Kusamalira Maganizo Ochepa Kwambiri ndi Kugonana Kwambiri Poganizira Zisonyezero Zogwiritsira Ntchito Zogonana Mwachinsinsi pa Intaneti Pazinthu Zina mwa Achinyamata Achichepere (2015)

J Youth Adolesc. 2015 Jul 25.

Doornwaard SM1, van den Eijnden RJ, Baams L, Vanwesenbeeck I, Ter Bogt TF.

LINKANI Phunziro LOPHUNZITSIRA

Kudalirika

Ngakhale kuti mabuku omwe akuchulukirachulukira amafotokoza zomwe achinyamata amachita pakugwiritsa ntchito zolaula pa intaneti, kafukufuku wogwiritsa ntchito mokakamiza zomwe zili pa intaneti pakati pa achinyamata ndi zina zomwe zikupezeka sizikupezeka. Kafukufukuyu adafufuzira ngati zinthu zochokera ku madera atatu osiyana siyana m'maganizo (mwachitsanzo, ubwino wa maganizo, chiwerewere / khalidwe, komanso khalidwe la maganizo) linaneneratu zizindikiro za kugwiritsira ntchito zolaula pa Intaneti pakati pa anyamata achichepere.

Maulalo pakati pazomwe zimachitika m'maganizo ndi zovuta zakugwiritsa ntchito kwa anyamata adasanthulidwa mozungulira komanso motalikirapo ndi zizolowezi zogwiritsa ntchito zomwe zidayeza miyezi 6 pambuyo pake (T2). Deta zinagwiritsidwa ntchito kuchokera ku 331 Dutch boys (M m'badwo = Zaka 15.16, osiyanasiyana 11-17) omwe amasonyeza kuti amagwiritsa ntchito zinthu zolaula pa Intaneti.

Zotsatira za kugonjetsa zovuta zapadera zimaganizira iNdidanenanso kuti kudzidalira kwapadziko lonse lapansi komanso kuchuluka kwakukonda kopitilira muyeso kunaneneratu zizindikilo za anyamata zakukakamiza kugwiritsa ntchito zolaula pa intaneti.

Kutalika kwakanthawi, kukhumudwa kwakukulu, komanso, chidwi chambiri chogonana chinaneneratu kuwonjezeka kwa chizolowezi chogwiritsa ntchito miyezi 6 pambuyo pake.

Makhalidwe okakamiza komanso okhudza psychopathic sanali okhudzana kwenikweni ndi zizindikiritso za anyamata zogwiritsa ntchito zolaula pa intaneti. Zomwe tapezazi, poyambirira, zikuwonetsa kuti zonse zomwe zimapangitsa kuti munthu akhale ndi malingaliro azisangalalo komanso zikhalidwe zogonana / machitidwe amatenga nawo gawo pakupanga kugwiritsa ntchito zolaula pa intaneti pakati pa anyamata achichepere. Kudziwa koteroko ndikofunikira popewa komanso kulowererapo komwe kumafunikira zosowa za ogwiritsa ntchito zovuta pa intaneti.

Keywords: Achinyamata, Kugwiritsa ntchito mwachangu, Zolemba za pa Intaneti zogonana, Zizindikiro, Kukhala ndi maganizo a maganizo, Chiwerewere

Introduction

Kuwonjezeka kwa intaneti pa dziko lonse komanso chitukuko chofulumira cha zipangizo zothandizira pa intaneti chasintha njira yomwe achinyamata amakumana nayo, amawononga, ndikugawira zinthu zamtundu uliwonse. Malo amodzi omwe atchulidwa makamaka pankhaniyi ndi nkhani zolaula pa Intaneti (Wolak et al. ). Poyerekeza ndi zofalitsa zina, intaneti ndi malo ogonana kwambiri, omwe amadziwika ndi zinthu zambiri zogonana zomwe zimakhala zosawerengeka (Peter ndi Valkenburg) ). Kuphatikizanso, intaneti ili ndi zinthu zingapo zomwe zimapangitsa kuti izi zikhale zokopa kwambiri kuti ziwononge kugonana. Mwachitsanzo, Cooper () adalongosola intaneti mwachinsinsi Injini zitatu za kupezeka, kukwanitsa, ndi kusadziwika. Komanso, Young's () ACE chitsanzo amasonyeza kusadziwika, mosavuta, ndi kuthawa ngati zinthu zochititsa chidwi kwambiri. Zizindikiro izi za intaneti zingakhale zabwino; Mwachitsanzo, angathandize kusanthula zaka zogonana paunyamata (Wolak et al. ). Kumbali ina, kufotokozera mosavuta ndi kosadziwika kwa mitundu yonse ya kugonana kungachititse ogwiritsa ntchito mosavuta kuti ayambe kukhala ndi chizoloŵezi chogwiritsira ntchito zolaula pa Intaneti kapena zovuta zina za kugwiritsira ntchito pa Intaneti.

Gulu limodzi limene lingakhale loopsya kuti likhale ndi zizoloŵezi zopanikizika kapena zovuta zokhudzana ndi kugwiritsira ntchito zida zolaula pa intaneti ali achinyamata, omwe akudalira chilakolako chogonana (Savin-Williams ndi Diamond) ) pa nkhani yafupipafupi komanso yosavomerezeka kulumikiza intaneti (Madden et al. ). Ngakhale achinyamata ochuluka omwe amagwiritsa ntchito kugonana pa Intaneti samakhala ndi zizoloŵezi zowonongeka, kwa iwo omwe amachita, njira zawo zogwiritsira ntchito zingakhale ndi zotsatira zofunikira komanso zosatha m'madera ambiri a moyo wawo (Cooper et al. ; Sussman ). Mwachitsanzo, pali umboni pakati pa anthu akuluakulu omwe amadziwika kuti agonana ndi amuna omwe amakhulupirira kuti kuchita zachiwerewere kungayambike kale mu preadolescence kapena achinyamata-nthawi zambiri ndi chidwi choonera zolaula (Cooper et al. ; Sussman ). Choncho, ndizofunikira kwambiri kumvetsetsa kuti ndi ndani amene amagwiritsira ntchito zolaula pa Intaneti zomwe zingakhale zovuta makamaka. Komabe, kafufuzidwe ka kugwiritsira ntchito mofulumira zachiwerewere zolaula pa Intaneti pakati pa achinyamata ndi zinthu zake zogwirizana kwenikweni zimasowa. Cholinga cha kafukufuku wamakono ndicho kuthetsa vutoli m'mabuku mwa kufufuza zinthu zakuthupi zomwe zimapangitsa abambo achimuna omwe akugwiritsa ntchito njirayi pa intaneti kuti pakhale chiopsezo chachikulu chokhala ndi zizindikiro zogwiritsira ntchito.

Kugwiritsira Ntchito Mwakugonana kwa Zogonana pa Intaneti

Chimodzi mwa zifukwa za kusowa kwa maphunziro pa kugwiritsira ntchito zolaula zolaula pa Intaneti-kapena zochitika zowonjezereka monga kugwiritsa ntchito Intaneti pogwiritsa ntchito kugonana kapena kuwonetsa zithunzi zolaula-pakati pa achinyamata angakhale kusowa kwa malingaliro, maganizo, za chodabwitsa. Mwachitsanzo, nthawi zambiri kugwiritsira ntchito zinthu zolaula pa Intaneti pokhapokha sikokwanira kudziwa ngati khalidwe ndi lokhazikika kapena lovuta, monga momwe ena angagwiritsire ntchito zinthu zogonana nthawi zonse osakhala ndi vuto lililonse, pamene ena amawona kuti vuto lawo limagwiritsidwa ntchito mosavuta ngakhale kuti ndilochepa kuchokera pa nthawi yamtheradi (Davis ; Grubbs et al. ) -Ndipo zochitika zowonongeka zomwezo zimakhala zosiyana ndi zaka. Komanso, sizikudziwikiratu kuti kugwiritsa ntchito chilakolako chofuna kugwiritsira ntchito zolaula pa intaneti ndikuwonetseratu kusuta kwa intaneti, kusiyana kwa machitidwe opatsirana pogonana, kapena matenda okhaokha (Griffith ; Ross et al. ). Ngakhale kuti izi sizigwirizana paziganizo ndi zigawo, ofufuza ndi madokotala ambiri amagwirizana pa zifukwa zingapo zoyesayesa za kugwiritsira ntchito zolaula pa Intaneti, zomwe zikufanana ndi zoyenera zovuta zina (monga kutchova njuga). Izi zikuphatikizapo kusowa kwa mphamvu pazogwiritsidwa ntchito kapena kusakhoza kuletsa ngakhale zotsatira zoipa; malingaliro okayikira kapena okhudzidwa ndi kugwiritsira ntchito zida zolaula pa intaneti; ndi zotsatira zowawa kwambiri chifukwa cha zomwe amagwiritsa ntchito, monga maubwenzi owononga, sukulu kapena ntchito (Delmonico ndi Griffin) ; Grubbs et al. ; Ross et al. ; Twohig et al. ). Zowonjezereka zowonjezereka zafotokozedwa m'mabukuwa ndizogwiritsira ntchito zida zolaula pa Intaneti kuti zithetse kapena kumatha kukhumudwa ndikumva zowawa ngati ntchito siidatheke (Delmonico ndi Griffin) ; Meerkerk et al. ).

Zinthu Zogwirizana ndi Kugwiritsa Ntchito Mwakugonjetsa Zogonana Mwachinsinsi pa Intaneti

Kufanana ndi kutsutsanako za kulingalira kwake ndiko kuphunzira zinthu zomwe zikugwirizana ndi chitukuko chogwiritsira ntchito zolaula zolaula pa Intaneti. Kufufuza koyambirira kwagwirizanitsa kugwiritsidwa ntchito kovuta kwa kugonana pa Intaneti pazifukwa zina zoopsa ndi zochitika za comorbid, kuphatikizapo kukhumudwa, nkhawa, ndi kudzichepetsa (Cooper et al. , ; Delmonico ndi Griffin ; Grubbs et al. ), kudzipatula (Boies et al. ; Delmonico ndi Griffin ), kukakamiza kugonana (Cooper et al. , ; Delmonico ndi Griffin ; Grubbs et al. ), ndi makhalidwe amtundu wina (Bogaert ; Delmonico ndi Griffin ). Chifukwa chazifukwa zosiyanasiyana zokhudzana ndi maganizo, zikhoza kuganiza kuti anthu ogwiritsira ntchito zolaula pa Intaneti sangagwiritsidwe ntchito, koma m'malo mwake ali ndi zigawo zosiyana siyana za ogwiritsidwa ntchito ndi machitidwe osiyanasiyana (Cooper et al. ; Nower ndi Blaszczynski ). Cooper ndi al. () adayankha nkhaniyi mu phunziro lawo pa kugwiritsira ntchito pa Intaneti pogwiritsa ntchito kugonana, komwe akufotokoza zosiyana siyana za ogwiritsa ntchito intaneti omwe ali ndi chiwerengero chowonjezeka chokhalira ndi zizoloŵezi zolakwika zomwe zimakhudzana ndi khalidwe lawo lakugonana, koma zimasiyana ndi zomwe zikukhudza zomwe zimachitika pa zosangalatsa zogwiritsa ntchito kugonana pa Intaneti. Makamaka, a at-chiopsezo subtype ili ndi anthu omwe amadziwika kuti ndi osauka maganizo, omwe ali ndi chizoloŵezi chochita chiwerewere pazochitika zokhudzana ndi kugonana pogwiritsa ntchito malingaliro okhumudwa kapena okhumudwa (mwachitsanzo, mtundu wachisoni) kapena zovuta (mwachitsanzo, vuto lachisokonezo; Cooper and al. , ). Malingaliro awa, anyamata angagwiritse ntchito zinthu zolaula pa Intaneti ngati njira yothetsera vuto; monga kupulumuka kwa kanthawi kochepa, kudodometsa, kapena njira yothetsera nkhawa kapena mayiko osauka. Chimene chimafotokozera anthu omwe ali pachiopsezo choterechi ndi chakuti nthawi zambiri sakhala ndi mbiri yokhudzana ndi kugonana, komabe zingakhale zovuta kwambiri kukulitsa chizoloŵezi chokakamiza kugonana chifukwa cha mbali zabwino za intaneti. Izi ndi zosiyana ndi Cooper & al.'S () kukakamiza subtype, yomwe ili ndi anthu omwe ali ndi mavuto akale kapena amakono omwe ali ndi nkhani zogonana ndi omwe intaneti ndi chida chothandizira kuthandizira zosowa zawo zokhudzana ndi kugonana (Cooper et al. , ). Malingaliro awa, anyamata omwe amasonyeza zizoloŵezi zofuna kugonana kunja kosakanizidwa akhoza kuwongolera ndikukweza zizoloŵezizi pa intaneti ndi kugwiritsa ntchito zida zolaula pa Intaneti. Choncho, kugonana kwachangu kumagwirizana ndi malingaliro a kugwiritsira ntchito zolaula zolaula pa Intaneti monga njira zamakono zogonana (monga Grubbs et al. ). Ndikofunika, komabe, kulingalira lingaliro la kukakamiza kugonana mwachitukuko. Kwa achinyamata, ndi ndani amene akufufuza ndikufufuza za kugonana, "chilakolako" chogonana chingakhale chosiyana ndi chikhalidwe, chomwe chikufotokozedwa mwachidule, chokhudzidwa kwambiri pa nkhani zogonana (nthawi zina amatchedwa kugonana) ndi poyamba kapena kuposa zokhudzana ndi khalidwe la chiwerewere, osati ndi khalidwe lachiwerewere kapena lachiwerewere.

Monga Cooper et al. (), Nower ndi Blaszczynski () amasiyanitsa mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya achinyamata omwe ali ndi vuto la kutchova njuga. Ngakhale kutchova njuga ndi kugwiritsa ntchito zinthu zolaula pa intaneti ndizosiyana ndi zosiyana siyana, mabukuwa amasonyeza kuti pali kusiyana pakati pa zifukwa zazikuluzikulu zomwe zimakhudzana ndi kutchova njuga komanso kugwiritsira ntchito zolaula pa Intaneti (monga Ross et al. ). Mofanana ndi Cooper et al. (), Nower ndi Blaszczynski () afotokoze mwa njira yawo yothetsera njuga yomwe ili pangozi subtype (yolembedwa m'maganizo-osatetezeka), omwe ali ndi anthu omwe akuvutika maganizo, nkhawa, komanso kudzichepetsa, komanso omwe njuga imagwira ntchito monga njira yothetsera mavuto awo (Gupta et al. ). Komabe, amafotokozanso achinyamata omwe ali otchova njuga, otchulidwa kusagwirizana-impulsivist, omwe mamembala awo amadziwika kwambiri ndi zinthu monga kusaganizira, kufunafuna maganizo, ndi makhalidwe a umunthu wa psychopathic. Zikuganiziridwa kuti anthu omwe ali mu subtype iyi amagwiritsa ntchito njuga kuti akwaniritse zovuta ndi zolimbikitsa (Gupta et al. ; Nower ndi Blaszczynski ). Ngakhale Cooper et al. () sanazindikire kusiyana kwa anthu osagwirizana ndi anthu osagwirizana ndi anthu okhudzana ndi kugonana, omwe amatha kugwiritsira ntchito pa Intaneti, makhalidwe monga kufunafuna zofuna zokhudzana ndi kugonana kwagwirizanitsa ndi kugonana kwa anthu akuluakulu komanso achinyamata (Peter ndi Valkenburg) Zoyenera Kutsatira Nkhani Yosunga Chinsinsi Foni ya M'manja Zimene Mumakonda Manambala a Masamba Kukula kwa Zilembo ) komanso pakati pa akazi (Vanwesenbeeck ). Komanso, Bogaert () adapeza kuti zizoloŵezi zowonongeka ndi zotsutsana ndizinthu zowonetsa kuti amuna amakonda zolaula zokhudzana ndi kugonana.

Pakalipano, palibe kafukufuku amene adafufuza ngati madera osiyana siyana a maganizo (ie, ubwino wa maganizo, chiwerewere / khalidwe, ndi chikhalidwe cha maganizo) zimakhudzidwa ndi chitukuko chogwiritsira ntchito zolaula pa Intaneti pa achinyamata.

Phunziro Lophunzira

Cholinga cha phunziroli chinali kupenda, panthawi imodzimodzi ndi mwachindunji, momwe zinthu zilili mmadera a (1) kukhala ndi maganizo abwino (ie, kuvutika maganizo, kudzidalira kwathunthu), (2) zokhuza kugonana / makhalidwe (mwachitsanzo, mopitirira muyeso chilakolako cha kugonana, chidziwitso ndi khalidwe la chiwerewere), ndi (3) umunthu wamaganizo ndi maganizo a maganizo (mwachitsanzo, kutengeka mtima, chikhalidwe ndi maganizo a maganizo) zimagwirizanitsidwa ndi zizindikiro za kugwiritsira ntchito zolaula pa Intaneti pakati pa anyamata achichepere. Kuphunzira kwathu sikuli ndi cholinga cha gulu lomwe limagwiritsidwa ntchito molimbika pogwiritsira ntchito zolaula pa intaneti m'magawo osiyana siyana, koma m'malo mwake amafuna kudziwa zinthu zomwe zimayambitsa achinyamata omwe amagwiritsa ntchito nkhaniyi pa chiopsezo chowonjezereka kuti apite patsogolo kuntchito yovuta. Malinga ndi zomwe anapeza kale pakati pa ogwiritsa ntchito Intaneti pogonana (Cooper et al. ) ndi malingaliro a Pathways Model (Nower ndi Blaszczynski ), tinkayembekezera kuti zinthu zomwe zimachokera kumadera osiyanasiyana (mwachitsanzo, kukhala ndi maganizo abwino, kugonana, khalidwe labwino, ndi umunthu wa maganizo) zingakhale zosiyana ndi zizoloŵezi za anyamata zokakamiza kugwiritsira ntchito zolaula pa Intaneti. Mwachindunji, ife tinaganiza kuti m'magulu apansi a ubwino wamaganizo (mwachitsanzo, kuchulukitsitsa kwa kuvutika maganizo ndi kuchepetsa kudzikuza padziko lonse), magawo apamwamba a zilakolako za kugonana ndi makhalidwe, ndi zikuluzikulu zamakhalidwe aumunthu ndi maganizo a munthu anganeneretu maulendo apamwamba pa zizindikiro za anyamata za kugwiritsira ntchito mokakamiza zinthu zolaula pa intaneti.

njira

ophunzira

Deta ya phunziro ili inasonkhanitsidwa monga gawo la Project STARS (Studies on Trajectories of Adolescent Relationships ndi Sexuality), polojekiti yowonjezereka yowonjezera nthawi yayitali pa chitukuko cha chikondi ndi kugonana kwa achinyamata Achi Dutch. Asanayambe kuyeza, achinyamata ndi makolo awo analandira makalata, timabuku, ndi mapepala omwe akufotokoza zolinga za phunziroli komanso kuti akhoza kuthetsa kapena kuthetsa nawo ntchito nthawi iliyonse. Makolo amatha kubwereranso mafomu osayina omwe akusonyeza kuti mwana wawo saloledwa kutenga nawo mbali pa phunzirolo. Achinyamata omwe ali ndi chidziwitso chodziwitsa makolo anadziwitsidwa pa nthawi iliyonse kuti kutenga nawo gawo mwadzidzidzi ndi kubwereranso ku sukulu ngati sakufuna kutenga nawo mbali pa phunziroli. Kuti mudziwe zambiri za zitsanzo zakuthambo komanso njira zophunzirira, onani Doornwaard et al. (). Njira yophunzirira inavomerezedwa ndi bungwe la zamakhalidwe la Faculty of Social and Behavioral Sciences ya University of Utrecht. Phunziro laposachedwapa, tinasankha deta kuchokera ku mafunde awiri oyambirira (muyambirira ya T3 ndi T4; mu phunziro T tsopano1 ndi T2, motero) pamene ophunzira athu omwe adakali aang'ono sanamalize zonse zomwe anafufuza pa mafunde oyambirira. Ife tinkafuna kuti tidziwiratu anyamata '1 Zizindikiro za kugwiritsira ntchito zolaula pa Intaneti pa nthawi zonse; choyamba chigawo choyamba ku T1 kenako pambuyo pake ndi zizindikilo zakugwiritsa ntchito mokakamiza anayeza miyezi 6 pambuyo pake (T2).

Anyamata mazana atatu ndi makumi anayi kudza asanu ndi limodzi omwe amasonyeza kuti amagwiritsa ntchito zolaula pa Intaneti pa T1 anali oyenera kuwunika pamagawo onse. Mwa iwo, 15 adasiyidwa chifukwa chazidziwitso zosadalirika, zomwe zidasiya onse omwe akutenga nawo gawo 331. Zaka zapakati pazitsanzozi zinali zaka 15.16 (SD = 1.31; osiyanasiyana 11-17). Anyamata ambiri anali ndi Chidatchi (mwachitsanzo, iwo eni komanso makolo onse obadwira ku Netherlands; 78.2%) kapena Akumadzulo (mwachitsanzo, kudzikonda kapena kholo lobadwira ku Europe, United States, Canada, Australia, kapena New-Zealand; 12.1%) maziko ; otsala a 9.7% anali ndi mbiri yosakhala yaku Western (mwachitsanzo, kudzikonda kapena kholo lobadwira mdziko la Africa, Middle East, Asia, kapena South America). Anyamata adalembetsa m'maphunziro osiyanasiyana, ndi 50.0% m'maphunziro a ntchito ndi 50.0% m'mapulogalamu okonzekera koleji / kuyunivesite. Ambiri mwa anyamata akuti amakhala ogonana amuna kapena akazi okhaokha (97.9%) komanso osakwatiwa (89.1%).

Mwa anyamata a 331 omwe amawerengera, 251 inanena kuti amagwiritsa ntchito zolaula pa Intaneti pa T2 komanso; Chifukwa chake adaphatikizidwa pakuwunika kwakanthawi. Mwa 80 omwe sanatenge nawo gawo, 56 (70%) sanatengeredwe chifukwa sanamalize T2 mafunso ndi 24 (30%) sanatchulidwe chifukwa sananene kuti sanagwiritse ntchito zolaula pa T2. Poyerekeza ndi ophunzira omwe adasungidwa mu chithunzi cha kutalika, anthu omwe sanatulukepo anali okalamba pang'ono ku T1, t(329) = 3.42, p <.001, ndipo nthawi zambiri anali osakhala achizungu, χ2(1, N = 331) = 7.41, p = .006.

Njira

Kugwiritsira Ntchito Mwakugonana kwa Zogonana pa Intaneti

Kugwiritsira ntchito mokakamiza kwa intaneti kugwiritsira ntchito kugonana kunayesedwa ndi zinthu zisanu ndi chimodzi kuchokera ku Compulsive Internet Use Scale (Meerkerk et al. ), zomwe zinasinthidwa kuti zizindikire zizindikiro za kufufuza / kuona zithunzi zolaula pa intaneti, m'malo mwa zizindikiro zogwiritsira ntchito Intaneti (Table 1). Zinthu zisanu ndi chimodzizi zikuwonetsa zinthu zisanu zomwe zingagwiritsidwe ntchito mokakamiza kugwiritsa ntchito zolaula pa intaneti: kusadziletsa pakuzigwiritsa ntchito (chinthu 1); kutanganidwa ndi kugwiritsa ntchito (zinthu 2 ndi 4); zotsatira zoyipa chifukwa chogwiritsa ntchito (chinthu 3); zokumana nazo zosasangalatsa mukamagwiritsa ntchito ndizosatheka (chinthu 5); ndikugwiritsa ntchito kuthana ndi kapena kuthawa kukhumudwa (chinthu 6). Achinyamata adavotera, pamiyeso ya 6-point (0 = Never, 1 = Kawirikawiri, 2 = Nthawi zina, 3 = Nthawi zonse, 4 = Kawirikawiri, 5 = Nthawi zambiri), nthawi zambiri iwo adakumana ndi zizindikiro zonse pofufuza ndi kuwona zolaula pa intaneti. Zinthuzo zinafupikitsidwa, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti azigwiritsa ntchito zolaula pa Intaneti kuchokera ku 0 (Zomwe zilibe zizindikiro) kwa 30 (Zonsezi zizindikiro zisanu ndi chimodzi); Α Cronbach chifukwa chaichi chinali .85 pa T1 ndi .83 ku T2.

Gulu 1 

Zosinthidwazo kuti ziwone kugwiritsira ntchito KUKHUDZA KWAMBIRI kugwiritsa ntchito ndi kupezeka kwa zizindikiro pakati pa 331 SEIMI pogwiritsa ntchito anyamata achichepere

Psychological Well-Being

Zizindikiro zovuta Anayesedwa ndi zinthu zisanu ndi chimodzi kuchokera ku List Of Depression Mood List (Kandel ndi Davies) ). Achinyamata adavotera pamiyeso ya 5-point (1 = Never, 5 = nthawizonse) kangati adakumana ndi chilichonse mwa zisanu ndi chimodzi m'malingaliro am'miyezi isanu ndi umodzi yapita (mwachitsanzo, "Ndidatopa kwambiri kuti ndichite china chake";T1 = .85, ndiT2 = .83). Dziko lonse lapansi-ulemu inayesedwa pogwiritsira ntchito ndondomeko ya Global Self-Worth subscale ya Pulogalamu Yodzikonda Yokha kwa Achinyamata (Harter , ; Straathof ndi Treffers ; Wichstrøm ). Achinyamata adavotera pamiyeso ya 5-point (1 = Zopanda pake, 5 = Chowonadi chokwanira) Zambiri mwazinthu zisanu zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito kwa iwo (mwachitsanzo, "Nthawi zambiri ndimakhumudwitsidwa" [kusinthidwa];T1 = .78, ndiT2 = .75).

Chidwi / Zopindulitsa

Kugonana kwambiri Anayesedwa ndi zinthu zinayi kuchokera kuzinthu zogonana zokhudzana ndi kugonana ndi Snell ndi Papini (Kukula Kwachiwerewere. Achinyamata adavotera pamiyeso ya 6-point (1 = Satsutsana kwathunthu, 6 = Tavomerezani kwathunthu) momwe adagwirizanirana ndi mfundo iliyonse yokhudza chidwi chawo pa kugonana (mwachitsanzo, "Ndimalingalira za kugonana nthawi yochuluka", "Ndikuganiza za kugonana kuposa anthu ena"; αT1 = .89, ndiT2 = .94). Kuyesa achinyamata ' chidziwitso ndi khalidwe la kugonana, omwe adatenga nawo gawo poyambilira adafunsidwa mafunso awiri: "Kodi mudaphatikizaponso wina ku France?" komanso “Munagonanapo ndi munthu wina? Kugonana timatanthauza chilichonse kuyambira kukhudza kapena kugwirana mpaka kugonana. ” (0 = Ayi, 1 = inde). Amene adasonyeza inde pa funso lachiwiri adalandira mafunso otsatirawa okhudzana ndi machitidwe awo anayi ogonana: (a) kukhudza kapena kusisita maliseche, (b) kuchita kapena kulandira zogonana, (c) kuchita kapena kulandira kugonana mkamwa, ndi (d) ukazi kapena kugonana kwachiwerewere (0 = Ayi, 1 = inde). Kupsompsona ndi zinthu zinayi zogonana zidaphatikizidwa kukhala chimodzi chosintha poyerekeza kuchuluka kwa zomwe achinyamata akuchita ndi machitidwe ogonana, kuyambira 0 = Osadziwa zambiri ndi makhalidwe asanu mpaka 5 = Zochitika ndi makhalidwe asanu (aT1 = .85, ndiT2 = .86).

Makhalidwe aumphawi ndi a maganizo

Mtundu wa achinyamata kukhudzidwa Anayesedwa ndi zinthu zisanu kuchokera ku Eysenck Impulsiveness Scale (Eysenck ndi Eysenck ; Vitaro et al. ). Achinyamata adavotera pamiyeso ya 5-point (1 = Mukutsutsana kwathunthu, 5 = Tavomerezani kwathunthu) momwe adagwirizanirana ndi liwu lirilonse la iwo eni (mwachitsanzo, "Ndimachita ndi kunena zinthu popanda kuganizira za izo";T1 = .86, ndiT2 = .85). Makhalidwe othandiza maganizo adayesedwa ndi wosayamika-osayamika gawo la Youth Psychopathic Traits Inventory-Short Version (Andershed et al. ; Hillege et al. ; Van Baardewijk et al. ). Izi zimaphatikizapo ziganizo zisanu ndi chimodzi zosonyeza zopanda pake, zosavomerezeka, kapena zikhulupiliro (monga, "Ngati anthu ena ali ndi vuto, nthawi zambiri ndizolakwa zawo ndiye kuti simuyenera kuwathandiza";T1 = .77, ndiT2 = .76). Achinyamata adafunsidwa kuti afotokozere pamiyeso ya 4-point (1 = Silikugwira ntchito konse, 4 = Amagwira bwino kwambiri) momwe iwo amaganizira kapena kumverera za liwu lirilonse, osati pa nthawi yomweyo. Malangizowa adatsindika kuti panalibe mayankho abwino kapena olakwika. Makhalidwe apakati a psychopathic anayesedwa ndi zazikulu-osamala gawo la Youth Psychopathic Traits Inventory-Short Version (Andershed et al. ; Hillege et al. ; Van Baardewijk et al. ). Ndi malangizo omwewa omwe amawoneka kuti ndi osayamika, achinyamata adakweza mawu asanu ndi limodzi omwe amasonyeza malingaliro osalungama, zikhulupiliro, ndi zikhulupiriro zazikulu (mwachitsanzo, "Ndikhoza kugwirizanitsa anthu pogwiritsa ntchito chisomo ndi kumwetulira";T1 = .88, ndiT2 = .89).

Kusanthula Deta

Ziwerengero zofotokozera komanso kulumikizana pakati pazosangalatsa zidapezeka. Kuti tiwone momwe zinthu ziliri m'magawo atatu amisala (mwachitsanzo, kukhala ndi thanzi lam'mutu, zogonana / zikhalidwe, malingaliro okhudzika ndi psychopathic) pakukula kwa zizindikilo zakugwiritsa ntchito zolaula pa intaneti pakati pa anyamata achichepere, tidachita zoyipa kusanthula kwapadera kumawunika. Monga momwe zimakhalira nthawi zambiri pamavuto ndi zizolowezi, magawidwe athu amomwe timadalira, zisonyezo zakugwiritsa ntchito zolaula pa intaneti, zimayendetsedwa ndi zero zero (53.8% ku T1 ndi 47.8% ku T2) poonjezera mfundo zomwe zinachepa pafupipafupi. Zotsatira zake, kuwerengera uku kunali "kutabalalika"; ndiko kuti, kusiyana kwake kunali kwakukulu kusiyana ndi kutanthawuza kwake, komwe kungapangitse kusaganiziridwa kwa zolakwika zofanana pamene zozoloŵezi za Poisson zowerengera deta zimagwiritsidwa ntchito. Zithunzi zosamveka zosamveka bwino zowonongeka kwapadera kotero zimabweretsa zowonjezera zowonjezereka (Cameron ndi Trivedi ).

Kulingalira kwapadera kunali kofanana ndi kafukufuku wamtundu ndi wautali, ndipo chokhacho chinali chakuti zojambulazo zidaphatikizapo zizindikiro za kugwiritsira ntchito zolaula zolaula pa Intaneti pa T1 monga zowonongeka, pamene zitsanzo zamtundu wautali zimaphatikizapo zizindikiro zogwiritsira ntchito pa T2 monga kusinthika kumadalira ndi zizindikiro zogwiritsira ntchito pa T1 monga variable variable. Choyamba, chiwerengero choyendetsa chiwerengero chinkawerengedwa ndi T1 Kusamalitsa maganizo (kusokonezeka, kudzidalira kwathunthu); Chachiwiri, chiwerengerochi chinali ndi T1 zilakolako za kugonana / makhalidwe amatsutsa (kugonana kwambiri, chidziwitso ndi khalidwe la kugonana); ndipo chachitatu, chiwerengerochi chinali ndi T1 zofuna zapadera komanso za maganizo (maganizo, maganizo, maganizo, maganizo). Potsiriza, pofufuza udindo wapaderadera wa madera atatu pofotokozera zizindikiro za anyamata za kuumirira kugwiritsira ntchito zolaula za pa Intaneti, chithunzichi chinalingaliridwa ndi zowonongeka zochokera ku mitundu itatu yapitayi. Zitsanzo zonse zimaphatikizapo zaka ku T1 monga variable variable. Kuwoneka kokwanira kuganizira moyenera kunagwiritsidwa ntchito kulingalira zitsanzo. Kufufuza kunkachitika mu Mplus (Version 7.3; Muthén ndi Muthén ).

Results

Table 1 imapereka zowonekera pazizindikiro zisanu ndi chimodzi zakukakamiza kugwiritsa ntchito zolaula pa intaneti mwa zitsanzo za anyamata a 331. Monga zikuyembekezeredwa, anyamata ambiri omwe amagwiritsa ntchito zolaula pa intaneti sananene chilichonse chokhudzana ndi momwe amagwiritsira ntchito. Komabe, zizindikilo zakugwiritsa ntchito mokakamiza zidapezeka "nthawi zina" ndi 4.2-11.2% yazitsanzo. Chiwerengero chapakati pamagwiritsidwe ogwiritsira ntchito mokakamiza zinthu zolaula pa intaneti ku T.1 anali 1.63 (SD = 3.15) osachepera 0 komanso opitilira 24 (apakatikati = 0); kuchuluka kwapakati pa T2 anali 1.98 (SD = 3.29) osachepera 0 komanso opitilira 19 (apakatikati = 1). Gome 2 imawonetsa kulumikizana (kopingasa ndi kotenga nthawi) pakati pazosangalatsa. Kuchuluka kwa chidwi komanso chidwi chambiri chogonana komanso kuchepa kwa kudzidalira padziko lonse lapansi kumalumikizidwa ndi ziwonetsero zambiri pazizindikiro za anyamata zogwiritsa ntchito zolaula pa intaneti. Kutalika kwanthawi yayitali, kukhumudwa kwakukulu, mikhalidwe yokhudzana ndi psychopathic, komanso chidwi chogonana, komanso kudzidalira kwapadziko lonse lapansi kumalumikizidwa ndi kuchuluka kwambiri pakugwiritsa ntchito zolaula pa intaneti patatha miyezi 6 (onani Gulu 2).

Gulu 2 

Mafotokozedwe ofotokozera ndi kugwirizana pakati pa anyamata okhwimitsa ntchito KUKHALA ntchito ndi njira zokhudzana ndi maganizo, zokhudzana ndi kugonana / makhalidwe, komanso kusaganizira-maganizo a psychopathic

Pofuna kuwona kufunika kwa zinthu izi pofotokozera zizindikiro za anyamata za chizoloŵezi chogwiritsira ntchito zolaula za pa Intaneti, kuganizira zolakwika zapakati pazinthu zina. Tchati 3 imasonyeza zotsatira za mtanda (gawo lamanzere) ndi kotalika (zowona) zitsanzo. Zogwirizana, zigawo ziwiri zidawoneka ngati zizindikiro zazikulu zogwiritsira ntchito zolaula zolaula pa Intaneti. Mwachindunji, muchitsanzo chabwino cha maganizo (Model 1), kudzidalira kwathunthu kunanenedweratu kuti zizindikiro zogwiritsira ntchito zovuta, zikusonyeza kuti anyamata omwe ali ndi chidziwitso chochuluka padziko lonse ali ndi chiopsezo chowonjezereka kuti apangitse kugwiritsa ntchito njira zovuta zogonana pa Intaneti zakuthupi. Komanso, muzochita zogonana / chitsanzo (Model 2), kukonda kwambiri kugonana kwabwino kunaneneratu zizindikiro zobweretsera. Palibe zifukwa zomwe zimapangitsa munthu kuti asamangokhalira kugonana. Pamene zifukwa zazikulu zochokera kumaganizo ndi zokhudzana ndi kugonana / makhalidwe kumadera akugwirizanitsidwa motsatira chitsanzo chachinayi, kudzidalira kwathunthu ndi kugonana kwakukulu zonse zidakhalabe zofunikira komanso zodziŵika bwino za zizindikiro zokhudzana ndi kugonana kwa anyamata (onani Table 3; mbali ya kumanzere).

Gulu 3 

Zotsatira za zochitika zosavuta zowonongeka za anyamata zonena kuti anyamata akukakamiza AKHALA agwiritsidwe ntchito pa T1 (magawo otsala; mbali ya kumanzere) ndi T2 (longitudinally; pomwepo)

Pogwiritsa ntchito zizindikilo zoyambira, kusanthula kwakutali kumatanthawuza kuzindikirika kwa zinthu zomwe zimawopsa zomwe zimaneneratu kuwonjezeka kwa zizindikiritso za anyamata zakukakamiza kugwiritsa ntchito zolaula pa intaneti kwakanthawi. Mwa mtundu wamaganizidwe abwinobwino, kukhumudwa kunaneneratu zambiri pamankhwala ogwiritsira ntchito miyezi 6 pambuyo pake ku T.2. Kuonjezera apo, mu chikhalidwe chogonana, chidwi chogonana chochuluka chinanenedweratu kuti chiwerengero chokwanira cha kugwiritsira ntchito zizindikiro pa T2. Makhalidwe apadera-psychopathic sanaganizire mobwerezabwereza zizindikiro za kugwiritsira ntchito zolaula zolaula pa Intaneti. Pamene kupanikizika ndi kugonana mozama zogonana zimagwirizanitsidwa pamodzi (Model 4), kudandaula kokha ndikopitirizabe kutchuka kwambiri pa zizindikiro za kugwiritsira ntchito zolaula pa intaneti pa T2 (onani Table 3; mbali yoyenera).

Kukambirana

Ngakhale kuti kafukufuku wokhudzana ndi zotsatira za achinyamata akugwiritsira ntchito zolaula za pa Intaneti zikukula mofulumira m'zaka zapitazi, kudziŵa kuti kugwiritsira ntchito njira zoterezi pa achinyamata akusowa kwambiri. Ochita kafukufuku ndi madokotala akufotokoza kuti khalidwe lachinsinsi pa Intaneti pa nthawi yaunyamata lingakhale ndi zotsatira zamphamvu komanso zotsalira panthawi yonse ya chitukuko. Mwachitsanzo, ambiri omwe amadziwika kuti ali ndi chizoloŵezi chogonana adanena kuti amachita chiwerewere poyambitsa chiwerewere kapena achinyamata. Nthawi zambiri amakhala ndi chidwi choonera zolaula (Cooper et al. ; Sussman ). Choncho, kuzindikira zinthu zomwe zimakhudza chiopsezo chachikulu chokhala ndi zizoloŵezi za kugwiritsira ntchito zolaula pa Intaneti paunyamata n'kofunikira. Cholinga cha phunziroli chinali kufufuza momwe zinthu zochokera ku madera atatu osiyana siyana aumaganizo (ie, kukhala ndi maganizo abwino, kugonana / makhalidwe, ndi chikhalidwe cha maganizo) zimatanthawuza zizindikiro za kugwiritsira ntchito zolaula pa Intaneti pakati pa anyamata achichepere.

Zinthu Zogwirizana ndi Maganizo Akulongosola za Zizindikiro za Anyamata Zogwiritsira Ntchito Mwakugonana Mwachangu pa Intaneti

Monga zikuyembekezeredwa, ambiri ogwiritsa ntchito zolaula pa intaneti mwa zitsanzo zathu za achinyamata achimwenye achi Dutch sananene chilichonse chokhudzana ndi momwe amagwiritsira ntchito. Ngakhale zili choncho, kagulu kakang'ono ka anyamata (mwachitsanzo, pakati pa 4.2 ndi 11.2%) kamakhala ndi zizoloŵezi zakukakamizidwa nthawi zina. Zotsatira zakusanthula kwathu m'magulu osiyanasiyana zidawonetsa kuti kudzidalira padziko lonse lapansi komanso kuchuluka kwakukonda kwambiri kugonana kunaneneratu zizindikiritso za anyamata zakukakamiza kugwiritsa ntchito zolaula pa intaneti. Kuphatikiza apo, kusanthula kwakutali kukuwonetsa kuti kukhumudwa kwakukulu, komanso, chidwi chochulukirapo chakugonana chimaneneratu kuchuluka kwambiri pazizindikiro za anyamata zogwiritsa ntchito zolaula pa intaneti patatha miyezi 6, woyamba uja anali wolosera mosasinthasintha. Chosangalatsa ndichakuti, kudzidalira padziko lonse lapansi komanso kukhumudwa zidawoneka ngati zotsogola pakuwunika kwina. Tiyenera kudziwa kuti izi zinali zogwirizana kwambiri. Chifukwa chake, kufunikira kwakudzidalira padziko lonse lapansi pakuwunika kwakutali komanso kusafunikira kwakukhumudwa pakuwunikanso komweko sikukutanthauza kuti zinthu izi ndizoneneratu zosafunikira. M'malo mwake, kudzidalira padziko lonse lapansi komanso kukhumudwa zitha kukhala zowonetsa kukhazikika kozama. Makhalidwe okakamiza komanso psychopathic, omwe anali okhudzana kwambiri ndi kugwiritsidwa ntchito mwamphamvu pakuwunika kwa bivariate, sanali olosera ena apadera ataphatikizidwa ndi mitundu ya ma multivariate regression.

Zotsatirazi zikuthandizira malingaliro ochokera m'mabuku, komanso malingaliro a phunziro lino, kuti madera osiyanasiyana okhudza maganizo ndi othandizira pakukakamiza kugwiritsira ntchito zolaula pa Intaneti (monga Cooper et al. , ; Nower ndi Blaszczynski ). Choyamba, zogwirizana ndi malingaliro a Njira ya Njira (Nower ndi Blaszczynski ) komanso zomwe zimachitika pakati pa anthu akuluakulu ogwiritsira ntchito Intaneti pogonana (Cooper et al. ), zotsatira zathu zimasonyeza kuti anyamata achichepere omwe amadziwika kuti ali ndi maganizo abwino kwambiri amakhala ndi chiopsezo chowonjezereka kuti apitirize kugwiritsidwa ntchito molakwika pogwiritsa ntchito zolaula pa Intaneti. Maphunziro oyambirira akhala akugwirizanitsa mobwerezabwereza ndi / kapena kugwiritsira ntchito (mwachindunji) kugonana ndi vuto la maganizo (mwachitsanzo, Cooper et al. ; Delmonico ndi Griffin ; Grubbs et al. ; Sussman ). Ngakhale mapangidwe awo amalepheretsa kuwunika komwe kungayambitse ubalewu, ambiri mwa kafukufukuyu akuti anthu omwe ali ndi vuto lamaganizidwe amatha kugwiritsa ntchito zapaintaneti ngati njira yothanirana kapena njira yothanirana ndi vuto lawo la dysphoria. Kusanthula kwathu kwakanthawi kumapereka lingaliro loyambirira pa lingaliro ili posonyeza kuti kukhumudwa kwakukulu kunaneneratu kuwonjezeka kwa zizindikiritso za anyamata zakukakamiza kugwiritsa ntchito zolaula pa intaneti patatha miyezi 6. Kupeza kumeneku kumatha kuwonetsa kuti anyamata omwe ali ndi nkhawa kapena nkhawa amatembenukira kuzinthu izi pofuna kuthawa kapena kuchepetsa mayiko omwe ali ndi vuto; komabe, potero, amakumananso ndi mavuto ena. Komabe, ndizotheka kuti kukhala ndi thanzi labwino m'maganizo komanso kugwiritsa ntchito zolaula pa intaneti ndizofanana ndikulimbikitsana pakapita nthawi. Mwachitsanzo, ogwiritsa ntchito zolaula pa intaneti atha kukhala ndi nkhawa komanso amatha kudzidalira akawona zovuta zakugwiritsa ntchito kwawo, zomwe zimatha kuwonjezeranso ntchito kuti athe kuthana ndi nkhawa zawo ( Cooper et al. ). Kafufuzidwe kazitali kwambiri pogwiritsa ntchito mapangidwe opangira mapangidwe amtundu wofunikira amayenera kukhazikitsa malangizo a maubwenziwa ndikudziwitsa mapulogalamu a mavuto onse okhudza kuganiza ndi kugwiritsira ntchito Intaneti.

Chachiwiri, zotsatira zathu zimasonyeza kuti anyamata achichepere amene ali ndi chilakolako chotere chogonana ali ndi chiopsezo chowonjezereka kuti azikhala ndi zizoloŵezi zofuna kugwiritsira ntchito zolaula pa Intaneti. Kulingalira kwa kugwiritsira ntchito mwachangu zogonana zolaula pa Intaneti monga njira zamakono zokhudzana ndi kugonana kwa chiwerewere kapena kugonana kwakhala nkhani yaikulu (Griffith ; Ross et al. ), ngakhale kuti kafukufuku wina adawonetsa kuti chikhumbo chofuna kugonana ndipamwamba kwambiri chinali chitsimikizo champhamvu chogwiritsa ntchito zinthu zoterezi (Svedin et al. ; Twohig et al. ), ena sanapeze mgwirizano pakati pa zovuta izi ndi mitundu yokhudzana ndi kugonana (Ross et al. ). Zotsatira zosagwirizana izi zikhoza kufotokozedwa ndi Cooper et al.'S () Kusiyanitsa pakati pa maganizo ndi zovuta zogonana (mwachitsanzo, nthawi zambiri palibe mbiri ya mavuto a kugonana) ndi zovuta zogonana (mwachitsanzo, zomwe zimadziwika ndi mavuto a kugonana / kuchita zachiwerewere) zogwiritsa ntchito pa intaneti. Izi zikutanthauza kuti kuganizira kwambiri kugonana kungakhale vuto lalikulu kwa ena, koma osati onse ogwiritsira ntchito zolaula pa Intaneti. Ngakhale kuganizira kwa deta yathu sikunalole kuti tizindikire zosiyana siyana, zotsatira zathu zimagwirizana ndi kusiyana kwa Cooper et al. (), powonetsa kuti kudzidalira kwathunthu ndi kugonana kosalekeza kumakhalabe chonchi chodziwika bwino cha zizindikiro za kugwiritsira ntchito zolaula zolaula pa Intaneti pamene mukugwirizana. Tiyenera kudziŵa kuti m'katikatikati mwazitali zimatanthauzira chiwerengero cha chiwerewere chochuluka chogonana chitatha pamene chikuwonetsedwa pamodzi ndi kuvutika maganizo; Komabe, zotsatirazi zikhoza kufotokozedwa ndizimene zizindikiro zoyambirira za kugwiritsira ntchito zolaula zolaula pa Intaneti (pa T1) anali atafotokozera kale kuchuluka kwa kusiyana kwake, kusiya kusiyana kochepa kuti afotokozedwe ndi zifukwa zamaganizo. Njira zamakono zapadera komanso zaumunthu, monga kusanthula kafukufuku wopita m'kalasi, zingakhale zothandiza kufotokoza njira zomwe zimakhudzidwa ndi chitukuko chogwiritsira ntchito zolaula pa Intaneti pazochitika zosiyanitsa za achinyamata ogwiritsa ntchito. Kudziwa zosiyana siyana za achinyamata ogwiritsira ntchito makakamiza komanso makhalidwe awo osiyana siyana komanso zodzikongoletsa zimatha kutsogolera akatswiri a zachipatala pokonzanso achinyamata omwe ali pa chiopsezo choyamba komanso kupititsa patsogolo njira zothandizira kupewa komanso kuthandizira.

Zotsatira zathu zimapereka chitsimikizo chochepa chachinsinsi cha mbali ya umunthu wamaganizo ndi maganizo aumunthu pokonzekera kugwiritsira ntchito mosagwiritsa ntchito zolaula pa Intaneti pakati pa anyamata achichepere. Zomwe zingatheke chifukwa cha kusowa kwazomwe mukupeza pazomwe zilipozi ndikuti kugwiritsira ntchito zinthu zolaula pa intaneti-kawirikawiri khalidwe lokhalokha lomwe limapezeka pamseri kuseri kwazenera-lili ndi zotsatira zochepa zomwe zimakhalapo mwamsanga komanso zowonongeka, monga kulemera kapena kutayika kwa ndalama (mwachitsanzo, chifukwa cha kutchova njuga), kumwa mowa (mwachitsanzo, chifukwa cha kugwiritsiridwa ntchito kwa mankhwala), kapena kupindula kwa chikhalidwe (mwachitsanzo, mu zochitika za anzawo). Kotero, ngakhale kukondweretsa kugonana, nkhani za pa Intaneti zolaula sizikhoza kupereka mtundu wa chisangalalo kapena chisangalalo chimene anthu omwe ali ndi chidwi chofuna kugonana angakwaniritse mwachindunji. M'malomwake, achinyamata omwe ali ndi chidwi chofuna kuganizira kapena kusokonezeka maganizo angathe kukhala ndi mwayi wofuna kuchita zinthu zogonana popanda kugonana ndi mwayi wambiri wosangalala; lingaliro lovomerezeka ndi deta yathu yomwe ikuwonetsa maubwenzi abwino omwe ali pakati pa chikhalidwe ndi maganizo a anyamata ndi chikhalidwe cha kugonana. Mwa kuyankhula kwina, zikhoza kukhala kuti Nower ndi Blaszczynski's () njira yosagwirizana ndi anthu osaganizira ena ndi imodzi mwachindunji "kulemera / kutaya kwambiri" makhalidwe monga njuga, ndipo sizikugwiritsanso ntchito kugonana kwa anyamata akugonana.

Zoyesayesa mu phunziro lino kuti zithetse kufunika kwa zinthu zakuthupi zomwe zikuphatikizidwa pakukakamiza kugwiritsira ntchito zolaula pa Intaneti pakati pa anyamata achichepere ali oyambirira, ndipo zotsatira ziyenera kutanthauziridwa mosamala. Kuphunzira kwathu kunayesa kutsogolo kwa zizindikiro Kugwiritsa ntchito zolaula zolaula pa Intaneti, osati zomwe zimachitika kuti anthu ogwiritsira ntchito anzawo amadzimvera chisoni. N'zotheka kuti anthu omwe ali ndi matendawa amadziwika ndi maonekedwe osiyanasiyana. Komanso, timagwirizana ndi ena ofufuza (mwachitsanzo, Sussman ) sikuti nthawi zonse zimatsimikizirika momveka bwino pamene achinyamata akugwiritsa ntchito zolaula pa Intaneti kuti aziwoneka ngati zovuta kapena zovuta, komanso ngati siziyenera kutero. Chifukwa cha kusintha kwawo kwa mahomoni komanso kusintha kwakukulu kwa kugonana ndi kufufuza (Savin-Williams ndi Diamond ), zochitika monga kuyembekezera nthawi yotsatira yomwe mungagwiritse ntchito zinthu zolaula pa Intaneti, kapena zimakuvutani kusiya kugwiritsa ntchito zinthu zoterezi, zingatengedwe ngati zowonongeka pamsinkhu wachinyamata kusiyana ndi zizindikiro za khalidwe lachinyengo (Sussman) ). Komabe, nkhani zolaula za pa Intaneti zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito popewera machitidwe oipa, kapena kugwiritsira ntchito zida zolaula pa Intaneti zomwe zimabweretsa zotsatira zovuta, zingathe kuonedwa kuti zimayambitsa nkhawa pa nthawi iliyonse ya chitukuko. Komanso, ngakhale pamene kugwiritsira ntchito zolaula pa Intaneti sikukakamiza, zingathe kukhudza maganizo, malingaliro, ndi makhalidwe osiyanasiyana, makamaka pakati pa achinyamata omwe akuyesa ndikuyesa kugonana kwawo (pofufuza, onani Owens et al. ). Zotsatira zake, zotsatira zathu zikhoza kuonedwa ngati chinthu chofunikira choyamba kumvetsetsa kugwiritsira ntchito zolaula pa Intaneti pakati pa anyamata achichepere, ndipo angayambe chiyambi cha kafukufuku wambiri pa zochitikazo.

sitingathe

Zolephera zina za phunziroli zikuyenera kukambirana. Choyamba, phunziro lathu lokha linkafufuza mgwirizano wa nthawi yayitali (mwachitsanzo, mayanjano ogwirizana ndi mayanjano pamtunda wa miyezi ya 6) pakati pa zifukwa zamaganizo ndi zizindikiro za anyamata za kukakamiza kugwiritsira ntchito zolaula pa Intaneti. Choncho sizodziwika ngati ubwino wa maganizo ndi kugonana kwambiri zimayambitsa zoopsa za kugwiritsira ntchito zolaula pa Intaneti panthawi yaunyamata kapena akuluakulu, kapena ngati maubwenzi opezeka mu phunziroli akuchepa pamene achinyamata akukula. Kafufuzidwe ka nthawi yayitali pakufunika kuti athetsetsetu kugwiritsidwa ntchito molimbika kwa zinthu zolaula pa intaneti, komanso udindo wa madera osiyana maganizo pa chiyambi ndi kusunga zizoloŵezi zofuna kugwiritsira ntchito. Maphunziro oterowo ayenera kuyang'ananso zotsatira za kugwiritsira ntchito zolaula zolaula pa Intaneti zokhudzana ndi kugonana. Chachiwiri, phunziroli linagwiritsa ntchito njira zodzifunira zokha, zomwe zingakhale zovuta kuyankha. Ngakhale kuti kudzidzimva ndi njira yowonjezera yosonkhanitsa deta zokhudza kugonana, zanenedwa bwino kuti anyamata angayambe kuchita zachiwerewere ndi (pa Intaneti) makhalidwe, chifukwa choopa manyazi, kukanidwa, kapena chilango cha anthu (Brener et al. ). Chachitatu, zotsatira zathu zimachokera kuchitsanzo chosavuta ku Netherlands chomwe chinayambitsidwa kudzera m'masukulu. N'kutheka kuti achinyamata amene akuvutika kwambiri chifukwa cha zizoloŵezi za kugwiritsira ntchito zolaula pa Intaneti akudziwika bwino pazitsanzo zathu, chifukwa chakuti amatha kukhala ndi mavuto a sukulu komanso / kapena matenda ena okhudza kugonana, kuphatikizapo kugwiritsira ntchito kugonana pa Intaneti (Sussman ). Choncho, momwe zotsatira zathu zikhoza kukhalira kwa anthu ena aunyamata amafuna kuti apitirize kufufuza. Kafukufuku wamtsogolo adzafunikanso kufufuza zizoloŵezi zogwiritsira ntchito zolaula zolaula pa Intaneti ndi zomwe zimagwirizanitsa maganizo pakati pa atsikana omwe ali achinyamata, zomwe sizinali zotheka mu phunziro lathu chifukwa cha atsikana omwe adziwonetsa kuti akugwiritsa ntchito nkhaniyi.

Kutsiliza

Makhalidwe amphamvu ndi ophweka pa intaneti amachititsa kugwiritsira ntchito zipangizo zogonana mosavuta kuposa kale; komabe panthawi imodzimodziyo amasiya makamaka achinyamata omwe ali pachiopsezo kuti akonze vuto kapena zovuta zokhudzana ndi kugwiritsa ntchito zipangizo zoterezi. Phunziroli linapereka chithandizo chofunika kwambiri pa zovuta zomwe zikuchitika m'zaka zaunyamata, powonetsa kuti zochepetsetsa m'maganizo ndi kugonana kwambiri zimalosera kuti anyamatawo ali ndi zizindikiro zogwiritsira ntchito zolaula pa Intaneti. Kuzindikira madera ndi maganizo omwe ali okhudzana ndi zizoloŵezi za kugwiritsira ntchito zida zolaula pa Intaneti pakati pa achinyamata ndi chinthu chofunika kwambiri pakukula kwa njira zowonetsera bwino komanso zochizira zomwe zimakhudza zosowa za anthu ogwiritsa ntchito nkhaniyi. Kudziwa zinthu zoopsa kungapangitse kuti makolo ndi aphunzitsi azidziwitsidwa, kulimbikitsa kulankhulana momasuka pakati pa achinyamata ndi achinyamata omwe amagwiritsa ntchito pa Intaneti komanso mauthenga okhudzidwa, ndikuwongolera kufotokoza koyambirira kwa mavuto. Panthawi imodzimodziyo, kafukufuku wokhudzana ndi chiwerewere ndi wofunika kwambiri kuti azindikire ndikukonzekera mbiri yodziwika bwino ya achinyamata ogwiritsira ntchito zolaula za pa Intaneti zomwe zimayenera kukhazikitsa maziko othandizira kupewa ndi kuthandiza.

Kuvomereza

Dongosolo la phunziro lino likusonkhanitsidwa ngati gawo la maphunziro akuluakulu a kutalika kwa nthawi yaitali omwe anachitidwa ku Netherlands wotchedwa "Project STARS" (Studies on Trajectories of Adolescent Relations and Sexuality), yomwe imathandizidwa ndi Dutch Association of Scientific Research (NWO) ndi Fund kafukufuku wa sayansi pankhani ya kugonana (FWOS) [NWO Grant No. 431-99-018].

Zopereka za Wolemba

SD inalingalira za phunzirolo, idatengapo mbali popangidwe kwake ndi kugwirizanitsa, idapanga kufufuza kwa chiŵerengero, ndi kulemba zolembazo; RE, LB, IV, ndi TB zomwe zinapangidwa pa phunziroli, zinagwirizana ndi momwe zinakhazikitsidwira ndi kugwirizanitsa, ndipo zinayang'ana mwatsatanetsatane malembawo. Olemba onse adavomereza zolembazo pomaliza.

Zolemba

Suzan M. Doornwaard

ndi munthu wogwira ntchito ku Dipatimenti ya Interdisciplinary Social Science, University of Utrecht, Netherlands. Anapeza PhD yake ku 2015 ndi ndemanga pa ntchito ya intaneti pa chitukuko cha kugonana kwa achinyamata. Zotsatira zake zazikuluzikulu ndizo (zachikhalidwe) zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito pa TV, chitukuko cha kugonana kwa achinyamata, chikhalidwe chachinyamata, ndi khalidwe lachinyamata. Iye waphunzitsa maphunziro a kutalika, kuyesera, ndi maonekedwe. Ntchito yake posachedwapa inapezeka ku Developmental Psychology, Pediatrics, ndi Journal of Adolescent Health.

Regina JJM van den Eijnden

katswiri wa zamaganizo a anthu, adapeza PhD yake ku 1998 ndi kufotokozedwa kwake pa zotsatira za kufalikira kwa chidziwitso pa kugonana kosaopsa ndi kosaopsa. Pakalipano, akugwira ntchito monga pulofesa wothandizira ku University Science Department of Utrecht University. Chidwi chake chachikulu chikuwonetseratu (njira zoyendetsera ntchito) ndi zizoloŵezi zoledzera, kuphatikizapo zizoloŵezi zowonongeka monga kugwiritsira ntchito mankhwala osokoneza bongo (mwachitsanzo, kusewera, kugwiritsa ntchito mafilimu komanso kugwiritsa ntchito zolaula) pakati pa achinyamata.

Laura Baams

ndi munthu wothandizira kwambiri pa Developmental Psychology, University of Utrecht. Zomwe akufufuzazi zikuphatikizapo chitukuko cha kugonana, achinyamata, ndi kugonana. Mwachindunji, amachititsa ntchito zowonjezera komanso zoyenerera pofuna kumvetsetsa tsankhu la kugonana ndi kugonana komanso momwe zimakhudzira thanzi la achinyamata la LGBT. Kafukufuku wake posachedwapa anawonekera ku Developmental Psychology, Journal of Adolescent Health, ndi Archives of Sexual Behavior.

Ine Vanwesenbeeck

ndi Pulofesa wa Pulogalamu ya Kugonana, Diversity ndi Health ku University of Utrecht ndipo akugwirizana ndi Rutgers, katswiri wodziwa za Umoyo wokhudzana ndi kugonana ndi kubereka (SRHR), monga mlangizi wamkulu. Iye wakhala akugwira ntchito m'dera la SRHR kwa zaka makumi angapo monga katswiri pa nkhani za kugonana ndi kugonana. Zofufuza zake zoyambirira zimakhudzana ndi matenda a chiwerewere (achinyamata), chiwerewere ndi kuzunzika, umoyo wa ogonana ndi ufulu, ufulu wogonana, zosiyana zogonana, komanso ndale zogonana.

Tom FM ter Bogt

ndi pulofesa wotchuka Music and Youth Culture, ku University of Utrecht. Anapeza PhD yake ndi mbiri yokhudza ntchito yachipulotesitanti ku Netherlands komanso makhalidwe abwino pakati pa achinyamata amakono. Iye ndi mlembi wa mabuku awiri pa chikhalidwe cha achinyamata ndi achinyamata, ndipo adalemba mndandanda wa TV pa chikhalidwe cha achinyamata ndi nyimbo za pop. Zofuna zake zofufuza kwambiri ndi nyimbo za pop, chikhalidwe chachinyamata, khalidwe lachinyamata, komanso kugwiritsa ntchito mankhwala.

Kugwirizana ndi Makhalidwe Abwino

Mikangano ya chidwi

Olemba amanena kuti alibe kutsutsana kwa chidwi.

Zofufuza Zosaka

Achinyamata; Media; Social Media; Kugonana; Chikhalidwe cha achinyamata; Nyimbo zapulo.

Mawu a M'munsi

1Gawo la Project STARS zitsanzo zazeng'onoting'ono zinkakhala ndi atsikana. Komabe, chifukwa chodziwika kuti amagwiritsira ntchito zolaula pa Intaneti, sitinathe kufufuza zizindikiro za atsikana za kugwiritsira ntchito zolaula pa Intaneti pa phunziroli.

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