Kufufuza zotsatira za zolaula zokhudzana ndi kugonana, kumvetsetsa ndi zochita za anyamata: kufufuza kwabwino (2016)

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Charles Petera ndi Meyrick, Jane, Ph.D.a

a Dipatimenti ya Psychology, University of West of England.

Wolemba Wolemba - Dr Meyrick, University of West England, Dipatimenti ya Psychology, Frenchay Campus, Coldharbour Lane, Bristol BS16 1QY. Tel + 44 (0) 117 21 82153. Imelo [imelo ndiotetezedwa]

mawu ofunika: Zolaula, Zolaula Paintaneti, Amuna achichepere, kafukufuku woyenera, malingaliro,

Kudalirika

cholinga

Kafukufuku amasonyeza kuti kugonana kwa Zinthu Zolimbitsa Thupi (SEM) kuli ndi zotsatira zoipa pa zikhulupiliro, malingaliro ndi zochita za achinyamata, makamaka amuna. Cholinga cha phunziroli chinali kufufuza zotsatira za kusonkhana kwa SEM pa zikhulupiliro za kugonana, kumvetsetsa ndi khalidwe la anyamata omwe ali achinyamata masiku ano ndikuyamba kumanga mfundo zapakati pazigawo za UK.

njira

Chitsanzo chothandizira cha ophunzira a amuna omwe ali pakati pa XXUMUM - 18 adatumizidwa pamalo amodzi antchito (a call center, Bristol, UK). Of 25 anaitanidwa, 40 adayankha kufufuza kwabwino. Deta inasonkhanitsidwa (pa intaneti ndi pamapangidwe a pepala) ndi kusanthula nkhani.

Zotsatira ndi Zotsatira

Zotsatira zikusonyeza kuti mitu yayikulu yozungulira SEM, yomwe imakhudza zikhulupiriro zakugonana, kumvetsetsa komanso machitidwe a anyamata achichepere ndi awa: - kuchuluka kwa kupezeka kwa SEM, kuphatikiza kuchuluka kwazambiri (Kulikonse komwe Mukuyang'ana) amawoneka ndi anyamata mu phunziro ili ngati akukhala ndi zotsatira zoipa pazogonana ndi makhalidwe a achinyamata (Izi sizabwino). Maphunziro a banja kapena kugonana akhoza kupereka 'chitetezo'Mitengo), achinyamata amawona mu SEM. Deta imasonyeza maganizo otsutsana kapena osokonezeka (Mavesi enieni Ndondomeko) kuzungulira zokhumba za achinyamata za moyo wathanzi wathanzi (Moyo Wogonana Wathanzi) ndi zikhulupiriro zoyenera ndi makhalidwe (Kudziwa Choyenera pa Choipa). Kukoka mitu mu akaunti ya njira yothandizira kumathandizira kupanga malingaliro.

Keywords: Zolemba zogonana, Amuna achichepere, Zikhulupiriro, Kumvetsetsa, Khalidwe, Kafukufuku woyenera.

Zotsatira ndi Zopereka

  • Kupezeka kwambiri kwa SEM kunanenedwa ndi zowonjezereka kwambiri.
  • Kugwiritsa ntchito kungapangitse chisokonezo ndi zikhulupiliro za SEM zochokera ku ziyembekezo zenizeni zenizeni.
  • Kusiyana kumeneku kumakhudza chifukwa cha chiopsezo chomwe chilipo kapena zochitika za 'buffers'
  • Kuphunzira za kugonana kunkawoneka ngati mwayi woperewera kuti ukhale wathanzi.

Kulowetsa

Kuwonjezeka kwopezeka zolaula (1) makamaka kudzera muma digito (2,3,4) zadzetsa zomwe ena amati ndi 'zolaula' (5). Kafukufuku wayamba kukhudza chitukuko cha achinyamata ndi chikhalidwe cha achinyamata m'njira zingapo zomwe sizinachitikepo (6,7,5,8).

McNair, 2002 (8) amanenetsa kuti kuyimika ndi kuyanjanitsa zinthu zolaula (SEM) sizongowonetsedwa ndi zomwe zithunzi zolaula zimayambitsa miyoyo ya achinyamata, maubwenzi ndi mpumulo pomwe akukambirana, komanso miyambo yambiri zojambulajambula.

Chikhalidwe chosasankhidwa cha matekinoloje amakono opangidwa ndi intaneti chawonjezeka kuwonetsedwa kwa SEM m'zaka zonse (1) koma makamaka kwa achinyamata mwina mwangozi kapena mwachangu (9, 10). Makhalidwe okhudzidwa nawo pa kulengedwa ndi kufalitsa zochitika zogonana ndi zochitika za umunthu kupyolera m'magulu azinthu zowonjezera (11).

Kafukufuku wokhudzana ndi kugwiritsidwa ntchito kwa SEM adanenanso zovuta zingapo zomwe zingaphatikizepo; kulimbikitsidwa kwa nkhanza zakugonana (12); kutsutsa akazi (13); koyambirira kogonana (14, 15, 16); machitidwe achiwerewere (17) (16). Komabe, Luder et al. 2010 (18) pogwiritsa ntchito unyamata wachinyamata waku Switzerland, (N = 6054) sanapeze kulumikizana pakati pakuwonekera kwa SEM ndi machitidwe ambiri ogonana. Chitsanzocho chikhoza kukhala chowopsa kwambiri kwa anthu omwe ali pachiwopsezo chopezeka ndi anthu ambiri (N = 1501) ku US, (19) adapeza kuti amuna ambiri amapezeka kuti alibe kulumikizana pakati pakuwonekera kwa SEM pafupipafupi chizolowezi chochita zachiwerewere. Komabe, pakati pa omwe ali pachiwopsezo chazakugonana omwe amafunanso SEM, kuchuluka kwa nkhanza zogonana poyerekeza ndi anzawo kunapezeka kuti kwakula kanayi kapena kupitilira apo. Kuyanjana kwa kuwonekera ndi zotsatira zake kumafunikira kufufuzidwa kwakukulu ndipo koposa zonse njira yopangira nthanthi.

Kupititsa patsogolo maphunziro mu gawo ili kulibe (20). Maphunziro a m'magulu apakati amasonyeza kuti achinyamata amaphunzira makhalidwe achiwerewere poona za SEM (14,21) ndipo izi zingayambitse zoyembekezereka zokhudzana ndi kugonana (22). Peter ndi Valkenburg, 2010 (23) adapeza kupeza nthawi zambiri kwa SEM chifukwa cha kuwonjezeka kwa zikhulupiliro kuti zinali zofanana ndi kugonana kwenikweni kwa dziko lapansi komanso zothandiza zokhudzana ndi kugonana.

Udindo womwe ungakhalepo pakaphunzitsidwe kogonana pafupi ndi SEM ukuwonetsedwa, (24) adawonetsa kuti kusapezeka kwa maphunziro okhudzana ndi zotsatirapo zoyipa za SEM zitha kukhala zokhudzana ndi kuchuluka kwa mikhalidwe yakugonana pachiwopsezo.

Kafukufuku wopangidwa ndi Hald ndi Malamuth, 2008 (25) adathandizira kupeza njira zokhudzana ndi zolaula zokhudzana ndi zolaula, kutsimikizira kuyika zinthu zomwe zingapangitse kuwerenga ndi kuwerenga komanso kuthandiza potsutsa zolaula za achinyamata.

Komabe, mozama mozama (7) ntchito idazindikira kuti achinyamata ena adazindikira kuti SEM ndi yosatheka, ndikuwonetsanso zovuta za zokumana nazo zaunyamata ndi kumvetsetsa. Ntchito zozama ngati izi ndizochepa m'mabukuwa koma zimafunikira kuti muphatikize nkhani yochulukirapo yokhudza momwe SEM idakhalira kuti ayambe kumvetsetsa njira zopanda nzeru komanso kufufuza njira zomwe zingachitike. Zomwe zikudziwikanso ndikuti kusowa kwa kafukufuku waku UK m'mabuku ambiri olamulidwa ndi Europe omwe atha kupereka chidziwitso pakusintha kwachikhalidwe pazomwe akudziwa.

Cholinga cha kafukufukuyu ndikumvetsetsa zotsatira za momwe SEM imakhudzira zikhulupiliro, chidziwitso ndi zochita za anyamata kudzera m'mabuku awo monga gawo loyamba kumanga nyumba.

Njira

Ziphuphu m'mabuku ozungulira maphunziro apamwamba omwe angapangitse chiphunzitso ndi kufufuza zovuta, amachititsa kusankha kusonkhanitsa deta. Chifukwa cha chikhalidwe cha mutuwo, chida chofufuzira chinasankhidwa kuti chidziwitso chodziwika kuti chikhale chodziwika ndi kuchepetsa chikhalidwe cha anthu.

Pogwiritsira ntchito njira yothandizira masewera a snowball, anthu omwe ankadziwana nawo adayang'aniridwa ndi anthu omwe analipo kufikira atatha kufikitsa deta (26). Amuna, omwe ali ndi pakati pa zaka khumi ndi zisanu ndi zisanu ndi zitatu kudza makumi asanu ndi zisanu ndi zisanu ndi zitatu, adaitanidwa kutenga nawo mbali mu phunziroli, ndipo a 40 adayitanidwa, otsogolera a 11 anamaliza kufufuza (Onani Zakumapeto A).

Bungwe la University of West of England la Health and Life Sayansi linapereka chilolezo chotsatira phunziroli. Ophunzira adamaliza zolembedwa zolimba (zobwezedwa kudzera mu envelopu yosadziwika) kapena mtundu wa pa intaneti (wobwezedwa kudzera pa imelo) wa kafukufuku woyenera.

Kusanthula deta kunayambitsidwa kudzera mu njira zisanu ndi imodzi zofufuza zachinsinsi (27), kufufuza chiwerengero cha chiwerengero cha deta kupyolera muzolemba zoyambirira (onani Zowonjezera B) musanayambe kufufuza ndi kuzindikira mitu yaikulu. Mphamvu ya kutanthauzira inalimbikitsidwa kupititsa patsogolo ndondomeko yaumwini ndi wofufuza ndi woyang'anira ndondomeko ya mitu (28).

Results                                         

Ophunzirawa analipo amuna a 11 pakati pa zaka za 18-25 onse akugwira ntchito pamalo omwewo ogwira ntchito ku Bristol. Iwo apatsidwa zifukwa zosazindikiritsa.

Kuwunika koyeserera koyeserera koyeserera uku kunapangitsa mitu isanu ndi umodzi yomwe idalipo. Mitu iyi imawoneka yofunikira pakudziwitsa zikhulupiriro, kumvetsetsa ndi zochita za onse omwe akutenga nawo mbali. Mitu yalembedwa ndipo yaperekedwa mwatsatanetsatane "kulikonse komwe mungayang'anire", "Izi sizabwino", "Buffers, maphunziro azakugonana komanso banja", "Real Verse Fantasy", "Healthy Sex Life" ndi "Kudziwa Zabwino Pazolakwika? ” . Mitu yake imafotokozedwera mwatsatanetsatane kuti afotokozere zomwe zidachitika.

 

 

Chithunzi cha masewero ofunika ndi madera ochepa

 

Zokwanira kwambiri

anafa

Kulikonse komwe Mukuyang'ana

Mitengo

Izi sizabwino

Moyo Wogonana Wathanzi

Mavesi enieni Ndondomeko

Kudziwa Choyenera Kulakwika?

Kuphunzira za kugonana

Chikondi, chidaliro, chikhulupiliro ndi ulemu

Kusokoneza Maganizo ndi Mthupi

Mukhozanso

analandira

 

yapakati

Cholinga

Kumvetsetsa Zopeka

Tikuphunzirapo

 

Zochitika Banja

 

Bongo

 

Akazi 'Eni'

Zoyembekeza

anafa

Gwiritsani ntchito SEM

Normal

pafupipafupi

Zosiyanasiyana

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

1. Kulikonse Mukayang'ana

Mutuwu umafotokozedwa ndi njira zowonetsera za SEM zomwe ophunzira adawonetsa ndipo akuwonetsa kuthekera komanso mtundu womwe izi zikuwoneka kuti zikupezeka pa intaneti monga gwero labwino kwambiri.

"Ndawonapo zithunzi zolaula zomwe ndimapeza pa intaneti pa intaneti" - Sid

“Tsamba 3, anyamata anzeru (Zoo & Mtedza)” - Tom

"Makanema oonera zolaula, atsikana a pa TV omwe mumayimba nawo"

              "Instagram" - Mo       

Ophunzira adawoneka kuti akuwonetsa kuyanja komwe kumawonekera kwa achinyamata a SEM mu masiku amakono, kuwona momwe malowa ali ngati gawo la chitukuko.

"Ndikuganiza kuti ndi gawo la kukula ndipo zonse zimawonedwa ngati zovomerezeka kuti anyamata aziwona izi. 2 - Ross

Komabe, ena amawoneka kuti akuwona zotsatira zoyipa, zolimbikitsa kuyeserera zakugonana komanso machitidwe olowerera mwa amuna achichepere.

"Ndimadandaula za momwe zakhudzira achinyamata, chifukwa cha zolaula ndidayesa kuyesa kutengera zinthu zomwe ndaziwona ndipo sizomwe zakhala zikuchitika (maphwando azakugonana, magulu ogonana ndi ena)". - Gaz

"Nditakhala wosasamala kwambiri, ndidadzipeza ndekha ndikuzolowera zolaula chifukwa chomasuka momwe ndingazigwiritsire ntchito komanso mphotho ya mankhwala omwe ali muubongo wanga". - Alfie         

Chiyanjano pakati pa TV ndi zochitika zenizeni zokhudzana ndi kugonana zimayankhulidwanso, nkhawa zikukambidwa pokhudzana ndi kuthekera koona mtima wa momwe anthu amadziwonetsera okha pa intaneti, zatsopanozi zimawukitsidwa mutu wotsatira.

2. Izi sizabwino

Maganizo ndi malingaliro omwe akuwonetsedwa mu zomwe zili SEM amawoneka kuti ali ndi zongowonjezera pamawu omwe ophunzira amatenga nawo mbali. Maubwenzi amuna ndi akazi komanso kudziwika kwa akazi anali kupezeka makamaka, podziwitsa ena, kuti mwina vutoli lingakhale vuto.

"Ndinganenenso kuti imalimbikitsa malingaliro owopsa pamagulu azikhalidwe. Amayi nthawi zambiri amawonetsedwa ngati ogonjera komanso owongoleredwa ndi amuna. Amuna nthawi zambiri amawonetsedwa ngati olamulira komanso amuna kapena akazi anzawo. Ndikukhulupirira kuti izi zakhudza anthu omwe atengeka ndi mavuto m'dera lathu, zomwe zikuwonjezera kukondana pakati pathu, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti akazi azikhala opanda chidwi. ”- Bob

“Kugonana monga chinthu chomwe chingapezeke mosavuta ndi kugula. Amasintha momwe amaonera atsikana ndi amayi, kutsutsa, atsikana osati anthu ”- Mo

Mu gululi, zoyeserera pakati pa amuna ndi akazi zomwe zikuwonetsedwa mu SEM zimawonekeranso kuti zimapangitsa momwe anyamata achinyamata amadziwonera.

"Zitha kupangitsa amuna ena kudzimva kuti ali osatetezeka pa kuthekera kwawo pakugonana popeza sangakhale nthawi yayitali ngati zolaula amuna". - Richard

"Zolaula zandipangitsa kudziona kuti ndine wosakwanira ngati mwamuna - zimakhudza momwe ndimadzionera." - Tom

Kuphatikiza apo, ophunzira adakambirana zakukula kwakukulu mkati mwa SEM pa intaneti. Chifukwa chake SEM imatha kuwoneka ngati yofunika kwambiri pakuumba zinthu zomwe zimawakonda kwambiri pakugonana.

"Chifukwa cha zolaula zomwe zikuchulukirachulukira, makanemawa akuchulukirachulukira komanso odabwitsa kuti agwirizane ndi zofuna zawo kuti ziwoneke ngati zosangalatsa. - Jay

"Mwina zandipangitsa kuti ndikhale wolimba mtima. Zimanditengera zambiri kuti mundidabwitse tsopano, Chifukwa cha kuchuluka kwa zomwe ndawona sizikundikhuza monga kale ”- Tom

Kuwonjezeka kwa kufunikira kwakukweza kwakukulu kumatha kukhudza kuyembekezera zomwe munthu amene wagonana naye akuchita nawo, komanso kwa iwo eni kuti agwirizane ndi zomwe zimawoneka ngati 'zachizolowezi'.

3. Buffers

Zoyimira kapena njira zina zogonana zomwe zimaperekedwa ndi mwachitsanzo chikhalidwe cha mabanja kapena maphunziro azakugonana adanenedwa kuti ali ndi gawo labwino kapena mwayi wosoweka.

“Maphunziro anga ogonana kusukulu anali ovuta. Zithunzi zolaula sizinabisidwe konseko ndipo zimawoneka ngati kuti akuchita zochepa ..... Iwo adafufuza mwatsatanetsatane zomwe zingakupatseni chidziwitso chazomwe zitha kukhala ngati kumagonana ”- Jay

"Maonekedwe aumunthu sanali oletsa banja langa ndikamakula, chifukwa chake ndikuganiza kuti izi zidandipatsa mwayi womwe si onse omwe angakhale nawo. Ntchito zaluso za amayi anga zidandipatsa lingaliro labwino kwambiri momwe akazi enieni amawonekera ". - Bob

Banja limakhala ngati "cholumikizira" motsutsana ndi zovuta zoyang'ana pakuwona kwa SEM ndi maphunziro azakugonana mwayi woperewera wopereka chitsimikizo cha "zikhalidwe" zabwino. Zochita za 'buffer' zoterezi zitha kukhala kuthandiza achinyamata kusiyanitsa pakati pa zenizeni ndi zongoyerekeza zogonana.

 

 

 

4. Mavesi enieni Kulota

Ophunzira adawona kuwonera zolaula ngati kuti sikunayanjanitsidwe, poona ngati gawo lobisika lomwe limakambidwa paziyanjano.

              "Tsopano yasinthidwa. Zocheperako. Zitha kukambidwa ndi abwenzi ”. - Tom

Kusintha kumeneku kumaimiridwa mosiyanasiyana monga gwero la maphunziro 'odalirika', koma ena mwa omwe adachitapo kanthu adanenanso zoyipa za SEM.

              "Ndaphunzira zambiri zolaula - zimayenda - zomwe zimayembekezeka kwa ine ngati wamwamuna". - Tom

"Ndinganene kuti imapatsa anyamata malingaliro owopsa pokhudzana ndi kugonana komanso zomwe amapereka". - Bob

"Zimakhudzanso mawonekedwe amthupi komanso malingaliro anga amomwe munthu ayenera kuwonekera komanso momwe ayenera kuwonekera pogonana". - Harry

"Zinthu zofotokozedwazi sizinakhudze kwenikweni momwe ndimaonera mawonekedwe aumunthu ndipo ndikuganiza izi makamaka chifukwa chodziwa kuti zikuwonetsa dziko lopeka, pomwe anthu omwe akuwonetsedwawo ali pafupifupi otchulidwa zenizeni zenizeni". - Bob

SEM yomwe imagwiritsidwa ntchito monga chizolowezi itha kubweretsa chisokonezo pazokhudzana ndi kugonana. Mu gululi, magulu osiyanasiyana akumvetsetsa kapena kuzindikira ngati zikuyimira machitidwe enieni ogonana adanenedwa.

5. Moyo Wogonana Wathanzi

Ophunzira adafunsidwa za momwe moyo wogonana ungakhalire. Pafupipafupi ndi mtundu wake zinali ulusi wamba mkati mwazomwe zimafotokozedwazi pofotokoza zaumoyo wogonana.

“Nthawi zambiri ndimakhutira ndimunthu amene ndimagonana naye ngati momwe mumafunira” - Jay

Zochitika zosiyanasiyana zogonana zidanenedwa ndi otenga nawo mbali ngati zofunika popewa kukhala ndi moyo wogonana wosasangalatsa.

              "Kukhala wochezeka m'chipinda ndikugonana nthawi zonse" - Richard

Mosiyana ndi izi, ena omwe adafunsa adakweza zomwe zimaganizirana ndi maubwenzi ndi ubale.

"Kuyankhulana ndikofunikira pakugonana ndipo zolaula nthawi zambiri zimaphunzitsa njira zosangalalira zomwe sizikuwonetsa zomwe wokondedwa akufuna". - Harry

“Kukhala paubwenzi wokhulupirika kapena kukhala wowona mtima pazomwe mungachite pankhani yogonana. Zikuwonetsa kuti mumalemekeza amuna kapena akazi anzanu ”. - Ross

              "Pomwe pali kukondana - ndimayiwala kugonana kopanda tanthauzo". - Tom  

Kuyankhulana, kuwona mtima, ulemu ndi kufunikira kophatikizana ndimaganizo komwe kumafotokoza za moyo wathanzi wabwino. Kusiyana pakati pa izi ndi kugonana komwe kukuwonetsedwa mu SEM ndikudziwikiratu, momwe anyamata m'gululi adawonetsera izi.

6. Kudziwa Zoyenera Komanso Zoyipa?

Zomwe zidaperekedwazo zidapereka zitsanzo zambiri zakutsutsana ndi malingaliro opeputsa ndi malingaliro mwa amayi, malingaliro a akazi ndi umboni wotsimikizika ndi kusiyanasiyana.

Akadakhala kuti sakundilola kuchita zina zokhudzana ndi kugonana. Sindikumva kuti zandiwononga ndipo sichinthu chomwe ndawonapo kapena kuchiwona pafupipafupi ”. -Ross

"Mwina kusiyana pakati pa amuna ndi akazi kungabwere chifukwa chakuwona azimayi akuchita uhule pamaso pa kamera". - Alfie

"Mwamuna ayenera kukhala ndi nthawi yowonetsetsa kuti akazi ake akukhutitsidwa asanawombe katundu wake ngati ati akhale ndi mwayi wokhala ndi moyo wabwino wogonana". - Alfie

Kuwonetsedwa kwa mchitidwe wozunza chifukwa cha ukazi kumawonekeranso pamlingo wodziwa.

"Amuna akaleka miyezo yawo mpaka pomwe mkazi amakhala nthabwala pakati pa abwenzi, uku ndikundizunza. (Ndapanga ma rotter amtheradi kuti ndikhale ndi nkhani yabwino kwa anzanga ndipo izi sizovomerezeka) - Gaz

Kukambirana

Zotsatirazi zikuwonetsa zomwe zingakhale zofunikira pokhudzana ndi momwe SEM imagwiritsidwira ntchito pazikhulupiriro, kumvetsetsa ndi machitidwe a anyamata, omwe afufuzidwa. Pogwiritsa ntchito zofunikira komanso zosagwirizana, mitu ingapindule ndi chitsimikiziro chachikulu koma imathandizanso kuyambika kwa nkhani ya momwe SEM imatha kusinthira malingaliro ndi machitidwe. Kafukufuku wina (2,3,4,16,10)., kuphatikiza zinthu zowopsa kwambiri pamene achinyamata akuti sanasangalale ndi zomwe zili mu SEM, zomwe zimafuna kuwonetseredwa kwambiri kuti adzimve kukhudzidwa kapena kudabwa.  

Amuna achichepere mu phunziroli, adavomereza zoyipa pamalingaliro azikhalidwe zakugonana. Maphunziro apabanja kapena ogonana atha kupereka 'chitetezo' kapena kuwerengera pazoyimira za SEM zogonana. Zambiri zikuwonetsa kutsutsana kapena kusokonezeka pamalingaliro a achinyamata moyo wogonana wathanzi komanso zikhulupiriro ndi machitidwe oyenera. Mitundu ya SEM yoyeserera kulowa mkati imatha kukhala yosinthika ndipo zomwe zimachitikira 'buffers' zitha kukhala mkhalapakati wa chiopsezo ku SEM ngati gwero lazidziwitso.

Kuwonjezeka kwakupezeka kuyenera kuti kwakulitsa kulandiridwa kwa SEM monga 'gawo lamasiku ano' (29, 5, 1). Zambiri zikuwonetsa njira yolowera mkati mwa SEM zikhalidwe zogonana zomwe zimabweretsa chisokonezo ndikuyembekeza kosatheka, koma malingaliro a SEM ngati 'enieni' amasiyana. Kusiyanasiyana komwe kumapezeka kale mu kafukufukuyu kumawoneka kuti kukuzungulira mtundu wina wazowopsa [30]. Detayi ikuwonetsa kuti gawo la 'buffers' monga zitsanzo za mabanja kapena kuthekera kwa maphunziro azakugonana atha kukhala malo olowererapo.Data limatanthawuza kuwonjezeka kwa kugwiritsidwa ntchito kwa 'yogwira' kapena mitundu yodzipangira yokha ya SEM muma media media (mwachitsanzo Instagram) ku pangani kapena kugwiritsa ntchito zithunzi zolaula (31). Kodi njira yakukula kwanyumbayi imagwirizana bwanji ndi malingaliro azikhalidwe zenizeni komanso zongopeka? Collins 'et al, 2011 (20) kuwunika kofunikira pakufufuza kumanenanso kuti zoulutsira mawu zitha kuchititsa kuti anthu azipempha kapena kulandiridwa ndi achinyamata pa intaneti.

Amuna achichepere mu kafukufukuyu adadzetsa mwayi woti kuwonetseredwa kwa SEM kumatha kuyambitsa chizolowezi chomwa mowa mopitirira muyeso ndikuwonjezera kufunikira kwakanthawi kambiri. Ena amati akumva kufunikira kosunthira malire awo nthawi zonse kuti akondweretse, anthu osadabwitsidwanso ndi zina, zomwe zimapezeka pakufufuza koyambirira (32, 33, 34, 35, 36) kuzilumikiza ndi zochitika zogonana asanakwane; kukanidwa kwa akazi, ziyembekezo zosatheka komanso kuchuluka kwa chizunzo (16).

Mvetsetsani malumikizowo bwino - njira zaumoyo, kusatetezeka ndi zolumikizana.

Kafukufuku wowonjezeranso amafunika kuwunika okambirana omwe angatengeke ndi mphamvu za SEM ndipo ntchitoyi, ngakhale idakhazikitsidwa ndi gulu limodzi la anyamata, imayamba kuyika limodzi njira yakukulira kuchuluka kwa zomwe SEM ikumasulira mu malingaliro ndi chikhalidwe chomwe chakhazikitsidwa. 

Chitetezo pa intaneti

Ogwira ntchito ku UK Council for Child Internet Safety's ndi malangizo a department of Culture, Media and Sport (37) amalimbikitsa kuti omwe amapereka chithandizo chogwiritsa ntchito malo ochezera a pa Intaneti komanso njira zothandizirana azikhala ndi njira zochepetsera chiopsezo, komanso kupereka upangiri wachitetezo kwa achinyamata, makolo ndi osamalira. Sukulu zokha zikuwonjeza chitetezo cha intaneti pakati pa ana aang'ono ngati msinkhu wa sukulu ya pulaimale.

Maphunziro a Kugonana komanso kulumikizana kwabanja pakugonana

Zomwe zapezazi zitha kuwonetsa kufunikira kwakuthetsa zovuta zomwe zingachitike pamaphunziro azakugonana pano [24]. Zambiri phunziroli zimatsimikizira ubale womwe wakhazikitsidwa kwambiri (20), pakuwonetsa machitidwe oyenera, malingaliro ndi malingaliro oyang'anira oyang'anira koma izi zimafunikira kafukufuku wina.

Kufunika kwamaphunziro azakugonana kumalembedwa bwino m'mabuku onse apano [38,39, 24, 20] ndipo omwe akutenga nawo mbali adanenanso kuti maphunziro awo azakugonana samakwanira onse koma osaphimba nkhani ya SEM. Izi zikuwoneka ngati mwayi wosowa popewa malingaliro ndi malingaliro osokonekera anyamata atha kukhala pachiwopsezo chowona SEM popereka chitsogozo pazomwe SEM imatanthauza. Kuphatikiza apo, gwero lazidziwitso zotere limapezeka mosavuta kudzera munjira yomweyo SEM imapezeka, pa intaneti (XNUMX). Kafufuzidwe kena kake pamunda uno ndikofunikira.

Zofooka Zophunzira

Chida chotsogola chomwe chimafufuza chimatha kuwona zomwe zafotokozedwazo ndipo zomwe zapezeka sizingafanane ndi mitu yomwe imafunikira chitsimikiziro chokulirapo. Kutanthauzira kwa mitu kuchokera pamalatawa kungapangidwe ndi ofufuza pamoyo wawo, kukhazikitsa zochitika zowunikira, kuwunikira komanso kugwiritsa ntchito kuyang'anira kutsimikizira kumasulira ndi njira zonse zomwe zidagwiritsidwa ntchito pokongoletsa ziyeso (28).

Ntchitoyi imayamba kuthana ndi mipata m'mabuku ozungulira kafukufuku wakuya ku UK ndikufufuza komwe kumamanga malingaliro ozungulira mawonekedwe ndi machitidwe a SEM. Kuchulukitsa kupezeka ndi kuzindikira kwa anyamata iwowo pazotsatira zoyipa za SEM zikuwonetsa kufunikira kolowererapo. Zambiri zokhudzana ndi ma buffers ofunikira zimatsimikizira njira zomwe zingachitike pofufuza za pakati pa achinyamata ndi kupewa matenda opatsirana pogonana, mwachitsanzo, maphunziro azakugonana komanso kulumikizana pabanja. Kudzera pakudziwitsa anthu za zoopsa zomwe zingachitike, kenako powapatsa zida zofunikira ndikukhazikitsa njira zoyenera zotetezera pomwe zingatheke kuti achinyamata azitha kusamalira zomwe akumana nazo pamoyo wawo ndikudziteteza ku mavuto aliwonse omwe angachitike.

 

 

 

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