C. Bulota,,, , B. Leurentb, , F. Collierc,
Vuto 24, Magazini 4, October-December 2015, Masamba e78-e83
Chidule
Introduction
Makampani oonera zolaula amakhudza kwambiri achinyamata, pafupifupi onse amene amawapeza kudzera pa intaneti, kaya mwachangu kapena mosadziletsa komanso m'zaka zosachepera msinkhu. Kodi pali kugwirizana pakati pa kuonera zolaula ndi mitundu ina ya chiopsezo?
njira
Ophunzira okwana eyiti ndi khumi ndi awiri a Lille anayankha mosadziwika kufunso lomwe adawapatsidwa pa nthawi ya zokambirana ku chipatala. Zolemba zamagetsi ndi zowonjezereka zinagwiritsidwa ntchito kuti ziwerengedwe.
Zotsatira
Pafupifupi amuna onse ndi akazi a 80% anali ataonera zolaula. Ambiri a zaka zoyambira poyambira anali zaka 15.2.
Kuwonetsa pa msinkhu usanafike msinkhu kumagwirizanitsidwa ndi kugonana ali wamng'ono komanso kukhala ndi chizoloŵezi chofunafuna abwenzi okhaokha ndikugwiritsa ntchito nthendayi mobwerezabwereza. Zaka zowonekera sizingathandize kuti chiwerengero cha anthu ogonana, chizoloŵezi cholowetsa ana, kumwa mowa kapena kusuta fodya, kugwiritsa ntchito njira za kulera komanso kutenga zoopsa pa matenda opatsirana pogonana.
Kuonerera zithunzi zolaula mobwerezabwereza kumagwirizanitsa ndi kugonana ali wamng'ono, chiwerengero chochuluka cha ogonana, chilakolako chofuna kugonana ndi amuna okhaokha, chizoloŵezi cholowetsa ana, kuchepetsa matenda opatsirana pogonana ndi mimba zosafuna komanso potsiriza , kumwa kwambiri mowa komanso kumwa mowa. Pomalizira, zotsatirazi ziyenera kuganiziridwa, ndipo ziyenera kutsogolera anthu ogwira ntchito zachipatala ndi maphunziro a kugonana kuti akule zambiri zomwe amapereka kwa achinyamata.
Keywords
- Zolaula;
- Ophunzira;
- Chiwerewere;
- Mchitidwe wa ngozi;
- Matenda opatsirana pogonana (matenda opatsirana pogonana)
Zowonjezera zomwe mwaphunzira:
"Ophunzira makumi asanu ndi atatu mphambu asanu ndi limodzi mwa ophunzira adapezeka ndi ma IPN, makamaka pa intaneti. Nthawi zambiri kuwonekera kumakhala kwakukulu kwa amuna kuposa azimayi (98.7% vs 78.8%), koma amuna nawonso amawululidwa ali ocheperako: zaka zapakati pomwe amuna amayamba kuwululidwa ndi 14.5, pomwe kwa akazi, ndi 15.8. Pafupifupi wophunzira m'modzi mwa awiri akuti adakumana ndi IPNs. Gawo limodzi mwa magawo anayi a ophunzira omwe amaonera zolaula 1 mpaka 4 pamwezi ndipo 9% ya iwo amawonetsa zolaula kangapo pamlungu. Nthawi zambiri kuwonekera kumasiyana kwambiri pakati pa abambo ndi amai. Izi zimawonekera bwino zikafika pa "ogula wamba", zomwe zimakhudza amuna 18.4%, koma azimayi 1.6% okha. ”
"Kuchuluka kwa kufalikira kwa ma IPN kudaphunziridwa mwa" "ogula wamba" (koposa kamodzi pamwezi) komanso "ogula wamba" (koposa kamodzi pa sabata). za munthu woyamba kugonana. Izi zimachepetsedwa ndi miyezi 3 mpaka 4 pomwe kumagwiritsidwa ntchito pafupipafupi ma IPN. Izi zikugwirizananso ndi kuchuluka kwa omwe amagonana nawo, kukhala ndi chizolowezi chofunafuna amuna kapena akazi okhaokha, osagwiritsa ntchito kondomu ngakhale osayang'aniridwa, kulowa maliseche, ndipo pamapeto pake amachepetsa njira zolerera. ”
Kukambirana
Phunziroli linapangidwa ku yunivesite yomwe ili ndi sukulu zapadera, zomwe zimapezekapo mwaufulu ndipo zimaperekedwa kwa ophunzira ochokera m'mabanja omwe ali ndi chuma chamakhalidwe abwino. Choncho, mu nkhani iyi, mwinamwake chisankho chosankha. Komabe, zomwe zapeza chifukwa cha ntchitoyi zikugwirizana kwambiri ndi kafukufuku waposachedwa wa khalidwe la achinyamata (Beltzer ndi Bajos, 2008; Beltzer et al., 2010; ESCAPAD, 2011; Beck et al., 2013).
Ntchito zonse zomwe zikuchitika m'derali ndi zogwirizana ndi kuganiza kuti zolaula zimakhudza achinyamata ndipo anthu amazigwiritsa ntchito pa msinkhu wawo komanso nthawi zambiri kuposa amayi (Bajos ndi Bozon, 2008; Bajos et al., 2008; Brown ndi L'Engle, 2009; Haggstrom-Nordin, 2005; Wallmyr ndi Welin, 2006; Ybarra ndi Mitchell, 2005; Haldet al., 2013; Morgan, 2011).
Izi zimatsimikiziranso ndi kafukufuku wopangidwa ndi bungwe lofufuza (IFOP, 2009, 2013).
Chiyanjano pakati pa zolaula ndi khalidwe la kugonana
Zikuwoneka kuti kugwiritsa ntchito zolaula zomwe achinyamata kapena achinyamata amachita zimakhudza kwambiri khalidwe lawo la kugonana.
Achinyamata omwe amaonera zolaula amakhala ndi zibwenzi zambiri (Braun-Courville ndi Rojas, 2009, Morgan, 2011, Kraus ndi Russell, 2008), kugonana ndi anthu aang'ono (Odeyemi et al., 2009; Morgan, 2011; Kraus ndi Russell, 2008), njira zosiyana zogonana, ndi nthawi zambiri zomwe zimachitika pakati pa abambo (Haggstrom-Nordin, 2005; Brown ndi L'Engle, 2009; Braun-Courville ndi Rojas, 2009).
Palibe chimodzi mwa izi chikuwoneka kuti chikupita patsogolo pa moyo wokhudzana ndi kugonana. Ndipotu, kafukufuku wina wa ku America wa ophunzira a 800 amasonyeza kuti nthawi zambiri kumwa kwa IPNs kumagwirizanitsidwa ndi msinkhu wokhutira kugonana (Morgan, 2011).
Mu ntchito ina ya ku America, phunziroli linaganizira za msinkhu wa msinkhu wa achinyamata. Mwa anyamata, kufotokozedwa pa msinkhu wotere usanafike msinkhu kumatsogolera ku zizolowezi zogonana zowonjezereka komanso kuwonjezeka kwa chizoloŵezi chogonana ndi analankhula. Kwa atsikana, zimakhala zogwirizana ndi zikhalidwe zawo zogonana pogwiritsa ntchito zovuta zogonana (Brownand L 'Engle, 2009).
Chiyanjano pakati pa zolaula ndi khalidwe la chiopsezo
Kafukufukuyu akuwoneka kuti akugwirizana kwambiri ndi kugwiritsira ntchito zolaula komanso khalidwe linalake, koma sangathe kufotokozera chikhalidwe ndi chikhalidwe cha mgwirizanowu pakati pa chifukwa ndi zotsatira. Ntchito zingapo zimatsimikizira izi. Kafukufuku wa ku America wa 2005 amasonyeza kuti achinyamata omwe amaonera mafilimu olaula amachita mwachangu machitidwe olakwika komanso amadya zinthu zina (Ybarra ndi Mitchell, 2005).
Mu 2011, kufufuza kwa Swedish kunasonyezanso kuti kuonera zolaula kwa anyamata akuluakulu kumagwirizanitsa ndi mowa wochuluka (Svedin et al., 2011).
Anthu ogula zithunzi zolaula amakhala ndi zibwenzi zambiri (Braun-Courville ndi Rojas, 2009; Morgan, 2011; Kraus ndi Russell, 2008).
Komabe, izi sizikugwirizana ndi njira yowonjezereka yotetezera matenda opatsirana pogonana pogwiritsira ntchito makondomu. Choncho, kugwirizana pakati pa kugwiritsira ntchito zolaula komanso kutenga zoopsa pa matenda opatsirana pogonana kwawonetsedwa, makamaka kwa amuna (Tydén ndi Rogala, 2004; Luder et al., 2011). Izi zimatsutsana pa nkhani ya amayi (Peter ndi Valkenburg, 2011).
Monga tafotokozera pamwambapa, popeza kuti kugwiritsira ntchito makondomu sikungowonjezereka m'mabuku awa, kugonana komwe kumakhudzana ndi kugonana kwa abambo kungayesedwe kuti ndizoopsa. Kafukufuku wina wa ku Sweden wochitidwa pa achinyamata a 18 wa zaka zapakati pazaka zapakati pazaka zapakati pazaka za 39 adatsindika mfundo yakuti 'ogulitsa akuluakulu' 'owonetsa zolaula anali ndi maubwenzi ambiri okhudzana ndi kugonana kwa abambo komanso kuti sanatetezedwe bwino (2005% yokha amagwiritsa ntchito kondomu) (Haggstrom-Nordin, XNUMX ).
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