Kuyamba kugonana koyambirira kumagwirizanitsa ndi chiopsezo chogonana komanso kuopsa kwa mimba yosakonzekera komanso matenda opatsirana pogonana m'tsogolo. Kugonana pakati pa kugonana koyambirira kwa mafilimu (MSE), chiwerewere, ndi khalidwe loopsya lachiwerewere pokhala wamkulu (mwachitsanzo, kugonana ndi amuna ambiri komanso kugwiritsira ntchito makondomu osagwirizana) anafufuzidwa pa kafukufuku wamakono a achinyamata a US. MSE inayesedwa pogwiritsira ntchito njira ya Beach, njira yowonjezereka yopezera coding. Kuwongolera khalidwe la achinyamata ndi mabanja awo, kufufuza kunasonyeza kuti MSE adaneneratu zaka za kugonana, zonse mwachindunji ndi mosiyana mwa kusintha kwa kufunafuna. MSE analoseranso kuti angayambe kuchita zachiwerewere mwachindunji komanso mwachindunji pogwiritsa ntchito chiwerewere choyambirira. Zotsatira izi zikusonyeza kuti MSE ingalimbikitse chiopsezo cha kugonana kutenga onse mwa kusintha khalidwe la kugonana ndi kufulumizitsa kukula kwachidziwitso choyambirira pakati paunyamata.

Kugonana mu Mafilimu

Mafilimu otchuka amathandiza achinyamata kuti azikhala ndi chilakolako chogonana, zomwe zambiri zimalimbikitsa makhalidwe oopsa. Kafukufuku wa mafilimu omwe atulutsidwa kuchokera ku 1950 mpaka 2006 adawonetsa kuti zambiri kuposa 84% zili ndi zolaula (68% ya mafilimu a G-ovumbulutsidwa, 82% ya mafilimu owerengedwa ndi PG, 85% ya mafilimu a PG-13, ndi 88% ya R mafilimu owonetsedwa; Nalkur, Jamieson, & Romer, 2010). Komanso, kugonana kwapakati pa mafilimu a PG-13 ndi R owonjezeka pazaka 10 zapitazo (Nalkur et al., 2010). Ngakhale kuti chofunika kwambiri kwa achinyamata omwe ali ndi thanzi labwino, ndiye kuti mafilimu ambiri samasonyeza kugonana kotetezeka. Kusanthula kwatsatanetsatane kunasonyeza kuti 70% ya zochitika zogonana zomwe zikuwonetsedwa m'mafilimu otulutsidwa kuchokera ku 1983 mpaka 2003 zinachitika pakati pa abwenzi atsopano, 98% sizinatanthawuze za kulera, ndipo 89% sizinawathandize (Gunasekera, Chapman, & Campbell, 2005). Kuonjezera apo, Pardun, L'Engle, ndi Brown (2005) anapeza kuti 9% yokhayo ya mafilimu ali ndi mauthenga omwe amalimbikitsa kugonana. Achinyamata omwe amawonera mafilimu ambiri, choncho, amawoneka ndi zibwenzi zambiri, zomwe zambiri zimawonetsedwa m'njira yosakondera komanso / kapena yopsereza.

Mmene Kugonana Kumakhudzira Kusokoneza Magulu

Wright (2011) adawonetsa kuti zotsatira za zochitika zogonana zimayendetsedwa ndi kupeza ndi kuwonetseratu zochitika zogonana. Malemba amapereka zosankha zamakhalidwe abwino, kuphatikizapo zomwe zingayambitse khalidwe la kugonana, ndipo zolembazo nthawi zambiri zimakhudzidwa ndi makanema. Monga tafotokozera m'gawo lapitalo, mafilimu ambiri amapereka mauthenga obwereza ogonana ndi owopsa kwa owona (Gunasekera et al., 2005; Nalkur et al., 2010), komanso chiwerengero chapamwamba cha mafilimu okhudzana ndi kugonana amapezeka kuti akulosera zamalingaliro okhudzana ndi kugonana (Bleakley, Hennessy, Fishbein, Coles, & Jordan, 2009; Brown, Halpern, & L'Engle, 2005). Kuwonjezera apo, achinyamata nthawi zina amafunafuna zogonana, mwina kuphunzira malembawa (Brown ndi al., 2005). Ndipotu, 57% ya achinyamata a ku America (zaka za 14-16) adalemba pogwiritsa ntchito mauthenga monga chitukuko chachikulu cha kugonana (Bleakley et al., 2009).

Zolemba zovomerezeka ziyenera kugwiritsidwa ntchito kuti zitsogolere khalidwe, ndipo mafilimu angakhudze zomwe amagwiritsira ntchito kugonana.Wright, 2011). Pakati pa achinyamata omwe ali ndi MSE yapamwamba, kugonana komwe kumawonetsedwa m'mafilimu kumatha kupezeka mosavuta chifukwa chafupipafupi zomwe zisanachitike. Ngati mosavuta script yatsegulidwa, ndiyomwe ikuyenera kugwiritsidwa ntchito pazifukwa zina. Ndipotu, kufufuza kwa nthawi yaitali kwawonetsa kuti chiwerengero chachikulu cha kugonana kwa pa televizioni chikuneneratu kuti chidziwitso chachikulu pazochitika zogonana pakati pa achinyamata (Collins et al., 2004) ndi kuyamba koyambirira kwa kugonana (Ashby, Arcari, & Edmonson, 2006; Collins et al., 2004; Martino, Collins, Kanouse, Elliott, & Berry, 2005), kulamulira chifukwa cha chiwerengero cha anthu, chipembedzo, ndi kulera. Kuwonjezera apo, kuwonetsa kwambiri za kugonana muzinthu zofalitsa, kuphatikizapo mafilimu, televizioni, nyimbo, ndi magazini, zakhala zikugwirizanitsa ndi zochitika zogonana pakati pa achinyamata (Brown ndi al., 2006; L'Engle, Brown, & Kenneavy, 2006; Pardun et al., 2005) ndi kuyamba koyambirira kwa kugonana (Brown ndi al., 2006), kulamulira achinyamata komanso makhalidwe a makolo awo. Pomalizira, kufotokozera kwambiri mafilimu ndi magazini a amuna zakhala zikugwirizana ndi chibwenzi choyambirira cha kugonana ndi anthu ambiri omwe sagwirizana nawo pakati pa ophunzira a koleji, zotsatira zomwe zimagwirizanitsidwa ndi zikhulupiliro ndi zikhulupiliro za kugonana (Ward, Epstein, Caruthers, & Merriwether, 2011). Zotsatirazi zimapereka chithandizo ku chitsanzo cha Wright powonetsa kuti zolaula zimakhudza zokhudzana ndi kugonana ndi khalidwe.

Zotsatira za Mafilimu pa Zoopsa za Achinyamata

Ngakhale kuti mafilimu ambiri akuwonetsedwa m'mafilimu komanso kutchuka kwa mafilimu pakati pa achinyamata, kafukufuku wochulukirapo wakhala akugwiritsidwa ntchito pa televizioni pa khalidwe lachiwerewere. Tidakondwera ndi zotsatira za MSE pazochita zogonana komanso kuchita zinthu zowonongeka chifukwa chakuti umboni umasonyeza kuti khalidwe lachiwerewere la achinyamata likukhudzidwa kwambiri ndi mafilimu kusiyana ndi mitundu ina ya ma TV (Bleakley et al., 2009; Pardun et al., 2005). Mwachitsanzo, mu phunziro la ophunzira aamuna a koleji (Ward et al., 2011), kuwonetsedwa kokha m'mafilimu (poyerekeza ndi kuwonetsedwa kwa ma TV, mavidiyo, ndi magulu a amuna) mwachindunji kunaneneratu zaka za kugonana, komanso kuwonetsedwa kwa mafilimu (kuphatikizapo kufotokozera m'magazini a amuna) mosadziwika kuti chiwerengero cha anthu omwe amagonana ndi amuna okhaokha sichidziwika bwino. Kuwonjezera apo, kufufuza kwa nthawi yaitali za mafilimu 'kulimbikitsa achinyamata kugwiritsira ntchito mankhwala kwawonetsa zotsatira zamphamvu ndi zosasinthasintha: Kuwonetsera kusuta fodya m'mafilimu kumatanthawuza kuyamba ndi kuchuluka kwa kusuta fodya (Dalton ndi al., 2009; Sargent et al., 2007; Wills et al., 2010), ndipo kuwonetsera kukumwa m'mafilimu kumatanthawuza kuyamba ndi kuwonjezeka kwa kumwa mowa (Dal Cin et al., 2009; Gibbons et al., 2010; Sargent, Wills, Stoolmiller, Gibson, & Gibbons, 2006; Wills et al., 2010).

Cholinga chathu mu phunziroli chinaperekedwa kuti tiwone zotsatira za mSE zoyambirira (ie, zaka zapakati pa zaka 16) pa zaka za chiwerewere ndi khalidwe loopsya la kugonana (mwachitsanzo, anthu ambiri ogonana nawo ndi kugwiritsira ntchito makondomu osagwirizana) ali wamkulu. Kuyanjana uku kunayesedwa pogwiritsira ntchito deta kuchokera ku kafukufuku wautali wa achinyamata aku US (Sargent et al., 2007). Tinagwiritsa ntchito njira ya ku Beach kuti tione ngati ophunzira akuwonetsa khalidwe labwino la kugonana lomwe likuwonetsedwa m'mafilimu (Sargent, Worth, Gombe, Gerrard, & Heatherton, 2008). Njira imeneyi imaphatikizapo kulembedwa kachiwiri ndi kachiwiri kachitidwe kowopsa m'mafilimu kuti likhale lovomerezeka ndi lodalirika, ndipo linapereka zitsanzo zambiri za mafilimu otchuka kuposa omwe agwiritsidwa ntchito m'maphunziro apitalo. Zatsimikiziridwa pa maphunziro pakati pa achinyamata omwe amawonetsa mafilimu pa kusuta fodya (mwachitsanzo, Sargent et al., 2007) komanso pa mavuto ozunguza mowa ndi mowa (mwachitsanzo, Dal Cin et al., 2009). Kafukufuku wamakono anali woyamba kugwiritsa ntchito njira ya ku Beach kukayesa MSE ndikuyang'ana machitidwe ake ndi chiwerewere ndi khalidwe loopsa la kugonana.

Zotsatira za Mafilimu pa Kufunafuna Kwambiri

Pali chifukwa chokhulupirira kuti MSE imakhudza khalidwe la kugonana mwachindunji mwa kuwonjezera kukhudzika kufuna-chizoloŵezi chofuna kuwerenga ndi zolimbikitsa kwambiri (Arnett, 1994). Kukhudzidwa kufunafuna kukwera pa nthawi yaunyamata, kuyendayenda pakati pa zaka za 10 ndi 15, ndiyeno kumachepetsanso kumapeto kwa msinkhu waunyamata (Steinberg ndi al., 2008). Kufuna kukhudzika kwakukulu kumayanjanirana ndi chiyambi choyambirira cha kugonana (Donohew et al., 2000) komanso nthawi zambiri kuchita chiwerewere paokha (wamkulu)Arnett, 1994). Ndikofunika kuzindikira kuti kutengeka kumafuna kuchokera ku zinthu zonse zamoyo komanso zachikhalidwe (Arnett, 1994), zomwe zikusonyeza kuti zisonkhezero zachilengedwe, monga MSE, zingakhudze kukula kwa khalidweli. Ndipotu, kafufuzidwe ndi zitsanzo zomwe zagwiritsidwa ntchito pa kafukufuku wamakono zikuwonetsa kuti kuyang'ana mafilimu a R-rated ankagwirizanitsidwa ndi kuwonjezereka kwachidziwitso pakati pa unyamata (koma osati mosiyana), zomwe zinawonjezera chiopsezo cha fodya ndi kumwa mowa pa nthawi ya unyamata (de Leeuw et al., 2011; Stoolmiller, Gerrard, Sargent, Worth, & Gibbons, 2010). Komabe, kuyanjanitsika kwa kufunafuna kutengeka sikunayesedwe, ku chidziwitso chathu, pokhudzana ndi chikoka cha mauthenga pa chiwerewere. Pa phunziro lomwe tikuphunzira tsopano, tafufuza ngati kusintha kwa chisokonezo kumayambitsa mgwirizano wa MSE ndi chiwerewere ndi makhalidwe oopsa a kugonana.

Phunziro Lachidule

Ophunzira ndi ndondomeko

Deta iyi inasonkhanitsidwa muphunziro lautali lachisanu ndi chimodzi chokha kuyambira June 2003 mpaka October 2009. Pa Time 1, deta inasonkhanitsidwa pa kafukufuku wa foni ya achinyamata a 6,522, kuyambira 10 kufikira zaka za 14, akukhala ku United States. Zotsatira zitatu zotsatirazi zikutsatiridwa pafupifupi miyezi yonse ya 8; zochitika ziwiri zomalizira zinachitika pafupi zaka 5 ndi zaka 7 pambuyo pa 1 zaka. Pa Time 6, otsogolera a 2,718 adayankha (38.2% kusungira), koma okhawo omwe anali a 18 a zaka zapakati kapena kuposa (n = 1,300) adafunsidwa kuti afotokoze khalidwe lawo la kugonana. Poonetsetsa kuti MSE yachitika kale musanayambe kugonana, tinasiya kuchokera kwa anthu omwe adasanthula za kugonana omwe anachitika nthawi ya Time 2 (n = 72), yomwe inasiya chitsanzo chotsatira cha olowa 1,228. Otsatira pazitsanzo zoyambirira anali pakati pa 12 ndi 14 a zaka pa Time 1 (M = Zaka 12.89, SD = 0.79) ndi pakati pa 18 ndi 21 a zaka pa Time 6 (M = Zaka 18.90, SD = 0.81). Chitsanzocho chinali 611 amuna (49.8%) ndi 617 akazi (50.2%); 891 anali a American American (72.6%), 159 anali Apanishi (12.9%), 71 anali a African American (5.8%), ndipo 107 anali a mafuko ena kapena amitundu (8.7%). Ophunzira omwe anataya potsatira ndondomeko ya chiwerewere anali pachiopsezo chachikulu choyambitsa chiwerewere choyambirira komanso kuchita nawo chiopsezo chogonana pa Time 1 kusiyana ndi omwe adasungidwa mu chitsanzo. Ophunzira omwe sanasungidwe kuti apitirize kukambirana zapamwamba za MSE ndi kufunafuna ndi kuchepetsa kuchepa kwa amayi, ndipo amakhala ndi televizioni m'chipinda chawo (pChizindikiro. <.001). Komanso, ochepa kwambiri kuposa aku Europe aku America adatayika pakutsata (p <.02).

Njira

MSE analiyesa kugwiritsa ntchito njira ya Beach. Panthawi ya 1, mafilimu opangidwa ndi 523 omwe amamasulidwa kwambiri pakati pa 1998 ndi 2003 amalembedwa ndi chiwerengero cha masekondi okhudzana ndi kugonana, omwe amatanthauzidwa ngati machitidwe a kugonana, monga kupsompsonana kapena kugonana. Mafilimu aliwonse adawerengedwa ndi imodzi mwa ma coders ophunzitsidwa, ndipo pulogalamu yosasintha ya 10% ya mafilimuyi inali yolembedwa kawiri (mgwirizano wamkati: r = .92). Wophunzira aliyense adalandira mndandanda wapadera wa mafilimu a 50 omwe amasankhidwa mwadzidzidzi kuchokera ku dziwe lalikulu ndikufotokozera mafilimu omwe iye adawawona. Deta iyi idagwiritsidwa ntchito kuwunikira chiwerengero cha anthu onse pazokhudzana ndi kugonana kuchokera m'mafilimu onse a 523. Njira yomweyi idagwiritsidwa ntchito pa Time 2 ndi mafilimu ang'onoang'ono (161), omwe ali ndi mafilimu opambana omwe amamasulidwa kuyambira kalembedwe kolemba. (Chiwerengero cha masekondi okhudzana ndi chiwerewere osankhidwa ndi mafilimu omwe amaimirira akuwonetsedwa mu Table Table S1 mu Supplemental Material yomwe ilipo pa intaneti.) Tinawerengetsera MSE mwa kutembenuza masekondi okhudzana ndi kugonana mu maora, kufotokoza maola okhudzana ndi kugonana omwe amawonedwa pa Time 1 ndi Time 2 , ndikupanga kusintha kwa mizere yambiri kuti akonzekere bwino.

Kufunafuna Anayesedwa ndi chiwerengero cha zinthu zinayi zomwe zinapangidwira ana (Time 1: α = .60; Nthawi 2: α = .58; Stephenson, Hoyle, Palmgreen, & Slater, 2003). Chiyeso ichi chinagwiritsidwa ntchito zomangidwa ziwiri ndi zinayi zomwe zimadziwika ndi Zuckerman (1994) monga zofunika zigawo zofunafuna, zosangalatsa / zofuna zowonongeka; Kuonjezera apo, izo zimagwiritsa ntchito mwakhama kufunafuna, gawo la Arnett Inventory of Seeking Sensation (Arnett, 1994). Ophunzira adayankha pa chinthu chilichonse pogwiritsa ntchito msinkhu wochokera ku 1 kufika ku 4, omwe ali ndi zilembo zapamwamba zomwe zikufuna kufunafuna. Zowerengera za ophunzira aliyense zinafotokozedwa. Mchitidwe umenewu watsimikiziridwa kuti udziwe za fodya komanso kumwa mowa kwa achinyamata.de Leeuw et al., 2011; Stoolmiller et al., 2010).

Zaka za chiwerewere adafotokozedwa ndi ophunzira pa Time 6. Mchitidwe wogonana woopsa Anayesedwa pa Time 6 ndipo ali ndi zigawo ziŵiri: nthawi ya moyo wamwamuna kapena mkazi mnzanu (kugonana kotseguka) ndi chiwerengero cha zochitika zogonana zodzipatula (kutanthauza kuti kugonana sikunali ndi "chibwenzi cholimba kapena chokhazikika") popanda kondomu (anagwiritsa ntchito kugwiritsa ntchito mlingo wochokera ku 0, konse, ku 5, zisanu kapena kuposa). Zambiri za zinthu ziwirizi zidasinthidwa kukhala zosiyana ndi zina, α = .62.¹

Covariates zokhudzana ndi MSE onse komanso khalidwe logonana (kuphatikizapo kufunafuna maganizo) linayesedwa pa Time 1. Chikhalidwe, mtundu, ndi zaka zinalembedwa ndi makolo a ophunzira. Ophunzirawo anafotokoza momwe amachitira tchalitchi kapena kuchita zochitika zachipembedzo, maola angapo omwe amawonera TV tsiku lililonse, kaya ali ndi televizioni m'chipinda chawo, komanso omwe amakhala nawo zovuta or adagawanika). Ophunzirawo adakwaniritsa gawo lachisanu ndi chitatu-kutenga mchitidwe wamayi (α = .71) ndi chiwerengero chachisanu ndi chiwiri chofunsira amayi (α = .59; Jackson, Henriksen, & Foshee, 1998). Pomalizira, timayang'anira MSE yomwe inkachitika pakati pa Time 2 ndi chilakolako cha kugonana.² Kuphatikizana ndi covariate kunatilola kuti tiganizire makamaka pa MSE oyambirira (ie, zaka zapakati pa zaka 16) monga kukonzekera kugonana ndi kugonana muzochitika zowonongeka, kugonjetsa MSE yotsatira.

Ziwerengero zofotokozera

MSE wamkati anali 0.93 hr (interquartile range: 0.43 hr-1.32 hr). Kufunafuna mwadzidzidzi kunali kochepa, M = 7.90 (SD = 2.39) pa Time 1 ndi M = 8.07 (SD = 2.32) pa Time 2. Panthawi ya 6, otsogolera a 774 (63.0%) adayamba kugonana: 40 (5.2%) asanafike zaka 15, 79 (10.2%) ali ndi zaka 15, 190 (24.5%) ali ndi zaka 16, 223 (28.8%) ali ndi zaka 17, ndi 242 (31.2%) ali ndi zaka 18 kapena zaka zambiri. Pakati pa ogonana, chiwerengero cha anthu omwe amagonana nawo nthawi zonse chinali 2 (interquartile range: zibwenzi za 1-4), ndipo 195 mwa ophunzirawa (25.2%) adanena kuti anali atagonana popanda kugonana.

Kusiyana kwa kusiyana pakati pa amuna ndi akazi

Otsatira amuna ndi akazi ali ndi mwayi wofanana ndi nthawi 6; Komanso, amuna ndi akazi amayamba kugonana mofanana ndi zaka zofanana ndikufotokozanso MSE yofanana. Amuna, adanena kuti ali ndi zibwenzi zambiri zogonana (M = 3.43, SD = 5.94) kusiyana ndi akazi (M = 2.48, SD = 3.91), t(1221) = 3.48, p = .001, ndikuchita zachiwerewere popanda kondomu nthawi zambiri (M = 0.43, SD = 1.14) kusiyana ndi akazi (M = 0.29, SD = 0.87), t(1223) = 2.37, p <.02. Amuna adanenanso zakufunafuna chidwi kuposa akazi nthawi zonse 1 ndi Nthawi 2, ts (≥ 1195) ≥ 3.70, pm <.001.

Zolumikizana za Zero

Gulu 1 amasonyeza matrix oyenera, mogwirizana ndi chikhalidwe. MSE yapamwamba imagwirizanitsidwa ndi chiyambi chogonana, anthu ambiri ogonana, nthawi zambiri kugonana popanda kugonana popanda kondomu, ndi kumverera kwakukulu kufuna amuna ndi akazi onse, pm <.001. Ubwenzi wapakati pa MSE ndi kugonana, komabe, udalimba kwambiri kwa amuna, r(595) = -.33, kusiyana ndi akazi, r(585) = -.21; z = 2.19, p <.03. Kufunafuna kutengeka kwakukulu kumalumikizananso ndi kugonana koyambirira, ogonana nawo, komanso kugonana pafupipafupi popanda kondomu pakati pa amuna ndi akazi, pm <.01. Pomaliza, kugonana koyambirira kumalumikizidwa ndi ogonana ambiri komanso ogonana pafupipafupi popanda kondomu ya amuna kapena akazi okhaokha, pm <.001.

 

Gulu 1

Mgwirizano Pakati Pophunzira Zosintha

Kusanthula kupulumuka

Pofufuza zowonongeka za kugonana, tinkachita zinthu zoopsa zowonongeka ndi MSE pa Times 1 ndi 2, kufunafuna nthawi ku Time 2, ndipo mavalavari adalowa mu chitsanzo (Gulu 2). Mayesero omnibus a coefficients a model anasonyeza kuti chitsanzo anali ofunika, χ²(13, N = 1,133) = 805.01, p <.001. Kuchuluka kwa ngozi ya MSE kunali 5.38, p <.001, kuwonetsa kuti pakuwonjezeka kwa 1-hr iliyonse ku MSE pamizere yaying'ono, ngozi yoyambira pazaka zilizonse idakulirakulira kuposa kasanu. Zowonetseratu zina zokhudzana ndi kugonana zimaphatikizapo kusintha kwa kufunafuna chidwi (chiopsezo cha chiopsezo = 5, p <.001), jenda (akazi adayamba mochedwa kuposa amuna; chiopsezo cha ngozi = 0.81, p = .006), chikhalidwe cha banja (anthu ochokera m'magawo ogawidwa omwe adayamba kale kusiyana ndi omwe amachokera ku nyumba zowonongeka; chiwerengero cha hazard = 1.22, p = .030), ndi kukhala ndi televizioni m'chipinda chogona (hazard ratio = 1.20, p = .024). Kufufuza kwapulumutsidwe kunayambanso kuchitidwa payekha pakati pa amuna ndi akazi. Chitsanzo cha mtundu uliwonse chinali chofunikira, koma mphamvu ya MSE pa chiwerewere chinali champhamvu kwa amuna (ngozi = 6.71, p <.001) kuposa akazi (chiopsezo cha chiopsezo = 4.24, p <.001). Kuphatikiza kuyanjana kwa MSE × Gender mu mtunduwo kunawonetsa kusiyana kumeneku kukhala kwakukulu, p = .01 (onani Chith. 1).

 

Chith. 1

Kusintha maulendo opulumuka kwa zaka za chiwerewere kwa amuna ndi akazi omwe ali ndi zovuta zogonana zogonana (MSE).

 

Gulu 2

Zotsatira za Kugonjetsedwa kwa Cox kwa Zaka Za Kugonana

Mchitidwe wa equation model

Chitsanzo chokhazikitsira chithunzi chowonetsa chiopsezo chogonana pa Time 6 chinayesedwa pogwiritsa ntchito njira zolimba zochepa zogonana mu Mplus 6.12 (Muthén & Muthén, 1998-2007). Kuyamba kugonana kunasinthidwa ngati kusintha kosinthika (1 = 14 a zaka zapakati kapena aang'ono, 2 = Zaka 15, 3 = Zaka 16, 4 = Zaka 17, 5 = ≥ Zaka 18 zapakati kapena kuposa; omwe anali anamwali pa Time 6 analembedwa ngati 5). MSE yomwe inatchulidwa ku Times 1 ndi 2 inali yosiyana kwambiri ndi chitsanzo; Kusaka kwa nthawi 2, zaka zogonana, komanso khalidwe loopsa la kugonana pa Time 6 linali lopanda pake. Kufufuza kufunafuna kunanenedwa ngati chiwonetsero cha mitundu yambiri yosasinthika, MSE ndi zaka za chiwerewere zinkatchulidwa ngati zizindikiro zosonyeza zosiyana siyana, komanso khalidwe loopsya lachiwerewere pa Time 6 linatchulidwa ngati kusintha kosakhalitsa ndi zizindikiro ziwiri: chiwerengero cha ogwirizana nthawi zonse loading = .90) ndi zochitika zachiwerewere popanda kugonana kondomu (factor loading = .81).

Makhalidwe abwino (Chith. 2) zinapereka zoyenera kwambiri ku deta, χ²(12, N = 1,133) = 11.11, p > .51; cholakwika cha root-mean-square cha kufanana (RMSEA) <.001; chitsimikizo chokwanira = 1.00; Mndandanda wa Tucker-Lewis> 1.00. Chitsanzochi chinalongosola 72% ya kusiyanasiyana kwa zaka zoyambira zogonana ndi 58% ya kusiyanasiyana kwamakhalidwe oyipa pakugonana pa Time 6. Zotsatira zothandizidwa ndi Hypothesis 1: Zotsatira zosawonekera za MSE pazaka zogonana kudzera pakusintha kwakufuna zinali zofunikira, = −0.01, p <.002 (MSE → kusintha pakufuna kutengeka: β = 0.09, p <.001; kusintha pakufunafuna → zaka zoyambira zogonana: β = -0.14, p <.001). Komanso, MSE adaneneratu zaka zoyambira zogonana, β = -0.33, p <.001. Zotsatira zimathandiziranso Hypothesis 2: MSE molosera molosera zamachitidwe ogonana pa Time 6. Zotsatira zosawonekera za MSE pamakhalidwe oyipa pakugonana pa Time 6 kudzera zaka zoyambira zogonana zinali zazikulu, β = 0.21, p <.001 (zaka zoyambira zogonana → ziwopsezo zakugonana pa Nthawi 6: β = -0.64, p <.001), monga momwe zimakhalira mosasintha mwa kusintha kwa kufunafuna chidwi komanso zaka zoyambira zogonana, β = 0.01, p <.005. Pomaliza, MSE adaneneratu zachikhalidwe chogonana choopsa pa Time 6, β = 0.10, p <.05.

 

Chith. 2

Zotsatira za kugonana kwa mafilimu (MSE) pa chiopsezo chogonana ngati chogwirizana ndi kusintha kwa kufunafuna ndi zaka za kugonana. MSE inayesedwa pa Times 1 ndi 2; zigawo ziŵiri za chiwerewere choopsa (mwachitsanzo, chiwerengero cha anthu ogonana nawo nthawi zonse ...

Chitsanzo ichi chinasinthidwa kuti zilole njira zosiyana ndi chikhalidwe. Mchitidwe wamagulu ambiri unaperekanso mwayi woyenera pa deta, χ²(43, N = 1,133) = 30.38, p > .92; Zamgululi chitsimikizo chokwanira = 001; Mndandanda wa Tucker-Lewis> 1.00. Kutulutsa choletsa kufanana panjira kuchokera ku MSE mpaka zaka zoyambira zogonana kwasintha kwambiri mtundu woyenera, χ²(1, N = 1,133) = 8.28, p <.005. Mphamvu ya MSE pazaka zoyambira zogonana inali yamphamvu kwambiri kwa amuna, b = -2.41, p <.001, kuposa akazi, b = -1.38, p <.001; Komabe, zovuta zonse zomwe MSE adachita paziwopsezo zakugonana pa Time 6 zinali zofanana ndi za amuna, β = 0.24, p <.001, ndi akazi, β = 0.17, p <.001.

Kuchepetsa makhalidwe okhudzana ndi kugonana

Zotsatira zathu zimasonyeza kuti kulepheretsa achinyamata a MSE kuchepetsa chiwerewere chawo komanso kuchepetsa chiyanjano chawo pazoopsa zokhudzana ndi kugonana m'tsogolo. Njirayi ingalepheretse kuti achinyamata azikhala ndi chilakolako chogonana pogwiritsa ntchito njira zochepetsera kugonana komanso / kapena kuchepetsa mwayi wawo wochitapo kanthu.Wright, 2011). Kuwonjezera pamenepo, kulepheretsa MSE kungachepetse kuwonjezeka kwa kufunafuna mwachidziwitso pakati paunyamata (Steinberg ndi al., 2008), zomwe zingachititse kuchepetsa kugonana komanso kuchitapo kanthu muzochitika zowononga zokhudzana ndi kugonana (Arnett, 1994; Donohew et al., 2000). Kulepheretsa achinyamata 'MSE kukhala ntchito yovuta, komabe, kupatsidwa kuchuluka kwa kugonana komwe kumawonetsedwa m'mafilimu (Gunasekera et al., 2005; Nalkur et al., 2010). Njira imodzi yodalirika ingaphatikizepo kuphatikizapo maphunziro othandizira kuwerenga ndi kuwerenga muzochitika zogonana. Kupitako kwaposachedwa kunasonyeza kuti pulogalamu yotsogoleredwa ndi anzako-kugonana ndi kuwerenga-pulogalamu yapamwamba inapangitsa ophunzira kuti azikhala odzidalira kwambiri pokana kutsutsidwa kwa anzako pankhani ya kugonana, anachepetsa maganizo awo pa chizolowezi chogonana pa nthawi yaunyamata, malingaliro okhudza kudziletsa (Pinkleton, Austin, Cohen, Chen, & Fitzgerald, 2008).

Zoperewera ndi malangizo amtsogolo

Zolephera zina za phunziro lathu ziyenera kuvomerezedwa. Choyamba, ophunzira adatayika potsatala anali pa chiopsezo chachikulu choyambirira kwa kugonana ndi khalidwe loopsya lachiwerewere kusiyana ndi zomwe zinapitilizidwa mu phunziro, kachitidwe kafukufuku wa nthawi yaitali (Anyamata et al., 2005). Izi zowonongeka zikhoza kukhala zotsutsana ndi zotsatira zenizeni za MSE pa zotsatira za kugonana. Chachiwiri, zotsatira zathu sizingagwirizane ndi mayiko ndi maphunziro a chiwerewere ndi zikhalidwe zogonana zosiyana ndi za United States, ngakhale kuti zovuta zokhudzana ndi zoledzeretsa za mowa ndi fodya zakhala zikufanana pakati pa achinyamata a ku United States komanso zitsanzo kuchokera m'mayiko ena (mwachitsanzo, Morgenstern et al., 2011). Chachitatu, ophunzira sanafotokoze khalidwe lawo lachiwerewere mpaka atakhala ndi zaka 18, komanso kukumbukira kwawo kwa zaka zakubadwa, chiwerengero cha anthu ogonana nawo, komanso machitidwe ogonana popanda kugonana popanda kondomu. Izi zikanakhala zovuta kwambiri ngati zosokonezazi zinali zogwirizana ndi MSE (mwachitsanzo, ngati achinyamata omwe adawona mafilimu ambiri omwe ali ndi chiwerewere amakhala okhwima maganizo awo).

Deta yathu sinaphatikizepo zifukwa zina zomwe zingasokoneze mgwirizano pakati pa MSE ndi khalidwe logonana, monga khalidwe la kugonana la abale ndi anzako, malingaliro a makolo pa kugonana, ndi chikhalidwe cha abambo (ngakhale titayang'anira kwa zaka). Mofananamo, sitinathe kuyesa mkhalapakati wokhudzana ndi maganizo kapena maganizo pa zotsatira za MSE pa nthawi ya kugonana komanso kuchita zinthu zowononga pogonana. Kafukufuku wam'mbuyo omwe amagwiritsira ntchito deta yomweyi kwa omulankhu awa akuwonetsa kuti mafilimu omwe amagwiritsidwa ntchito pazogwiritsiridwa ntchito ndisinthidwa ndi kusintha kwa anthu omwe amagwiritsa ntchito mankhwala omwe amagwiritsidwa ntchito (mwachitsanzo, kugwiritsa ntchito mankhwala osokoneza bongo), kukhala okonzeka kugwiritsa ntchito zinthu, ziyembekezo zogwiritsa ntchito mankhwala, ndi kugwiritsa ntchito mankhwala pakati pa anzanga (Dal Cin et al., 2009; Gibbons et al., 2010; Wills et al., 2010). Kafukufuku wamtsogolo ayenera kufufuza omwe angakhale nawo pakati pawo kuti afotokoze chifukwa chiyani kugonana pachiwonetsero chachikulu kumatanthawuza kuti kugonana mudziko lenileni.

Maphunziro a mtsogolo amayenera kuyesa kusiyanitsa zotsatira za MSE ku zotsatira za kuwonetsedwa kwa zochitika zina zoopsa m'mafilimu otchuka, makamaka pankhani ya kusintha kwa kufunafuna. Sindikudziwa bwino ngati kusintha kwa kufunafuna kwachisokonezo kunayenderana makamaka ndi MSE kapena zochitika zina zomwe zimagwiridwa ndi mafilimu akuluakulu (mwachitsanzo, kugwiritsa ntchito mowa; Stoolmiller et al., 2010). Njira yofunika kwambiri ya ntchito yamtsogolo idzakhala yofufuza ngati zotsatira za MSE pazochitika zogonana zimakhala zogwirizana ndi kuwonetsera zakumwa m'mafilimu ndi mowa wambiri (mwachitsanzo, Dal Cin et al., 2009), chifukwa chakuti achinyamata omwe amamwa mowa mwauchidakwa komanso khalidwe loopsa la kugonana ndilopakatikira (Cooper, 2002).

Potsiriza, zotsatira zathu zikhoza kuyesedwa ndi mtundu. Anthu a ku America amayamba kuchita zachiwerewere ali aang'ono, amachita zoopsa zogonana, komanso amagonana ndi matenda opatsirana pogonana kuposa a ku Ulaya (Cavazos-Rehg et al., 2009; Halpern et al., 2004; Kaestle et al., 2005). Komabe, anthu a ku America amakhalanso osamvera kuposa a ku America kuti azisonyeza zolaula (Brown ndi al., 2006) ndi kugwiritsa ntchito mowa (Gibbons et al., 2010). Mwamwayi, chitsanzo chathu chophunzirira chinali ochepa kwambiri ku Africa Achimerika kuti tiyese kuyesa ndi mtundu. Kafukufuku wamtsogolo ukhoza kumvetsetsa nthawi ndi momwe mafilimu amakhudzira achinyamata, ndi momwe angalepheretse chikoka ichi pofuna kulimbikitsa khalidwe labwino la kugonana.

ndalama

Kafukufukuyu adalandizidwa ndi National Institutes of Health Grants CA077026 ndi AA015591 kwa James D. Sargent.

¹Ophunzira omwe anali anamwali pa Time 6 analembedwanso kuti sanachite zachiwerewere popanda kondomu. Komabe, chifukwa chiwerengero cha anthu ogwira ntchito pa moyo wawo chinali kuphatikizapo amuna kapena akazi okhaokha, ochita nawo 105 omwe anali anamwali (23.1% ya anamwali) anali ndi chiopsezo-chiwerewere-chikhalidwe choposa zero.

²Mwachitsanzo, muyeso uwu unali MSE ku Time 3 kwa omwe omwe anali ndi chibwenzi choyamba chija anali asanafike nthawi 4, koma anali ndi MSE pa Times 3, 4, ndi 5 kwa anthu omwe anali ndi chibwenzi choyambirira chisanafike nthawi 6.

Zowonjezerapo

Zowonjezera zowonjezera zitha kupezeka http://pss.sagepub.com/content/by/supplemental-data

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