Zotsatira Zogonana Zogonana, Zovomerezeka za Anzawo Odziwika ndi Zomwe Achinyamata Amakumana nazo ndi Kugonana: Kuyesera Njira Yophatikiza (2015)

PLoS One. 2015 Jun 18;10(6):e0127787. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0127787.

Doornwaard SM1, Bog Bogt TF1, Reitz E2, van den Eijnden RJ1.

Kudalirika

Kafukufuku wokhudzana ndi kugwiritsidwa ntchito kogonana pa intaneti pa chitukuko chakugonana kwa achinyamata nthawi zambiri kumalepheretsa intaneti komanso zizolowezi zapaintaneti kuchokera kuzinthu zina, zomwe zimakhudzanso zomwe zimachitika pa moyo wachinyamata, monga momwe amathandizira anzawo. Cholinga cha phunziroli chinali kuyesa njira yolumikizirana yofotokozera momwe angalandirire (mwachitsanzo, kugwiritsa ntchito zolaula pa intaneti [ZOYENERA]) komanso kuyanjana (mwachitsanzo, kugwiritsa ntchito malo ochezera a pa Intaneti [SNS]) machitidwe okhudzana ndi kugonana omwe amagwirizana ndi anzawo zizolowezi zolosera zam'mbali za achinyamata pankhani yogonana. Zomangamanga zofananira pazotengera zazitali zazitali kuchokera kwa achinyamata 1,132 achi Dutch (M (zaka) T1 = 13.95; osiyanasiyana 11-17; 52.7% anyamata) adawonetsa zovuta zofananira, zowongolera, komanso zosagwirizana pakati pa machitidwe okhudzana ndi kugonana pa intaneti, zikhalidwe za anzawo, komanso zokumana nazo mchitidwe wogonana. KUGWIRITSA NTCHITO (pakati pa anyamata) ndi kugwiritsa ntchito SNS (pakati pa anyamata ndi atsikana) kunanenedweratu kuwonjezeka kwamalingaliro azaka zakubvomereza anzawo pazogonana komanso / kapena kuyerekezera kwawo kuchuluka kwa anzawo ogonana. Malingaliro awa, nawonso, adaneneratu zakukula kwa milingo ya achinyamata pazogonana kumapeto kwa kafukufuku. Kugwiritsa ntchito kwa anyamata a SNS kunaneneratu mwachindunji momwe ziziwonjezeka zakugonana. Zotsatirazi zikuwonetsa kufunikira kwakufufuza kambiri komanso kulowererapo kuti alimbikitse achinyamata kugonana.

Introduction

Zaka khumi zapitazi, kafukufuku wochuluka kuchokera m'madera osiyanasiyana padziko lapansi adalongosola mbali yokhudzana ndi kugonana kwa achinyamata pa chitukuko cha kugonana. Zizolowezi zokhudzana ndi kugonana zimagwiritsa ntchito intaneti pazinthu zochitika zokhudzana ndi chiwerewere / zosangalatsa, kufunafuna uthenga, kulankhulana, kufufuza, kudziwonetsera, komanso kugonana pa Intaneti [1, 2]. Makhalidwe oterewa amatha kumvetsera, kulankhulana pogonana kuchokera kumsinkhu kufikira wosuta, kapena kuyanjana, kumathandiza ogwiritsa ntchito kupanga, kufalitsa, ndi ndemanga pazogonana. Mu gawo lovomerezeka, kugwiritsidwa ntchito kwa achinyamata ndi zovuta zowonongeka pa intaneti (SEIM) zakusamalidwa kwambiri, ndipo kafukufuku wochulukirapo adafuna kufotokoza zotsatira za khalidwe, malingaliro, ndi khalidwe la kufotokozedwa ku nkhaniyi (kuti muwone, onani [3]). Ponena za machitidwe ophatikizana pa Intaneti, Social Networking Sites (SNS) posachedwapa akhala akufufuzidwa ngati mapulaneti omwe angakhale amphamvu kuti apange ndi kuyesa malingaliro okhudzana ndi kugonana ndi kukonda kugonana, komanso kuyesa ndi kusonyeza kuti ali ndi chidziwitso chogonana [4-6]. Mosiyana ndi KUKHALA ntchito, SNS ntchito ndizochita zamasewera zomwe sizimagonana mwachisawawa; Achinyamata ambiri sachita nawo khalidweli pofuna kufunafuna kugonana. Komabe, monga maphunziro angapo (mwachitsanzo, 4-6] awonetsa, pamene akugwiritsa ntchito SNSs achinyamata angapeze mauthenga okhudzana ndi kugonana ndi anzanu, amachita chiyanjano chogonana ndi ogwiritsa ntchito ena, kapena amalenga ndi kufalitsa zochitika zokhudzana ndi kugonana okha. Umboni wokhalapo umasonyeza kuti ZOYENERA kugwiritsa ntchito ndi SNS zimagwiritsira ntchito zizindikiro zosiyanasiyana za achinyamata kuti akule ndi kugonana. Izi zikuphatikizapo maganizo ovomerezeka ndi othandizira kugonana [7-9], osakhutira kwambiri ndi zomwe mukukumana nazo [2, 10], nkhawa zambiri za thupi ndi zithupi [2, 11, 12], ndi kale komanso zodziwika bwino kwambiri ndi khalidwe la kugonana [7, 8].

Komabe, kupatula zomwe iwo akuneneratu, mocheperapo amadziwika bwino momwe makhalidwewa okhudzana ndi kugonana akugwirizanitsa chitukuko cha kugonana. Chochititsa chidwi, kufufuza za zotsatira za kugwiritsira ntchito pa intaneti pogwiritsa ntchito kugonana kawirikawiri kumalekanitsa intaneti ndi khalidwe la pa intaneti kuchokera kuzinthu zina, zomwe sizikuchitika kunja kwa miyoyo ya achinyamata [13, 14]. Izi zikusiyana ndi zochitika zachilengedwe komanso zochitika zambiri monga Bronfenbrenner [15] Mfundo Zogwirizana ndi Zachilengedwe-zomwe zimatsimikizira kuti chitukuko cha kugonana ndi zotsatira za zambiri zomwe zimakhudza ndi kuyanjanitsa machitidwe [16]. Pakati pa machitidwe ambiri okhudzidwa pa moyo wa achinyamata, anzanu amalingalira kuti ndi ofunika kwambiri. Paunyamata, achinyamata amathera nthawi yochuluka ndi mabwenzi awo, ndipo amawunika kwambiri malingaliro ndi malingaliro a anzawo [17, 18]. Mogwirizana ndi lingaliro limeneli, meta-analytic umboni wanena kuti zizoloŵezi zoonerera zokhudzana ndi kugonana zimatsogolerera kwambiri kugonana kwa achinyamata. Mwachindunji, malingaliro a anzako akuvomerezedwa ndi khalidwe la chiwerewere (mwachitsanzo, malingaliro olakwika) ndi malingaliro a khalidwe lachiwerewere la anzanu (mwachitsanzo, zikhalidwe zofotokozera) zapezeka kuti zikuneneratu za kugonana komwe achinyamata akuchita [19].

Chifukwa cha kuchuluka kwa chibwenzi ndi intaneti ndi anzawo paunyamata [17, 18, 20] komanso kuti machitidwe ena pa intaneti-makamaka makhalidwe othandizira monga SNS-amachitikirapo mbali ina pazochitika za anzawo, zikuwoneka kuti zofunikira kuti kafukufuku amve njira yowunikira kuti amvetsetse momwe machitidwewa akugwirizanirana ndikuphatikizana popanga chitukuko cha kugonana kwa achinyamata . Pogwiritsa ntchito mfundo zofunikira pamagulu a zofalitsa ndi zochitika za anzako, cholinga cha phunziroli ndikuyesa chitsanzo chophatikizira kufotokoza momwe zikhalidwe zogonana zogonana zogwirira ntchito (ie, SEIM ntchito ndi SNS ntchito) zimagwirizanitsidwa ndi zionetsero za anzako pokonzekera zomwe zimachitikira achinyamata ndi khalidwe lachiwerewere.

Makhalidwe ogwirizana okhudza kugonana pa intaneti ndi malingaliro oonetsera anzawo

Chithunzi cha 1 amasonyeza chitsanzo chophatikizapo momwe amachitira zokhudzana ndi kugonana pazinthu zovomerezeka komanso zogonana zogwirizana ndi zogonana zogonana zingagwirizanane ndikuneneratu zomwe achinyamata akukumana nazo ndi chiwerewere. Mivi ikuyimira malingaliro osiyanasiyana omwe asayansi amamanga. Monga zikuwonekera, chitsanzocho chimagwiritsa ntchito mitundu itatu ya maubwenzi okhudza kugonana pazinthu zokhudzana ndi kugonana, malingaliro a anzawo, komanso kugonana: (a) mabungwe oyambirira, (b) zotsatira zowonongeka, ndi (c) zotsatira zosiyana. Muzotsatira izi, maubwenzi awa adzafotokozedwa ngati mndandanda wa zifukwa.

Chithunzi cha 1 

Makhalidwe ogwirizana okhudza kugonana pa intaneti, malingaliro oonedwa ndi anzanu, ndi khalidwe la kugonana.

Zotsatira za kugonana pa intaneti pazochitika (mabungwe oyambirira)

Zowonjezereka zimadziwika kuti kusankha ndi kugwiritsa ntchito mauthenga achichepere ndi zochitika zokhudzana ndi zochitika zadongosolo [21]. Malinga ndi Media Practice Model [22, 23], zosankha za achinyamata zimakhala chifukwa cha chiwerengero cha anthu (mwachitsanzo, chikhalidwe, zaka), zaumwini (mwachitsanzo, zofuna, zochitika), ndi zachikhalidwe (monga banja, anzawo). Izi zikutanthauza kuti, achinyamata adzisankha ndi kugwiritsa ntchito zofalitsa zomwe zimagwirizana ndi zomwe iwowo ali nazo komanso zomwe siziwathandiza pa nthawi inayake. Izi ndizowona pa khalidwe lawo pa intaneti. Mwachindunji, kafukufuku wasonyeza kuti pokhala ndi zochitika zambiri zogonana, achinyamata amavomereza kugwiritsa ntchito SEIM nthawi zambiri [7, 8, 24, 25]. Mofananamo, achinyamata amakhala akugwiritsira ntchito kugonana mobwerezabwereza pamene amadziwa khalidwe la kugonana, kapena kufotokozera zochitika zokhudzana ndi kugonana, kuti azidziwika kapena kuganiziridwa pakati pa anzawo [24, 26, 27]. Malingana ndi zofukufukuzi, tinaganizira izi:

Zophatikiza 1a: Pa chiyambi, achinyamata omwe ali ndi chidziwitso chochuluka pa chiwerewere amagwiritsa ntchito SEIM kawirikawiri.

Zophatikiza 1b: Pachiyambi, achinyamata omwe amadziwa kuti anzawo akuvomereza zokhudzana ndi kugonana (mwachitsanzo, malingaliro olakwika) komanso kuti azichita zachiwerewere (mwachitsanzo, zikhalidwe zofotokozera) azigwiritsa ntchito ZOCHOKERA kawirikawiri.

Maphunziro apamwamba pa kugonana kwa kugonana kwa SNS ntchito sizodziwika. Komabe, mu kafukufuku waposachedwapa pa zochitika za kugonana pazithunzi pa Facebook ndi zomwe zikugwirizana ndi mawonetserowa, zapezeka kuti omwe akuwonetsa zokhudzana ndi kugonana anali ophatikizidwa kwambiri pa Facebook kusiyana ndi anzawo osasonyeza. Kuonjezera apo, owonetsera maulendowa amafotokoza zambiri zokhudzana ndi kugonana ndi malingaliro amphamvu omwe anzako akuvomereza zokhudzana ndi kugonana ndikuchita zogonana [5]. Zotsatirazi zikugwirizana ndi lingaliro lakuti SNSs ingakhale malo ofunika kwambiri okhudzana ndi kugonana pakati pa achinyamata [4, 6]. Kotero, ife tinaganiza kuti:

Zophatikiza 1c: Pachiyambi, achinyamata omwe ali ndi chidziwitso chochita zogonana amatha nthawi yochuluka pa SNSs.

Zophatikiza 1d: Pachiyambi, achinyamata omwe amadziwa kuti anzawo amavomerezana ndi chiwerewere (mwachitsanzo, kusemphana ndi malamulo) komanso kukhala ndi chiwerewere (ie, ziganizo) zidzatenga nthawi yambiri pa SNSs.

Makhalidwe okhudza kugonana pa intaneti akulosera zamakhalidwe achiwerewere (mwachindunji mphamvu I)

Zomwe timagwirizana nazo zimagwirizana kuti machitidwe ogwirizana a kugonana ndi okhudzana ndi kugonana ali ndichindunji komanso amodzimodzi akulosera zam'tsogolo zomwe zimachitikira achinyamata ndi khalidwe lachiwerewere. Pano, nkofunika kuzindikira kuti poyang'anira mazenera oyamba, chitsanzo chomwe chimagwiritsa ntchito nthawi yowonjezereka chimawonjezeka mu khalidwe la kugonana ndikutsatirana muzochita zogonana pa Intaneti. Lingaliro lodziwika bwino lomwe limalongosola momwe zikhalidwe zogonana zogonana zimagwiritsira ntchito chikhalidwe chogonana chotsatira ndicho Chidziwitso cha Magulu a Anthu [28]. Mwachidziwitso, chiphunzitso ichi chimatsimikizira kuti anthu amatsatira makhalidwe atsopano mwa kuyang'ana makhalidwe a zitsanzo zabwino. (B) Otsanzira amatsenga ali ofanana ndi owonetsa (mwachitsanzo, amuna kapena akazi omwewo), (c) zitsanzo zabwino zimakhala zokopa kapena kukhala ndi udindo, ndi (d) zitsanzo zomwe zimawoneka kuti zimapindulitsa powonetsa khalidwe [21, 28]. Choncho, pakuwona machitidwe okongola a pa Intaneti, achinyamata angaphunzire makhalidwe omwe ali opindulitsa. Makhalidwe oterewa sali oyenerera pang'onopang'ono, koma m'malo mwake amasungidwa monga malemba omwe angapezedwe ndikugwiritsidwa ntchito pamene zochitika zimadzutsa [21, 29]. WKuwongolera kugwiritsira ntchito ntchito, chidziwitso cha chidziwitso cha chikhalidwe cha anthu chimaneneratu kuti pamene achinyamata omwe ali ndi chidwi chogonana amakhala mobwerezabwereza akuwona anthu okongola akugonana ndi zotsatira zochepa zoyipa, adzawona kuti khalidweli ndi lopindulitsa ndipo chifukwa chake limakhudzidwa kuchita zogonana. Motero, tinaganiza kuti:

Hypothesis 2a: Kawirikawiri ntchito YOMWE imagwiritsanso ntchito zowonjezereka zokhudzana ndi chiwerewere.

Poyerekeza ndi ZOYENERA, malo ochezera a pa Intaneti ndizochepa zachiwerewere; Achinyamata omwe amagwiritsa ntchito SNSs sadzakhala osasamala ndipo pamapeto pake amaonetsetsa maonekedwe a maonekedwe okongola omwe amachita zogonana. M'malo mwake, chitsanzo cha makhalidwe pa SNSs chikhoza kuchitika pakuwona za kugonana monga mutu wapamwamba ndi wofunika. Izi zikutanthauza kuti ngati zokhudzana ndi kugonana kapena kukambirana za kugonana pa SNS ndizofala, zimalimbikitsidwa bwino (mwachitsanzo, kupyolera mu ndemanga kapena 'kukonda'), ndipo zimalengedwa kapena kugawidwa ndi okalamba, zingapangitse achinyamata kukhala ndi zotsatira zabwino zokhudzana ndi kugonana komanso kulimbikitsa kuchita nawo chiwerewere [6, 28, 30]. Kuphatikiza pa maphunziro owonetsetsa ndi kuwonetsa khalidwe, malo ochezera a pa Intaneti angathe kuwonjezera mwayi wa kugonana. Kafukufuku wina wasonyeza kuti achinyamata ena amagwiritsa ntchito SNSs pofuna kufotokoza chikondi komanso / kapena kugonana, kuyamba chibwenzi, kapena kupeza zibwenzi [4, 6, 31, 32]. Malinga ndi mfundo izi, tinaganiza kuti:

Hypothesis 2b: Kugwiritsa ntchito kwafupipafupi kwa SNS kudzaneneratu kuchuluka kwa chidziwitso ndi khalidwe la chiwerewere.

Makhalidwe okhudza kugonana pa intaneti akulosera zizolowezi zoonetsera anzawo (zowonongeka II)

Kutsatira malingaliro ambirimbiri a chitukuko cha kugonana [16], timaganiza kuti kuchita nawo malingaliro okhudzana ndi kugonana ndi okhudza kugonana komwe kumakhudza zokhudzana ndi kugonana. Akatswiri ambiri amanena kuti, chifukwa cha chikhalidwe chake chokhazikika, nthawi zambiri kufotokoza zochitika zogonana zokhudzana ndi kugonana kungapangitse maganizo a achinyamata pa dziko lozungulira iwo [21]. Lingaliro limeneli limachokera mu Lingaliro la kulima [33], yomwe imanena kuti zowonetseratu zofalitsa zofalitsa mafilimu zimapanga chiwonetsero chenicheni ndi chokhazikitsidwa cha chenicheni chakuti, pambuyo pa kuwonjezeka kwadzidzidzi, kungapitirize kudziwitsa zambiri kuchokera kwa anthu ena monga makolo kapena anzawo. Pakapita nthawi, achinyamata angayambe "kukhala" kapena kutenga zikhulupiliro zokhudzana ndi "dziko lenileni" lomwe likugwirizana ndi mafilimu. Zikhulupiriro izi zingaphatikizepo malingaliro okhudza kuvomereza ndi kufalikira kwa khalidwe la kugonana pakati pa anzako. Kafukufuku wochuluka-omwe ambiri amagwiritsa ntchito mapangidwe amtunduwu-asonyeza kuti achinyamata amatha kugonana pazinthu zamalonda (mwachitsanzo, TV, magazini) amapereka chiwerengero chapamwamba cha chiwerengero cha anzawo ogonana [34-36]. Chizoloŵezichi chingakhale chachinyamatayo pogwiritsa ntchito ZOYENERA. Mwachindunji, ngati NTHAWI ikuwonetsa kugonana monga yowonongeka, yosangalatsa, ndi yopanda phindu, nthawi zambiri kuyang'ana kwa izo kungalimbikitse malingaliro akuti khalidwe la chiwerewere likufala ndi lovomerezeka-kuti "aliyense akuchita izo" [21]. Choncho, timaganiza kuti:

Hypothesis 3a: Kawirikawiri kugwiritsira ntchito KUDZIGWIRITSA ntchito kudzaneneratu zowonjezereka maganizo omwe anzako akuvomereza zokhudzana ndi kugonana (mwachitsanzo, malingaliro olakwika).

Hypothesis 3b: Kawirikawiri ntchito YOMWE imagwiritsira ntchito chiwerengero chowonjezeka cha chiwerengero cha anzako omwe ali ndi chidziwitso cha khalidwe la chiwerewere (mwachitsanzo, zofotokozera).

Pali chifukwa choyembekeza kuti achinyamata omwe amaona kuti khalidwe lachiwerewere limasinthidwanso chifukwa cha ntchito zawo za SNS. Kafukufuku wasonyeza kuti mbali zokhudzana ndi zofalitsa zofalitsa mauthenga, monga chizindikiritso ndi mafilimu ndi zochitika zodziwika, zingakhudze malingaliro a achinyamata kuposa momwe zilili zokhudzana ndi kugonana [6, 37]. Popeza kuti zambiri zokhudzana ndi SNSs zimapangidwa ndi anzanga achinyamata, kudziwitsidwa ndi kuzindikira kuti zingakhale zofunikira kwambiri kwa SNS ntchito. Inde, ntchito yam'mbuyomu yasonyeza kuti achinyamata amatha kuona maumboni okhudzana ndi kugwiritsira ntchito mankhwala ndi kugonana pa SNSs monga momwe zimasonyezera molondola malingaliro enieni ndi makhalidwe [38, 39]. Kuphatikizana ndi nthawi yochuluka yomwe anyamata amathera pa SNSs [5, 30], izi zinatipangitsa kuganiza kuti:

Zophatikiza 3c: Kugwiritsa ntchito kwafupipafupi kwa SNS kudzaneneratu zowonjezereka malingaliro omwe anzako akuvomereza zokhudzana ndi kugonana (mwachitsanzo, malingaliro olakwika).

Zophatikiza 3d: Kugwiritsa ntchito kwafupipafupi kwa SNS kudzaneneratu kuwonjezeka kwakukulu kwa chiwerengero cha anzako omwe ali ndi chidziwitso cha khalidwe la chiwerewere (mwachitsanzo, zofotokozera).

Malingaliro ochezera omwe amadziwika amavomereza khalidwe la kugonana (kulunjika zotsatira III)

Monga tanenera kale, kafukufuku wakhala akuwonetsa kuti achinyamata akupanga chisankho chokhudzana ndi kugonana amakhudzidwa ndi zikhulupiliro zawo zokhudzana ndi chikhalidwe cha anzawo [19]. Izi zimafotokozedwa muzolemba za chikhalidwe cha anthu [40], lomwe likuti anthu amayendetsa khalidwe lawo molingana ndi malingaliro awo a zomwe zimawoneka, kulandiridwa, kapena kuyembekezera pakati pa zolemba zazikulu. Zomwe zimatchedwa zikhalidwe za anthu zimagwira ntchito monga zovuta zowonongeka komanso zotsatira zoyenera kutsogolera ziganizo. Izi zikutanthauza kuti, poganiza kuti anzako amavomereza khalidwe lachiwerewere (mwachitsanzo, zizoloŵezi zoipa) achinyamata amayamba kuphunzira ngati khalidwe la kugonana limavomerezedwa ndi / kapena kuyembekezera, komanso poganiza kuti anzanu akuchita nawo zogonana (mwachitsanzo, ziganizo) kaya kugonana kumapindulitsa ndipo motero kuyambitsa [40, 41]. Ndikofunika kuzindikira kuti malamulo olakwika ndi ofotokoza amachokera pa achinyamata omwe amakhulupirira kuti anzawo amavomereza ndi kuchita nawo makhalidwe ena, kotero kuti akhoza kukhala opanda malingaliro a anzawo enieni. Tinaganiza kuti:

Hypothesis 4a: Malingaliro amphamvu omwe anzako akuvomereza zokhudzana ndi kugonana (mwachitsanzo, malingaliro olakwika) adzaneneratu kuchulukira kwa machitidwe ndi chiwerewere.

Zophatikiza 4b: Zowerengera zapamwamba za chiwerengero cha anzako omwe akuchita chiwerewere (mwachitsanzo, ziganizo zofotokozera) zidzanenedweratu kuchuluka kwa chidziwitso ndi khalidwe la chiwerewere.

Kafukufuku wofufuzira udindo wa omwe amakhulupirira kuti khalidwe lachiwerewere lachiwerewere likuwoneka kuti achinyamata amachita zachiwerewere zimagwirizana kwambiri ndi zomwe amakhulupirira kuti anzawo amachita kuposa zomwe amakhulupirira kuti anzawo amavomereza [13, 19]. Ngakhale kuti zolemba zokhudzana ndi chikhalidwe cha anthu sizikudziwikiratu momveka bwino kapena kufotokoza kwa kusiyana kumeneku pakati pazinthu zofotokozera ndi zosalongosoka, tawonetsedwa kuti maganizo a anzanu pazochitika zogonana amanyamula mbali yowonjezera yowonjezera yowonjezera yeniyeni yomwe ingavomereze kuchita mu chiwerewere [13, 19]. Izi zikutanthauza kuti achinyamata angaganize kuti anzanu omwe amachitira chiwerewere amavomereza khalidwe lotere komanso ena akutero, pomwe sangadziwe bwino chiyanjo cha kugonana pakati pa anzawo omwe sagonana. Komabe, zanenedwa kuti ngati malamulo osayenerera amalingalira monga momwe amakakamizidwa kuchita khalidwe linalake (mwachitsanzo, momwe khalidweli likuyendetsedwera ndi anzawo), ziganizo zingakhale zovuta kwambiri khalidwe lachinyamata [41]. Chifukwa cha kufotokoza kwakukulu kumeneku, sitinaganizirepo za kufunika kwa malamulo osalongosoka ndi ofotokoza pofotokoza za achinyamata omwe ali ndi chidziwitso ndi khalidwe lachiwerewere.

Malingaliro a anzanu omwe amadziwika monga njira zothetsera (zotsatira zosadziwika)

Ngati kuganiza kuti 3a-d ndi 4a + b zimathandizidwa, njira zawo zingagwirizanitsidwe kuti zikhazikike; ndiko kuti, kuchokera ku machitidwe okhudza kugonana pa intaneti, kupyolera mu zikhalidwe zogwirizana ndi anzako, ku chikhalidwe chotsatira cha khalidwe la kugonana. Makamaka:

Hypothesis 5a: Kawirikawiri ntchito YOMWE imayambitsa kuwonjezeka kwa machitidwe ndi khalidwe la chiwerewere powonjezera malingaliro ovomerezedwa ndi anzako za chiwerewere (mwachitsanzo, malamulo olakwika). [Hypothesis 5c kwa SNS ntchito]

Hypothesis 5b: KUKHALA kawirikawiri KUKHALA ntchito kumabweretsa kuwonjezeka kwa chidziwitso ndi khalidwe la chiwerewere poonjezera chiwerengero cha chiwerengero cha anzanu ogonana (mwachitsanzo, zofotokozera). [Hypothesis 5d ya SNS ntchito]

Umboni wa zotsatira zoterezi zapezeka mufukufuku wofufuzira chiyanjano pakati pa kugonana ndi zokhudzana ndi zochitika zokhudzana ndi kugonana ndi zokhudzana ndi kugonana ndi makhalidwe [36, 42]. Komabe, maphunzirowa mwina amagwiritsidwa ntchito popanga magawo kapena osayesetsa kuwongolera miyeso yoyamba ya zikhalidwe ndi khalidwe la anzawo, ndikuwapangitsa kuti asayese njira zakanthawi. Kuwonjezera pazidziwitso za olemba, palibe kafukufuku amene awona ngati zizolowezi zoonetsera anzawo zimagwirizanitsa zotsatira za kugwiritsira ntchito ntchito ndi SNS pogwiritsa ntchito chiwerewere chotsatira.

Gender

Zina mwazinthu zofunikira kwambiri pamtundu wathu wophatikizika zitha kudalira jenda la achinyamata. Zimadziwika kuti anyamata ndi atsikana omwe ali achinyamata amakhala ndi mayanjano osiyanasiyana azakugonana. Kusagwirizana pakati pa amuna ndi akazi kumakhudzidwa kwambiri ndi chodabwitsa chomwe chimafotokozedwa kuti ndi "chiwerewere," chomwe chimatanthauza kuvomereza miyezo yolongosola kukondwererana koma kudzilemekeza kwa atsikana, pomwe kuyamika kudzipereka kwa chilolezo kwa anyamata [43-45]. Kugonana kwachiwiri kungayambitse zikhulupiriro zosiyana zokhudzana ndi kugonana, komwe kugonana kumayembekezera anyamata koma osakondedwa ndi atsikana [46]. Mauthenga osiyanasiyana okhudzana ndi chikhalidwe angakhudze mtundu wa machitidwe a intaneti a anyamata ndi atsikana omwe akugwira nawo ntchito, ndi momwe amachitira ndikusankha zomwe zili ndi mauthenga [22, 23, 47]. Mwachitsanzo, tawonetsa kuti anyamata ambiri amatha kugwiritsa ntchito ZOYENERA ndikutheka kuti athandizidwe ndi zomwe zilipo chifukwa SEIMI imawonetsera kugonana m'njira yomwe anyamata angakhale ovomerezeka ndi anthu, koma zimasiyana ndi zolemba zapamwamba za atsikana [48]. Chifukwa cha kusiyana kwakukulu pakati pa amai, tinayeseranso chitsanzo chathu chophatikizapo anyamata ndi atsikana.

njira

ophunzira

Deta ya phunziro ili inasonkhanitsidwa monga gawo la Project STARS, polojekiti ya kafukufuku wamtundu wautali pa kukonda chikondi ndi kugonana kwa achinyamata Achi Dutch. Chitsanzo chabwino cha achinyamata omwe ali ndi sukulu yachisanu ndi chimodzi mpaka khumi chinatsatiridwa pa mafunde anayi, ndipo miyezi isanu ndi umodzi imakhala pakati pa mafunde. Mtsinje woyerekeza woyamba (T1) inachitika mu kugwa kwa 2011. Chitsanzo chotenga nthawi yaitali chinali ndi otsogolera a 1,297 (53.3% anyamata). Phunziro laposachedwapa, ophunzira asanu ndi awiri okha (10)n = 1,132) anaphatikizidwa ngati funso la ophunzira a kalasi ya chisanu ndi chimodzi linalibe mfundo zonse zofufuzidwa. Ku T1, chitsanzochi (52.7% anyamata) anali ndi zaka zapakati pa zaka 13.95 (SD = 1.18; mitundu 11-17). Ambiri mwa ophunzira (79.2%) anali ndi chibadwidwe cha Dutch (okha ndi makolo onse obadwira ku Netherlands); 11.0% anali ndi chikhalidwe china chakumadzulo (yekha kapena kholo lobadwira ku Ulaya, US, Canada, Australia, kapena New Zealand), ndipo 9.8% anali ndi chikhalidwe chosakhala chakumadzulo (yekha kapena kholo lobadwira ku Africa, Middle East, Asia , kapena dziko la South America. Achinyamata analembedwera pamaphunziro osiyanasiyana, ndi pafupifupi 40% m'mapulogalamu a maphunziro a ntchito ndi 60% mu mapulogalamu a koleji kapena yunivesite.

Chifukwa cha kusakhala kusukulu pa tsiku la chiyeso ndi kumaliza maphunziro a khumi ndi awiri pambuyo pa T2, ena mwa ophunzira athu sanakwanitse kumaliza mafunso onse anayi. Otsatira a 1,132, 815 (72.0%) adapereka deta m'mafunde onse anayi. Ku T1, T2, T3, ndi T4, chiwerengero cha ophunzira chinali 1,066 (94.2%), 1,047 (92.5%), 1,010 (89.2%), ndi 925 (81.7%), motsatira. Poyerekeza ndi ophunzira omwe anamaliza mayankho onse, ophunzira omwe anaphonya mafunde oyenda limodzi kapena ambiri anali anyamata, χ² (1, N = 1,132) = 10.21, p = .001, wamkulu, t(503.21) = -6.71, p <.001, adalembetsa m'masukulu apansi, χ² (1, N = 1,065) = 66.80, p <.001, ndipo nthawi zambiri anali osakhala achizungu, χ² (1, N = 1,132) = 12.55, p <.001. Komanso, adanenanso kuchuluka kwa ZOCHITIKA, t(314.96) = -5.00, p <.001, zikhalidwe zosavomerezeka ndi zofotokozera za anzawo, tinjunctive(363.54) = -8.55, p <.001 motsatira tzofotokoza(342.64) = -8.26, p <.001, ndi chidziwitso cha kugonana, t(295.59) = -8.04, p <.001, kumayambiriro kwa phunzirolo. Tiyenera kudziwa kuti njira yathu yosanthula deta (chidziwitso chathunthu, njira yodziwika yosamalira zosowa) imaphatikizira milandu yomwe idasowa pang'ono; chifukwa chake, zotsatira zathu zimachokera pachitsanzo chathunthu [49].

Kayendesedwe

Achinyamata analembedwanso ku sukulu m'mizinda ikuluikulu komanso ma municipalities ang'onoang'ono ku Netherlands konse. Mipingo imayandikira mosavuta, komabe anasankhidwa mwadongosolo kuchokera kumadera osiyanasiyana a Netherlands. Masukulu okhudzidwa adayenderedwa ndi ochita kafukufuku pamsonkhano wapadera ndi mtsogoleri wawo, pomwe zolinga ndi ndondomeko zophunzirira zinayambika ndikufotokozedwa. Pambuyo pake, sukulu zinayi zapamwamba zinagwirizana kuti zichite nawo. Akuluakulu a sukulu ndi ofufuza adasankha pamodzi kuti ndi maphunziro ati m'sukulu omwe adzasankhidwe kuti atenge mbali.

Asanayambe kuyeza, achinyamata ndi makolo awo analandira makalata, timabuku, ndi mapepala omwe akufotokoza zolinga za phunziroli komanso kuti akhoza kuthetsa kapena kuthetsa nawo ntchito nthawi iliyonse. Makolo amatha kubwereranso mafomu osayina omwe amasonyeza kuti mwana wawo saloledwa kutenga nawo mbali mu phunziro (6.9% ya makolo oyandikira anachita). Achinyamata omwe ali ndi chidziwitso chodziwitsa makolo anadziwitsidwa pa nthawi iliyonse kuti kutenga nawo gawo kuli mwaufulu komanso kuti abwerere ku sukulu yawo ngati sakufuna kutenga nawo mbali mu phunziro (0.1% adachita).

Pa maulendo onse, anyamata anatha mapepala a mafunso a Chidatchi pamasukulu pa nthawi ya sukulu. Ofufuza ndi othandizira ochita kafukufuku analipo kuti ayang'anire kusonkhanitsa deta (mwachitsanzo, kuyambitsa polojekiti ndi ndondomeko, yankhani mafunso, ndi kuonetsetsa kuti padera pali aphunzitsi ndi ophunzira ena). Aphunzitsi sankakhala m'kalasi panthawi yosonkhanitsa deta. Chinsinsi cha mayankho chinali chotsimikiziridwa, monga momwe zinaliri njira yothetsera kutenga nawo mbali nthawi iliyonse. Achinyamata analandira ziphaso za mphatso zabukhu za maiko owonjezereka pambuyo pa mafunso onse omwe anamaliza. Pulogalamu yamakhazikitsidwe inakhazikitsidwa ngati ophunzira ali ndi mavuto kapena mafunso okhudza nkhaniyi mu phunziro ili. Bungwe la aphunzitsi la Faculty of Social and Behavioral Sciences ku University of Utrecht linavomereza njira zonse zophunzirira ndi kuvomereza.

Njira

Zochitika ndi khalidwe la chiwerewere (T1 ndi T4)

Pofuna kuona zomwe achinyamata akukumana nazo ndi chiwerewere, ophunzira poyamba anafunsidwa mafunso awiri: "Kodi mbuyanga mudapsompsona wina?" Ndi "Kodi munayamba mwagonana ndi munthu wina? Ndi kugonana timatanthawuza chirichonse chifukwa chokhudza kapena kugwidwa kugonana, "(0 = Ayi, 1 = Inde). Anthu omwe adawonetsa Inde pafunso lachiwiri analandira mafunso okhudzana ndi zochitika zawo zokhudzana ndi kugonana: kugwirana mwala wamaliseche kapena kukondana, kuchita kapena kulandira kugonana mwatsatanetsatane, kuchita kapena kulandira kugonana kwachinsinsi, komanso kugonana kapena kugonana (0 = Ayi, 1 = Inde). Kupsompsonana ndi khalidwe lachiwerewere linagwirizanitsidwa kukhala zosiyana zofanana ndi zomwe achinyamata akukumana nazo ndi chiwerewere, kuyambira 0 = Osazindikira ndi makhalidwe onse asanu ku 5 = Dziwani ndi makhalidwe asanu (Cronbach's αT1 = .78; αT4 = .86).

Machitidwe okhudza kugonana pa intaneti (T1)

KODI ntchito. Malingana ndi kafukufuku pa mawu a mafunso ovuta [50], ZINTHU ZOCHOKERA za achinyamata zimayesedwa motere: "Nthawi zambiri achinyamata ambiri amaonera zolaula pa intaneti. Tikufuna kudziwa momwe izi ziliri kwa inu. Kodi ndi kangati mumagwiritsa ntchito intaneti kuti muone webusaiti ya zolaula (webusaitiyi yomwe ili ndi zithunzi kapena mafilimu omwe amasonyeza ubongo kapena anthu ogonana)? "Magulu omwe amayankhidwa ndi chinthu ichi ndi 1 = Never, 2 = Osachepera kamodzi pachaka, 3 = Pang'ono ndi kamodzi pamwezi, 4 = Katatu katatu pamwezi, 5 = Kamodzi kapena kawiri pa sabata, 6 = Katatu pa sabata kapena kuposa.

SNS ntchito. Kugwiritsira ntchito kwa achinyamata kwa SNSs kunayesedwa mwa kufunsa ophunzira nthawi yochuluka yomwe amagwiritsira ntchito tsiku lililonse pamalo awo ochezera a pa Intaneti. Zotsatira za mayankho ndi 0 = Osati SNS membala, 1 = Pang'ono ndi maminiti a 15, 2 = 15-30 maminiti, 3 = 30-60 maminiti, 4 = Maola 1-2, 5 = Maola 3-4, ndi 6 = Zoposa Maola 4.

Malingaliro omwe amadziwika nawo (T1 ndi T3)

Makhalidwe abwino. Malingaliro a achinyamata ovomerezedwa ndi anzawo pankhani yokhudza kugonana anayesedwa ndi chinthu chosinthidwa kale chomwe chinkagwiritsidwa ntchito kuti chivomereze makolo kuvomereza khalidwe la kugonana [51]. Chinthuchi chidawerenga kuti: "Anzanga apamtima amakhulupirira kuti anyamata ndi atsikana a msinkhu wathu sayenera kugonana pano", anapeza pazitali zisanu ndi chimodzi (1 = Zowona zoona, 6 = Zoona). Zambiri zinasinthidwa, kotero kuti mapepala apamwamba anasonyezanso kuti achinyamata amadziwa kuti anzawo akuvomereza zokhudzana ndi kugonana.

Mafotokozedwe ofotokozera. Malingaliro a achinyamata ndi zomwe anzawo anachita pa chiwerewere anayesedwa ndi zinthu zitatu zokhudzana ndi chiwerengero cha anzako omwe achinyamata amalingalira kuti akupsompsonana, kugonana, ndi usiku umodzi amangoima [52,53], anapeza paziti zisanu ndi chimodzi (1 = Palibe abwenzi anga, 2 = Ochepa chabe abwenzi anga, 3 = Oposa theka la abwenzi anga, 4 = Oposa theka la abwenzi anga, 5 = Pafupifupi onse anga anzanga, 6 = Anzanga onse). Mapangidwe azinthu adapangidwa mwa kuwonetsa zinthu pazinthu izi (αT1 = .72; αT3 = .73).

Njira yothetsera

Mchitidwe wogwiritsa ntchito umaperekedwa Chithunzi cha 1 adayesedwa pogwiritsa ntchito njira zofanana mu Mplus (Version 7.2; [54]). Ife tinkayerekezera mitundu iwiri, imodzi ikuphatikizapo KUKHALA ntchito ndipo imodzi kuphatikizapo SNS ntchito. Makhalidwe okhudza kugonana pa intaneti anayesedwa pazotsatira (T1); malingaliro omwe amadziwika ndi anzawo ndi chizoloŵezi cha kugonana anayesedwa onse pazotsatira komanso pa 12 (T3) ndi 18 (T4) patapita miyezi yotsatira, motsatira. Mwanjira iyi, kusintha kwa nthawi yowonjezera pazomwe amachitira anzawo ndi khalidwe la chiwerewere mutatha kuchita nawo zokhudzana ndi machitidwe a pa Intaneti angaganizidwe. Zaka zidaphatikizidwa mu zitsanzo monga zosiyana siyana komanso zitsanzo za anyamata ndi atsikana okhaokha.

Tinagwiritsira ntchito njira ya bootstrap kuti tiganizire zitsanzo monga izi zimachepetsa mavuto ndi kuyezetsa kwakukulu pamene kulingalira kwakukulu kumaphwanya [55] -Chimodzimodzi chodabwitsa mu kufufuza za kugonana. Tinapeza zitsanzo za bokosi la 1,000 ndipo tawonanso 95% nthawi zosamalidwa zokhudzana ndi zosayanjanitsika pazochitika zonse zosokoneza. Ngati izi sizingaphatikizepo phindu la zero, zotsatira zake ndizofunika. Tinaona kuti zotsatira zake ndi zofunika kwambiri ngati zili zonsezi pchiwerengero cha 95% chokhazikitsidwa ndi chikhulupilirochi chinasonyeza kusiyana kwakukulu pakati pa zero. Chitsanzo chofanana chikuyankhidwa ndi Fitasiyanitsa Fit Index (CFI) ndi Mphuphu Yoyambira Pakati Yoyang'ana (RMSEA). CFIs yaikulu kuposa .90 ndi RMSEAs zochepa kuposa .08 zinkaonedwa ngati umboni wa zoyenera zokwanira [56].

Kufufuza ngati ntchito YAMAGAZI ya achinyamata ndi SNS amagwiritsidwa ntchito, kudzera malingaliro owonjezereka ovomerezedwa ndi anzako ndi ntchito, kuwonjezeka kwa machitidwe ndi khalidwe la chiwerewere (H5), tinayesa kufunikira kwa zotsatira zosawonetsera zomwe zinapangidwa ndi njira ya coefficients njira [54, 57].

Results

Zofotokozedwa ndi zofufuza zoyambirira

Mafotokozedwe ofotokozera amitundu ofunika akuwonetsedwa Gulu 1. Machitidwe okhudza kugonana pa intaneti ndi osiyana kwambiri kwa anyamata ndi atsikana: anyamata amawonetsa nthawi zambiri kugwiritsa ntchito kuposa atsikana, pamene atsikana amatha nthawi yochuluka pa tsiku pa SNSs. Ponena za zikhalidwe zogwirizana ndi anzanga, anyamata adapezeka kuti akunena maganizo amphamvu omwe anzawo amavomerezana ndi kuchita chiwerewere kusiyana ndi atsikana, onse pa mfundo yoyamba (T1) ndi pakapita miyezi 12 (T3). Pairwise t mayesero amasonyeza kuti kwa anyamata ndi atsikana 'chiyanjano cha anzawowa chinawonjezeka kwambiri pa nthawi ya mwezi wa 12 (anyamata: tinjunctive(474) = -10.63, p <.001, tzofotokoza(413) = -4.96, p <.001; atsikana: tinjunctive(453) = -8.80, p <.001, tzofotokoza(417) = -6.99, p <.001). Mulingo woyambira wazidziwitso zakugonana zinali zochulukirapo kwa anyamata poyerekeza ndi atsikana; komabe, kusiyana kumeneku sikunkawonekeranso ku T4. Monga tikuyembekezera, chiwerengero cha anyamata ndi atsikana ndi khalidwe la kugonana chinawonjezeka pa nthawi ya mwezi wa 18 pakati pa T1 ndi T4 (anyamata: t(434) = -9.69, p <.001; atsikana: t(437) = -10.44, p <.001). Gulu 2 imasonyeza coefficients yolumikizana ya zosiyanasiyana kuphatikizidwa mu njira yophatikiza. Monga momwe gome ili likusonyezera, makhalidwe okhudzana ndi kugonana pa intaneti, malingaliro a anzawo omwe amadziwika, ndi zokhudzana ndi khalidwe la chiwerewere zonse zimagwirizana bwino (kupatulapo ZOMWE ZOMWE ZOMWE ZOMWE ZOMWE ZISANU NDI ZOMWE ZILI NDI ZOTHANDIZA3 zopanda chilungamo).

Gulu 1 

Mafotokozedwe Otsindika Othandizira Makina Otsatira Otsatira a Atsikana ndi Atsikana.
Gulu 2 

Mgwirizano wa Pearson pakati pa Mitundu Yayikuluyi mu Integrative Model kwa Anyamata ndi Atsikana.

Kufufuza kwa njira yophatikizira

Mitundu yathu yoyambirira sinawonetse zokwanira (mwachitsanzo, ma RMSEAs onse> .10). Kuyendera kwa indices zosinthira kudawulula kuti njira zina ziwiri zimayenera kuphatikizidwa pamitunduyo kuti igwirizane ndi zomwe zanenedwa. Makamaka, kuwonjezera njira kuchokera (1) T1 khalidwe lachiwerewere kwa T3 miyambo yofotokozera ndi (2) T1 miyambo yofotokozera kwa T3 malingaliro a injunctive anawoneka ngati zitsanzo zovomerezeka, CFIs ≥ .99; RMSEA ≤ .08. Zitsanzo zomaliza za ntchito ya SEIM ndi SNS ntchito zikuwonetsedwa m'mafanizo Mafanizo22 ndi And3,3, motsatira. Pofuna kutsindika zotsatira za chidwi chachikulu, ziwerengero izi zimangokhala zokhazokha zokhudzana ndi kugwirizana. Zotsatira zochokera kwa covariates (msinkhu ndi miyeso yoyamba ya zilakolako za anzawo ndi chiwerewere) kuzinthu zofunikira sizichotsedwa ku chiwerengero, monga momwe mabungwe otsalirawo aliri. Njira izi zinali zabwino komanso zowonjezera, kupatulapo: (a) zaka ndi ntchito YOMWE (asungwana), (b) zaka ndi SNS ntchito (anyamata ndi atsikana), (c) zaka mpaka T3 miyambo yofotokoza (anyamata), (d) zaka mpaka T4 khalidwe lachiwerewere (anyamata ndi atsikana); zosafunikira kwenikweni zomwe zinachokera B = 0.03 (β = .02) ku B = 0.09 (β = .08). Zitsanzo zofananazi zinapanga 59% ndi 61% za kusiyana kwa msinkhu wa anyamata ndi khalidwe la chiwerewere ndi 50% ndi 51% ya kusiyana kwa msinkhu wa atsikana ndi khalidwe la chiwerewere.

Chithunzi cha 2 

Chiwerengero choyenerera cha SEIM ntchito.
Chithunzi cha 3 

Mtengo woyenera wa SNS ntchito.

Mabungwe oyambirira

Monga ananenedweratu mu Hypothesis 1a, achinyamata omwe anali ndi chidziwitso choyambirira ndi khalidwe la chiwerewere ankalemba zambiri KUKHALA ntchito (anyamata: B = 0.92, β = .43, p <.001, bc 95% CI [0.71, 1.15]; atsikana: B = 0.10, β = .23, p = .008, bc 95% CI [0.03, 0.18]). Komanso, mogwirizana ndi Hypothesis 1b, anyamata omwe ankanena kuti anzawo amavomereza kuti amavomerezana ndi kugonana nawo pachiyambi cha phunzirolo, amagwiritsa ntchito nthawi zambiri (anyamata: Binjunctive = 1.43, β = .46, p <.001, bc 95% CI [1.18, 1.69], Bzofotokoza = 0.89, β = .43, p <.001, bc 95% CI [0.70, 1.08]; atsikana: Binjunctive = 0.10, β = .14, p = .002, bc 95% CI [0.05, 0.18], Bzofotokoza = 0.07, β = .15, p = .002, bc 95% CI [0.03, 0.11]). Zomwezo zinapezedwa kwa SNS ntchito, kutsimikizira Hypothesis 1c (anyamata: B = 0.49, β = .26, p <.001, bc 95% CI [0.30, 0.68]; atsikana: B = 0.34, β = .24, p <.001, bc 95% CI [0.21, 0.50]) ndi Hypothesis 1d (anyamata: Binjunctive = 0.63, β = .23, p <.001, bc 95% CI [0.38, 0.87], Bzofotokoza = 0.54, β = .29, p <.001, bc 95% CI [0.37, 0.69]; atsikana: Binjunctive = 0.59, β = .25, p <.001, bc 95% CI [0.35, 0.81], Bzofotokoza = 0.54, β = .37, p <.001, bc 95% CI [0.41, 0.70]).

Zotsatira zomveka

Hypothesis 2a inanena kuti kawirikawiri ntchito YOMWE imagwiritsira ntchito mwachindunji kuchuluka kwa chidziwitso ndi khalidwe la chiwerewere. Maganizo awa amayenera kukanidwa (anyamata: B = 0.08, β = .08, p = .120, bc 95% CI [-0.03, 0.17]; atsikana: B = 0.10, β = .03, p = .647, bc 95% CI [-0.36, 0.46]). Hypothesis 2b, akulosera kuti ntchito zambiri za SNS zomwe zingagwiritsidwe ntchito zingapangitse kuwonjezeka kwa chidziwitso ndi khalidwe la chiwerewere, analandira chithandizo kwa anyamata (anyamata: B = 0.16, β = .14, p <.001, bc 95% CI [0.08, 0.23]; atsikana: B = 0.08, β = .07, p = .099, bc 95% CI [-0.02, 0.17]). Nthawi zambiri SNS imagwiritsa ntchito kuwonjezeka kwa chiwerengero cha anyamata ndi khalidwe la chiwerewere patapita miyezi 18.

Zoganiza 3a ndi 3b zinaneneratu kuti kaŵirikaŵiri KUKHALA ntchito kungapangitse malingaliro a achinyamata kuti anzawo amavomereza ndikuchita chiwerewere. Zotsatira za nthawi zam'tsogolozi zapezeka, ngakhale kwa anyamata okha (anyamata: Binjunctive = 0.10, β = .10, p = .020, bc 95% CI [0.10, 0.18], Bzofotokoza = 0.08, β = .10, p = .028, bc 95% CI [0.01, 0.15]; atsikana: Binjunctive = -0.15, β = -.04, p = .425, bc 95% CI [-0.56, 0.20], Bzofotokoza = -0.09, β = -.04, p = .479, bc 95% CI [-0.32, 0.21]). Amaganizira 3c ndi 3d, yomwe inaneneratu kuti ntchito zambiri za SNS zowonjezereka zidzakulitsa malingaliro a achinyamata omwe achinyamata amavomerezana nawo ndi kuchita zogonana, adathandizidwa pang'ono. Mwapadera, a SNS a anyamata amagwiritsira ntchito kuwonjezeka kwowonjezereka mu miyambo yawo yolunctive ndi yofotokozera miyezi ya 12 kenako, pamene SNS a atsikana amagwiritsa ntchito chidziwitso chowonjezeka mu zikhalidwe zawo zopanda chilungamo, koma mwachindunji pazinthu zawo zofotokozera (anyamata: Binjunctive = 0.17, β = .14, p <.001, bc 95% CI [0.08, 0.25], Bzofotokoza = 0.08, β = .10, p = .010, bc 95% CI [0.02, 0.15]; atsikana: Binjunctive = 0.15, β = .12, p = .003, bc 95% CI [0.05, 0.25], Bzofotokoza = 0.07, β = .09, p = .051, bc 95% CI [0.00, 0.15]).

Monga momwe tikuyembekezeredwa mu Zophatikiza 4a ndi 4b, zizolowezi zomwe ankaziwona zokhudza kugonana zaneneratu zomwe achinyamata amakumana nazo pa chiwerewere. Kwa anyamata, malingaliro amphamvu omwe anzanu akuchita nawo zogonana anakula kuchuluka kwa chidziwitso ndi khalidwe la chiwerewere patapita miyezi isanu ndi umodzi (Bzofotokoza = 0.29, β = .23, p <.001, bc 95% CI [0.17, 0.45]); Komabe, zovuta zamakhalidwe oyipa pazochita zogonana zomwe sizinachitike sizinafikire tanthauzo (Binjunctive = 0.05, β = .05, p = .211, bc 95% CI [-0.02, 0.13]). Kwa atsikana, malingaliro amphamvu omwe anzawo amavomerezana nawo ndi kugonana akulosera kuti adawonjezeka chidziwitso ndi khalidwe la chiwerewere patatha miyezi isanu ndi umodzi (Binjunctive = 0.16, β = .19, p <.001, bc 95% CI [0.09, 0.25], Bzofotokoza = 0.18, β = .13, p = .022, bc 95% CI [0.03, 0.35]). (Zotsatira izi zimachokera ku zitsanzo za SNS; kulingalira kuchokera ku SEIM chitsanzo kungakhale kosiyana koma sikusintha zogwirizana.)

Zotsatira zosadziwika

Malinga ndi zomwe tafufuzazi, tafufuza njira zitatu zosiyana siyana zomwe zikhalidwe zogonana zokhudzana ndi kugonana zingathandize kuti achinyamata azitha kuchita zinthu zogonana. Kwa njira yoyamba, yomwe imayimirira zotsatira za ZIMENE ACHINYAMATA amagwiritsira ntchito pazotsatira zokhudzana ndi kugonana kudzera mwazofotokozera, zotsatira zenizeni sizinafike pofunika (B = 0.02, β = .03, p = .066, bc 95% CI [0.00, 0.06]). Komabe, pa njira yachiwiri, kuimirira zotsatira za anyamata a SNS amagwiritsa ntchito khalidwe la chiwerewere kudzera muzinthu zofotokozera, zotsatira zosaoneka bwino zikuwonekera kwambiri (B = 0.03, β = .02, p = .031, bc 95% CI [0.01, 0.05]). Mofananamo, zotsatira za njira yachitatu, zomwe zimapangitsa atsikana a SNS kugwiritsira ntchito pa chiwerewere pogwiritsa ntchito zizoloŵezi zoipa,B = 0.03, β = .02, p = .018, bc 95% CI [0.01, 0.05]). Choncho, mogwirizana ndi Malingaliro a 5c ndi 5d, SNS imagwiritsira ntchito chiwerengero chowonjezeka cha zokhudzana ndi chiwerewere pogwiritsa ntchito malingaliro awo kuti anzanu akuchita zachiwerewere pakati pa anyamata ndi malingaliro omwe anzawo amavomerezana ndi khalidwe la kugonana pakati pa atsikana.

Kukambirana

Kafukufuku wamakono akufuna kutenga njira yowunikira kumvetsetsa momwe khalidwe la pa Intaneti likugwirizanirana ndi kugwirizanitsa zokhudzana ndi kugonana. Mwachindunji, tinayesa njira yofotokozera momwe tingagwirire ntchito (mwachitsanzo, KUYENERA kugwiritsa ntchito) ndi kuyankhulana (mwachitsanzo, SNS ntchito) zizolowezi zokhudzana ndi kugonana zogwirizana ndi kugonana zimagwirizanitsidwa ndi zikhalidwe za anzawo pofotokoza momwe achinyamata amachitira zokhudzana ndi kugonana.

Zomwe tapezazi zinapangitsa kuti mabukuwa athandizidwe ndi machitidwe a pa Intaneti pa chikhalidwe cha achinyamata. Choyamba, zotsatira zathu zasonyeza kuti makhalidwe okhudzana ndi kugonana pa intaneti ndi ofanana kwenikweni ndi njira zokhudzana ndi kugonana pakati pa anzako. Mwachindunji, achinyamata omwe ankakonda kugwiritsa ntchito nthawi zambiri ndi omwe amathera nthawi yochuluka pa SNS, amakhalanso ozindikira kuti anzawo amavomerezana ndi chiwerewere (mwachitsanzo, kusemphana maganizo) komanso kugonana (mwachitsanzo, ziganizo). Komanso, onse omwe amagonana ndi achinyamata pazinthu zogonana komanso malingaliro awo amtundu wa anzawo anali kugwirizana ndi machitidwe apamwamba ndi khalidwe la kugonana.

Gawo lachiwiri la zomwe tapeza ndikuti amasonyeza njira zosiyana zomwe zikhalidwe zomwe zimagwirizanitsa zokhudzana ndi kugonana zimalosera zomwe zimachitikira achinyamata ndi khalidwe la chiwerewere. Chitsanzo chathu chinasonyeza kuti pakati pa anyamata, nthawi yambiri yogwiritsidwa ntchito pa SNSs inanenedwa mwachindunji kuwonjezeka kwa chidziwitso ndi khalidwe la chiwerewere miyezi 18 kenako. Zotsatira izi sizinapezeke kwa atsikana, ngakhale kuti apeza kuti pafupifupi asungwana amalemba kawirikawiri SNS ntchito. Komanso, palibe zotsatira zenizeni za ZIMENE ACHINYAMATA achikulire amagwiritsira ntchito pazochitika zawo zodziwika ndi khalidwe logonana. Komabe, makhalidwe okhudzana ndi kugonana pa intaneti makamaka adanenedwa kuti akuwonjezeka pa msinkhu wa achinyamata ndi khalidwe la chiwerewere pogwiritsa ntchito malingaliro awo pazokhudzana ndi kugonana. Mwachindunji, anyamata omwe ankagwiritsa ntchito SEIM kawirikawiri ndipo amene amathera nthawi yochuluka pa SNSs amasonyeza kuwonjezeka kwa nthawi mu zikhulupiliro zawo kuti anzako akuvomereza zokhudzana ndi kugonana ndi momwe amawerengera a chiwerengero cha anzawo ogonana. Mofananamo, atsikana omwe akhala ndi nthawi yochulukirapo pa SNS, amaonjezera kuwonjezeka kwa malingaliro awo kuti anzawo amavomereza khalidwe lachiwerewere (komanso m'maganizo awo a chiwerengero cha anzawo ogonana). Maganizo awa (mwachitsanzo, malamulo ofotokozera anyamata, injunctive ndi mafotokozedwe othandizira atsikana), kenaka, ananeneratu kuti kuwonjezeka kwa machitidwe ndi khalidwe la kugonana. Ngakhale kuti chiwerengerocho chimawoneka kuti ndizochepa (ndi zosafunika kwenikweni pazochita za ACHINYAMATA anyamata ndi atsikana a SNS amagwiritsa ntchito mwazidziwitso), thZomwe zikupezeka zikuwonetsa kuti machitidwe okhudzana ndi kugonana ndi okhudzana ndi kugonana ali ndi mphamvu zothandizira malingaliro a achinyamata pa zomwe amavomereza ndi zovomerezeka, mwinamwake chifukwa cha kuwonjezereka kwa chiyeso ndi / kapena zowonjezereka zowonjezera zokhudzana ndi chiwerewere [40]. Choncho, phunziro lathu limatsimikizira malingaliro ofotokozera a Kulinganiza Theory ndi Social Norms Theory kuti kupanga chigamulo cha kugonana kumakhudzidwa makamaka ndi khalidwe lodziwika bwino, komanso kuti zofalitsa zokhudzana ndi kugonana zingawononge malingaliro ofunika kwambiri [19, 33, 40]. Kuwonjezera pamenepo, zomwe tapeza zimapanga pa kafukufuku wakale zomwe zikuwonetsa kuti kufotokozera zochitika zogonana zokhudzana ndi kugonana kumalosera khalidwe lachiwerewere la achinyamata kuti asinthe malingaliro awo a zilakolako za kugonana [36, 42]. Chofunika kwambiri, zomwe tapeza zimasonyeza kuti izi zingakhale zowona kuti SNS ikugwiritsa ntchito-khalidwe lodziwika bwino lomwe ndilolumikizana kwambiri kuposa kugonana momveka bwino-ndipo motsimikizira kuti pakufunika kugwirizanitsa njira zambiri zokhudzana ndi kayendedwe ka kugonana kwa achinyamata.

Gawo lachitatu la zomwe tapeza ndikuti amatsindika kusiyana kwa kusiyana pakati pa amuna ndi akazi pa momwe khalidwe la pa Intaneti likugwirizanirana ndi chiwerewere. Choyamba, mosiyana ndi anyamata, ZIMENE ACHINYAMATA asagwiritsire ntchito sizinali zogwirizana ndi kusintha kwa nthawi pa malingaliro awo a zokhudzana ndi kugonana. Kupeza izi kungasonyeze kuti atsikana amachepetsedwa ndi ZOONA, zomwe zingakhale zosakwanira kuti zikhale ndi malingaliro ovomerezeka ndi kufalikira kwa chiwerewere [21, 33]. Zingakhale kuti asungwana omwe amagwiritsa ntchito zifukwa zodziwika "zosiyana", ndiko kuti, amakhulupirira kuti ntchito yawo YOMODZI ndi yodosyncratic ndi yachilendo pakati pa anzawo aakazi anzawo [58]. Chifukwa amadziona kuti ndi osowa, sangakhale ochepa kuti agwirizane ndi zokhudzana ndi kugonana ndi zenizeni ndi anzawo. Pazinthu zowonjezereka, kusowa kwa zotsatira kwa atsikana kungafotokozedwe molingana ndi chikhalidwe cha ZOYENERA. Izi zikutanthauza kuti kugonana kumagwirizanitsa kwambiri ndi chikhalidwe cha amuna chomwe chingagwirizane ndi zolemba za kugonana kwa anyamata (ie, kugonana), komabe zimasiyana ndi zolemba zapamwamba za atsikana (mwachitsanzo, kudziletsa, atsikana monga alonda;43-45]). Atsikana, ndiye, angafunike kugwiritsira ntchito KUKHALA kawirikawiri kuti agwiritse ntchito malemba omwe akupezekapo ndikusintha zikhulupiliro zawo zomwe zilipo kale. Chachiwiri, zofukufuku zathu zimasonyeza kuti zikhalidwe zosiyana za anzawo zimatha kukhala zovuta kwambiri pa zotsatira za anyamata ndi atsikana a SNS ntchito pazochitika zawo zokhudzana ndi kugonana. Ngakhale kuti SNS ya anyamata amagwiritsa ntchito mitundu yonse ya zikhalidwe za anzawo, iwo akuwonjezeka muyeso yawo ya chiŵerengero cha anzawo ogonana omwe adaneneratu kuti kuwonjezeka pazochitika zawo pazochitika zogonana. Mosiyana ndi zimenezi, SNS ya atsikana imagwiritsira ntchito chidziwitso chowonjezeka cha chidziwitso ndi khalidwe la chiwerewere makamaka poonjezera zikhulupiliro zawo zokhudzana ndi anzanu pankhani yogonana. Kusiyana kumeneku kumawoneka kuti kumawonetsera malemba ovomerezeka a kugonana omwe amavomereza kuti kugonana ndi nkhani yaikulu kwa atsikana, pamene kugonana kumatsindikitsidwa kwa anyamata [46]. IneT imabweretsanso mafunso ofunika kwambiri pazomwe achinyamata ndi atsikana amapezeka pa SNSs. Mwachitsanzo, zikhoza kukhala kuti atsikana amakumana ndi maganizo okhudzana ndi kugonana pa SNSs, zomwe zimawathandiza kuti azikhala omasuka pofufuza za kugonana kwawo. Pa nthawi yomweyi, zotsatira zapadera za atsikana a SNS amagwiritsira ntchito miyambo yawo yotsatila imafunikanso kufufuza, makamaka chifukwa cha ntchito yake yokhudza chiwerewere. Zonsezi, zotsatilazi zikuwonetsa zachinsinsi zomwe zimakhudza zokhudzana ndi mafilimu komanso kufunika kofufuza mauthenga omwe achinyamata ali nawo, omwe amachititsa kuti azikhala nawo, omwe amawonekera, akamakhala nawo pazinthu zogonana zogonana ndi zogonana [2].

Ngakhale zili zopindulitsa, zoperewera zathu zopanga phunziro lathu ziyenera kuzindikiridwa. Choyamba, ngakhale kuti chitsanzo chathu chokhala ndi nthawi yaitali chimatithandiza kuyesa zozizwitsa zomwe zimachokera ku lingaliro la chikhalidwe cha anthu, malingaliro a kulima, ndi chikhalidwe cha chikhalidwe cha anthu panthawi ya chikhalidwe cha achinyamata, malingaliro ochezera achiwerewere, ndi chiwerewere chogwirizana, njira zina chikoka chingakhalepo. Mwachitsanzo, nthawi yomwe imakhala pakati pa chiyero cha machitidwe a pa intaneti ndi achinyamata omwe ali ndi chidziwitso cha chiwerewere mu phunziro lathu, mwina ndi yayikulu kwambiri kuti sipewe zotsatira zowoneka pakati pa zomangamanga. Chachiwiri, ife sitidziwa zambiri za achinyamata omwe ali achinyamata omwe amapezeka pochita zogonana pa Intaneti. Kuti mumvetse bwino chifukwa chake makhalidwe okhudzana ndi kugonana akugwirizana ndi kusintha kwa zikhalidwe za anzawo, ndipo potsiriza, pakuwonjezeka kwa khalidwe la kugonana, m'pofunika kuyesa momwe mauthenga omwe achinyamata akukumana nawo akuyendera pa intaneti. Ngakhale kuti tili ndi umboni wokhudzana ndi kugonana mu SEIMI [59], kudziŵa koteroko sikupezeka mosavuta pankhani ya mauthenga pa SNSs. Ndikofunikira pa nkhani imeneyi kuti tiganizirenso zosiyana za SNSs zosiyana. Zomwe zakhazikitsidwa posachedwapa za SNS monga Grindr ndi Tinder ndizo makamaka zomwe zimafunira kuti azitha kukondana komanso kugonana, ndipo motero amatha kufanana mosiyana ndi zizolowezi za anzawo komanso khalidwe lawo logonana. Chachitatu, phunziro lathu linagwiritsidwa ntchito pa SEIM ntchito ndi SNS ntchito monga zizindikiro za achinyamata okhudzana ndi kugonana pa Intaneti. Maphunziro amtsogolo ayenera kuwonjezera zotsatira zathu poyesa zitsanzo zosakaniza ndi machitidwe ena pa intaneti, monga kufunafuna kugonana ndi kugonana pa intaneti. Maphunziro amtsogolo ayenera kuyang'ananso momwe machitidwe okhudzana ndi kugonana amagwirizanirana ndikugwirizananso ndi madera ena okhudzidwa, monga momwe amadzikondera okha ndi banja, pofotokoza za chitukuko cha kugonana kwa achinyamata. Malinga ndi mfundo ina, akatswiri ochokera m'mabuku onse a zamalonda komanso machitidwe a anzawo amatsutsa kuti zofalitsa ndi zochitika za anzawo zimakhala zovuta-kuti achinyamata ena azitha kutengera zochita zawo kuposa ena [60, 61]. Kuwunikira ndi kutsogolera njira zothandizira kupewa ndi kuchitapo kanthu, kufufuza kuyenera kuyesetsa kupeza zinthu zolimbitsa zomwe zimalimbitsa kapena kuchepetsa zotsatira za zofalitsa zamagulu kapena zolaula za achinyamata pa chiwerewere. Chachinayi, tinayesa zogwirizana ndi anzawo pazokhudzana ndi kugonana pakati pa abwenzi abwino (achinyamata). Kafukufuku wamtsogolo ayenera kufufuza ngati chitukuko cha kugonana chikukula mosiyana ndi zikhalidwe zosiyana pakati pa anzao, kuphatikizapo amuna kapena akazi omwe ali ndi zaka zambiri, anzawo apamwamba, anzawo apamtima, anthu ambiri,60]. Chachisanu, tinayesa malingaliro athu pogwiritsa ntchito kudzipereka kwathu kwa achinyamata. Ngakhale kuti njirayi ndi njira yodziwika kwambiri yosonkhanitsira deta zokhudza kugonana, zimatsimikiziridwa bwino kuti achinyamata amatha kufotokoza zochitika zawo zogonana kapena kugwiritsa ntchito mauthenga okhudzana ndi kugonana, chifukwa choopa kunyalanyazidwa, kukanidwa, kapena chilango cha anthu [62]. Potsiriza, zotsatira zathu zimachokera ku zitsanzo zabwino ku Netherlands. Zomwe zotsatira zathu zingapangidwe kwa anthu ena achinyamata zikufunanso kufufuza.

Kutsiliza

Kukula kwa kugonana kwa achinyamata ndi zovuta zogwirizana ndi machitidwe osiyanasiyana. Pakati pa machitidwe ambiri a mphamvu, intaneti ndi anzako amakhala ndi udindo wapadera pa moyo wa achinyamata tsiku ndi tsiku; komabe kafufuzidwe ka chitukuko cha kugonana kwa achinyamata akuphunzira kawirikawiri machitidwewa palimodzi. Kafukufuku wamakono akuyesa njira yoyanjanitsira kufotokozera momwe kulandira (kutanthauza, KUYAMBA ntchito) ndi kuyankhulana (ie, SNS ntchito) zizolowezi zokhudzana ndi kugonana zogonana zimagwirizanitsidwa ndi zizolowezi za anzawo pofotokoza momwe achinyamata amachitira zokhudzana ndi kugonana. Zomwe tapeza zikuwonetsa kuti mitundu yonse ya machitidwe okhudzana ndi kugonana ali ndi mphamvu zothandizira malingaliro a achinyamata pa zomwe zimakhala zofala ndi zovomerezeka, mwinamwake chifukwa cha kuwonjezereka kwachibadwa komanso / kapena zotsatira zabwino zomwe zimachitika chifukwa chochita chiwerewere. Choncho, akutsindika kufunikira kwa njira zamakono zofufuza kafukufuku wa achinyamata okhudzana ndi kugonana. Kuwonjezera apo, zomwe tapezazi zingathandize kutsogolera ndi kuthandizira ntchito zomwe zimalimbikitsa achinyamata kukhala ndi thanzi labwino. Kuchita kotero sikuyenera kungoganizira chabe achinyamata kuphunzitsa momwe angatanthauzire ndikuwunika zinthu zomwe zili pa intaneti, komanso kuti azikulitsa luso lochepetsa chiopsezo ku zikhalidwe.

Ndondomeko ya Zothandizira

Dongosolo la phunziro lino likusonkhanitsidwa ngati gawo la kafukufuku wamkulu wautali wochitidwa ku Netherlands wotchedwa "Project STARS" (Studies on Trajectories of Adolescent Relations and Sexuality), yomwe imathandizidwa ndi Dutch Organization of Scientific Research (NWO; http://www.nwo.nl) ndi Fomu ya Sayansi Yokhudza Zogonana (FWOSl http://www.fwos.nl) [NWO Perekani ayi. 431-99-018]. Ogulitsawo analibe gawo pa kupanga maphunzilo, kusonkhanitsa deta ndi kusanthula, chisankho chofalitsa, kapena kukonzekera malembawo.

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