Kuwonetsa mgwirizano wa nthawi yaitali pakati pa khalidwe lachiwerewere la achinyamata komanso kufotokozera zokhudzana ndi kugonana (2009)

Ndemanga: Sindikudziwa chifukwa chake ndili ndi izi pano pofufuza zomwe zikufalitsa nkhani zonse, kupatula intaneti. Nali vuto ndi kafukufuku aliyense yemwe akuwonetsa kulumikizana pakati pazogonana zomwe zimadyedwa ndikugonana kulibe phindu. Chifukwa chiyani? Achinyamata ambiri omwe adya zolaula zambiri pa intaneti amadandaula zakuchepa kwa atsikana enieni, mwina ED, ndipo nthawi zambiri amakhala ndi nkhawa.

J Sex Res. 2009 Nov-Dec; 46 (6): 586-96. pitani: 10.1080 / 00224490902898736.

Hennessy M, Bleakley A, Fishbein M, Yordani A.

gwero

Gawo la Zolinga za Anthu, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, 19104, USA. [imelo ndiotetezedwa]

Kudalirika

cholinga

Kuwerengera mgwirizano pakati pa khalidwe lachiwerewere la achinyamata komanso kufotokozera zochitika zogonana.

Njira

Kafukufuku wamakono atatu (N = 506) a zaka za 14-16 pamsinkhu woyambirira akufufuzidwa pogwiritsa ntchito kukula.

Results

Kukula kwa trajectories ndi kovuta kwa khalidwe la chiwerewere koma osati kuwonetsa zochitika zogonana. Zizindikiro za kutsetsereka kwa nthaka sizodziwika bwino: Anthu a ku Spain ndi a ku America omwe akufunsidwa akuwonetsa kuchepa kwa zochitika zogonana chifukwa cha zaka zapakati pafukufuku wakee.

Mawuwo

Ngakhale kusintha kwa zochitika zogonana kumakhudzana kwambiri ndi kusintha kwa chiwerewere pakati pa a Whites, palibe kusiyana pakati pa kusintha kwa mitunduyi pakati pa a Black.

MAU OYAMBA

Zomwe ana ndi achinyamata akuwona, kumva, ndi kuwerenga mu wailesi imatengedwa kuti zimakhudza chitukuko chawo ndi khalidwe lawo. Buhi & Goodson (2007) amanena kuti pali zifukwa zamphamvu zoganizira kuti kugonana kumakhudzana ndi zikhulupiriro za achinyamata, malingaliro, zikhalidwe, ndi zolinga zogonana. Kuwonetsa kuti zosokoneza zomwe zimachitika pa ana ndi achinyamata zimayendera limodzi ndi kafukufuku wofufuza kafukufuku wa magulu a mtundu wina kapena mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya zofalitsa zofalitsa mauthenga (mwina amayesedwa mwachangu kapena mwachibadwa) ndi zotsatira monga zikhulupiliro zachizolowezi zokhudzana ndi kugonana (Chia & Gunther, 2006), kutalika ndi nthawi yogonana (Aubrey, Harrison, Kramer & Yellin, 2003), ndi zizoloŵezi zina zamagonana (Brown, L'Engle, Pardun, Guo, Kenneavy, & Jackson, 2006; L'Engle, Brown & Kenneavy, 2006; Collins, 2005; Somers & Tynan, 2006).

Ngakhale kuti zofalitsa za "zotsatila" izi zimayambitsa mauthenga ambiri ndi zotsatira zambiri (Escobar-Chaves, Tortolero, Markham, Low, Eitel, & Thickstun, 2005; Ward, 2003; Ward & Friedman, 2006), kafufuzidwe kafukufuku wokhudzana ndi kugonana pakati pa mafilimu ndi machitidwe ogonana akuyang'ana pa TV. Achinyamata amatha kugwiritsa ntchito maola a 6 1 / 2 tsiku lililonse akuwonera TV (Roberts, Foehr & Rideout, 2005), deta imasonyeza kuti kuchuluka kwa kugonana pa televizioni (omwe amamvetsetsa bwino kwambiri) akuwonjezeka (Kunkel, Cope, & Colvin 1996; Kunkel, Cope-Farrar, Biely, & Donnerstein, 2001; Kunkel, Wabwino, Eyal, Cope-Ferrar, Donnerstein, & Fandrich 2003; Kunkel, Eyal, & Finnerty, 2005, koma chifukwa cha lingaliro losiyana pa nthawi pakuwona Hetsroni, 2007). Ngakhale kuti nthawi yonse yomwe amagwiritsidwa ntchito ndi televizioni sizimawoneka kuti ikukhudzana ndi kugonana kwa achinyamata (Brown & Watsopano, 1991; Collins, 2005; Ward, 2003), kafukufuku wina amasonyeza kuwonetsedwa kwa kugonana pa televizioni (mwachitsanzo, mitundu ya chiwerewere, mapulogalamu omwe ali ndi kugonana kwakukulu) amagwirizanitsidwa ndi ziyembekezo zokhudzana ndi kugonana, malingaliro a khalidwe lachiwerewere, malingaliro ogonana ndi chiwerewere (Ashby, Arcari & Edmonson, 2006; Brown ndi al., 2006; Ma Collins, Elliot & Miu, 2007; Eggermont, 2005; L'Engle, Jackson & Brown, 2006; Pardun, L'Engle & Brown, 2005; Tolman, Kim, Schooler & Sorsoli, 2007; Ward, 2003; Ward & Friedman, 2006).

Mwachitsanzo, Brown ndi Watsopano (1991) anapeza kuti ngakhale maola onse omwe amawonetsedwa pa televizioni kapena maola onse omwe akuwonetsedwa pazithunzi za pa TV anali okhudzana ndi khalidwe la kugonana. Komabe, chiwerengero chachikulu cha nthawi yowonerera TV yomwe inali ndi kugonana, ndiye kuti mwinamwake mwanayo anali atagonana. Collins, Elliot, Berry, Kanouse, Kunkel, Hunter & Miu (2004) anagwiritsa ntchito kafukufuku wa zaka ziwiri za 12-17 ndipo anapeza kuti kuonerera kugonana pa televizioni (pogwiritsa ntchito kafukufuku wa TV za 23) kunanenedweratu ndipo mwinamwake kuyambitsa kugonana, mwamsanga Pardun, L'Engle, & Brown (2005) anapeza kuti kugonana pa TV kumakhudzana ndi zolinga zogonana, koma osati ndi kugonana kochepa (mwachitsanzo, kukhala ndi zibwenzi, kukondana kamodzi, kupsompsonana ndi kupsinjika kwakukulu) kapena kugonana kwakukulu (mwachitsanzo, kugwira m'mawere, kukondana ndi kugonana, kugonana pamlomo, kugonana).

The Pardun, L'Engle ndi Brown (2005) kuphunzira ndi imodzi mwa oyamba kuganizira zochitika zogonana pakati pa ma TV ndi ma TV (mwachitsanzo, mafilimu, magazini, nyuzipepala, nyimbo, intaneti) komanso achinyamata (omwe ali ndi zaka za 12-14) kuti azigonana komanso zomwe amachita zogonana. Mgwirizano wamphamvu kwambiri pakati pa kugonana ndi zofuna zogonana (kuphatikizapo khalidwe la kugonana) anapezeka powonetsedwa ndi kugonana m'mafilimu ndi nyimbo. Kuphunzira kwa nthawi yaitali kotengera chitsanzo chomwecho Brown ndi al. (2006) Komanso anasunthira mopitirira kufufuza zotsatira za TV. Olembawo anawonetsa kuti zotsatira zowonongeka zokhudzana ndi kugonana ndi nyimbo, mafilimu, kanema, ndi magazini pazochitika za kugonana kwa "White" ndi "Black" achinyamata (zaka zapakati pa 12-14) pogwiritsa ntchito deta yoyamba yomwe imasonkhanitsidwa ku 2002 ndi data yotsatira yomwe inasonkhanitsidwa 2004. Iwo adapeza kuti achinyamata achizungu omwe ali ndi mafilimu opatsirana pogonana anali oposa achinyamata achinyamata omwe ali ndi kachilombo kochepa kuti agwire nawo ntchito zogonana zaka ziwiri zotsatira. Komabe, chifukwa cha achinyamata achizungu awa ndi 3% chabe a khalidwe lachiwerewere lachinyamata pamene khalidwe loyambirira la kugonana, chiwerengero cha anthu, ndi zina zofunikira zogonana zimaganiziridwa. Kwa achinyamata a ku Africa-America panalibe zotsatira zowononga kugonana pa khalidwe lawo la kugonana. Mwachidule, pali umboni wina wa mgwirizano wa pakati pa chiwerewere ndi kufotokozera zachiwerewere pamtundu wosiyanasiyana wa zofalitsa; komabe ubalewu umawoneka ngati uli wovomerezeka pa mpikisano wa womvera. Kuonjezerapo, momwe achinyamata akuonera zochitika zokhudzana ndi kugonana amasintha pakapita nthawi sadziwika.

Mafunso Ofufuza

Papepala lino, timayesa kugwirizana kwa nthawi yaitali pakati pa kugonana ndi kufotokozera zokhudzana ndi kugonana pogwiritsa ntchito deta pazochitika zogonana komanso njira zowonongeka zogonana pazinthu zinai zosiyana: TV, nyimbo, magazini, ndi masewero a kanema. Deta yathu ndi yapadera pa kafukufukuyu chifukwa tinatsatira zaka zapakati pa 14-16 zaka zapakati pa 3 ndipo motero timatha kugwiritsa ntchito kukula kwa kayendedwe ka kayendedwe ka kayendedwe kake. Timagwiritsa ntchito kukula kwa maulendo chifukwa timapanga njira zowonetsera deta zomwe zimayendera mafunso awiri ofunika omwe akuthandizira apa: Kuyanjana ndi mabungwe pakati pa kusintha kwa nthawi muzochita zogonana ndikusintha nthawi kuti awonetsere zokhudzana ndi kugonana (Cheong, MacKinnon & Khoo, 2003), ndikudziwitsiyanitsa kusiyana pakati pa amuna kapena akazi (ngati zilipo) mu ndondomeko yotereyi (Barnes, Reifman, Farrell & Dintcheff, 2000; Fergus, Zimmerman, & Caldwell, 2007). Mafunso otsatirawa amafufuzidwa:

  1. Kodi kusintha kwa chiwerewere ndi kuwonetsa zokhudzana ndi kugonana ndi msinkhu wa wovomera? Funso lofufuzirali limakhudza kusintha kwa nthawi yazigawo ziwiri zomwe zidzakwaniritsidwe ndipo zimayankhidwa pazomwe zikukulirakulira ndi kulingalira zochitika za kugonana komanso zokhudzana ndi kugonana ndi msinkhu.
  2. Kodi kuchuluka kwa zochitika zogonana pazaka za 14 zimakhudzanso chikhalidwe cha chiwerewere chotsatira? Funsoli likuyankhidwa pa kukula kwa msinkhu wotsatila poyesa kugwirizana pakati pa mtengo woyambirira wa kufotokozera (mwachitsanzo, pa zaka 14) ndi malo otsetsereka pa nthawi yogonana.
  3. Kodi kuchuluka kwa kugonana komwe kuli ndi zaka 14 kumakhudza bwanji zotsatira zogonana pazofalitsa? Funsoli likuyankhidwa mu kukula kwa msinkhu poyesa kulumikizana pakati pa khalidwe loyambirira la kugonana (mwachitsanzo, pa zaka 14) ndi malo otsika osintha nthawi yomwe ikuwonetsedwa ndi zochitika zogonana.
  4. Kodi kusintha kwa nthawi kumakhala ndi chiwerewere ndikusintha bwanji nthawi yomwe ikuwonetsedwa ndi zokhudzana ndi kugonana? Funsoli likuyankhidwa pa kukula kwa msinkhu wokhudzana ndi kugonana ndikugwirizanitsa kutsetsereka kwa kusintha kwa chiwerewere ndi kutsetsereka kwa kusintha pokhala ndi zochitika zogonana.
  5. Kodi chikhalidwe choyambirira, mgwirizano wamagwiridwe, ndi machitidwe okhudzana ndi kugonana ndi kufanana ndi zochitika zogonana zimasiyana pakati pa amuna ndi akazi kapena / kapena mtundu? Ndiko kuti, kodi pali kugwirizana pakati pa zigawo za parameter ndi chikhalidwe kapena mtundu? Funsoli likuyankhidwa pazomwe likukula pamalowera pofotokozera magawo a kukula kwa mphutsi pogwiritsa ntchito zikhalidwe za anthu omwe adafunsidwa.
Pitani ku:

NJIRA

Nkhani ya Sexen ndi Media Media (ASAMS) ndi kufufuza kwa zaka zisanu za mgwirizano pakati pa kugonana ndi atolankhani komanso khalidwe lachiwerewere la achinyamata. Linapangidwa kuti lifufuze ngati zochitika zogonana muzofalitsa zimakhudza kugonana kwa achinyamata. Mu ASAMS, ziwerengero za analytic ntchito zogwiritsidwa ntchito ndi njira yowonongeka ya kulosera zamakhalidwe (Ajzen & Albarracín, 2007; Fishbein, 2000), zomwe zikuphatikizapo malingaliro a zochita zoganiza, khalidwe lokonzedweratu, chitsanzo cha chikhulupiriro chaumoyo, ndi chidziwitso cha chikhalidwe cha anthu.

Kupanga Phunziro ndi Ophunzira

Kusonkhanitsa deta kunayambika pa kafukufuku wochokera pa webusaiti yomwe inayambika m'chaka ndi chilimwe cha 2005, 2006, ndi 2007. Achinyamata adayankha analembedwanso kupititsa patsogolo ndi kusindikiza pa wailesi, makalata oyimilira, ndi pakamwa kuti amalize kufufuza. Kulembera kunkapindulitsidwa kwambiri kwa omwe amawafunsa wakuda (49%) Metro malonda (Metro ndi nyuzipepala yaulere yomwe imaperekedwa kudzera m'mabotolo am'mbali mumsewu komanso pa kayendedwe ka anthu ku Philadelphia) motsatira mawu (14%) kapena njira yosadziwika (14%). Ophunzira achizungu ndi a ku Puerto Rico anawonetsa njira zofanana zowonjezera. Njira zitatu zabwino zomwe Ofunsidwa amawafunsa anali Metro malonda (27%), kupyolera mwa omwe anafunsidwa kale (23%), ndi kudzera mwachindunji makalata (14%). Njira zitatu zabwino kwambiri za anthu a ku Puerto Rico anali Metro malonda (28%), kupyolera mwa omwe anafunsidwa kale (23%), ndi pakamwa (13%).

Zolinga za ovomereza ndi zaka zakubadwa panthawi yafukufuku woyamba (14, 15, kapena 16) ndi mtundu / mtundu (White, African-American, kapena Spanish). Ndondomeko ya sampulaneti inali yotanganidwa ndi chikhumbo cha kukula kwazitsanzo zofanana pakati pa mpikisano * M'badwo * Magulu a magulu (3 * 3 * 2). Mwachizoloŵezi, Amwenye a ku America omwe amachitira achinyamata a ku Philadelphia anali ovuta kwambiri kupeza ndi kubwezeretsa, choncho maulendo awo a selo ndi otsika. Kafukufukuyu adayambitsidwa mu April 2005 pambuyo pa mayesero a sayansi ndi kuyesedwa koyambirira kwa chida chofufuzira. Kugonjetsedwa kwa chiwerengero (mwachitsanzo, chiwerengero chosamaliza kafukufuku woyamba chinagawanika ndi chiwerengero chovomerezeka) chinali ofanana ndi anthu omwe amawafunsa zakuda ndi azisipanishi (17% ndi 19% motsatira) ndipo amatsikira kwa White anayankha (6%). Panalibe kusiyana pakati pa chiwongoladzanja ndi chiwerengero cha amuna (amuna = 14%, akazi = 13%).

Kafukufukuyo anapezeka kuchokera ku kompyuta iliyonse ndi intaneti. Ophunzira adapatsidwa mwayi wokatenga kafukufukuyo ku yunivesite kapena malo opanda malo (monga nyumba, sukulu, kapena laibulale). Otsutsawo anapatsidwa neno lachinsinsi kuti apeze kafukufukuyo, komanso nambala yozindikiritsa ndi mawu achinsinsi pofuna kutsimikizira chinsinsi ndi chitetezo chaumwini. Otsutsawo anabwezera madola $ 25 pakutha kwa kafukufuku pamsinkhu uliwonse, ndipo pafupipafupi, anatenga ola limodzi kuti amalize kufufuza. Ofunsidwa omwe anamaliza mafunde onse a 3 afukufukuwo adalandira bonasi ya $ 25. Atapereka mafomu ovomerezeka / ovomerezeka a makolo, akuluakulu a 547 a zaka 14 ku 16 anamaliza kufufuza pa Wave 1 (mu 2005). Pali chiwerengero chochepa chosowapo ngakhale kuti maulendo atatu a kusonkhanitsa deta anali okwera (87% ya sampuli yoyamba idakonzedwanso bwino m'mafunde onse ndipo 94% ya chitsanzo choyamba chinayambira pa 2 mafunde a 3) ndipo Deta yomwe ikugwiritsidwa ntchito pano ili yochepa kwa oyankha a 506 omwe alipo mu deta yosankhidwa kuti akhale osachepera 2 mafunde a 3 a kusonkhanitsa deta. Ofunsidwa ndi 62% akazi, 42% African-American, 42% White, 13% Spanish, ndi 3% "Zina." Kwa White anayankha, zitsanzo zazikulu mu chaka 1 ndi zaka (14, 15, ndi 16) anali 67 , 73, ndi 73 pambaliyi, kwa omwe amafunsidwa Black anali 74, 76, ndi 73 motsatira.

Zosintha Zodalirika: Ndondomeko ya Zizindikiro Zogonana

Kafukufukuyu adasonkhanitsa deta kwa moyo wawo wonse, kuposa chaka chapitacho, komanso m'miyezi ya 12 yapitayi makhalidwe ogonana: Kupsompsona kwakukulu (chinthu: Kodi munayamba mwapsompsona kwambiri (anthu ena amachitcha kuti "kupsyopsyona kwa France"?), kugwira pachifuwa cha mzake (chinthu: Ngati munakhalapo ndi mkazi, munamukhudza mabere ake ?), wofunsidwa ali ndi mawere akukhudza (chinthu: Kodi munayamba mwakhalapo ndi mabere ako atagwiridwa ndi mnzanuyo?), kugwirana kwa kugonana kwa wofunsidwa ndi mnzake (chinthu: Kodi mnzanu wagwirapo mbali zanu zapadera?), Wokhululuka kupereka chilakolako cha kugonana (chinthu: Kodi munayamba mwaika pakamwa panu pazinsinsi za mnzanu (anthu ena amavomereza kuti "kugonana m'kamwa")? (anthu ena amachitcha kuti "kugonana kwachinsinsi")?, Wokondedwayo akulandira chiwerewere (chinthu: Ngati munakhalapo ndi mwamuna wamwamuna, kodi adayikapo mbolo yake mu anus (anthu ena amatcha "kugonana koyambirira" )?, wovomera kupereka chilakolako cha kugonana (anafunsidwa kwa amuna okha, chinthu: Kodi munayamba mwaika mbolo yanu mumayendedwe a mnzanu (ena amachitcha kuti "kugonana kwa abambo")? Anayamba kugonana (ie, mbolo mu chikazi) ndi mnzanu wapakati?).

Chifukwa kukula kwa msinkhu kumakhala kochepa, timayang'ana pa moyo wonse zinthu chifukwa zizoloŵezi zambiri ndizosawerengeka kapena zero pogwiritsa ntchito nthawi yochepa kukumbukira. Timalephera kuganizira za khalidwe logonana, choncho mawere amatha kugwiritsidwa ntchito komanso kugonana komweko kumagwiritsidwa ntchito ndi akazi okhaokha, ndipo mawere okhudza kugonana komanso opatsirana pogonana amagwiritsidwa ntchito ndi amuna okhaokha. Timapezanso kuunika kwa amuna a 6 omwe adalandira kugonana kwa abambo chifukwa kulowetsedwa kwawo kumachepetsa chikhalidwe cha chikhalidwe cha amuna. Ofunsidwawa sanafotokoze zochitika zonse zokhudzana ndi kugonana kwa amayi ndi akazi kotero kuti chiwerengero chathu chogonana pakati pawo chikhale chosayenera kwa iwo.

Tinagwiritsira ntchito Mokken kuwunikira kuti tione momwe zinthu zogonana zimakhalira. Kusinthanitsa kwa Mokken kumapangidwa chifukwa cha kulemberana kovuta, kotero kuti zinthu zonse pambuyo pa kulephera koyamba zakwanilanso komanso zinthu zonse zisanathe kupititsa (Ringdal, Ringdal, Kaasa, Bjordal, Wisløff, Sundstrøm & Hjermstad, 1999). Ngati zinthu zikuyesa kugwiritsa ntchito tanthawuzoli, zinthuzo zimaonedwa kuti ndi zovuta, ndipo wofufuzirayo amadziŵa bwino lomwe "2" (mwachitsanzo) pa ndondomeko ya ndondomeko. Pachifukwa ichi, wofunsidwa ndi "2" adachita zinthu ziwiri zoyamba zogonana ndipo sanachite 5 yotsiriza. Izi ndizo zopindulira zabwino zomwe zimavuta kulamulira: kufunika kwa chidule cha ndondomeko chikusonyeza zomwe zinalembedwa ndi zomwe zinalephera. Kuwongolera khalidwe la kugonana mwanjira imeneyi kumapangitsa ochita kafukufuku okhala ndi ndondomeko yosonyeza "khalidwe labwino la kugonana."

Zomwe zimayikidwa zimayesedwa chifukwa chavuta-kulamulidwa kosagwirizana ndi a Loevinger H coefficient (Ringdal et al. 1999); phindu la .5 kapena zambiri zimasonyeza kukula kwakukulu (Mokken, 1971, p. 185). Kwa chaka chilichonse, zinthuzo zinapangidwa bwino: H chifukwa amuna anali 0.75 m'chaka 1, 0.70 m'chaka cha 2, ndi 0.77 m'chaka cha 3; H kwa zaka 1 kwa 3 kwa akazi anali 0.83, 0.84, ndi 0.83 motsatira. Chiŵerengero cha khalidwe la kugonana ndi masewera owerengedwa ndi 2.71 (SD = 2.23), 3.62 (SD = 2.26), ndi 4.46 (SD = 2.17) kwa zaka 1, 2, ndi 3 motsatira. Kulamulidwa kwa machitidwe a amuna okhaokha kunali: Kupsompsona kwakukulu, mawere okhudza / mabere akhudzidwa, kugwirana kwa kugonana, kulandira kugonana pamlomo, kugonana kwa abambo, kupereka kugonana pamlomo, ndi kulandira / kugonana pogonana. Komabe, kwa amuna m'chaka cha 2, lamulo lovomerezeka kugonana (45%) ndi kugonana kwa kugonana (44%) kumasinthidwa (ndi 1%) poyerekeza ndi Chaka 1. Mu chaka 3 lamulo la amuna ndilofanana ndi chaka 1. Kwa akazi, ndondomeko ya makhalidwe ndi yosagwirizana pa zaka zitatu zosonkhanitsa deta. Tsatanetsatane wowonjezera pa zovuta-kulongosola monga momwe amagwiritsidwira kwa deta izi zingapezeke Hennessy, Bleakley, Fishbein & Jordan (2008).

Zosintha Zomwe Zimadalira: Kuwonetsera ku Zogonana Zogonana

Mkhalidwe wathu wotsalira pa zolaula zokhudzana ndi mafilimu unkawerengedwa pogwiritsa ntchito mitundu ya 2 ya mitundu: anthu omwe anafunsidwa kuti adziwonekere ku maudindo omwe amawasankha mu 4 media (televizioni, nyimbo, magazini, ndi mavidiyo) ndi chiwerengero cha oyankhulidwa pa nkhani zogonana za maudindo a ma TV. Mndandandawu unamangidwa kuti uwonetse maudindo odziwika kwa achinyamata komanso / kapena gulu lonse pa nthawi yafukufuku wapakati ndipo adasinthidwa kwa zaka 2 ndi 3. Maina otchuka amaperekedwa ndi malo a webusaiti (kuphatikizapo: www.top5s.com/tvweek; www.boxofficemojo.com; www.imdb.com/boxoffice/rentals; www.billboard.com; www.gamerankings.com) komanso kuchokera ku kampani yopenda kafukufuku (TRU data) komanso kafukufuku woyendetsa sitima yomwe tachita chaka chino isanachitike. Mayinawo anapangidwa kuti apereke lingaliro lakuya kwazomwe amagwiritsa ntchito, ngakhale kuti tazindikira kuti sangathe kutenga zonse zomwe achinyamata amaziwona, kusewera, kapena kuziwerenga. M'chaka cha 1 cha phunzirolo, kufufuzaku kunaphatikizapo mndandanda wa mapulogalamu a TV a 30, ojambula a nyimbo za 30, maudindo a magazini a 20, ndi mavidiyo a 15. M'chaka cha 2 cha pulogalamuyi munali maina a TV a 75, ojambula a nyimbo za 50, magazini a 30, mafilimu a 40, ndi mavidiyo a 40, ndipo m'chaka cha 3 cha pulogalamuyi anaphatikizapo mawonetsero a televizioni a 74, ojambula a nyimbo za 39, magazini a 32, mafilimu a 43 , ndi mavidiyo a 45. Kuwunikira izi, komabe mafilimu samaphatikizidwa muzochitika zonse zogonana zokhudzana ndi kugonana kuti zikhale zofanana pakati pa nthawi.

Kudzidzimva, m'malo mwa zotsatira za kusanthula, kunagwiritsidwa ntchito chifukwa chakuti ndondomeko zokhazokha zinasonkhanitsidwa m'zaka zitatu zonse zafukufukuwo. Komabe, mgwirizano pakati pa zowonongeka kuchokera kwa anthu omwe amafunsidwa ndi kugonana (monga momwe amagwiritsidwira ntchito pano) ndi omwe akutsatiridwa ndi zowerengera zokhudzana ndi kugonana (kwa zaka 1 ndi 2, panalibe kusanthula kwina kwa mayina a 3 chaka) anali ogwirizana bwino (r = .75 m'chaka 1 ndi r = .77 m'chaka 2). Kuphatikizanso apo, mgwirizano pakati pa chiwerengero cha chiwonetsero chozikidwa pazinthu zogonana zokhudzana ndi kugonana ndi chiwerengero cha khalidwe la chiwerewere zinali zofanana kwambiri ndi mgwirizano pakati pa chiwerengero cha chiwonetsero chozikidwa pazomwe akuwerengera zokhudzana ndi kugonana ndi chiwerengero cha khalidwe la kugonana: Chaka cha 1 mgwirizano pakati pa ndondomeko ya khalidwe la kugonana ndi chiwerengero choyankhira chokhudzidwa chinali .20 (p <.01) pomwe kulumikizana kwa chaka cha 1 pakati pa chiwonetsero chazakugonana ndi njira yowunikira pofufuza zomwe zinali .23 (p <.01).

Pogwiritsa ntchito chiwerengero cha kuvomereza pazithunzi za 4 (osayankhula, kawirikawiri, nthawi zina, kawirikawiri) omwe anafunsidwawo amasonyeza kuti nthawi zambiri mkati mwa miyezi yotsiriza ya 12 iwo ankayang'ana pawonetsero uliwonse, amamvetsera wojambula aliyense, amawerenga magazini iliyonse, ndipo amasewera mavidiyo onse. Kenaka, anthu omwe anafunsidwawo anafunsidwa kuti aone zomwe zikhale zofanana pazinthu zokhudzana ndi kugonana: "Mu kufufuza uku, kugonana kumatanthauzira ngati kuyankhula kapena kuwonetsa: kuphika / kupanga; zovala; chisokonezo; zogonana (oral, anal, kapena vaginal); Kugonana mosatetezeka (makondomu, kubereka, etc.); zolakwa zachiwerewere (kugwiriridwa); kugonana amuna kapena akazi okhaokha (amuna kapena akazi anzawo); kapena china chirichonse chogonana. "Tanthawuzoli linayambira mu gawo lililonse la zofalitsa mu kafukufuku nthawi yomweyo isanayambe kuyika mafunso omwe anthu omwe anafunsidwa anafunsidwa kuti awonetse kugonana kwa maudindo awo. Poyankha funsoli, "Kodi mungaganizire bwanji za kugonana kwa anthu otsatirawa," achinyamata adayesa zokhudzana ndi kugonana pazochitika zonse za 4 ndi mayankho otsatirawa: "Osagonana," "pang'ono" Kugonana, "zokhudzana ndi kugonana," ndi "zochuluka zogonana." Njira yowonjezera yankho, "Sindikudziwa / sindikuwonetseratu masewerowa," adaphatikizidwanso kuchokera pamene ofunsidwa adafunsidwa kuti ayambe kugonana zomwe zili pamutu uliwonse ngakhale atanena poyamba kuti sanadziwikepo ndi mutu wautumiki. Komabe, zochitika zogonana zokhudzana ndi mauthenga omwe adawululidwa zimaphatikizidwa muyeso yathu yopezeka ndi zochitika zogonana.

Kuti muwerenge chiwerengero cha kugonana, gawo lachitetezo choyambira ndi chiwerengero cha kugonana kwa mutu uliwonse chinaphatikizapo mu mtundu uliwonse wa zofalitsa, zomwe zimapangitsa kugonana komwe kumawoneka makamaka pa TV, nyimbo, magazini, ndi mavidiyo. Chiwerengero chonse chogonana chiwonetsero cha kugonana chinapangidwa powulongosola za 4 media zenizeni. Pofuna kufotokozera momwe zinthu zikuyendera panopa, mizu ya mizere ikuluikulu inayikidwa payeso yeniyeni kuti ikhale yabwino kuyerekezera kufalitsa kwachidziwitso ndipo kusinthaku kunasinthidwa kukhala maphunziro a Z. Kusintha kwachiwiri ndi kofunika chifukwa pokhapokha pangakhale zikhulupiliro zazikulu m'zaka zapitazi chifukwa chakuti maudindo ambiri a ma TV adayesedwa m'zaka 2 ndi 3. Kotero, pa mafunde onse atatu, kuwerenga kwakukulu kunali 0 ndi kupotozedwa kwa 1 (chitsimikizo kuti kusinthika uku sikukutanthawuza kuti kuwonetsa maphunziro ndi gulu la zaka onse ali ndi njira zofanana, mwawona Chithunzi 1 pansipa). Pearson mgwirizano pakati pa chiwonetsero chogonana chaka chonse 1 ndi chaka 2 chinali r = 0.61 ( p <.05) ndi chaka 2 ndi chaka 3 chinali r = .68 ( p <.05). Zowonjezera zowonjezereka zakudziwitsidwa zakugonana munjira zanema zimapezeka kwina kulikonse (Bleakley, Fishbein, Hennessy, Jordan, Chernin & Stevens, 2008).

Chithunzi 1  

Makhalidwe Ogonana ndi Ndondomeko Yowonekera

Kodi Curve Curves ndi chiyani?

Kusanthula kupindika kwa mphutsi ndi njira yowerengera kuti muyese kusintha kwa nthawi mu zotsatira zosinthika (Curran & Hussong, 2002; Karney & Bradbury, 1995). Iwo akuganiza kuti kusintha ndi njira yopitilira, kotero kuyerekezera kutsetsereka kwa kusintha kwa nthawi mu kusintha kwadalira ndi funso lalikulu lofufuza (Curran & Muthen, 1999). Mavuto osadalira nthawi (mwachitsanzo, chiwerengero, chikhalidwe, kuyesera, mtundu / fuko) akhoza kuikidwa ngati zowonetsera zofuna kusintha ziwerengero kapena kufufuza zogwirizana pakati pa kusintha kwa nthawi ndi zidazi.

Kusagwirizana kwa Equation

Kukula kumapangika kawirikawiri mawonekedwe awiri osiyana: osagwirizana ndi malamulo. Kusagwirizana kosagwirizana ndi malamulo kumaphatikizapo chikhalidwe cha munthu amene akutsutsana ndi zotsatira zake ziwiri (mwachitsanzo, mndandanda wa khalidwe logonana kapena wofunsidwa pazochitika zogonana) monga ntchito ya nthawi. Izi zikutanthauza kuti zokhudzana ndi zotsatirazi zimagwiridwa ndi magawo awiri: (1) kufunika koyambirira kwa chiwerewere kapena kufotokozera zokhudzana ndi kugonana ali wamng'ono kwambiri komanso (2) kutsika kwa nthawi. Mu mawonekedwe ofanana, chitsanzo chokula msinkhu ndi:

Zotsatirait = ηi0 + ηi1(Nthawi Yamakono)t + cholakwikait.
(1)

Mawu akuti "i" amasonyeza zochitika payekha, Time Metric ndi nthawi yayitali, ya ηi0 Ndikofunika kwa pamapeto pamene nthawi ya Metric ndi zero, a ηi1 ndilopangidwe kokhala ndi chiwerengero chowonetsera malo otsetsereka a nthawi kwa munthu aliyense, ndipo "t" kubwereza kumaimira kulamulidwa kwa zochitikazo. Choncho, mawu olakwika amatanthauzira munthu (mwachitsanzo, "mkati mwa phunziro") zolakwika zoyeso za zotsatira za zochitika zonse. Kukonzekera uku kwa chitsanzo cha kukula kwa mphukira kumagwiritsidwa ntchito kuthetsera mayankho a mafunso a 1 kupyolera mu 4.

Kugwirizana Kwachikhalidwe

Cholinga chimodzi chofunika cha njira yoyendetsera kayendedwe ka kukula ndi chakuti chifukwa chotsatira (ηi0) ndi mtunda (ηi1) magawo a equation amasiyana pakati pa anthu pawokha (onetsetsani kuti olemba omwe akutsatiridwawo akutsatira ndi kutsegula magawowo equation (1) pamwambapa, chinthu chimene sichipezeka mu "chizoloŵezi" chachilendo), amatha kuchitidwa ngati zovomerezeka m'zolipira zothandizira zomwe zimalosera mtengo woyambirira ndi mtunda wa zotsatira. Odziwika kuti ndi "chitsanzo cha kukula," othandizira equation amaneneratu magawo (mwachitsanzo, kulowerera ndi kutsetsereka) kwa munthu wina aliyense (equation)Bollen & Curran, 2006, p. 9). Pano timagwiritsa ntchito chikhalidwe ndi fuko ngati zowonetsera kuti tikambirane funso la kafukufuku wa 5.

Kufufuza konseko timayesa zitsanzo zopanda malire ndi zovomerezeka panthawi imodzi - "njira yofanana" kukula chitsanzo (Cheong, MacKinnon & Khoo, 2003). Mtundu wa kukulawu umapereka chiwerengero cha mgwirizano pakati pawo Kusintha mu chiwerewere ndi Kusintha potsata zokhudzana ndi kugonana, komanso mgwirizano pakati pa magawo a mgwirizano uliwonse.

Kufotokozera Nthawi Yosiyanasiyana

Ngakhale kuti polojekiti ya ASAMS inasonkhanitsa deta kwa zaka zitatu, izi zimakhala zosayenera chifukwa chokonzekera zakale pa chiyambi cha phunziroli zimaphatikizapo kufufuza ndi zaka za wofunsidwa. Izi zikutanthauza kuti, pa maphunziro atatuwa, anthu omwe ali ndi zaka zitatu zosiyana amakhala ophatikizidwa pamodzi m'njira yosakhala yopindulitsa chifukwa "kufufuza kwapadera" ndilo gawo lothandizira kusonkhanitsa deta: zaka za wovomera ndilo chitukuko chachikulu chachitukuko (Bollen & Curran, 2006, pp. 79-81; Woimba & Willett, 2003, p. 139). Kuwerenga mozama ndi msinkhu wa wofunsayo kungakhale ndi zotsatira zovuta chifukwa chiwerewere, choyenera, chikugwirizana ndi zaka. Choncho, kuti tisamvetsetse zaka za wovomerayo ndi mawonekedwe ophunzirira, tikukonzanso ndondomekoyi mu "kapangidwe ka gulu"Duncan, Duncan, Strycker, Li, & Alpert, 1999, Chaputala 6; Raudenbush & Chan, 1992) kotero kuti zaka za wofunsidwa ndizomwe zimakhudza nthawi yaitali. Zotsatira zake ndi zaka zisanu za deta kuyambira zaka 14 zaka zoyambirira za phunziroli kwa zaka za 18 zakale, ngakhale kuti palibe wofunsayo ali ndi zoposa zitatu zomwe zili mu data yonseyo.

Chiwerengero cha Kusanthula

Mchitidwe wogwirizana pogwiritsa ntchito Mplus (Muthén & Muthén, 1998-2007) ankagwiritsidwa ntchito kulingalira zonse ziwiri zosagwirizana ndi zosakondera. Chifukwa Mplus amagwiritsa ntchito mawonekedwe apamwamba a chiwerengero chachikulu cha moyo (Enders & Bandalos, 2001), ikhoza kusanthula deta yomwe ilibe zinthu zoyenera, zomwe ziri zofunika pano chifukwa kusintha kwa deta pamene kukula kofulumira kukugwiritsidwa ntchito kumapangitsa kuti anthu asasowe zoyenera pamene ofunsidwa sakuwona nthawi zonse zomwe zakhala zikuchitika. Timapezanso kuti njira ya SEM kukulingalira kwa kukula kwapafupi ndi yosavuta kuyigwiritsa ntchito pamene zowonjezereka zowonjezera mpikisano zimayenera kuyerekezedwa panthawi imodzimodzi, monga momwe ziliri pano tikamayang'ana maubwenzi pakati pa kusintha kwazomwe akuonera zogonana ndi kusintha kwa khalidwe la kugonana.

Pitani ku:

ZINTHU

Mafotokozedwe ofotokozera pazomwe zimatchulidwa ndi zizindikiro za kugonana Index

Chithunzi 1 amagwiritsira ntchito masitimu apamwamba kuti asonyeze chiwerengero cha khalidwe la kugonana komanso kufotokozera zochitika zogonana zokhudzana ndi zitsanzo zonse, pogonana, ndi mtundu. Kwa zitsanzo zonse, chiwerengero cha khalidwe la kugonana chikuwonjezeka ndi msinkhu, ndipo zofananazo zimakhala zofanana ndi zowonjezereka kusiyana ndi zomwe zikutanthauza zaka 14-15 ndi zoposa zakale za 16 kupyolera mu 18. Zotsatira zamagulu zikuwonetsedwa pansi Chithunzi 1; Chifukwa cha zing'onozing'ono za ku Puerto Rico (N = 64) ndi "Zina" (N = 15) zowonjezera zitsanzo, timangowonetsa zotsatira zokha za Oyera ndi Otsalira. Kwa amuna onse ndi akazi ndi A Blacks ndi a Whites, anthu ambiri ogonana amakhala ndi zaka zambiri. Ngakhale kuti anthu ambiri akugonana ndi zochitika zokhudzana ndi kugonana amakula komanso ali ndi zaka za White ndi abambo omwe amamvetsera, ambiri amawonekeratu kuti ndi osowa kwa akazi ndi a Black.

Malumikizidwe a Pearson pakati pamiyeso yakugonana ndi chiwonetsero chazakugonana ndizochepa chabe ndipo zimasiyanasiyana ngati ntchito yamagulu azaka. Makamaka, kulumikizana kumachepa ndi zaka za wofunsayo: Kwa azaka khumi ndi zinayi, kulumikizana kuli .26 (N = 167, p <.05, CI = .12 mpaka 0.40), kwa azaka khumi ndi zisanu ndi .18 (N = 330, p <.05, CI = 0.08 mpaka 0.29), kwa azaka khumi ndi zisanu ndi chimodzi ndi .15 (N = 490, p <.05, CI = 0.08 mpaka 0.25), kwa azaka khumi ndi zisanu ndi ziwiri ndi .10 (N = 319, p > .05, CI = -0.04 mpaka 0.18), ndipo azaka khumi ndi zisanu ndi zitatu ndi .11 (N = 148, p > .05, CI = -0.06 mpaka 0.26).

Zowonjezera Kalulu Zotsatira: Kuyeza Metric Best Time Time Metric

Kusanthula kwa zitsanzo zopanda malire (zosayesedwa) ndi nthawi yamtengo wapatali yosasintha (Biesanz, Deeb-Sossa, Papadakis, Bollen & Curran, 2004) amasonyeza kuti chitsanzo cholingalira cha msinkhu ndi nthawi yabwino kwambiri yamakono ya zotsatira za kugonana. Potero, pa equation iyi nthawi yamkati imatanthauzidwa ngati Zaka zosiyana ndi 14 kapena 0 kupyolera mu 4 (mwachitsanzo, 14-14 = 0; 15-14 = 1; 16-14 = 2, etc.). Mtengo uwu umapangitsa kuti atenge nthawi yomwe chiwerengero cha chiwerengero cha kugonana chanenedweratu kwa zaka khumi ndi zinayi. Chifukwa chakuti maselo ali ofanana, kusintha kwa 14 kufika ku 16 ndiwiri kwakukulu kuposa kusintha kwa 14 kufika ku 15, ndipo kusintha kuchokera ku 14 kupita ku 18 nthawi zinayi. Komabe, nthawi yabwino yoyenera yowonetsera siyiyonse yeniyeni komanso miyeso yabwino yovomerezedwa ndi kusanthula kuti nthawi yeniyeni ikhale yosiyana ndi 0, 1, 1.5, 2, 2.25. Pano, kusintha kuchokera ku 14 kufika ku 16 ndi nthawi 1.5 yokhayokha ngati kusintha kuchokera ku 14 mpaka 15, ndipo kusintha kuchokera ku 14 kupita ku 18 ndi nthawi 2.25 zokha basi monga kusintha kuchokera ku 14 mpaka 15. Muzitsulo izi sizinali zowonjezereka, ngati malo otsetsereka pa nthawi ndi abwino, nthawiyi imapanga malo otsika omwe amawoneka ndi zaka zowonjezereka, koma ngati malo otsetsereka pa nthawi ndi oipa, malo otsetsereka omwe amatha kukhala ndi zaka zambiri akuti.

Zomwe Simungakwanitse Kukula Kwambiri

Gulu 1 limapereka zotsatira za kusanthula kosakanikirana koyendetsa mkondo. Choyenera cha chitsanzo ndi chabwino. Zotsatira za chiwerewere zogonana zikuwonetseratu kufanana kwa 1.82 + .89 (Nthawi). The 1.82 ndikulingalira kwa chiwerengero cha kugonana kwa zaka za 14 ndi mtunda wa .89 imasonyeza kuwonjezeka kwa pafupifupi chiwerengero chimodzi cha kugonana kwa zaka zowonjezereka kwa chitsanzo chonse. Kusagwirizana kolakwika pakati pa kulumikizana ndi malo otsetsereka kumasonyeza kuti kupambana kwa chiwerengero choyambirira cha chiwerengero cha kugonana, kumunsi kumtunda kwa kusintha, ndiko kuti, pang'onopang'ono kuwonjezeka kwa khalidwe la kugonana ndi msinkhu. Izi ndi zotsatira zomveka zomwe zimapangitsa zotsatira za denga la chikhomo chochokera ku 0 kufika ku 7. Kulumikizana ndi kutsetsereka kumakhala ndi kusiyana kwakukulu, kotero pali pakati pa kusiyana kwa mutu mu magawo omwe angathe kufotokozedwa ndi zida zoyankha

Gulu 1  

Zotsatira za Kufanana Kwambiri Njira Yowonjezera Kukula kwa Mchitidwe Wokhudzana ndi Kugonana ndi Ndondomeko Zokhudza Kugonana (N = 506)

Kusagwirizana kosagwirizana ndi zokhudzana ndi kugonana ndiko -041 + .025 (Nthawi) yomwe imasonyeza kuchepa kusiyana ndi kuwonetsera kwa zaka za 14 poyerekeza ndi okalamba omwe akuyankha komanso kuwonjezeka kwabwino pa nthawi yogonana, ngakhale kulibe kapena kutsetsereka ndi zosiyana kwambiri ndi zero. Komabe, magawo awiriwa ali ndi kusiyana kwakukulu komwe kumasonyeza kuti ofunsidwawo ndi osinthika pa nthawi ndipo zotsatira zosagwirizana ndizokhazikika sizingakhale zoimira magulu ena. Kusagwirizana kosagwirizana pakati pa kukakamiza ndi kutsetsereka kwa kufotokozera zokhudzana ndi kugonana kumasonyeza kuti kukwera koyambirira kwa chiwonetsero, kumachepetsanso kuwonjezereka kwa nthawi yogonana.

Mafunso ofufuzira 2, 3, ndi 4 amayankhidwa ndi kukambirana / kutsetsereka malingaliro pakati pa magawo awiri. Kugwirizana kwa chiyambi choyamba cha kufotokozera poyesa kutsogolo kwa chiwerewere ndi -14 (p > .05) ndi kulumikizana komwe kulipo pakati pamtengo woyambirira wakugonana ndi kutsetsereka kwazowonetsa zolaula ndi -.21 ( p <.05). Pazitsanzo zonse pamenepo, ngakhale phindu loyambirira silikuneneratu zakusintha kwa machitidwe azakugonana, mtengo woyambirira wamakhalidwe azakugonana umaneneratu zakusintha pakuwonekera, ndizikhalidwe zoyambirira zakugonana zomwe zimalumikizidwa ndikuwonjezeka pang'ono pokhudzana ndi kugonana. zokhutira pakapita nthawi. Pomaliza, kulumikizana pakati pamiyeso iwiri yotsetsereka ndi .09, yomwe ili yabwino koma yosazindikira kuyambira zero. Pazitsanzo zonse, zosintha pakuwonetsedwa pazogonana komanso kusintha kwa machitidwe azakugonana sizogwirizana. Komabe, kuwunika kovomerezeka, komwe kwaperekedwa pansipa, kumapereka chithunzi chosiyana kwambiri cha ubale wovuta pakati pa mchitidwe wogonana ndikuwonetsedwa pazomwe zili pazakugonana.

Makhalidwe Otsutsa ndi Mgwirizano pakati pa Machitidwe Ogonana ndi Kuwonetsera Kugonana.

Kufufuza kusiyana kwa anthu omwe akutsutsana nawo pankhani ya kugonana komanso kuvomereza nkhani zogonana kungatheke pogwiritsa ntchito njira zosiyanasiyana. Pofuna kuyankha funso la kafukufuku wa 5 m'njira yoyenera, timayamba tikulongosola za chiwerengero cha kugonana ndi kufotokozera zokhudzana ndi kugonana komwe kumagwirizana ndi amuna (mwachitsanzo, amuna) ndi mtundu / mtundu wa wofunsidwa. Zotsatira zikuwonetsedwa Gulu 2. Chifukwa chodziwiratu, kukula kochepa kufanana kumatanthauza White akazi. Chifukwa cha chiwerewere kusintha kwa nthawi kumakhala kosalekeza (za .9) kwa onse omwe afunsidwa chifukwa zovuta zonsezi zimakhala zosafunikira. Chiwerengero cha chiwerengero cha khalidwe la kugonana (mwachitsanzo, kuchepetsa equation) chimasiyanitsa pakati pa anthu omwe akufunsidwa, ndi Otsatira ndi Afilosofi omwe amafunsidwa pachitetezo chokwanira kwambiri kuposa kugonana kwa azungu. Monga momwe zinaliri ndi zotsatira zopanda chilema, kugwirizana / kutsetsereka kwapakati pa khalidwe la chiwerewere ndi zoipa.

Gulu 2  

Zotsatira Zowonjezera Njira Zowonjezera Kukula Momwe Mungayang'anire Zokambirana za Kugonana ndi Kuwonetsera Kugonana (N = 505)

Chitsanzo chovomerezeka pa nkhani zogonana pazofalitsa zamasewero zimasonyeza kuti pali magawo onse oyambirira (mwachitsanzo, kutengera) ndi kutsetsereka kusiyana monga ntchito ya chikhalidwe ndi fuko. Ponena za kulandira, akazi ku 14 amadziwika kuti ali ndi chiwerewere kusiyana ndi amuna ndi Afikira ndi Aspanishi omwe akufunsidwa pa 14 amavomerezedwa kuti akugonana kwambiri kuposa a azungu. Kuonjezera apo, kuwonjezeka kwa kuwonetseredwa kwa nthawi (mwachitsanzo, mtunda wa kutentha kwa equation) kumakhala kochepa kwambiri kwa anthu akuda ndi a ku Puerto Rico kusiyana ndi azungu. Palibe kusiyana pakati pa kutsetsereka kwa kusintha pakati pa amuna ndi akazi.

Mwachidule, zotsatira zowonjezera zomwe zikuwonetsedwa Gulu 2 amasonyeza kusiyana pakati pa A Whites ndi A Blacks ndi Aspanishi omwe amafunsidwa pazochitika zogonana komanso kufotokoza za kugonana komanso kusiyana pakati pa amuna ndi akazi. Kuonjezera apo, ngakhale kuti palibe kusiyana kwakukulu m'mitunda yokhudza kugonana monga ntchito ya amai kapena mtundu / mtundu, pali kusiyana pakati pa a Whites vs. Blacks ndi Hispanics.

Pogwiritsa ntchito zotsatirazi, tikhoza kubwezeretsa chiwerengero cha ("chosokoneza") kwa magulu omwe amitundu ndi amitundu. Chifukwa cha kukula kwake kwaling'ono kwa a Hispanics, timapereka zitsanzo kwa omvera okha a White ndi Black. Chithunzi 2 amalinganiza zochitika za kugonana (kumanzere ozungulira) ndi kufotokozera zokhudzana ndi kugonana (pambali yolondola) kwa amuna ndi akazi mwa mtundu. Kwa ndondomeko ya khalidwe la kugonana, tidziwa kale kuti palibe malo otsetsereka omwe ali osiyana kwambiri ndi wina ndi mzake koma zomwe zimachitikira achinyamata akuda ndi zosiyana ndi achinyamata aku White. Zotsatira zokhudzana ndi nkhani zogonana ndizovuta kwambiri. Achinyamata akuda (omwe ali amuna kapena akazi) ali ndi malo otsetsereka ngati ogwira ntchito zakale pamene a White (omwe ali amuna kapena akazi) amawonetsa kusintha kwakukulu ndi ukalamba. Ofunsidwa aku White ali ndi makhalidwe oyambirira kwambiri owonetsera kugonana ali ndi zaka 14 ndipo kusonyeza kumawonjezeka ndi zaka. Kuwonjezeka kumeneku kumayikidwa makamaka kwa azungu.

Chithunzi 2  

Zotsatira Zamalonda

Mtsetsere wamtunduwu umasonyeza kuti mgwirizano uliwonse pakati pa malo otsetsereka ndi kulumikizana ndi kuyanjana kwa chiyanjano ndi kutsetsereka ndi kutengera khalidwe la kugonana ndizosiyana kwa a White ndi a Black. Kuti tiganizire za maubwenzi oterewa / khalidwe lachiwerewere, kufufuza kosadziwika komwe kumawerengedwa kwa Oyera ndi a Black omwe akufunsidwa akuwonetsedwa Gulu 3. Zimasonyeza zotsatira zofanana kwambiri kwa magulu awiriwa chifukwa cha kugwirana kwa kugonana (pafupi ndi chiwerengero cha chiwerengero cha kugonana pakati pa chiwerewere pachaka) koma zaka zoyamba zapakati pa zaka 14 (za chiwerengero chimodzi chogonana chapamwamba kwa Otsutsana a Black kuposa a White anayankha). Koma mgwirizano pakati pa magawo awiriwa ndi osiyana kwa magulu awiriwa. Kulumikizana pakati pa kusintha kwa chiwonetsero ndi kusintha kwa khalidwe la kugonana, ngakhale kuti sikofunika kwenikweni, ndikofunikira kwa omwe ayankha White (r = .46, p = .064) koma makamaka zero kwa anthu omwe amawafunsa zakuda (r = .03, p = .85). Ndipotu, kwa a Black wakufunsidwa okha amalandira / kulumikizana mgwirizano (r = .26) ndi lofunika kwambiri pa zotsatira ziwirizi: izi zikuwonetsa kuti pokhala ndi mtengo wapamwamba pa chiwerengero cha kugonana pa 14 ndikukhudzana ndi mtengo wapamwamba wa kuwonetseredwa pa msinkhu womwewo. Mosiyana, magawo onse ndi ofunika kapena ofunika kwambiri kwa omvera a White. Izi ndizo, pakati pa a Whites, omwe amatha kukhala ndi chiwerengero choyamba cha kugonana, amayamba kuchepa pa nthawi yogonana. Mofananamo, kukwera kwa msinkhu wa chiwerewere, kumakhala kochepa kwambiri pa nthawi yogonana. Kuwonjezera apo, ndipo mofananamo ndi omwe amawafunsa wakuda, kulandira / kulandira mgwirizano ndiwothandiza ndi ofunika kwambiri (r = .42). Inde, mgwirizano ukuwonetseratu zochitika za gulu la otsetsereka ndi zofunikira za zotsatira ziwiri zomwe zawonetsedwa m'ma graph of Chithunzi 2: chifukwa malo otsetsereka pa nthawi yowonongeka kwa a Blacks ndizovuta zedi, zizindikirozi ziyenera kuwonetsa mgwirizano ndi zigawo zonse za khalidwe la kugonana.

Gulu 3  

Zotsatira Zomwe Zili Zofananako Zomwe Zimakulira Kukula Kwambiri Zotsatira Zogonana Zogonana ndi Kuwonetsera Kugonana kwa Oyera ndi Otsatira Osiyana
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KUKANGANANI

Zotsatira zathu zimasonyeza kuti chiyanjano pakati pa khalidwe la kugonana ndi kufotokozera zokhudzana ndi kugonana ndi zovuta. Choyamba, kukula kwa trajectories za kuwonetsetsa sikuli kovuta. Kuonjezera apo, zizindikiro za malo otsetsereka sakhala ofanana; Ofunsidwa a ku Blacks and Hispanic akuwonetsa kuchepa kwa chiwonetsero cha zochitika zogonana pazaka zapakati zomwe zafufuzidwa pano. Zonse zomwe sizili m "mene zimagwirizanirana ndi zolaula m'magulu amodzi ndi malo otsetsereka m'magulu ena amachititsa kuti pakhale mgwirizano pakati pa chikhalidwe cha kusintha kwa chiwerewere komanso kutsika kwa kusintha kwa zokhudzana ndi kugonana. Choncho, kuti zitsanzo zonsezi zikhale zofanana pakati pa kusintha kwa khalidwe la kugonana ndi kusintha kwazomwe akuonera zokhudzana ndi kugonana pakapita nthawi ndi .09. Komabe, kusiyana kotsetsereka kwa malo omwe akuwonetserako kukuwonetseratu kuti kugwirizana pakati pa magulu pakati pa kugonana ndi zokhudzana ndi kugonana ndizosiyana ndi a White ndi a Black.

Lingaliro lakuti zotsatira zofalitsa zofalitsa ndi zosiyana kwa achinyamata akusiyana mitundu / mafuko sizatsopano. Umboni wochokera ku Brown ndi al. (2006) akuwonetsa kuti Achinyamata Oyera amakhudzidwa kwambiri ndi zochitika zogonana m'mafilimu kusiyana ndi anzawo. Kusanthula kwathu kumagwirizana ndi zomwe apeza pazomwe zikugwirizana pakati pa kusintha kwa kusintha ndi kusintha kwa khalidwe la kugonana kunali kwakukulu kwa Ofunsidwa a White kusiyana ndi omwe adawafunsa zakuda.

Kuchita zachiwerewere komanso kufotokozera zochitika zogonana komwe kulipo kusiyana pakati pa amitundu ndi azimayi pakati pa anthu omwe anafunsidwa ngakhale m'zaka zapakati pomwe ife tafufuza. Zotsatira kuchokera O'Sullivan, Cheng, Harris, & Brooks-Gunn (2007) zimagwirizana ndi zomwe tapeza zomwe zimasonyeza kuti wowerengeka wakuda wakuda ndi wamapanishi (wa amuna kapena akazi) ali ochuluka kuposa chiwerengero chimodzi chogonana chokwanira kuposa anthu ena omwe ayankha pa 14. Kuonjezerapo, chifukwa chakuti Atsamba amagwiritsa ntchito mauthenga ambiri kuposa a Whites, kusiyana koyamba pakati pa a Black ndi White omwe amawafunsa pazowonongeka ndi zolaula si zachilendo. Hispaniics ndi Blacks ndi apamwamba kwambiri poyerekezera ndi zokhudzana ndi kugonana kusiyana ndi azungu ndi ena, ndipo, pakadali pano, palinso amuna ammudzi: Amuna omwe ali ndi zaka 14 amakhala ndi chidziwitso chokwanira kusiyana ndi amuna amsinkhu womwewo. Sitikudziwanso za phunziro lina lomwe limagwiritsira ntchito deta lautali kuti liwonetsetse zomwe zimachitika pa nthawi yogonana ndi mitundu yosiyanasiyana, kotero n'zosatheka kudziwa momwe zotsatirazi zilili.

Cholinga chimodzi cha zotsatila zonsezi (kuphatikizapo kuchepa kwa mgwirizano pakati pa chiwerewere ndi kufotokozera zogonana pazofalitsa ndizofalitsa) ndikuti zitsanzo zamakono zingakhale "zakalamba kwambiri" kuti zitha kugwirizanitsa chiyanjano pakati pa kugonana zokhudzana ndi mafilimu ndi khalidwe logonana. Izi zikutanthauza kuti ali ndi zaka 14 Hispanic ndi Black omwe afunsidwa kale akusiyana ndi a White omwe amafunsidwa ndi kulemekeza za kugonana ndi khalidwe la kugonana. Chifukwa chiwerengero cha kugonana ndi chiwerengero cha chiwerengero choyambira ndi zero zoyambira, pa msinkhu onse omwe anafunsidwa anali pa mtengo wa zero, kotero sizingatheke kuti malo otsetsereka awo pa nthawi akhale ofanana. Choncho, zomwe tikuziwona apa ndizomwe anthu omwe anafunsidwa kale adachoka kale pa mtengo wa zaka 14. Pofuna kugonana, sitidziwa a priori kuti onse omwe anafunsidwa adayambira pa mtengo womwewo, koma apa tikuwonanso kusiyana komwe kulipo kale pakati pa anthu omwe adayankha zaka zoyambirira.

Njira yamakono yowonetsera zokhudzana ndi kugonana ingagwiritsidwe ntchito mosavuta kwa achinyamata, koma zomwezo sizingakhale zoona pazochita zogonana, chifukwa cha zikhalidwe komanso zoyenera. Zidzakhala zofunikira kuti "khalidwe la kugonana" likhale laling'ono, chiwerengero chomwe chingakhale ndi "zinthu zogonana" zochepa komanso zinthu zambiri zogwirizana ndi chibwenzi ndi "pre-coital" makhalidwe. Mwachitsanzo, Jakobsen (1997) adafotokoza chitsanzo cha dziko la Norway cha achinyamata omwe ali ndi zaka 13-16. Cholinga chake chinali kuvuta kuwonjezereka kwa makhalidwe omwe sali oyenerera "akupitirizabe," "kupsompsona," "kupsyopsyona kwa France," "kupsinjika," ndi "kupweteka kwambiri." O'Sullivan et al. (2007) anafufuza zachikhalidwe, zachikondi, ndi khalidwe lachiwerewere kwa achinyamata omwe ali ndi zaka za 12 ndipo adagwiritsa ntchito lipoti la khalidwe labwino monga "akumana ndi makolo awo", "akudziganizira okha komanso okondedwa awo" komanso "amagawana mphatso". O'Donnell, Stueve, Wilson-Simmons, Dash, Agronick & JeanBaptiste (2006) adasonkhanitsa deta kuchokera ku 6th zolemba (zaka zapakati ndi 11) ndipo zinaphatikizapo zinthu zogonana zisanachitike monga "Kodi munayamba mwagwirana manja ndi mnyamata kapena mtsikana?" ndi "Kodi munayamba mwapsompsona kapena kumukumbatira mnyamata kapena mtsikana kwa nthawi yayitali?" kuti zinthu monga izi ziyenera kukhala mbali ya "chiwerengero cha khalidwe la kugonana" kwa achinyamata omwe akufunsidwa, makamaka chifukwa Pardun, L'Engle ndi Brown adapeza kuti 25% ya zinthu zawo zogonana pazinthu zisanu ndi chimodzi zokhudzana ndi kugonana zinkakhudzana ndi chiyanjano Nkhani zokhudzana ndi chikondi, zibwenzi, ukwati, ndi chisudzulo (Pardun, L'Engle ndi Brown, 2005, p. 86).

Pali zoperewera pa zomwe tapeza. Choyamba, chifukwa cha ndondomeko ya zitsanzo zomwe zowonjezereka zazomwezi zapeza ndizochepa kwa achinyamata okha omwe amalembetsa phunzirolo. Komabe, zofukufukuzo zikugwirizana ndi deta kuchokera ku zitsanzo zina. Komanso, kukula kwakukulu kwa mitundu ya Spain ndi mitundu ina / mafuko kumabweretsa chiwerengero chosakhazikika mkati mwa magulu awa. Chotsatira china ndi chofunikira kuti muzindikire. Zotsatira izi zimasonyeza kuti sizingatheke kuti padzakhala chiwerengero cha chidule cha chiwerengero chimodzi ngati chigwirizano kapena mapeto omwe angayankhe funsolo "Kodi pali kugwirizana pakati pa khalidwe lachiwerewere la achinyamata ndi kufanana ndi zokhudzana ndi kugonana?" Njira zosiyana zogwirira ntchito kuphatikizapo kuphatikiza kutsetsereka ndi kutengera kusiyana pakati pa magulu onse awiriwa kuti apange chidule chachiyeso chomwe chili chovuta kuteteza. Kuti mumvetse mgwirizano wovuta pakati pa kugonana ndi zokhudzana ndi kugonana ndi khalidwe lachiwerewere la achinyamata, m'pofunika kuwona zitsanzo zazikulu komanso zapakati pazing'ono za achinyamata.

Pomalizira, kufotokoza apa sikukutanthauzira chitsogozo cha chikhalidwe ndi chiwonetsero chifukwa chiyanjano pakati pa malo otsetsereka ndi malingaliro a chiwerengero cha kugonana ndi zokhudzana ndi kugonana zimakhala nthawi imodzi. Zomwe zimachititsa kuti pakhale kafukufuku zimakhala zosawerengeka ngakhale kuti zofukufuku zina zokhudzana ndi kugonana zimasonyeza kuti kugonana - kufotokoza za kugonana kwazogonana kumagwira ntchito mobwerezabwereza (Bleakley, Hennessy, Fishbein & Jordan, 2008) momwe chiwonetsero chimayambitsa khalidwe ndi khalidwe zimayambitsa kuwonekera (Slater, 2007). Kufufuza momwe chikhalidwe cha kugonana pakati pa chiwerewere ndi kufanana ndi zokhudzana ndi kugonana ndi vuto lina la kafukufuku lomwe limafuna kufufuza zambiri.

Pitani ku:

Kuvomereza

Bukuli linakhazikitsidwa ndi Grant Number 5R01HD044136 ku National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (NICHD). Zomwe zili m'bukuli ndizo udindo wa olemba ndipo sizikuimira ziwonetsero za NICHD.

Pitani ku:

Wambiri

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Michael Hennessy ndi Project Manager ku Annenberg School for Communication ku University of Pennsylvania. Cholinga chake chachikulu chochita kafukufuku ndicho kuyanjana kwa machitidwe olinganiza ndi kulingalira kwa njira zokhudzana ndi khalidwe.

Amy Bleakley ndi Scientist Wofufuza pa Annenberg School for Communication ku University of Pennsylvania. Zofufuza zake zikuphatikizapo khalidwe lachiwerewere lachinyamata, ndondomeko za umoyo wogonana ndi kubereka, lingaliro la khalidwe labwino, ndi zokhudzana ndi khalidwe la thanzi.

Martin Fishbein ndi Harry C. Coles, Jr., wapamwamba pulofesa wolankhulana ku Annenberg School for Communication ku University of Pennsylvania. Zofufuza zake zimaphatikizapo mgwirizano pakati pa zikhulupiliro, malingaliro, zolinga ndi makhalidwe m'madera omwe ali m'munda ndi ma laboratory komanso kuyesa momwe ntchito zothetsera khalidwe zokhudzana ndi thanzi zimathandizira.

Amy Jordan ndi woyang'anira gawo la Media ndi Development Developing Child of the Annenberg Public Policy Center ku University of Pennsylvania, komwe amayang'anira kafukufuku pazinthu zazinthu zofalitsa. Kafukufuku wake adafufuza momwe polojekiti yamaphunziro yamaphunziro a maphunziro a televiziyo amadziwika kuti Three-Hour Rule, malamulo a V-Chip, American Academy of Pediatrics, komanso machitidwe omwe amalonda amachititsa kuti azidyetsa ana. Dr. Jordan ndi amene amalandira Award International Best Association Association Award Applied / Policy Research Award ndi Stanley L. Saxon Applied Research Award ya National Communication Association.

Pitani ku:

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