungwe Achikhalidwe

Chiyanjano pakati pa PU muunyamata ndi chiyanjano chomwe achinyamata amachitira nawo zikuwoneka kuti kawirikawiri amachitira chidwi pa kafukufuku [38]. Zonsezi, zikuoneka kuti pali kugwirizana kuti achinyamata omwe amagwiritsa ntchito Intaneti pa zolaula amasiyana mosiyana ndi achinyamata omwe amagwiritsa ntchito intaneti kuti adziŵe, kulankhulana kwabwino ndi zosangalatsa [9]. Mwachindunji, chikhalidwe chodziimira paokha chimaoneka chikugwirizana ndi kuwonjezeka kwa zolaula [57]. Mogwirizana ndi izi, Mattebo Et al., [8] amathandizira kuti chiwerengero chapamwamba cha owonetsa zithunzi zolaula chimaonetsa mavuto omwe ali nawo ndi anzako poyerekeza ndi anthu omwe amagwiritsa ntchito nthawi zambiri komanso osakonda. Pomalizira, chizoloŵezi cha ufulu wokhudzana ndi chiyanjano cha chikhalidwe chakhala chikugwirizanitsidwa ndi PU yapamwamba paunyamata [4].

3.4. Zochitika Zofanana

3.4.1. Zogwiritsa ntchito pa Intaneti

Machitidwe ogwiritsira ntchito pa intaneti anafufuzidwa mu 15 kuchokera pa maphunziro a 57 omwe anaphatikizidwa mu ndemanga yangapo. Izi zikutanthauza kuti makhalidwe omwe achinyamata akuwonetsera pa zolaula pa Intaneti ndi kugwiriridwa ndi kugonana ndizochita masewera apamwamba pa masewera a pa Intaneti, machitidwe oopsa a pa intaneti, kuvutika maganizo ndi mawonetseredwe opatsirana pogwiritsa ntchito mauthenga, ndi kudzigonjera mwachangu pa Intaneti [49]. Izi zikhoza kukhala zogwirizana ndi kafukufuku wopangidwa ndi Doornward Et al. [30], yomwe inasonyezanso kuti onse aamuna ndi anyamata 'amagwiritsa ntchito malo ochezera a pa Intaneti tsiku ndi tsiku. Kafukufuku wina akuwonetsa kuti umoyo wabwino ndi umoyo wabwino ndi ubale ndi makolo sizinagwirizane ndi machitidwe ogwiritsira ntchito pa intaneti. Komabe, kugonana mwaufulu pa intaneti kunagwirizanitsidwa kwambiri ndi chiopsezo cha kugonana pa intaneti pakati pa anyamata ndi atsikana [50]. Komanso, phunziroli linapangidwa ndi Mattebo Et al., [8] anapeza kuti amuna, omwe nthawi zambiri ankagwiritsa ntchito zolaula, ankakonda kugonana, komanso amakhala ndi nthawi yambiri pa intaneti (mwachitsanzo., kuposa ma 10 maola otsatizana, kangapo pa sabata), kukhala ndi moyo wathanzi (mwachitsanzo. olemera kwambiri / kunenepa kwambiri), mosiyana ndi owonerera oonera zolaula.

3.4.2. Kugonana kwa Achinyamata

Kuchita zachiwerewere kwa achinyamata kwa PU kunkafufuzidwa mu maphunziro a 11, ndi maphunziro onse omwe adalemba zotsatira zotsatira. Phunziro lopangidwa ndi Doornward, Et al. [31, 32] anapeza kuti anyamata achichepere 'ndi zizoloŵezi zakugonana, kuphatikizapo kugwiritsira ntchito zolaula za intaneti, amanenetsa kudzichepetsa, kudzikuza kwambiri komanso kugonana kwakukulu kwambiri. Pachifukwa chimenecho, kafukufuku wina wasonyeza kuti anyamata omwe adapezeka kuti amagwiritsa ntchito zolaula ndi malo ochezera a pa Intaneti adalandira chivomerezo cha anzawo ndipo amasonyeza zambiri zomwe akuganiza pa kugonana kwawo [31, 32]. Komanso, anyamata omwe amasonyeza kuti nthawi zambiri zithunzi zolaula zimachitika nthawi zambiri zimakhala zovuta kugonana komanso ali ndi zaka zambiri. Kuwonjezera pa izi, pokhala msungwana, kukhala ndi makolo olekanitsidwa, kukhala ndi chidziwitso cha kugwiriridwa, komanso kukhala ndi malingaliro abwino a zolaula zakhudzana ndi zochitika zapamwamba zokhudzana ndi kugonana paunyamata [8].

3.4.3. Mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya zolaula

Zithunzi zolaula zokhudzana ndi PU zinkafufuzidwa mu maphunziro a 10, zomwe zikuwonetsa mayanjano ofunika ndi khalidwe lachiwerewere. Mwachindunji, kafukufuku wopangidwa ndi [52] adawonetsa kuti achinyamata achinyamata 'nthawi zambiri amavomereza chikondi, kuwongolera-iwowa ndi chiwawa zomwe zimakhudzidwa. Mosiyana ndi izi, achinyamata achichepere ndi achinyamata omwe ali ndi maphunziro apamwamba amaphunzira kusankha zolaula nthawi zambiri. Mu mzere umenewo, Hald Et al. [38] anapeza kuti panali mgwirizano wochepa, koma wofunika kwambiri, pakati pa zinthu zogonana zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito komanso khalidwe lachiwerewere likuwonetsedwa ndi achinyamata. Mwachitsanzo, kukonda zolaula zowononga komanso zovulaza kunali kwakukulu kwa amuna omwe adagwidwa ndi kugonana, anali ndi abwenzi omwe amagula kapena kugulitsa ntchito zogonana komanso ankakonda kumwa mowa kwambiri. Mofananamo, ngakhale kuti mosiyana, akazi omwe anali ogwiritsa ntchito zolaula / zachiwerewere amafuna kugonana okha, kukhala ndi abwenzi omwe amagula kapena kugulitsa ntchito zogonana ndi kusuta [42, 48].

3.4.4. Zithunzi Zachikhalidwe

Zithunzi zolaula zachikhalidwe zimatanthauzidwa kuti ndizogwiritsa ntchito zolaula (zomwe sizili pa intaneti) zolaula monga magazini, kanema wawayilesi komanso makanema [28]. Zithunzi zolaula zidasanthulidwa m'maphunziro a 7, ndikuwonetsa kuti mwina chidwi chofufuza zakugwiritsa ntchito zolaula zatsika kwambiri poyerekeza ndi kumwa zolaula pa intaneti. Shek & Ma [28] afotokoza kuti izi ndichifukwa chakukula kwazinthu zotsika mtengo zapaintaneti zapaintaneti. Pambuyo pake, achinyamata amatha kuwona zolaula pa intaneti mosavuta komanso mosadziwika kudzera pamakompyuta, mapiritsi ndi mafoni [28, 44].

3.5. Zochitika Zowonjezera

3.5.1. Banja Logwira Ntchito

Kugwira ntchito kwa banja kunkafufuzidwa mu maphunziro a 12 omwe anaphatikizidwa mu ndemanga yangapo. Mwachindunji, Weber ndi anzathu [44] adalangiza kuti achinyamata "omwe amadziona ngati osadziimira okha ndi makolo awo amakonda kudya zolaula kawirikawiri. Izi zimagwirizananso ndi zowonjezera zina [11], zomwe zinathandizanso kuti achinyamata adziwe kuti ali ndi ubale wosauka ndi makolo awo, kudzipereka kwapabanja, kusamalidwa kochepetsetsa kwa makolo, komanso kuyankhulana kwapang'ono kumakhala kovuta ku PU. Chochititsa chidwi, kuti zinthu zoterezi zimawoneka kuti zimakhudza kwambiri ntchito za m'banja, zomwe zakhudzana kwambiri ndi PU [9, 58].

3.5.2. Chikhalidwe cha anzanga

Chikhalidwe cha anzawo pa PU chinafufuzidwa pa maphunziro a 7. Zomwe zimachitika zimasonyeza kuti chikhalidwe cha anzako chimakhudzana ndi malingaliro a amuna, chikhalidwe cha kugonana, komanso kuzindikira kwa anzanu komanso khalidwe lachiwerewere likugwirizana ndi PU [7, 31, 32] achinyamata. Makamaka, kugwiritsira ntchito zida zolaula pa Intaneti pakati pa anyamata, komanso kugwiritsa ntchito malo ochezera a pa Intaneti pakati pa amuna ndi akazi onse kumagwirizanitsidwa bwino ndi malingaliro a anzawo ndi makhalidwe achiwerewere [7, 31, 32]. Pa mzere umenewo, maphunziro a Peter ndi Valkenburg [59, 60] adatsindika malingaliro a kugonana monga makamaka mwakuthupi komanso osasangalatsa m'malo mokondana ndi pachibale, otchedwa "chikhalidwe cha anthu" ndi "ntchito" potsatira. Kufufuza uku kunasonyeza kuti kugwiritsidwa ntchito kawirikawiri pazinthu zolaula pa intaneti kunapanga zonse "zenizeni" ndi "zothandiza". Izi zikhoza kutanthauzidwa pa nthawi zambiri zolaula zomwe zimayambitsa kuchepetsa chiyanjano cha maubwenzi mwa kuchititsa malingaliro a kugonana monga momwe zimakhalire zogonana. Kuphatikiza pa izi, Kwa anzanu [43] omwe amathandizidwa kuti kukakamizidwa ndi anzanu kumakhudzanso zochitika zogonana ndi zochitika zogonana.

KUKANGANANI

Zofukufuku zomwe zikupezeka pazinthu zowonongeka zowonetsera zikuwonetsa kuti kafukufuku m'munda wa PU wachinyamata wagwiritsa ntchito nkhani zazikulu zazikulu zitatu zokhudzana ndi (I), chiganizo (C) ndi zochitika (A). Zowonjezereka, zambiri mwazofukufuku zomwe zinagwiritsidwa ntchito panthawiyi zakhala zikugwirizanitsidwa ndi munthu aliyense (I: 18), ndikugogomezera zosiyana zokhudzana ndi ntchito zokhudzana ndi ntchito (A: 8) zotsatirazi, ndi zofanana zokhudzana ndi zochitikazo. wothandizira kukhala osaphunzira kwambiri (C: 6). Zofukufukuzi zikuwonetsa chizoloŵezi cholimba cha kufufuza zochitika za munthu payekha pa PU muunyamata, ndi kufufuza kwakukulu kwambiri pa zochitika zokhudzana ndi ntchito ndi zochitika m'zinthu zomwe zilipo (Table 1). Izi zimazindikiritsa kusamvetseka muzinthu zomwe ziyenera kuti zidzakambidwe ndi kafukufuku wamtsogolo.

4.1. Zomwe Zimagwirizana

Pogwiritsa ntchito zifukwa zofanana, kugonana kwachilengedwe, malingaliro okhudzana ndi kugonana, zifukwa zokhudzana ndi chitukuko, kuzunzidwa, khalidwe laumoyo, kufunafuna, kukhudzidwa ndi zikhulupiliro ndi makhalidwe okhudzana ndi chikhalidwe cha anthu zakhudza chidwi chofufuza za PU yachinyamata. Zowonongeka, zotsatira zimasonyeza kuti amuna, maganizo omasuka kwambiri pankhani ya kugonana, kusakanizidwa msinkhu ndi msinkhu wawo, kuzunzika kwapadera ndi kuzunzidwa, matenda aumphawi, zofuna zowonongeka komanso kulephera kugwirizana ndi chikhalidwe cha anthu zimakhala zofanana ndi zapamwamba pa nthawi ya unyamata [4 , 7, 10, 11, 13, 14, 25, 27-29, 31, 32, 34, 37, 38, 45-48, 50].

4.2. Zochitika Zofanana

Poganizira zochitika zokhudzana ndi ntchito, kugwiritsira ntchito pa intaneti, khalidwe lachiwerewere la achinyamata, zolaula zosiyana siyana komanso zolaula zowonongeka zimakhala zikukopa chidwi chofunika kwambiri pa kafukufuku. Chochititsa chidwi ndi chakuti, masewera apamwamba a masewera a pa intaneti, ma intaneti akunyengerera, mawonetseredwe a cyberbullying, ndi kugonana mwadzidzidzi kugonana pa intaneti kumawoneka kuti akugwirizana kwambiri ndi PU [31, 32, 49]. Pankhani yokhudzana ndi kugonana, achinyamata omwe ali ndi makhalidwe okhudzana ndi kugonana, moyo wamakono komanso wodziwa zambiri za kugonana umakhala wovuta kwambiri kwa PU [8, 31, 32]. Ponena za zolaula, anyamata achichepere 'amayamba kukonda kwambiri, kuwongolera-iwowa ndi chiwawa-iwowa PU, pamene achinyamata achikulire ndi achinyamata omwe ali ndi maphunziro apamwamba amapindula kwambiri-iwowo PU [52]. N'zosadabwitsa kuti kafukufuku wonena za kugwiritsa ntchito zizoloŵezi zolaula zikuwoneka kuti adatsika, mwina chifukwa chowonjezeka kupezeka kwa mafilimu oonera zolaula [44, 58].

4.3. Zochitika Zowonjezera

Poganizira zochitika zomwe zimagwirizanitsidwa ndi PU yachinyamata, banja limagwira ntchito komanso chikhalidwe chawo / zokhudzana ndi chikhalidwe chawo zakhala zikupondereza chidwi [9, 15, 58]. Mwachindunji, kudziimira kwa makolo, ubale wosauka ndi makolo, kudzipereka kwambiri kwa banja, chisamaliro chochepa cha makolo, komanso kuyankhulana kwapabanja kumakhala kosavuta pakati pa achinyamata omwe akupereka PU. Pankhani ya chikhalidwe cha anzanu, mbali zokhudzana ndi malingaliro amtundu wa amuna, zilakolako za kugonana, kulingalira kwa chiyanjano cha anzako komanso khalidwe lachiwerewere zakhala zikugwirizana ndi PU [7, 31, 32] yachinyamata. Mu mzere umenewo, malingaliro a kugonana monga mwakuthupi komanso osasangalatsa m'malo mokondana ndi achibale, otchedwa "chikhalidwe cha anthu" ndi "kugwiritsa ntchito" anawonekera kwambiri pakati pa achinyamata oonera zolaula [59, 60]. Mofananamo, kukakamizidwa ndi anzanu kunapitirizanso kufotokozera PU momveka bwino m'zaka zaunyamata [59, 60].

POMALIZA

Chotsatira, chidwi cha kafukufuku pa PU wachinyamata chikuwonekera mosagawanika m'madera atatu akuluakulu omwe amadziwika ndi zochitika payekha, zochitika ndi zochitika. Zinthu zina zachititsa chidwi kwambiri, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti mudziwe zambiri zokhudza PU yachinyamata. Komabe, kutsindika kwakukulu ndi kofunika kwambiri pokhudzana ndi zochitika ndi zochitika za PU zofanana. Kafukufukuyu angagwirizane ndi malingaliro amasiku ano, omwe amapezeka m'dera lonse la maganizo okhudzana ndi chitukuko, komanso momwe amachitira zizoloŵezi zowonongeka, ndipo amatha kuwunikira njira zothandizira kupewa komanso kuchitapo kanthu zomwe zikukhudza zovuta za banja la achinyamata, sukulu ndi mudzi [76-78].