Zotsatira zosangalatsa kuchokera ku phunziro lonse:
Kugwiritsa ntchito zolaula kwa amuna azaka 18 anali pafupifupi konsekonse, pomwe kafukufukuyu amagawa ogwiritsa ntchito m'magulu a 3 - pafupipafupi (tsiku lililonse), pafupifupi (sabata iliyonse kapena kupitilira apo) komanso pafupipafupi:
Pafupifupi onse omwe anafunsidwa (98%) adayang'ana zolaula, ngakhale kuti zosiyana ndi zosiyana. Amodzi ndi khumi ndi anayi amapezeka kuti akugwiritsa ntchito, omwe amagwiritsa ntchito 69 peresenti, ndi osachepera 20 peresenti.
Omwe ankagwiritsa ntchito zolaula kawirikawiri ankakonda zolaula. Kodi izi zikusonyeza kukula kwa zolaula?
Pakati pa anthu ogwiritsidwa ntchito nthawi zambiri, zithunzi zolaula zowonongeka zinali zovuta kwambiri zolaula (71%) zotsatila zolaula (64%), pomwe zithunzi zolaula zosavuta kwambiri ndizosawerengeka kwambiri (73%) ndi osagwiritsa ntchito (36% ). Panalinso kusiyana pakati pa magulu omwe amawonera zolaula zovuta kwambiri (71%, 48%, 10%) ndi zolaula zachiwawa (14%, 9%, 0%).
Omwe ankagwiritsa ntchito zolaula kawirikawiri amatha kukhala ndi zochitika zosiyanasiyana zogonana:
Ogwiritsa ntchito mobwerezabwereza amatha kutenga nawo mbali zochitika zosiyanasiyana zogonana, monga kugonana m'kamwa (76%, 61%, 49%) ndi kulandira kugonana kwachinsinsi (76%, 66%, 53%).
50% ya ogwiritsa ntchito kawirikawiri anali atagonana ndi abambo, pamene 10% pokhapokha analipo, zomwe zimagwirizana ndi kupeza kuti ogwiritsa ntchito nthawi zambiri ankakonda kufotokoza zomwe adaziona pa zolaula:
Pulogalamu 4 ikuwonetsa kuti palinso kusiyana kwakukulu kuti ngati wophunzirayo adachita nawo zolaula kapena ayi (29%, 20%, 10%). Ogwiritsa ntchito mobwerezabwereza nawonso akhala akuyesera zochitika zogonana zowonedwa m'mafilimu owonetsa zolaula (50%, 39%, 17%).
Mwachidule, kugwiritsira ntchito zolaula kawirikawiri kumawoneka kuti kugwirizanitsa kugonana:
Zomwe tapeza zimasonyeza kuti ogwiritsa ntchito kawirikawiri amafotokozera khalidwe lomwe likukhudzana ndi chiopsezo cha kugonana kuphatikizapo msinkhu wa msinkhu wa chiwerewere, kugonana kwa abambo, ndi zoyesayesa zomwe adaziwona pa zolaula. Kuyamba kugonana ndi kofunika chifukwa kumakhudza nthawi yowonongeka ndi matenda opatsirana pogonana ndipo umboni umasonyeza kuti anthu omwe amagonana ali achinyamata angakhale ndi khalidwe loopsa pa moyo wawo wonse. Ngakhale kugonana kwa abambo sikungokhala khalidwe loopsya ngati chitetezo chokwanira chikugwiritsidwa ntchito, chiwerewere chapamwamba cha kugonana kwa abambo omwe amapezeka pakati pa anthu omwe amagwiritsa ntchito zolaula nthawi zambiri ndi pamene akuganizira za kufalikira kwa kugonana kosatetezeka komwe kumawonetsedwa pa zolaula. Malinga ndi 3AM, ngati ogwiritsa ntchito kawirikawiri amatha kuyesa zolaula zomwe zimawonedwa pa zolaula, sizingakhale zovuta kuganiza kuti njira yoopsa yomwe adawona zochitikazo zingathenso kukhala internalized (kugula) ndikugwiritsira ntchito (ntchito) zochitika za moyo.
Zotsatirazo zikufotokozera anthu ogwiritsa ntchito zithunzi zolaula zomwe zikuwonetsa zizindikiro zawo zogonana ndikupanga chizolowezi chogonana:
Tinapezanso kuti ogwiritsira ntchito nthawi zambiri amakhala okhudzidwa kwambiri ndi kugonana komanso zolaula poyerekeza ndi anzawo, kuganizira zochitika zolimbitsa thupi zowonetserapo zolaula kangapo pa sabata, kuganizira za kugonana nthawi zonse, ndikuwonera zolaula kuposa ankafuna. Zotsatirazi zimapereka zidziwitso zovuta zokhuza kugonana ndi kugwiritsira ntchito zolaula. Mfundo yakuti anthu ambiri omwe amagwiritsa ntchito zolaula amawoneka kuti amakonda kwambiri kugonana komanso zolaula poyerekeza ndi anzawo sichimasonyeza vuto. Komabe, m'malo mwa 44 peresenti ya anthu omwe amagwiritsa ntchito nthawi zambiri poganizira zofuna zogonana zomwe zimawonetsedwa pa zolaula kangapo pamlungu ndipo peresenti ya 53 yomwe imaganizira za kugonana nthawi zonse, zotsatirazi zimapereka umboni wamphamvu wokhudza kugonana. N'zovuta kudziwa njira yowonongeka: kodi anthu akuwonetsa zolaula chifukwa anali okhudzidwa ndi malo oyamba, kapena chifukwa chakuti amawonerera zolaula kuti amatha kuganiza zambiri za kugonana? Zotsatira za Peter ndi Valkenburg zikusonyeza kuti pangakhale mgwirizano wamakondomu: anthu awa amakonda kwambiri kugonana pachiyambi, koma zolaula zimayambitsa chidziwitso chachikulu kwambiri, chomwe chingakhale chopweteketsa pamaganizo.
Olembawo akusonyeza kuti kugwiritsa ntchito zolaula kawirikawiri kumabweretsa zofuna zowononga zolaula;
Ndizodabwitsa kuti chiyanjano chofunika kwambiri chimapezeka pakati pa kuganizira zolaula kangapo pa sabata ndikuwonera zolaula zovuta kwambiri. Popeza kuti chilakolako cha kugonana ndi chonena za kugonana ndi chofala kwambiri pa zolaula, zomwe achinyamata ambiri amaona kuti zolaula zimaoneka kuti ndi zolaula. Ngati ndi choncho, ndipo potsata ndondomeko yokhudzana ndi kugonana kwa Petro ndi Valkenburg, Zingakhale kuti mmalo moyeretsa anthu ena ndi malingaliro awo okhudzana ndi kugonana, kuyang'ana zolaula zolaula kumawathandiza, motero kumapangitsa mwayi wowonetsa zachiwerewere.
Olembawo amanena kuti zomwe apeza zikugwirizana ndi mtundu wa mankhwala osokoneza bongo:
Ponena za kugwiritsira ntchito zithunzi zolaula, n'zochititsa chidwi kuti munthu mmodzi pa atatu alionse amene amagwiritsira ntchito Intaneti amavomereza kuti amaonera zolaula kuposa zimene amafuna. Monga tafotokozera pamwambapa, kufufuza kwakukulu komwe kumawonjezeka kumaonera zolaula zomwe zingakhale zovuta. Kuyambira pamene ubongo wa achinyamata ali pachithunzi chawo chitukuko, achinyamata angakhale osatetezeka kuwonongera zolaula. "Mosiyana ndi achikulire, achinyamata amakhulupirira kuti alibe kusowa kokwanira komanso kukhulupirika kumbali yoyenera kuti athetse chilakolako chogonana, malingaliro, ndi makhalidwe okhudzana ndi zolaula." Izi, kuphatikizapo lingaliro limene achinyamata amakonza ndi kusunga zithunzi kutali bwino kuposa mawu olembedwa kapena oyankhulidwa, amatanthauza kuti chitukuko choyenera, chophunzitsidwa bwino chogonana chimakhala chofunikira kwambiri kuti tisagwirizane ndi mauthenga a zolaula.
Zotsatira zikuwonetsa kuti anthu omwe amagwiritsa ntchito zolaula kawirikawiri amakhala ndi zilakolako za kugonana pazaka zazing'ono, amachita zochitika zosiyanasiyana zogonana, ndipo amatha kulimbana ndi kugonana ndi zovuta zogonana. Kafukufukuyu amathandiza kuti pakhale kafukufuku wopereka umboni wosonyeza kuti zolaula zingawononge achinyamata.
Donevan, M., & Mattebo, M. (2017).
Kugonana ndi Uchembele Wathanzi.
DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.srhc.2017.03.002
Mfundo
Kutolera deta kunamalizidwa pakati pa ana azaka 18, ana asukulu yasekondale ya sekondale mtawuni yayikulu komanso yayikulu ku Sweden ku 2013. Chiwerengero cha ophunzira azaka zachitatu m'matawuni onsewa anali ophunzira 946 (atsikana 510 ndi anyamata 436).
- Ogwiritsa ntchito mobwerezabwereza ankaonera zolaula zolaula komanso zachiwawa zolaula.
- Ogwiritsa ntchito mobwerezabwereza anali atachita nawo zochitika zosiyanasiyana zogonana.
- Ogwiritsa ntchito mobwerezabwereza amalingalira za kuyesa zochitika zogonana zomwe zimawonetsedwa pa zolaula zovuta kwambiri.
- Ogwiritsa ntchito mobwerezabwereza amasonyeza zizindikiro zogonana ndi zovuta zolaula zimagwiritsidwa ntchito.
Zithunzi zolaula
Pafupifupi onse omwe anafunsidwa (98%, n = 361) adayang'ana zolaula, ngakhale kuti zosiyana ndi zosiyana. Amodzi ndi khumi ndi anayi amapezeka kuti akugwiritsa ntchito nthawi zambiri (n = 42), osachepera a 69 peresenti (n = 256), ndi osachepera 20 peresenti (n = 72). Atayang'ana zolaula, ambiri adayamba kuyang'ana (89%, n = 332) ndikuyang'ana yekha (90%, n = 336). Pakati pa anthu ogwiritsidwa ntchito nthawi zambiri, zithunzi zolaula zomwe zimadetsedwa zinali zovuta zolaula (71%, n = 30) zotsatila zolaula (64%, n = 27), pomwe zithunzi zolaula zosavuta ndizozikhala zosiyana kwambiri (73 %, n = 186) ndi osagwiritsa ntchito (36%, n = 26). Panalinso kusiyana pakati pa magulu omwe amawonera zolaula zovuta kwambiri (71%, n = 30; 48%, n = 122; 10%, n = 7; p <0.001) ndi zolaula zachiwawa (14%, n = 6; 9%, n = 26; 0%, n = 0; p = 0.011)
Zotsatira za kugonana
Zotsatira za kugonana zomwe afunsidwa akuwonetsedwa mu Table 3. Ogwiritsa ntchito mobwerezabwereza amatha kutenga nawo mbali zochitika zosiyanasiyana zogonana, monga kupereka chiwalo chogonana (76%, n = 31; 61%, n = 156; 49%, n = 34; p = 0.017) ndi kulandira kugonana m'kamwa (76%, n = 32; 66%, n = 165; 53%, n = 37; p = 0.032). Pulogalamu 4 ikuwonetsa kuti palinso kusiyana kwakukulu ngati munthu amene adalowa nawo kugonana akugonana kapena ayi (29%, n = 12; 20%, n = 50; 10%, n = 7; p = 0.039). Ogwiritsa ntchito mobwerezabwereza nawonso akhala akuyesera zolaula zowonedwa mu mafilimu olaula (50%, n = 20; 39%, n = 100; 17%, n = 17; p <0.001). Zochita izi zimaphatikizapo: kugonana mkamwa (33%, n = 14; 21%, n = 53; 3%, n = 2; p <0.001), kugonana (45%, n = 19; 30%, n = 77; 8%, n = 6; p <0.001), ndi kugonana kumatako (17%, n = 7; 10%, n = 26; 0%, n = 0; p = 0.005). Zotsatira zokhudzana ndi kugonana zimapezeka mu Table 4. Kusankhana zaka zoyambirira za kugonana m'kamwa kumalandira (F(2, 228) = 3.99), p = 0.020) ndipo amatanthauza zaka zoyamba kugonana pogonana (F(2, 250) = 7.59, p = 0.001) inasiyana kwambiri pakati pa owerenga, omwe amapezeka komanso osasintha. Kuyerekeza kwachindunji pogwiritsa ntchito chiyeso cha Tukey HSD kumasonyeza kuti zaka zenizeni za kugonana koyamba kugonana kumalandira (M = -0.38, SD = 0.31) ndi zaka zogonana poyamba kugonana (M = -0.36, SD = 0.29) kwa ogwiritsa ntchito kawirikawiri anali osiyana kwambiri ndi ogwiritsa ntchito ochepa koma osachokera kwa ogwiritsa ntchito mosavuta.
Zizindikiro zokhudzana ndi kugonana ndi kukakamiza
Mayankho angapo angagwirizane ndi kugonana kwapadera ndi kugwiritsira ntchito zolaula. Ponena za Table 5, ogwiritsa ntchito nthawi zambiri amadziona kuti ndi ofunika kwambiri pazogonana (19%, n = 8; 8%, n = 17; 1%, n = 1; p = 0.002) ndi zolaula (19%, n = 8; 4%, n = 10; 0%, n = 0; p <0.001) poyerekeza ndi anzawo. Ogwiritsa ntchito pafupipafupi amatha kuganiza zogonana pafupifupi nthawi zonse (53%, n = 21; 50%, n = 123; 25%, n = 18; p = 0.001), ndipo nthawi zambiri amalingalira za kuyesa zolaula zomwe zimawonedwa pa zolaula kangapo pamlungu (44%, n = 18; 9%, n = 23; 6%, n = 3; p <0.001). Ambiri mwa omwe amagwiritsa ntchito zolaula nthawi zambiri, ananena zolaula kuposa momwe amafunira poyerekeza ndi anzawo (Gulu 6). Woyankha m'modzi yekha pa onse (n = 1, wogwiritsa ntchito wamba) adafotokoza zomwe adakumana nazo pakuwonera zolaula zankhanza ndikunena zolaula kuposa momwe amafuna. Zinali zachilendo pakati pa ogwiritsa ntchito pafupipafupi komanso pafupipafupi kukhala ndi mwayi wowonera zolaula zachiwawa ndikuganiza zakugonana nthawi zonse (60%, n = 3; 42%, n = 10; p = 0.520). Komabe, ogwiritsa ntchito pafupipafupi amatchulapo za kuwonera zolaula zachiwawa ndikunena zokonda zachiwerewere zomwe zimawonedwa zolaula kangapo pamlungu (n = 3, 50%; 25%, n = 6, p = 0.012). Palibe wogwiritsa ntchito pafupipafupi yemwe adakumana ndi zomwe adaonera zolaula.
KUKANGANANI
Zomwe tapeza zimasonyeza kuti ogwiritsa ntchito kawirikawiri amafotokozera khalidwe lomwe likukhudzana ndi chiopsezo cha kugonana kuphatikizapo msinkhu wa msinkhu wa chiwerewere, kugonana kwa abambo, ndi zoyesayesa zomwe adaziwona pa zolaula. Kuyamba kugonana ndi "kofunika chifukwa kumakhudza nthawi yowopsa kwa matenda opatsirana pogonana", 9 (p1207) ndipo umboni umasonyeza kuti anthu omwe amagonana ali aang'ono angakhale ndi khalidwe loipa kwambiri pa moyo wawo wonse.9 Ngakhale kugonana koyambirira sikuti ndi khalidwe loopsa ngati chitetezo chokwanira chikugwiritsidwa ntchito, chikhalidwe choposa cha kugonana kwa abambo omwe amapezeka pakati pa anthu omwe amagwiritsa ntchito zolaula nthawi zambiri ndiwomwe akuganizira za kufalikira kwa kugonana kosatetezeka komwe kumawonetsedwa pa zolaula. Malingana ndi 3AM, ngati ogwiritsira ntchito nthawi zambiri amatha kuyesa zolaula zomwe zimawonedwa pa zolaula, sizingatheke kuganiza kuti njira yoopsa yomwe adawonapo zomwe adachitapo ingatheke kukhala internalized (kupezedwa) ndi kugwiritsidwa ntchito ( ntchito) mu zochitika zenizeni pamoyo.
Tinapezanso kuti ogwiritsira ntchito nthawi zambiri amakhala okhudzidwa kwambiri ndi kugonana komanso zolaula poyerekeza ndi anzawo, kuganizira zochitika zolimbitsa thupi zowonetserapo zolaula kangapo pa sabata, kuganizira za kugonana nthawi zonse, ndikuwonera zolaula kuposa ankafuna. Zotsatirazi zimapereka zidziwitso zovuta zokhuza kugonana ndi kugwiritsira ntchito zolaula. Mfundo yakuti anthu ambiri omwe amagwiritsa ntchito zolaula amawoneka kuti amakonda kwambiri kugonana komanso zolaula poyerekeza ndi anzawo sichimasonyeza vuto. Komabe, m'malo mwa 44 peresenti ya anthu omwe amagwiritsa ntchito nthawi zambiri poganizira zolaula zomwe zimawonetsedwa pa zolaula kangapo pa sabata, ndipo peresenti ya 53 yomwe imaganizira za kugonana nthawi zonse, zotsatirazi zimapereka umboni wamphamvu wokhudza kugonana.. N'zovuta kudziwa njira yowonongeka: kodi anthu akuwonetsa zolaula chifukwa anali okhudzidwa ndi malo oyamba, kapena chifukwa chakuti amawonerera zolaula kuti amatha kuganiza zambiri za kugonana? Zomwe zinachitikira Peter ndi Valkenburg zokhudzana ndi 15 zikusonyeza kuti pangakhale mgwirizano wamakondomu: anthuwa amakonda kwambiri kugonana poyamba, koma zolaula zimayambitsa chidziwitso chachikulu kwambiri, chomwe chingakhale chovuta kumvetsetsa pa kugonana.
Ndizodabwitsa kuti chiyanjano chofunika kwambiri chimapezeka pakati pa kuganizira zolaula kangapo pa sabata ndikuwonera zolaula zovuta kwambiri. Popeza kuti chilakolako cha kugonana ndi chonena za kugonana ndi chofala kwambiri pa zolaula, zomwe achinyamata ambiri amaona kuti zolaula zimaoneka kuti ndi zolaula.24 Ngati ndi choncho, ndipo chifukwa cha chikhalidwe chokhudzana ndi kugonana kwa Petro ndi Valkenburg, 15 mwina kukhala kuti m'malo moyeretsa anthu awo malingaliro awo ndi zilakolako za kugonana, kuyang'ana zolaula zolaula kumawathandiza, motero kuonjezera mwayi wowonetsa zachiwawa.
Ponena za kugwiritsira ntchito zithunzi zolaula, n'zochititsa chidwi kuti munthu mmodzi pa atatu alionse amene amagwiritsira ntchito Intaneti amavomereza kuti amaonera zolaula kuposa zimene amafuna. Monga tafotokozera pamwambapa, kufufuza kwakukulu komwe kumawonjezeka kumaonera zolaula zomwe zingakhale zovuta. Kuyambira pamene ubongo wa achinyamata ali pachithunzi chawo chitukuko, achinyamata angakhale osatetezeka kuwonongera zolaula. "Mosiyana ndi anthu akuluakulu, achinyamata amakhulupirira kuti alibe kusowa kokwanira komanso kukhala ndi mtima wosagawanika m'magulu oyenera kuti azitha kugonjetsa zilakolako za kugonana, malingaliro, ndi makhalidwe omwe amachitidwa ndi zolaula." 2 (p114) Izi, kuphatikizapo lingaliro la achinyamata ndi kusunga zithunzi bwino kwambiri kuposa malemba olembedwa kapena oyankhulidwa, 2 imatanthauza kuti chitukuko choyenera, chophunzitsira za kugonana chimakhala chofunika kwambiri kuti tisagwirizane ndi mauthenga a zolaula.
Makalasi adasankhidwa mwachisawawa kotero zotsatira zake zikuyenera kuyimira mizindayi. Zotsatira sizoyimira Sweden kwenikweni, kapena mayiko ena 12. Kafukufuku wamtsogolo atha kuchitika m'malo osiyanasiyana. Gawo lazosanja la tsambali limayika malire pazomwe zingachitike pamaphunziro awa, chifukwa zimalepheretsa kutanthauzira komwe kumayambitsa. Mwachitsanzo, sizikudziwika ngati kugwiritsira ntchito zolaula kumayambitsanso kugonana koyambirira, kapena ngati kugonana koyambirira kumalumikizidwa ndi mitundu ina yosokoneza yokhudzana ndi chikhalidwe ndi machitidwe. Zolemba zonse zitha kupindula ndimapangidwe amitundu ina omwe amalimbana ndi zosokoneza izi. Kuphatikiza apo, kafukufukuyu adzapindulira ndi kutalika kwa nthawi yayitali, chifukwa izi zitha kuwunikira momwe kuwonera zolaula kumakhudza anthu pakapita nthawi. Komabe, mphamvu ya phunziroli ikudalira pakuphatikizika kwake ndi malingaliro ndi chithandizo kuchokera ku maphunziro omwewo pogwiritsa ntchito njira zina.
Zowonjezereka zina mu phunziro lino zinali kuti zolaula sizinatchulidwe momveka bwino. Mwa kuyankhula kwina, ophunzirawo amatha kufotokoza zolaula monga zithunzi zamaliseche za amayi / amuna kapena zithunzi zomwe zikuwonetsera anthu omwe akuchita zogonana. Chifukwa chake, magulu ena a ophunzira akhoza kukhala ndi malingaliro amodzi pa wina. Komabe, funsani ophunzira kuti awonetsere kuti zithunzi zolaula zimasiyana bwanji ngati ophunzirawo ali ndi mwayi woganizira zolaula zambiri.
Ngakhale kuti zolaula zimakhala ngati "wophunzitsa" kugonana kwa achinyamata ambiri, pamakhala kukambirana kwakukulu pa zolaula, makamaka chifukwa cha kufufuza kosadziwika pa zolaula. Komabe, kafufuzidwe pakati pa achinyamata akuwoneka ngati zosawerengeka kusiyana ndi kafukufuku kwa akuluakulu, ndi phunziro ili pakati pa ena ochuluka omwe amasonyeza kuti nthawi zambiri zolaula zimagwiritsidwa ntchito ndi zotsatira zoipa. Ponena za kupewa ndi njira, mapu a 3AM amatsindika kufunikira kwa malemba oyambirira omwe alipo kale: zolemba zosawerengeka zomwe ogula sangagwirizane nazo ndi zolaula, zochepa zolemba zolaula zidzatanthauzira tsogolo lawo.28 Choncho, maphunziro okhudzana ndi kugonana pazaka zoyenera ndi ofunikira, akulimbikitsidwa ndi kuyesetsa kuchepetsa ana kuti apeze zolaula. Chitsanzochi chimapangitsanso omvetsera kuti aziwatsutsa 'monga mtsogoleri wotsogolera zithunzi zolaula. 28 M'lingaliro limeneli, njira zophunzitsira monga kuwerenga ndi kuwerenga zimathandiza kukonzekera achinyamata ndi luso loganiza bwino kuti athe kuchepetsa zolaula. Potsirizira pake, chifukwa zotsatira za phunziroli zikugwirizana ndi kutsutsa kuti zolaula zimakhala ndi mankhwala osokoneza bongo, chithandizo choyenera kwa achinyamata omwe akulimbana ndi vuto lowonetsa zithunzi zolaula ayenera kupangidwa mosavuta.
Zotsatira zikuwonetsa kuti anthu omwe amagwiritsa ntchito zolaula kawirikawiri amakhala ndi zilakolako za kugonana pazaka zazing'ono, amachita zochitika zosiyanasiyana zogonana, ndipo amatha kulimbana ndi kugonana ndi zovuta zogonana. Kafukufukuyu amathandiza kuti pakhale kafukufuku wopereka umboni wosonyeza kuti zolaula zingawononge achinyamata.
;