Ubwenzi Pakati pa Zogonana pa Mass Media ndi Social Media: Phunziro Lakale (2015)

Cyberpsychol Behav Soc Netw. 2015 Nov 20.

Vandenbosch L¹, van Oosten JM¹, Peter J¹.

Kudalirika

Cholinga cha phunziro lino chinali kufufuza ngati kuwonetsa zachiwerewere zokhudzana ndi ma TV ndi Internet zolaula (IP) zokhudzana ndi kugonana pazinthu zamagulu.

Pogwiritsa ntchito kafukufuku wamagulu awiri pakati pa achinyamata a 1,765 omwe ali ndi zaka 13-17, tawona kuti kuyang'ana ma TV akuwonetsa achinyamata akupanga komanso kugawira zithunzi zawo zogonana pazochitika zamasewera.. Komanso, kudzigonana pazinthu zamtundu wa achinyamata kunapangitsa achinyamata kuti aziwonera kanema kanema wa kanema. izi Maubale anali ofanana pakati pa anyamata ndi atsikana.

Palibe ubale wobwereza pakati pakuwonekera kwa IP ndi chiwonetsero chazakugonana kwa anyamata ndi atsikana pazanema zomwe zapezeka. Zotsatira zake zikuwonetsa kuti zachiwerewere pazofalitsa zambiri zitha kuneneratu zamakhalidwe azachinyamata pazama media komanso mosemphanitsa.

Komanso, achinyamata amaoneka kuti amasiyana pakati pa mitundu ya kugonana (mwachitsanzo, zosiyana ndi zogonana zowonongeka) pakuphatikiza zochitika zogonana pogonana pa intaneti.

Zambiri za wolemba

Laura Vandenbosch, PhD, Johanna MF van Oosten, PhD, ndi Jochen Peter, PhD

Amsterdam School of Research Research, ASCoR, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands.

Maadiresi a:

Dr. Johanna MF van Oosten

Amsterdam School of Research Research, ASCoR

University of Amsterdam

PO Box 15791

1001 NG Amsterdam

Netherlands
E-mail: [imelo ndiotetezedwa]

Introduction

Ma TV ndi otchuka kwambiri pakati pa achinyamata, ndi achinyamata akuyang'ana zolemba zamabuku ndi zolemba zosinthidwa tsiku ndi tsiku.¹ Posachedwapa, kafukufuku wasonyeza kuti anyamata amagwiritsanso ntchito mafilimu kuti azigawira zithunzi zokhudzana ndi kugonana.^2-4 Mwachitsanzo, kafukufukuyu wasonyeza kuti mmodzi mwa ana asanu aliwonse amasonyeza zithunzi zolaula pa Intaneti.⁵ Kafukufuku wina wasonyeza kuti mpaka theka la mbiri ya achinyamata ali ndi chithunzi chojambulidwa cha wogwiritsa ntchito.⁶ Komabe, ngakhale kuti kafukufuku wokhudzana ndi chidziwitso chogonana pa zamasamba,^5-7 zochepa zimadziwika pa chifukwa chake achinyamata amasankha kudziwonetsera okha pazochitika zogonana pa mbiri yawo pa intaneti.

Potsutsa izi, akatswiri apeza kuti kuchuluka kwa malingaliro okhudzana ndi kugonana pazolumikizana ndi anthu akuoneka kuti kumasonyeza kufalikira kwa mauthenga ogonana pogwiritsa ntchito mauthenga okhudzana ndi mauthenga okhudzana ndi achinyamata.^7-9 Chifukwa cha zimenezi, akatswiri amaphunziro akufufuza anthu ambiri¹⁰ komanso chikhalidwe⁸ atolankhani apempha kafukufuku, kuphunzira maubwenzi apakati pazowonetsa zachiwerewere pazankhani komanso kugwiritsa ntchito malo ochezera a pa Intaneti kuti azigawira zogwiritsa ntchito zogonana. Pofuna kuthana ndi lacuna iyi, kafukufuku wapano akufufuza mayanjano omwe ali pakati pazowonetsa zachiwerewere pazanema komanso zachiwerewere za anyamata ndi atsikana pazanema.

Ponena za nkhani zamalonda, phunziroli lidzakumbukira zokhudzana ndi kugonana ndi mafilimu oonera zolaula (IP) chifukwa cha kutchuka kwawo pakati pa achinyamata komanso chiwerengero chawo chogonana. Zomwe zimachitika pa televizioni zimakopa anthu ambiri achinyamata^11,12 ndipo amadziwika ndi kuganizira za kugonana.^11,13-16 Malinga ndi IP, anthu ambiri amakumana ndi zolaula paunyamata^17,18 ndi pafupifupi pafupifupi 10 podziwonetsera okha ngati ogwiritsa ntchito nthawi zonse.¹⁹ IP ikhoza kufotokozedwa ngati "zithunzi kapena mavidiyo opangidwa ndi akatswiri kapena mavidiyo (zojambulidwa) kapena kuchokera pa intaneti zomwe cholinga chake chimadzutsa wotsogolera. Mavidiyo awa ndi zithunzi zikuwonetsa zogonana, monga maliseche komanso zamlomo, anal, ndi mawere, mwa njira yosadziwika, kawirikawiri ndi kumapeto kwa ziwalo zogonana. "^{19(pp1015-1016)} Kufufuza kwatsopano kwasonyeza kuti zonse zenizeni za televizioni ndi IP nthawi zonse zimawonetsera matupi abwino ndikugogomezera kugonana kwa anthu oterewa.^20-24

Chifukwa cha kufunika kokonda kugonana m'mafilimu ambiri, ogwiritsira ntchito mauthengawa nthawi zambiri amatha kudziwonetsera okha. Lingaliro lalingaliro laumagulu²⁵ zimapangitsa kuti anthu azikhala ndi zolimbikitsa zachilengedwe (mwachitsanzo, kuyang'ana khalidwe lachiwerewere la zojambula zowonongeka m'mafilimu) zingalimbikitse anthu kuti azichita zomwezo (mwachitsanzo, amachita chiwerewere chomwe chili chofanana ndi khalidwe la zitsanzo). Choncho, kafukufuku wasonyeza kuti kuyang'ana pa televizioni kumagwirizana ndi msinkhu wa chiyambi cha chibwenzi²⁶ komanso ambiri omwe ali pachibwenzi.²⁶ Kafukufuku adawonanso kuti kugwiritsa ntchito IP kumagwirizanitsidwa ndi anthu ambiri ogonana^27-29 komanso zosiyana zogonana.³⁰ Komabe, tikusowa chidziwitso pa ubale womwe ulipo pakati pokhudzana ndi mauthenga azakugonana pazanema komanso momwe ogwiritsa ntchito amadziwonetsera pogonana. Monga momwe kafukufuku wam'mbuyomu akuwonetsera kuti zomwe achinyamata amagwiritsa ntchito zimakhudzana ndi machitidwe azakugonana amtundu wa media, timaganiza kuti kuwonetsa zenizeni zakugonana (H1) ndi IP (H2) zitha kuneneratu zachiwerewere pazanema.

Pogwirizana ndi mgwirizano pakati pa mauthenga omwe anthu ambiri amawafotokozera komanso zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito pogwiritsira ntchito mafilimu, njira zowonongeka zimawoneka ngati zosatheka. Mwachitsanzo, lingaliro lachidziwitso la dissonance, limapangitsa kuti anthu alimbikitsidwa kufunafuna chidziwitso chomwe chimagwirizana ndi zomwe iwo amadziŵa komanso makhalidwe awo.³¹ Choncho anthu angapewe kufooka kumene kumachitika pamene akukumana ndi chidziwitso chosadziwika.³¹ Mogwirizana ndi izi, kufufuza kwa nthawi yaitali kwasonyeza kuti kuchita zachiwerewere kunalimbikitsa zosankha zogonana pa TV, nyimbo, magazini, ndi masewera a pakompyuta pa nthawi.³² Choncho, ngati achinyamata akudziwonera okha pazochitika zogonana, angasankhe kugwiritsira ntchito mauthenga ambiri, omwe anthu omwe amadziwika nawo amadziwonetsera ngati achigololo. Choncho, timaganiza kuti kudzigonana pazinthu zokhudzana ndi chikhalidwe cha anthu kudzakhala kuonjezera kugonana kwa TV (H3) ndi IP (H4). Zoganiza 1-4 ziri mwachidule Chithunzi 1.

Onani mawindo akuluakulu (33K)

CHITH. 1.  Mtundu wopangika wamaubwenzi apakati pazowonetsa zakugonana pazama media (mwachitsanzo, zolaula pa TV komanso zolaula pa intaneti) komanso chiwonetsero chazakugonana pazanema.

Zambiri zokhuza

Pomwe mukuphunzira mgwirizano womwe umakhala pakati pa zogonana pazofalitsa zamakono komanso kugonana paokha payekha, ndikofunikira kuganizira kusiyana kwa kusiyana pakati pa amai. Gender socialization theory ikuwunikira kuti atsikana ndi anyamata akugwirizana ndi zosiyana komanso zosiyana zokhudzana ndi kugonana.³³ Ngakhale anyamata akuyembekezeredwa kuchita nawo mbali zogonana, atsikana amalimbikitsidwa kuti azitha kugwira nawo ntchito.³³ M'nkhaniyi, kukonda kugonana ndikofunika kwambiri kwa atsikana kusiyana ndi anyamata,³³ zomwe zikhonza kukhala zokhudzana ndi atsikana omwe akudziwonetsa kawiri kawiri mu njira yogonana pazochitika zamasewera.^5,34-36

Kusiyana pakati pa anyamata ndi atsikana kwapezekanso momwe kuwulutsa pazankhani kumakhudzana ndi machitidwe azakugonana kwa achinyamata. Pogwirizana ndi gawo la anyamata, kafukufuku waposachedwa wautali³⁷ anapeza kuti kugonana kwachinsinsi kumayambitsa khalidwe la kugonana pakati pa anyamata okha. Mosiyana ndi zimenezi, khalidwe la chiwerewere linayambitsa chisokonezo cha kugonana pakati pa atsikana okha. Phunzirolo linapereka kuti atolankhani amachitika pakati pa anyamata, pomwe zotsatira zachisankho zimachitika pakati pa atsikana. Mwachidziwikire, kuwonetsedwa kwa zogonana kumalimbikitsa anyamata kuti afufuze mwachidwi kugonana, pamene asungwana amavomereza kuti amachita chiwerewere pogwiritsa ntchito mauthenga awo (ngati sagwirizana kwambiri ndi ntchito yawo yogonana).³⁷ Komabe, maphunziro ena^38-40 zomwe zinayang'ana maubwenzi pakati pa zochitika zogonana zokhudzana ndi kugonana komanso zotsatira za kugonana sizinapeze kusiyana pakati pa amuna ndi akazi. Potsutsana ndi chikhalidwe ichi, timapempha ngati azimayi akuyesa mgwirizano pakati pa kugonana kwa TV / IP komanso kugonana pazinthu zamalonda (RQ1).

Njira

Kayendesedwe

Phunziroli likuchitika pa mafunde awiri oyambirira a phunziro lamasewero atatu ndi nthawi ya miyezi 6. Mafunde awiri oyambirira anachitika mu Meyi ndi Oktoba 2013. Tinasankha mafunde awiri oyambirira chifukwa zizindikiro ziwiri zotchuka zimasonyeza kuti zinasindikizidwa nthawi imeneyo (onani zofotokozedwa zokhudzana ndi kugonana kwa TV) ku Netherlands. Phunziroli linkachitidwa pakati pa achinyamata a 13- kwa 17 wazaka zapakati. Sampling ndi ntchito yothandizira zinachitidwa ndikukonzedwa ndi Veldkamp, ​​bungwe la kafukufuku ku Dutch. Chitsanzocho chinali sampuli yochokera ku gulu la achinyamata lachinyamata lomwe likupezeka pa Intaneti, lomwe likulamulidwa ndi Veldkamp. Ophunzirawo adadza nawo mafunso a pa intaneti panyumba, zomwe zinatenga pafupifupi maminiti 20 kuti amalize. Pafunso lolembedwa lirilonse, ophunzira adalandira malipiro a 5 Euros.

Zitsanzo

Poyambira, achinyamata 2,137 adatenga nawo gawo. Patatha miyezi isanu ndi umodzi, achinyamata 1,765 adatenganso nawo gawo (attrition rate = 17.4%). Pogwiritsa ntchito Pillai's Trace, a MANOVA adawonetsa kuti panalibe kusiyana kwakukulu pakati pa omwe anafunsidwa omwe akutenga nawo gawo mu Wave 1 ndi omwe anafunsidwa akutenga nawo gawo pamafunde onse okhudzana ndi zaka, malingaliro azakugonana, jenda, kuwonetsa zenizeni zakugonana, kuwonera IP, komanso kugonana pa intaneti -mawonekedwe, V = 0.005, F(6, 2130) = 1.73, p = 0.11, zinthup² = 0.005. Chifukwa chake sizokayikitsa kuti kukopa kunayambitsa tsankho mwatsatanetsatane.

Njira

Ziwerengero zotsatanetsatane ndi katundu wa psychometric kwa mitundu yonse yosiyanasiyana ndi mamba ikuwonetsedwa Gulu 1.

Gulu 1. Mafotokozedwe Ofotokozera ndi Zero-Order Correlations (N = 1,765)

Zambiri za anthu

Otsutsawo adasonyeza zaka zawo ndi amuna (0 = mnyamata, 1 = msungwana). Kugonana kwa chiwerewere kunayesedwa ndi H-msinkhu⁴¹ ndipo analembedwanso malinga ndi momwe Petro ndi Valkenburg anagwiritsira ntchito¹⁹ (0 = kugonana kwa amuna okhaokha; 1 = osati kugonana amuna kapena akazi okhaokha).

Kuwonetseratu ku nkhani zogonana zokhudzana ndi kanema

Ndi sikelo ya Likert ya mfundo zisanu ndi ziwiri (1 = osapitilira 7 = gawo lililonse), tidayeza kuchuluka kwa omwe adayankha adawonera ziwonetsero ziwiri (a) "Jersey Shore" ya MTV ndi (b) "Geordie Shore" ya MTV mkati mwa miyezi 6 isanachitike kafukufuku. Izi zowonetsa zakugonana zimawonetsedwa kale komanso nthawi yosonkhanitsa deta.

Kuwonetsera ku IP

Otsutsawo anawonetsera momwe iwo adawonera mwachidwi, pa intaneti, (a) zithunzi ndi ziwalo zobisika zoonekera, (b) mavidiyo omwe ali ndi ziwalo zobisika zoonekera, (c) zithunzi zomwe anthu amagonana, (d) kapena mavidiyo mu anthu omwe akugonana, pamlingo wa seveni (osayambira = 1 kupitilira kangapo patsiku = 7).⁴² Kusanthula kwakukulu kwapangidwe kameneko kunatanthawuza kuti zinthu zonse zanyamula chinthu chimodzi (Time 1 eigenvalue = 3.56; kufotokoza variance = 88.96 peresenti).

Kugonana pazinthu zogonana

Ngati ofunsidwa akugwiritsa ntchito mafilimu, amafunsidwa kuti asonyeze, kwa miyezi yapitayi ya 6 komanso pa tsamba lachisanu ndi chiwiri la Likert (1 = osapitanso ku 7 = nthawizonse), ndi kangati iwo adayika zithunzi poziwonetsa okha (a) ndi maso okongola , (b) ali ndi mawonekedwe okongola, (c) ovala bwino (mwachitsanzo, kusamba kapena zovala), ndi (d) ndi chikhalidwe chokongola. Achinyamata omwe sanagwiritsepo ntchito mafilimu pa Waves 1 ndi / kapena 2 (n = 179)^a anapatsidwa chikhombo 1 ("palibe"), chifukwa iwo sanakhalepo ndi mwayi wodziwonetsera nokha mwa kugonana. Kusanthula kwakukulu kwapangidwe kameneko kunapereka zinthu zonse zotsatidwa pa chinthu chimodzi (Time 1 eigenvalue = 2.81; kufotokoza variance =% 70.13).

Kusintha njira

Mchitidwe wa equation (software AMOS 7), njira yayikulu yowerengera njira, idagwiritsidwa ntchito kuyesa malingaliro ndi chitsanzo mu Chithunzi 1. Mitundu iliyonse yosinthika inanenedweratu ndi zinthu zowonetsera zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito poyesa kumanga izi: kufotokozera zowonongeka zokhudzana ndi kanema zamakono zinaneneratu ndi zinthu ziwiri zowonetsera; kufotokozera ku IP komanso kugonana paokha payekha ndizowonetseratu zomwe zinawonetsedweratu ndizinthu zinai (onani Gawo la Gawo). Mogwirizana ndi kafukufuku wokhudza kugonana,⁴² Makhalidwe oyambirira a zaka ndi kugonana adalowa monga zosiyana siyana ndikuyembekezeredwa kulingalira mitundu yosatha. Kuwonjezera apo, kusiyana kwa machitidwe ndi zosiyana pazinthu zenizeni zinaloledwa kuti azigwirizana. Mofananamo, zosokoneza zomwe zimachitika pa TV pa Time 2 ndi zolakwika za zinthu zofananazo zimagwirizanitsidwa pakati pa Time 1 ndi Time 2.

Monga momwe chizoloŵezi chodziwikiratu kawirikawiri chimaphwanyidwa mu kufufuza kwa kugonana,¹⁹ bootstrapping (95 peresenti yokonzedweratu-yokonzedweratu nthawi yodalirika yotsitsimula; 1,000 zitsanzo) zinagwiritsidwa ntchito kutsimikizira kufunikira kwa mayeso pogwiritsa ntchito chidziwitso chachiyeso. Pomalizira, kufufuza kusiyana kwa kusiyana kwa kusiyana pakati pa amuna ndi akazi, zizindikiro zoyenera za chitsanzo chosadziwika zinkafaniziridwa ndi zizindikiro zoyenera zachitsanzo choletsedwa (mwachitsanzo, kugwirizana pakati pa kugonana pazinthu zokhudzana ndi chikhalidwe cha anthu komanso kugonana kwa 1. kapena (2) IP idakakamizika kukhala ofanana pakati pa anyamata ndi atsikana). Χ²-model kulinganirana kwa mayeso ndi DASCFI idagwiritsidwa ntchito pofuna kuyesa kusiyana kwa kusiyana pakati pa amuna ndi akazi.^43,44

Results

Chitsanzocho chinali ndi zovomerezeka zovomerezeka (zogwirizanitsa zero, onani Gulu 1; kwa ziwerengero zabwino-zoyenera, onani Gulu 2). Kuwonera zochitika zogonana zogonana pa Time 1 kunaneneratu zokhudzana ndi kugonana pazisudzo pa Time 2 (chifukwa cha magawo, onani Gulu 2). Komanso, kugonana pa Intaneti pa Time 1 kunayanjanitsidwa kwambiri ndi kuonera TV pa Time 2, motero kumathandiza H1 ndi H3. Kuyang'ana IP pa Time 1 sananeneratu za kugonana pazinthu zogonana pa Time 2. Kuonjezera apo, kudzigonana pazinthu zogonana pa Time 1 kunali kosiyana ndi kuyang'ana IP pa Time 2. H2 ndi H4 sankathandizidwa.

Gulu 2. Zowonongeka Zowonongeka Zotsatira za Njira Zapadera (N = 1,765)

Zitsanzo zofananitsa ndi zofananako zogonana ndi TV ndi IP (Gulu 2; RQ1) inasonyeza kuti χ²Kuyezetsa zowerengera sikunali kofunika komanso kuti kusiyana pakati pa CFI kumayamikira (ΔCFI) ya onse osadziwika ndipo zitsanzo zoyenera sizinapitilire 0.01. Chitsanzo choyenera cha chitsanzo chosavomerezekacho sichinali chosiyana ndi chitsanzo chomwe chimalepheretsa mgwirizano pakati pa kugonana ndi ma TV ndi kugonana pazinthu zamagulu kapena zochitika zomwe zimalepheretsa kugwirizana pakati pa IP ndi kugonana pazokha zofalitsa ndi zofanana zogonana. Popeza palibe kusiyana pakati pazimayi, njira ya njira yosadziwika siinaperekedwe Gulu 2.

Kukambirana

Kafukufukuyu ndi m'modzi mwa oyamba kuphunzira ubale womwe ulipo pakati pokhudzana ndi mauthenga azakugonana pazoyambitsa media komanso chizolowezi cha achinyamata chodziwonetsera pogonana. Kafukufukuyu akuwonetsa kufunikira kwa mauthenga ogonana pazofalitsa zambiri polimbikitsa achinyamata kudziwonetsera pa intaneti. Ngakhale kuwonetsa zachiwerewere pazowonerera zenizeni zapa kanema wawayilesi zinali zogwirizana mokhudzana ndi chiwonetsero chazakugonana pazanema, palibe ubale wobwereza womwe udapezeka mukamaphunzira za IP. Kafukufukuyu ali ndi tanthauzo lofunikira pakufufuza kwamtsogolo.

Choyamba, mgwirizano womwe umakhala pakati pa kugonana ndi mafilimu ndi mafilimu okhudzana ndi kugonana pakati pa anyamata ndi atsikana akuwonetsa zomwe zosangalatsa zambiri pa TV zimakhudza momwe achinyamata amachitira pa malo awo pa intaneti. Zomwe akupezazi zikuwonetsanso kuti achinyamata omwe amayamba kugonana pazinthu zamagulu amatha kupeza, makamaka, zokhudzana ndi kugonana pa TV. Kawirikawiri, chizoloŵezi chokhazikika pakati pa kugonana ndi ma TV ndi kugonana pazinthu zokhudzana ndi zochitika zokhudzana ndi kugonana, monga momwe tafotokozera m'maganizo, monga Media Practice Model⁴⁵ ndi kuyimitsa chitsanzo cha mizimu.⁴⁶ Pazinthu zoterezi, chiwonetsero chazakugonana pa intaneti komanso kudziwonetsa kwawo pazogonana pazofalitsa zambiri zimalimbikitsana ndikulimbikitsana. Reality TV itha kukhala yofunika kwambiri pankhaniyi popeza achinyamata nthawi zambiri amayang'ana anthu kapena zochitika munkhani zofalitsa nkhani zomwe ndi "zodalirika" komanso "onga iwo."^45,47 Komabe, mabukuwa adasonyezanso kuti anyamata amadziwika ndi maonekedwe a mitundu ina yotchuka ya kanema.⁴⁸ Monga mitundu yambiri yotchuka, monga mavidiyo a nyimbo ndi masewera a sopo, amasonyezanso kugonana,^24,49 Kafukufuku wamtsogolo angayang'ane ngati njira zofanana pakati pa kuyang'ana mitundu iyi ndi kugonana paokha pa Intaneti kungapezeke.

Chachiwiri, zikhulupiriro zofalitsa nkhani, monga Kusiyana Kwambiri kwa Media Effects Model, zatsimikizira kuti (zochuluka) zowonongeka sizingagwirizane ndi onse (achinyamata).⁵⁰ Zomwe zimakhudzidwa kwambiri ndi zomwe zimachitika (zomwe zimafotokozedwa ngati kukula kwa munthu zomwe zimakhudza momwe ogwiritsa ntchito amagwiritsidwira ntchito ndi media) zitha kulimbikitsa kapena kufooketsa zovuta pakati pa anthu ogwiritsa ntchito media.⁵⁰ Zomwe zapeza tsopano zikusonyeza kuti kugonana sikofunika kuti munthu akhale ndi chiyanjano chosiyana ndi chiyanjano pakati pa kugonana pazinthu zokhudzana ndi zachiwerewere ndi kuwonetsa zachiwonetsero zokhudzana ndi kugonana kapena IP. Komabe, zizindikiro zina zowonongeka zingasokoneze ubale umenewu. Ngakhale kuti pulogalamu ya IP komanso kugonana pazinthu zokhudzana ndi kugonana sizinagwirizane ndi phunziro lino, ubalewu ukhoza kuchitika pakati pa magulu a ogwiritsa ntchito omwe angakhale ndi zotsatira za IP kapena ambiri angasankhe IP. Mwachiwonetsero ichi, mabuku ofunikira amapereka kwa ofunafuna kwambiri,⁵¹ achinyamata osakwiya,⁵² ndi achinyamata omwe ali ndi zaka zoyambirira⁴⁰ monga magulu ofunikira kuti aunike.

Izi zanenedwa, ndizotheka kuti kuyang'ana pa IP ndi kudzigonjera pazochitika zogonana sizolumikizana chifukwa zimasiyanasiyana ndi kugonana kwawo. Kugonana pazinthu zamagulu^5,7 Nthawi zambiri zimangokhala zogonana, pomwe IP imalongosola zakugonana. Achinyamata angaone ochita masewero ndi mafilimu ochita mafilimu mu IP monga zitsanzo zosayenera. Mogwirizana ndi kulingalira uku, kafukufuku wamakhalidwe awonetsa kuti asungwana akuonetsetsa kuti mawonedwe awo pa intaneti sakuwoneka ngati "slutty."⁵³ Mofananamo, kudzigonana pazinthu zogonana sizingaganizidwe ngati zofanana ndi zolaula mu IP. Achinyamata omwe amadziwika okha pazochitika zogonana ndi anzawo, sangathe kuwononga IP.

Kafukufuku wathu anali ndi zoperewera zosachepera ziwiri: choyamba, kafukufuku wathu adagwiritsa ntchito malipoti anu pofotokozera za kugonana kwa achinyamata. Izi zimangogunda ngati achinyamata amadzionetsa munjira zogonana, koma amapereka chidziwitso chochepa cha momwe achinyamata amadzionetsera. Kuti timvetsetse momwe achinyamata amaphatikizira mauthenga azakugonana kuchokera pazofalitsa zambiri pazomwe amadzionetsera pa intaneti, tikufunika njira zowonekera pokhudzana ndi chiwerewere, kuphatikiza zolemba ndi zowonekera.

Chachiwiri, kukula kwa mgwirizano pakati pa kugonana ndi ma TV ndi kugonana pazinthu zogonana ndizochepa, ngakhale zikugwirizana ndi kafukufuku wina⁵⁴ ndi zolemba pa kafukufuku wa longitudinal woyang'anira kuti zikhale zolimba.⁵⁵ Komanso, izi zing'onozing'ono zowonjezera zingathe kufotokozedwa ndi zochitika zochepa kwambiri zosonyeza kudzikonda kwambiri pakati pa anyamata omwe ali m'gulu lathu. Ngakhale kuti mphambu yochepa kwambiri, chiyanjano pakati pa kugonana ndi ma TV ndi kuyankhulana kwa kugonana komweku, kunatsimikizira kufunika kwa kafukufuku wamtsogolo pa nkhaniyi. Komanso, mabukuwa⁵⁶ akuwonetsa kuti ngakhale zochepa za mauthenga zingathe kukhala zofunikira monga momwe mauthenga opatsirana pogonana akulimbikitsidwa muzinthu zofalitsidwa ndi ma TV (mwachitsanzo, TV yeniyeni ndi ma TV) ndi ofanana ndi chikhalidwe cha anthu chomwe chinaperekedwa kuchokera kuzinthu zina (mwachitsanzo, zina zambiri zokhudzana ndi kugonana ndi anzawo^2,53). Palimodzi, zotsatirazi zokhudzana ndi chikhalidwe cha anthu zimatha kusokoneza nthawi yambiri.⁵⁶

Kutsiliza

Kawirikawiri, kafukufuku wamakono akuwonetsa kuti zochitika zambiri zofalitsa ma TV zitha kuwalimbikitsa achinyamata kuti apange ndi kufalitsa zolaula zawo. Komanso, kugonana komwe kumachitika m'mafilimu ambiri akuoneka kuti kumakhudza kwambiri anthu omwe amagwiritsa ntchito mafilimu omwe amadziwonetsera okha. Zotsatira za kafukufuku pakati pa achinyamata ndizofunika kuti tiwone zambiri zokhudza kusiyana pakati pa zochitika zogonana ndi zochitika zokhudzana ndi kugonana komanso makhalidwe okhudzana ndi kugonana.

Zindikirani

a. Zithunzi zonse zofanana zomwe zimaperekedwa mu zotsatira gawolo linaperekedwanso ndi chitsanzo chomwe sichidawononge anthu omwe sanagwiritse ntchito malo ochezera a pa Intaneti (SNS) pa Time 1 ndi / kapena Time 2 (N = 1,586). Zotsatira zakapangidwe kofanizira zinali zofanana ndi zotsatira zomwe zafotokozedwa munkhaniyo pazitsanzo zomwe zimaphatikizapo omwe sanatengepo SNS pa Time 1 ndi / kapena Time 2 (N = 1,765). Zotsatira zowonjezera izi zitha kupezeka potumiza imelo kwa wolemba womwewo.

akazindikire

Kafukufukuyu anagwiritsidwa ntchito ndi ndalama kuchokera ku bungwe la Netherlands Organization for Scientific Research (NWO) kwa wolemba wachitatu.

Chidziwitso cha Mlembi Wolemba

Palibe zopikisana zachuma zomwe zilipo.

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