Faʻatauga Faalenatura, Neuroplasticity, ma Vailaʻau Faʻasamaʻi (2011)

Neuropharmacology. 2011 Tesema; 61(7): 1109-1122. Lomia i luga o le initaneti 2011 Aperila 1. Tui: 10.1016 / j.neuropharm.2011.03.010

PMCID: PMC3139704 NIHMSID: NIHMS287046

Christopher M. Olsen, Ph.D.^1,^2,³

Faamatalaga tusitala ► Faamatalaga o le Puletaofia ma Laisene ►

O le lomiga mulimuli a le tagata faʻasalalau lomiga o lenei tusiga o loʻo avanoa i Neuropharmacology

Vaai i isi tala i le PMC faʻailoa le lomiga lolomi.

lē faʻatino

To le maualuga maualuga lea o le vaeluaina o le va o le faiʻai e aofia ai le gaosia o taui masani ma fualaau faasaina. "O vailaau faʻasaina" poʻo "vaisu" ua sili atu ona faʻamaonia i totonu o le falemaʻi, ma o maʻi faʻamaʻi e aofia ai gaoioiga faʻamalosi e pei o le faʻatau, taumafa, faʻamalositino, amioga tau feusuaiga, ma le vavalalata.

E pei o le tagofia o fualaau faasaina, o vailaʻau e le o vailaʻau e faʻaalia i faʻamaoniga e aofia ai le manava, le pulea le amio, faapalepale, tosoina, ma le maualuga o le toe faʻafoʻi. O nei fesuiaiga i amio e taʻu mai ai o le palasitisi e ono tupu i totonu o vaega o faiʻai e fesootaʻi ma vailaau faʻasaina.

I lenei iloiloga, ou aoteleina ai faʻamatalaga e faʻamaonia ai le faʻaalia o le le faʻamalosia o fualaau faʻasaina e mafai ona suia ai le paʻu palasi i totonu o le mafaufau e aafia i fualaau faasaina. O suʻesuʻega e faʻamaonia ai e tele mea e tutusa ai le neuroplasticity e mafua mai i le natura ma fualaau faasaina, ma, e faalagolago i le taui, o le faʻaalia soo i taui masani e mafai ona aʻafia ai le neuroplasticity e faʻaeʻeina pe faʻataʻitaʻia ai amioga faʻafefete.

uputatala: sailiili fou, vaisu, faaosofia, faʻamalosi, vaisu amioga, palota

1. faʻatomuaga

Ua i ai nei le televise televise o loʻo faʻaalia ai le tusia o tagata o loʻo faʻamalosi malosi i amioga e ono manatu i ai e masani ai, ae fai i se auala e i ai se aʻafiaga ogaoga io latou olaga faʻapea ma o latou aiga. Po tagata e mafatia i mea e mafai ona mafaufauina o mea ua fai ma vaisu e le o ni fualaau faasaina, ua faasolosolo ina faateleina le tusiaina i le falemai, ma o faailoga e aofia ai gaoioiga malolosi e pei o le faatau, taumafa, faamalositino, amioga feusuai, taaloga faitupe, ma taaloga vitio (Holden, 2001; Grant 'ua al, 2006a). E ui lava o mataupu o nei televise e ono foliga mai o ni mataupu ogaoga ma e le masani ai, o nei ituaiga o faaletonu o se mea e masani ai. O fua faatatau masani i le Iunaite Setete ua fuafuaina i le 1-2% mo gaioiga faʻaletonu (Welte 'ua al, 2001), 5% mo amioga mataga faʻafeusuaiga (Schaffer ma Zimmerman, 1990), 2.8% mo le faʻamaʻiina o le pinge-eating (Hudson 'ua al, 2007) ma 5-6% mo le faʻatau faʻatau (Black, 2007).

E ui o le DSM-IV e amanaʻia nei faaletonu ma isi "vaisu" amioga, e le o vaʻaia nei i latou o ni vaisu amio. Atonu e mafua mai i le mea moni e faapea o le DSM-IV o loʻo aloese mai le taimi o le tagofia o mea ua fai ma vaisu e tusa lava pe faʻatatau i fualaau o le faʻaleagaina, filifilia nai lo faaupuga "faʻaleagaina" ma le "faalagolago". I totonu o le DSM-IV, o vailaau faʻaleagaina e faʻapotopotoina i lalo o vaega e pei o "faʻafitauli o mea e aʻafia ai le vailaau," "faʻamaʻi o meaʻai," ma le "faʻafitauli o le faʻalavelave e leai se isi mea e faʻavasega" (Holden, 2001; Potenza, 2006). Talu ai nei lava, ua i ai se uiga masani i le mafaufau e uiga i nei vailaau e le o fualaau faasaina ia sili atu le faʻaaogaina o vailaau ma le faʻatuatuaga (Rogers ma Smit, 2000; Wang 'ua al, 2004b; Voluma ma Wise, 2005; Grant 'ua al., 2006a; Petry, 2006; Teegarden ma Bale, 2007; Deadwyler, 2010; Grant 'ua al, 2010). O le mea moni, o vailaʻau e le faʻaaogaina fualaau faʻasaina e fetaui lelei ma faʻamatalaga faʻataʻatia o le tagofia o mea ua fai ma vaisu lea e aofia ai le auai i le amio e tusa lava pe oʻo i aʻafiaga ogaoga (Holden, 2001; Hyman 'ua al, 2006). O lenei mea mataʻina ua talisapaia e fomaʻi, ma o le toe teuteuina o le DSM-5 e aofia ai se vaega o le tagofia o mea ua fai ma vaisu ma amioga e tutusa ai ((APA), 2010). I totonu o lenei vaega, ua faʻatulagaina se vaega o faʻasologa o faʻasaumalie, lea e aofia ai taaloga faʻalauiloa ma le faʻaaogaina o le initaneti ((APA), 2010; O'Brien, 2010; Tao 'ua al, 2010).

E pei o vailaau o mea ua fai ma vaisu, o vailaʻau e leai ni vailaau e faʻaalia i foliga tutusa o le mafaufau ma le amio e aofia ai le faananau, le pulea lelei o le amio, faapalepale, tosoina, ma le maualuga o le toe foʻi (Mareko, 1990; Lejoyeux 'ua al, 2000; National Institute on Drug Abuse (NIDA) 'ua al, 2002; Potenza, 2006). O mea tutusa i le va o fualaau faasaina ma le leai o fualaau faasaina e mafai foi ona vaaia faaletino. O suʻesuʻega faʻasolosolo faʻamalosi i tagata ua faʻaalia ai le tau tupe (Breiter 'ua al, 2001), faʻatau (Knutson 'ua al, 2007), vailaʻau (Komisaruk 'ua al, 2004), taaalo i taaloga vitio (Koepp 'ua al, 1998; Toa 'ua al, 2008) ma le vaaia o mea taumafaʻai (Wang 'ua al, 2004a) faʻagaoioia le tele o le isi lava oʻai (e pei o le mesocorticolimbic system ma faalautele le amygdala) o fualaau faasaunoa (Volkow 'ua al, 2004). O lenei tusiga o le a toe iloiloina ai le faʻamaonia o faʻamalosiaga e mafai ona taʻitaʻia i le palota i le amio ma le neurotransmission lea e masani ona manatuaina o fetuunaiga na vaʻaia i le faʻamaʻi atu i fualaau faasaina, aemaise lava psychostimulants. Mo le faʻamoemoe o le iloiloga o loʻo iai nei, o le a faʻalauteleina le faʻamaoniaina o soʻo se fetuutuunaiga i amioga poʻo galuega faʻainitaneti, faʻapitoaar i le faʻaaogaina o le upu na muaʻi faamatalaina e William James (James, 1890). O aʻafiaga a Synaptic o le a faatatau i se suiga i le maualuga o le synapse, e masani ona fuaina e faʻaaoga ai auala eletise (eg, suiga o le AMPA / NMDA). O le eletise eletise e le o le eletise o le a faatatau i le suiga o le neurotransmission (synaptic or intracellular) ua fuaina i le natura e ala i feeseeseaiga i tulaga o le transmitter, talini, po o le felauaiga, po o le suia o le tulaga phosphorylation o soo se tasi o nei meaola. O faʻataʻitaʻiga faʻapitoa e faʻaaogaina i le amio (ole faʻataʻitaʻiga o loʻo talanoaina i le Vaega 1.1).

O loʻo faʻatautaia le faʻaogaina o faʻataʻotoga o le natura faʻapitoa i le faʻaaogaina o fualaau faʻaleagaina, ma o le faʻatautaia i nei gaioiga ua talitonuina e nafa ma le amio faʻasalalau (e pei o le faateleina o fualaau faʻasaina ma le manaʻo) o uiga o vaisu (Kelley ma Berridge, 2002; Aston-Jones ma Harris, 2004; Kalivas ma O'Brien, 2008; Wanat 'ua al, 2009b). O faʻamaoniga mo lenei faʻataʻitaʻiga o loʻo vaaia i le tele o ituaiga o palasitini i vaega o faiʻai ua iloa e aʻafia ai le faʻamalosia, galuega faʻapitoa, ma le faʻatulagaina o taui (Kalivas ma O'Brien, 2008; Thomas 'ua al, 2008; Frascella 'ua al, 2010; Koob ma Volkow, 2010; Pierce ma Vanderschuren, 2010; Russo 'ua al, 2010). O faʻataʻitaʻiga o meaola ua tatou maua ai se faʻamatalaga o suiga loloto o le faʻaaogaina o fualaau faʻasaina e mafai ona tuʻuina atu. Fetuunaiga e maua mai i le suiga o le neurotransmitters maualuga e suia ai le vitio o le cell and changes in activity transcriptional (Robinson ma Kolb, 2004; Kalivas 'ua al, 2009; Russo 'ua al., 2010). O nisi vaega ua lipotia foi fualaau o le sauaina o le suia o le synaptic plasticity i vaega autu o le faiʻai ua aafia i le tagofia o fualaau faasaina (mo le toe iloilo, vaai (Matagi 'ua al, 2002; Kauer ma Malenka, 2007; Luscher ma Bellone, 2008; Thomas 'ua al., 2008). O le tele o le neuroadaptations ua faʻamatalaina sa i ai i itu o le mesocorticolimbic system ma le amygdala lautele (Grueter 'ua al, 2006; Schramm-Sapyta 'ua al, 2006; Kauer ma Malenka, 2007; Kalivas 'ua al., 2009; Koob ma Volkow, 2010; Russo 'ua al., 2010; Mameli 'ua al, 2011).

E faavae i luga o matafaioi iloga o nei itulagi i le faatonutonuina o uiga, gaioiga o taui faalenatura, ma amioga faaosofia, ua talitonu lautele e faapea o lenei plastics o loo mulimulitaʻia suiga suiga i amio e fesootaʻi ma vaisu. I totonu o tagata, o nisi o nei suiga e aofia ai le faia o filifiliga le lelei, faaitiitia le fiafia mai taui masani (anhedonia), ma le naunau (Majewska, 1996; Bechara, 2005; O'Brien, 2005). I faʻataʻitaʻiga o meaola, o nei amioga ua suia e mafai ona suʻesuʻeina i fua o le neurobehavioral e mulimuli i le talafaasolopito o le pulega o fualaau faasaina, ma o mafaufauga masani o mafaufau e manatu e vavalalata nei fua faatatau (Markou ma Koob, 1991; Shaham 'ua al, 2003; Bevins ma Besheer, 2005; Winstanley, 2007). O nei fuataga e maua ai le faavae mo suʻega faʻapitoa o pharmacotherapies ia atonu e aoga i le togafitiga o mea ua fai ma vaisu.

O faʻamatalaga lata mai ua taʻu mai ai o vailaʻau e le faʻaaogaina fualaau faasaina e mafai ona oʻo atu ai i neuroadaptations e talitutusa ma lipoti ua lipotia ma le faʻaaogaina o fualaau oona. E ui lava o le tele o nei faʻataʻitaʻiga o le palasitino e faʻaalia mai suesuega a manu, o lipoti e aofia ai foʻi ma faʻataʻitaʻiga mai suʻesuʻega a tagata.

I lenei iloiloga, o le a tatou suʻesuʻeina le manatu e faapea, o taui masani e mafai ona aʻafia ai le faʻaleagaina ma le amio palasitisi i auala e tutusa lelei ma vaisu. O suʻesuʻega i le lumanaʻi o lenei mea matautia e mafai ona tatou maua ai malamalamaga i vaisu o amioga ma faʻalauteleina "gasegase" falemaʻi e mafai ona faʻamanuiaina ai vailaau faʻasaina ma vailaau faʻasaina (Frascella 'ua al., 2010).

1.1. Faʻasologa o faʻasalalauga faʻasalalau ma vaisu

I le tulaga o le tagofia o fualaau faasaina, e tele ni aʻoaʻoga ua faʻaalia e faʻamatalaina ai pe faapefea ona saofagā i aʻafiaga ma amioga faʻa-palesitisi. O le tasi manatu o le faʻaosofia lea-faʻalauiloaina (Robinson ma Berridge, 1993, 2001, 2008). Ae tusa ai ma lenei manatu, i tagata e ono afaina, o le faʻateleina o fualaau faʻasaina e oʻo atu ai i se tulaga taua (reverse tolerance) o mea faʻaosofia-faaosofia o fualaau faʻasaina ma fualaau faʻatau. O lenei suiga e le itiiti ifo i se vaega o le aufaasālalau e ala i le faʻaalia o nucleus accumbens (NAc) dopamine (DA) faʻamalolo pe a uma ona faʻaalia i fualaau faasaina.. O le mea e masani ai, e fesoʻotaʻi lenei ma le faateleina o le manaʻo ma le naunau i fualaau oona pe a faʻaalia se tasi i faʻaaliga e fesootaʻi ma le faʻaaogaina (e pei o se paipa). I faʻataʻitaʻiga o meaola, e mafai ona faʻataʻitaʻiina le faʻalauiloaina o lagona e ala i le fuaina o amioga e sailia ai fualaau faʻasaina e tali atu ai i faʻamatalaga ua tuʻufaʻatasia ma le faʻamaoniga o fualaau (Robinson ma Berridge, 2008). O le aʻafiaga o le locomotor e tupu foi i le faʻafoega faifai pea o fualaau faʻasaina o le sauaina ma e ono avea ma se tulaga le mafaasese o le faʻaosofiaina o lagona, e ui lava o le mafutaga faʻatasi ma le faʻaosofia o le faʻaosofia o ni faʻafitauli e le mavavaeeseina (Robinson ma Berridge, 2008). E le gata i lea, o faʻataʻitaʻiga e mafai ona faʻamatalaina i le va o fualaau faʻasaina ma le leai o fualaau faʻatau (Fiorino ma Phillips, 1999; Avena ma Hoebel, 2003b; Robinson ma Berridge, 2008). I totonu o tagata, o le matafaioi o le dopamine o loo faailogaina i le faaosofiaina o le faʻalauiloaina o le faʻagasologa o le faʻataʻitaʻiga e leʻi leva ona faʻamaonia i le maitauina o le dopamine dysregulation syndrome i nisi tagata o loʻo aʻafia i vailaʻau faʻasa. O lenei maʻi e faʻaalia i le faʻateleina o fualaau i le (poʻo le malosi) faʻatasi i le le faʻatauina o fualaau faʻapitoa e pei o le petipeti, faʻatau, po o feusuaiga (Evans 'ua al, 2006; Aiken, 2007; Lader, 2008).

O le isi aʻoaʻoga lea ua atiae e faʻamatalaina ai pe a faʻafefea ona avea le palasitisi e fesoʻotaʻi ma vailaʻau ma mea e fai ma vaisu, o le talitonuga o le fili (Solomona, 1980; Koob 'ua al, 1989; Koob ma Le Moal, 2008). I le faapuupuuga, o lenei talitonuga o le faaosofiaga e taʻu mai ai e lua faiga e faia i taimi masani: o le muamua e aofia ai le afaina poo le le fiafia, o le lona lua o le faagasologa o se mea e afaina ai pe le fiafia foi (Solomona ma Korbit, 1974). O se faataitaiga na tuuina mai e Solomona e faatatau i le faaaogaina o le opiate, pe afai o le faapalepale e atiaeina i aafiaga ogaoga o le lemonic pe a uma ona fai soo le fualaau faasaina, ma o le a tulai mai ai ni faailoilo le lelei o le tolopoina o le a atili faaosofia ai le faaaogaina o fualaau faasaina (malosi le faamalosia)Solomona, 1980). O lenei uluai lomiga o le manatu na amataina e faamatala ai amioga ua suia e ala i le aafia i fualaau faasaina ma le le faaaogaina o fualaau faasaina (mo le iloiloga, vaai (Solomona, 1980)). O le faʻalauteleina o le faʻaaogaina o le komiti o le faitioga, o le mamanu lea o le faʻaaogaina o le faiʻai (Koob ma Le Moal, 2001, 2008). Bo le faʻataʻitaʻiga lenei, e aofia ai manatu faʻafeagai o le taui ma le taupulepulega, ao le mea mulimuli e aofia ai le le mafai ona toe foʻi i se tulaga o le homeostatic, e oʻo atu ai i aʻafiaga le lelei ma le faʻaitiitia o le taui masani, lea e faʻateleina ai le faʻaosofia e faʻamalolo lenei tulaga (Koob ma Le Moal, 2008). O faʻamaoniga mo le neuroplasticity o loʻo faʻasalalau ai lenei tulaga afaina faʻaleagaina e maua mai i nisi o sailiiliga, e aofia ai le dfaʻaitiitia le basal NAc DA mulimuli i le faʻamaʻiina o fualaau i totonu o tamaʻi (Weiss 'ua al, 1992), faʻaititia le faʻaletonu o le D2 i le tele o meaʻai ma le faʻalavelave o tagata 'ava malosi ma le faʻataʻitaʻiga a le heroin addicts (Volkow al iā., 2004; Zijlstra 'ua al, 2008), ma le faʻateleina o le faʻamalosia o le tagata lava ia (ICSS) i le taimi o le faʻamaʻiina o cocaine i tamaʻi (Markou ma Koob, 1991). I le faaopoopo atu i suiga i le mesolimbic DA signaling, o loʻo faʻapena foi ona faʻaaogaina faʻalavelave matuia. O se faʻataʻitaʻiga sili ona malosi e faʻateleina le CRF o loʻo saini i totonu o le manatu, ogatotonu tutotonu o le amygdala, ma le moega o le tumutumu o le nofoaga mulimuli pe a uma ona aveeseina le tele o fualaau faasaina (Koob ma Le Moal, 2008).

O le talitonuga lona tolu o le faamatalaina o le neuroplasticity e mafua ai le tagofia o mea ua fai ma vaisu, o le faafaigaluegaina o le neurocircuitry e masani ona masani ai, i le toe faia o fualaau faasaina. (Faʻaauau 'ua al, 2001; Faʻaauau 'ua al, 2008; Kiliata, 2008; Ostlund ma Balleine, 2008; Pierce ma Vanderschuren, 2010). Mo se faʻataʻitaʻiga, e le o ni tagata e faʻaaogaina le cocaine e faʻaalia ai suiga i le glucose metabolism ma le maualuga o le dopamine D2 receptor ma le dopamine e faʻauluina muamua lea e aʻafia ai le telefoni, ae faʻatasi ai ma le faʻalauteleina o le faalauteleina i totonu (Porrino 'ua al, 2004a; Porrino 'ua al, 2004b). O lenei faʻalautelega "taʻu mai ai o elemene o amioga faʻataʻitaʻi i fafo atu o le aʻafiaga o le cocaine e faʻatele ma laititi ma faʻateleina le umi o le aʻafia i le faʻaogaina o fualaʻau e mafua ai le pule malosi a cocaine i vaega uma o le olaga o le fai ma vaisu" (Porrino al iā., 2004a). O lenei tulaga faʻasolosolo mai le vaʻaia i le taʻavale e tutusa ma se tusitusiga tuai i luga o le suiga mai le sini-i le aʻoaʻoga masani (Balleine ma Dickinson, 1998) ma o loʻo i ai se faʻasalalauga faʻapitoa lea e lagolago ai le mafai gafatia o aʻoaʻoga faʻapitoa e tauia ai taui e faʻagasolosolo ona alualu i luma le tele o vaega o le vaega o le striatum (Haber 'ua al, 2000).

2. Taumafa Taumafa

Masalo o le sili ona suʻesuʻeina le taui o le meaʻai lea. Mea taumafa o le mea taua tele lea i le tele o suʻesuʻega o le taotoga ma ua faʻaaogaina e avea o se faʻamalosi i taualumaga e pei o le faʻatonutonuina o galuega (faʻafoe ia te ia lava), suʻega o taʻavale, aʻoaʻoga tauvaga, galuega tau taaloga, ma nofoaga tuʻuina (Skinner, 1930; Ettenberg ma Camp, 1986; Kandel 'ua al, 2000; Kelley, 2004; Tzschentke, 2007; Seepe 'ua al, 2009). I tamaʻi na toleniina e faʻasaga i le malosi e maua ai le pulea lelei o fualaau faasaina, o meaʻai e sili ona lelei e pei o suka ma saccharin na faʻaalia e faʻaitiitia ai le pulea o le cocaine ma heroin (Carroll 'ua al, 1989; Lenoir ma Ahmed, 2008), Ma o nei tagata faʻamalosi masani na faʻataʻitaʻiina i le cocaine e le mafaamatalaina i le filifilia e le tagata lava ia o le pulega i le tele o miti na tofotofoina (Lenoir 'ua al, 2007; Cantin 'ua al, 2010). O lenei mea o le a fautua mai ai o meaai suamalie e sili atu lona taua nai lo cocaine, e oʻo lava i manu e iai le talafaasolopito tele o fualaau oona (Cantin al iā., 2010). E ui e foliga mai o lenei vaivaiga o se vaivaiga i ata o loʻo iai i le taimi nei o le faʻamaʻiina o le koko, o le toʻalaiti o manumanu e sili ona fiafia i le koko i le suka poʻo le saccharin (Cantin al iā., 2010). E ono mafai ona avea nei meaola ma sui o se "tagata vaivai," lea e sili atu ona talafeagai i le tulaga o le tagata. O lenei manatu o loʻo suʻesuʻe atili i le Talanoaga (Vaega 6.1).

O galuega mai le tele o fale suesue ua faʻaalia ai faʻataʻitaʻiga o le palasitisi i mafutaga faʻataʻetaʻia pe a maeʻa ona maua ni meaai gaʻo. O fetuunaiga o le Neurobehavioral i le maeʻa ai o se talaʻaga o le faʻaaogaina o mea taumafa na faʻaaogaina i latou na matauina pe a maeʻa fualaau faasaina, e faʻamalosia ai le tele o saienitisi e faʻaalia e mafai ona tutusa le tagofia o mea taumafa (Hoebel 'ua al, 1989; Le Magnen, 1990; Wang al iā., 2004b; Voluma ma Wise, 2005; Davis ma Carter, 2009; Nair 'ua al, 2009a; Corsica ma Pelchat, 2010). O le suʻesuʻega a Bartley Hoebel o loʻo i ai faʻamaumauga tele o faʻataʻitaʻiga faʻasalalau faʻasalalau i tua atu o se tala faasolopito o le avanoa e maua mai ai le suka, lea na taʻitaʻia ai o ia ma ana paaga e faʻaalia o le suka e fetaui ma tulaga faʻamaonia (addiction)Oats 'ua al, 2008). O lenei manatu e lagolagoina e o le mea moni e faapea o nisi o faʻataʻitaʻiga o le palasitino o loʻo vaaia i le mulimulitaia o fualaau faʻasaina o loʻo mataituina foi pe a uma ona maua le avanoa e le gata i le suka, ae o le gaʻo foi. O ituaiga eseese o meaʻai e faʻaaogaina e suʻesuʻeina ai le palasitisi, e aofia ai le maualuga maualuga o suka, gaʻo maualuga, ma "Western" poʻo "Cafeteria" taumafa e taumafai ai e faʻataʻitaʻi ata eseese o meaʻai a tagata.

I le taimi e masani ai ona maua le suka, Faʻaauau le faʻaleleia o le taumafa (Colantuoni 'ua al, 2001), o se mea muamua na fesootaʻi ma le cocaine ma le heroin self-administration (Ahmed ma Koob, 1998; Roberts 'ua al, 2007). O le vavalalata o se faʻaopoopoga o le taumafa lea e tupu i le taimi o le uluaʻi laʻasaga (faʻataʻitaʻiga o le itula muamua o le ono itula itula) o le pulea e le tagata o ia lava ina ua mavae se tala faasolopito o faʻasalalauga faifaipea, o se mea na mafaufauina e faʻaaoga ai mamanu a le tagata o fualaau faʻatau (Koob ma Kreek, 2007).
A maeʻa ona aveese le suka poʻo le gaʻo, o le tolopoina o faailoga e aofia ai popolega-ma amioga faʻavaivai-faʻaalia (Colantuoni 'ua al, 2002; Teegarden ma Bale, 2007).
A maeʻa lenei vaitau o le "faʻamaonia", faʻataʻitaʻiga o loʻo faʻataʻitaʻiina le "naunau" ma le "sailia" amio mo le suka (Oats 'ua al, 2005) pe gaʻo (Ward 'ua al, 2007), faa; pei foi ona "Faaosofia o le manaʻo"(Grimm 'ua al, 2001; Lu 'ua al, 2004; Grimm 'ua al, 2005), ma "toe foʻi" (Nair 'ua al, 2009b) mulimuli i le faʻamaonia mai le suka.
O le mea moni, pe a tuʻuina atu a toe faʻafeiloaʻi i le suka pe a maeʻa se vaitaimi o le faʻasaina, o meaola e tele mea e sili atut o le suka nai lo taimi o sauniga na muamua atu (Oats al iā., 2005). O lenei mea na faʻaaogaina muamua na faʻamatalaina mo le ava malosi (Sinclair ma le Senter, 1968), ma ua manatu o se isi faʻataʻitaʻiga faʻapitoa o le naunau ma le toe faʻafoʻi (McBride ma Li, 1998; Spanagel ma Holter, 1999).
I le mea mulimuli, i le mulimuli atu i le faʻalavelave faʻafuaseʻi i se meaʻai maualuga, Sa faaauau le sailia o meaʻai e ui i aʻafiaga leaga (Teegarden ma Bale, 2007; Johnson ma Kenny, 2010), lea na fuafuaina e avea o se suʻega manu mo le ono maua mai o fualaau oona ua vaaia i tagata ua fai ma vaisu (Deroche-Gamonet 'ua al, 2004).

O le isi faʻamatalaga o le palasitisi e aʻafia e ala i meaai, o se "fesoʻotaʻiga"O le gaoioiga vavalalata i le va o le suka ma le psychostimulants e mafai ona faia i totonu ole faasologa ole togafitiga (Avena ma Hoebel, 2003b, a; Gosnell, 2005). O le felaʻuaiga lautele o se faʻalavelave e tupu pe a uma ona faʻaalia i se faʻalapotopotoga o le siosiomaga poʻo le falemaʻi (e pei o se faʻalavelave poo se psychostimulant), e mafua ai se tali sili atu (e masani lava o le locomotor)Antelman 'ua al, 1980; O'Donnell ma Miczek, 1980; Kalivas 'ua al, 1986; Vezina 'ua al, 1989). O le faʻaaogaina o le mafaufau e aofia ai psychostimulants e aofia ai neolimbic DA neurons, ma le talitonuina e mafua mai i mea masani o le gaioiga i le va o ni faʻamalosi se lua (Antelman al iā., 1980; Herman 'ua al, 1984; Kalivas ma Stewart, 1991; Tagata ma le Nestler, 1995).

O le felauaiga i psychostimulants o loʻo vaaia foi i manu na fafagaina le maualuga o le suka / gaʻo mea taumafa i le taimi o le soifua maloloina ma le taimi o le lalagainas (Shalev 'ua al, 2010). Ina ia fuafua pe mafai ona faʻafefe i se meaʻai maualuga e mafai ona suia ai le "taui" (faʻamalosia) o se vailaʻau faasaunoa, Davis et al. o manuʻai faʻataʻitaʻiina na fafagaina se taumafa maualuga mo le faʻaaogaina o le amphetamine i le faʻaaogaina o se mea e fiafia ai (CPP)Davis 'ua al, 2008). I lenei faʻataʻitaʻiga, ua faatagaina muamua manu e suʻe se masini e tele vaega (o le suʻega muamua) pe a faʻapea o potu taʻitasi o loʻo i ai faʻaaliga manino, faʻaoga, ma / poʻo olfactory. I le taimi o le faʻatulagaina o sauniga, o meaola e tuʻuina i se tasi o potu ma fetaui ma se taui (eg amu o le amphetamine poʻo meaʻai ile potu). O nei sauniga e toe fai ma faʻatalanoa i taimi o faʻatulagaga lea e aofia ai le tuʻufaʻatasia o le isi potu o mea faigaluega faʻatasi ai ma le faʻataʻitaʻiga (e pei o le iniseti poo le leai o se meaʻai). Ole laʻasaga o le suʻega e faia i lalo ole lava tulaga e pei ona faʻaalia muamua ile suʻega ma le CPP pe a faʻaalia e manu se mea taua mo le potu na fetaui ma le vailaʻau poʻo le faʻatau fualaau faʻatau. Davis et al. na maua ai e le maualuga o le fafagaina o fusi fafagaina le atinaʻeina o nofoaga mo le amphetamine, ma fautua mai ai le faapalepale i le va o le taumafa o meaʻai gaʻo maualuga ma aʻafiaga faʻamalosia o amphetamine (Davis al iā., 2008).

O le toso ese mai o se mea vaaia lea e vaaia i le mulimuli atu i taimi uma i meaai e sili ona pala. O faailoga faailoilo o le ave i tua e masani ona fesootaʻi ma le naloxone e mafai ona faʻaitiitia le faʻamalosolo o le vaʻaia e mafai foi ona vaʻaia e leloloone poʻo le faʻatapulaʻaina o mea taumafa pe a maeʻa le gaʻo (Colantuoni al iā., 2002) poʻo se taumafataga o faleʻai (Le Magnen, 1990).
Maea maualuga mo le tauleleia o le faiai, lea e masani ona matauina pe a uma ona aveese mai cocaine, ava malosi, amphetamine, ma le nicotine (Simpson ma Annau, 1977; Cassens 'ua al, 1981; Markou ma Koob, 1991; Schulteis 'ua al, 1995; Malamalama ma Mimita, 1995; Ufi-Jordan 'ua al, 1998; Rylkova 'ua al, 2009), e maitauina i tamaʻi o loʻo mulimuli i le 40 aso faʻafeiloaʻi i se taumafataga cafeteria e faʻaopoopo i le masani masani, ma o lenei aafiaga na tumau pea le le itiiti ifo i le 14 aso talu ona aveeseina le meaʻai maualuga (Johnson ma Kenny, 2010). O lenei fuataga e masani ona faʻaaogaina e faʻamatala ai le Setete o le Anhedonia e fesoʻotai i ai e uiga i le leo maualalo ole faiga o taui failele (Kenny, 2007; Poto, 2008; Bruijnzeel, 2009; Carlezon ma Thomas, 2009) ma is mafaufau e faatonutonu le faʻaauauina o le faʻaaogaina o fualaau (ma atonu o meaʻai) e faʻamalolo ai lenei tulaga (o se mea iloga ua lauiloa o le faʻamalosia le lelei) (Cottone 'ua al, 2008; Koob, 2010).

I le faʻaopopoina i le amio faʻasolosolo, o le faʻaaogaina tele o nisi o ituaiga o meaʻai ua fesoʻotaʻi foi ma le eletise eletise. Aemaise lava, o le dopamine ma le opioid o le faailoga e foliga mai e ono mafai ona faʻaleleia pe a maeʻa ona maua le maualuga o le suka poʻo meaʻai maualuga. I le NAc, o taimi e fafagaina ai faʻasalalauga ma maua ai le gaʻo ma le faʻateleina o le faʻateleina o le D1 ma le D3 mea na maua (pe o le mRNA poʻo le polotini), aʻo faʻaitiitia le faʻaaogaina o le D2 i le NAc ma le taʻavale (Colantuoni 'ua al., 2001; Bello 'ua al, 2002; Spangler 'ua al, 2004). O lenei aafiaga na mataʻituina foi i le faalauteleina o le avanoa i se taumafataga maualuga i fua, ma le sili atu le paʻu i le D2 o loʻo tupu i totonu o laumei sili ona mamafa (Johnson ma Kenny, 2010). O nei fetuʻutuʻaiga i faʻamaumauga o le toto ma meaʻai e tutusa ma i latou o loʻo vaaia i le tootoo o loʻo faʻaauau ona faʻaaogaina le cocaine poʻo le morphine (Alburges 'ua al, 1993; Unterwald 'ua al, 1994a; Spangler 'ua al, 2003; Conrad 'ua al, 2010). E le gata i lea, o le faʻaitiitia o faʻamaumauga a le D2 o loʻo faʻaalia foi i tagata e faʻaaogaina le psychostimulant ma le 'ava malosi (Volkow 'ua al, 1990; Volkow 'ua al, 1993; Volkow 'ua al, 1996; Zijlstra 'ua al., 2008), ma i luga o tagata matutua, o loʻo maua ai le faʻamatalaga D2 e le lelei le faʻasaʻoina o le numera o le tino (Wang 'ua al., 2004b). O le faʻamaoniga o le Endogenous opioid e aʻafia foi i mea taumafa (Gosnell ma Levine, 2009). Suauu faʻamalosi poʻo le suamalie / gaʻo mea taumafa e faʻateleina ai le faʻamalosia o le kaptioid i le NAC, sosoʻo le cortex, hippocampus ma le coeruleus locus (Colantuoni 'ua al., 2001) ma faʻaititia le enkephalin mRNA i le NAc (Kelley 'ua al, 2003; Spangler 'ua al., 2004). O le eletise mai le neurochimika i le mesolimbic DA ma le opioid signaling ua faʻaalia foi e tupu i totonu o le fatu o fusi fafine na fafagaina meaʻai maualuga i le taimi o le maitaga (Vucetic 'ua al, 2010). O nei fanau ua siitia le transaportamine o le dopamine (DAT) i le vaega o le faalauteleina o le eletise (VTA), NAc, ma le muamua o le cortex (PFC), ma le faateleina o le preproenkephalin ma mu opioid receptors i le NAc ma le PFC (Vucetic 'ua al., 2010). O le mea e malie ai, o nei suiga na fesootaʻi atu i le suiga o le epigenet (hypomethylation) o elemene na faʻaleleia mo faʻafitauli uma e aʻafia ai.

O aʻafiaga i luga o le faʻaaogaina o le corticotropin-releasing (CRF) e ala i gaʻo maualuga / gaʻo maualuga o le suka o loʻo faʻamanatuina foi i latou e faʻaaogaina e fualaau faasaina. Na faateleina le CRF i le amygdala i le mavae ai o le 24 itula na teʻa ese mai se meaʻai maualuga, ae o manu i luga o lenei taumafataga e leʻi faʻaaogaina le amygdala CRF (Teegarden ma Bale, 2007). I faʻataʻitaʻiga faʻapitoa, o lenei CRF taufaʻatasia ua manatu o le a mafua ai le faʻaleleia atili o gaioiga ma faʻateleina le faʻaaogaina o le ethanol (binge)Koob, 2010). O le iʻuga, o loʻo faʻatulagaina tagata faʻatau a le CRF mo le togafitiga o le ava ma le tagofia o fualaau faasaina (Sarnyai 'ua al, 2001; Koob 'ua al, 2009; Lowery ma Thiele, 2010). E tusa ai ma nei faʻamatalaga, e mafai foi ona faʻamoemoe tagata fesoasoani a le CRF e fesoasoani i tagata taʻitoʻatasi ia tumau i le vavao mai meaʻai maualuga / maualuga i le suka i le taimi o se suiga i se taumafataga maloloina.

Faʻamaumauga o le transcript o se isi vasega o le molecule o loʻo aʻafia i le faʻasalalau o aʻafiaga tumau o fualaau faʻasaina o le faʻaleagaina e ala i le afaina tonu i faʻamatalaga o le gafa (McClung ma Nestler, 2008). I le lagolagosua i le manatu o meaai e mafai ona aʻafia ai le paʻu o le eletise, e tele suiga o mea e maua i le tusiga e suia foi e ala i meaʻai. Na faaitiitia le NAc phospho-CREB i le 24 itula mulimuli mai le aveeseina mai se taumafataga maualuga o le gaʻo ma le 24 itula ma le 1 vaiaso pe a uma ona aveeseina mai se meaʻai maualuga, ae faaopoopo le faletusi o le FosB i le taimi e maua ai le taumafataga maualuga (Teegarden ma Bale, 2007) po o le manuia (Wallace 'ua al, 2008). I le NAc, o le faʻaitiitia o le phospho-CREB e vaaia foi i taimi o le tosoina mai le amphetamine ma le morphine (McDaid 'ua al, 2006a; McDaid 'ua al, 2006b), ma le Delta FosB ua faʻateleina pe a uma ona aveʻesea mai nei vailaʻau faʻamaʻi ma le cocaine, nicotine, ethanol, ma le phencyclidine (McClung 'ua al, 2004; McDaid 'ua al., 2006a; McDaid 'ua al., 2006b). E tutusa lelei ma le latou galuega fuafuaina i le faateleina o le sailia o fualaau faasaina, o nei faaletonu e mafai foi ona aafia ai amioga mulimuli ane o le fafagaina, ona o le faailoaina atu o le Delta FosB i le telefoni faalauaitele faateleina le faaosofiaina o le mauaina o meaai (Olausson 'ua al, 2006) ma le manuia (Wallace 'ua al., 2008).

O aʻafiaga Synaptic i le faʻatalatalanoaga e faʻatusa i mea ua fai ma vaisu ua fesootaʻi ma i vivo pulega o le tele o fualaau oona faasaunoa. I totonu o le VTA, e tele vasega o mea ua fai ma vaisu, ae le o ni mea e fai ma vaisu o fualaau faʻamalosi e aʻafia ai le faʻamalosi faʻamalosi (synaptic plasticity)Saal 'ua al, 2003; Faʻailoga 'ua al, 2008a; Wanat 'ua al, 2009a). E oʻo mai i le taimi nei, e itiiti lava ni faʻamatalaga saʻo fuaina o aʻafiaga o meaai i luga o synaptic plasticity i le neurocircuitry e aʻafia ai mea ua fai ma vaisu. O aʻoaʻoga faʻapitoa e fesoʻotaʻi ma meaʻai (chow poʻo pellets) na faʻatupulaia ai le maualuga o le AMPA / NMDA i le faʻalauteleina o le faʻaleleia o le fale mo le fitu aso talu ona maeʻa aʻoaʻoga (Chen 'ua al, 2008a). Aʻo faʻaaogaina le cocaine, o le aafiaga e oʻo atu i le tolu masina, ma o lenei aafiaga e le o vaaia i le faʻaaogaina o le cocaine (Chen 'ua al., 2008a). O le tele o le EPSP frequency i le VTA na faʻapupulaina foi mo le tolu masina talu ona maeʻa le puleaina o le cocaine, ma e oʻo atu i le tolu vaiaso talu ona maeʻa le suʻega (ae le o le pule), fai mai o le faʻamaoniga o le glutamatergic ua faʻamalosiina muamua ma mulimuli ane (synaptically)Chen 'ua al., 2008a).

O nei faʻamatalaga e taʻu mai ai o nisi o metotia faʻamalosi i le mesolimbic system (eg AMPA / NMDA ratios) e mafai ona fesoʻotai ma aʻoaʻoga faʻapitoa i le lautele. E lagolagoina lenei mea e le mea moni o aʻoaʻoga a Pavlovian e fesoʻotai ma taui o meaʻai na faʻatautaia le VTP LTP i le taimi o le mauaina (aso 3 o le faʻamalosia) (Faʻailoga 'ua al, 2008b). E ui na matauina le faʻamaoniga o le palasitino i le aso 3, ae na toesea i le lua aso mulimuli ane, ma fai mai o le pulea e le tagata lava ia e manino lava i le sili atu le tumau o palasititi i nei gaioiga (Faʻailoga 'ua al., 2008b). E foliga mai foi o le tulaga lea mo le gaosia o le pisia e maua i le cocaine self-administration, e pei ona masani ai le puupuu o le ola maloloina i totonu o le VTA (cocaine-induced plasticity in VTA)Borgland 'ua al, 2004; Chen 'ua al., 2008a). O le natura o nei suʻesuʻega suʻesuʻe, e le, e ui i lea, e le faʻaititia le mea moni e faapea, o le faalauteleina o avanoa i meaai paleni e mafai ona taʻitaʻia ai le faʻaaogaina o palasitini. I le taimi o suʻesuʻega faʻapitoa o le faʻatonutonuina o le 'auʻaunaga, e faʻatagaina manu e itiiti ifo le avanoa e maua ai le taui i mea taumafa nai lo le taimi e leai se totogi poʻo se avanoa faʻapitoa O suʻesuʻega i le lumanaʻi o le a manaʻomia ona faʻatautaia e fuafua ai aʻafiaga o le faʻalauteleina o avanoa i meaai e sili ona lelei i le synaptic plasticity.

3. Faiga Faʻafeusuaiga

O feusuaiga o se taui lea, e pei lava o meaai, e taua mo le ola o se ituaiga. E pei o meaai ma le tele o fualaau faasaina o le faasaunoa, o uiga feusuai e siitia ai mesolimbic DA (Meisaeli 'ua al, 1993; Mermelstein ma Becker, 1995). O se amioga foi lea na fua i fuaitau o le faʻamalosia o le tau ao faʻatonutonuina e le tagata faʻatonu (Matafaga ma Ioritana, 1956; Caggiula ma Hoebel, 1966; Faʻaauau 'ua al, 1987; Crawford 'ua al, 1993) ma faʻapipiʻi tulaga faʻapipiʻi (Paredes ma Vazquez, 1999; Martinez ma Paredes, 2001; Tzschentke, 2007). O tagata soifua i togafitiga mo amioga mataga tau feusuaʻiga (faʻavasegaina o "Sexual Disorder Not Other Specified" i le DSM-IV) ei ai le tele o faʻamaoniga e fesootaʻi ma vailaau faʻasaina, e aofia ai le faʻamalosi, aveeseina, faigata i le taofi poʻo le faʻaitiitia o le gaioiga, ma le faʻaauauina o amioga tau feusuaiga e ui lava i le faʻaleagaina taunuuga (Orford, 1978; Auro ma Heffner, 1998; Garcia ma Thibaut, 2010). Mafaufau i nei fetuutuunaiga i amioga, e talafeagai le mafaufau i ni mea e le o iai i le mesocorticolimbic circuitry. E pei ona vaaia i le faʻateleina o le suka, toe faʻafeusuaʻi feusuaʻiga i tamaʻi tama e faʻafeiloaʻi ma le amphetamine i se suʻega o le locomotor (Pitchers 'ua al, 2010a). O feusuaiga masani faifai pea e faateleina ai le gaosiga o le gasegase ma tuu ai le fiafiaga mo le maualalo o le amphetamine, e fautuaina ai le felafolafoaiga i le va o aafiaga tau feusuaiga ma fualaau faasaina (Wallace 'ua al., 2008; Pitchers 'ua al, 2010b). E tutusa foi ma aafiaga taua o fualaau faasaina o le faasaunoa (Segal ma Mandell, 1974; Robinson ma Becker, 1982; Robinson ma Berridge, 2008), feusuaʻiga faifai pea faʻaalia le tali a le NAc DA i se feusuaʻiga mulimuli ane (Kohlert ma Meeleli, 1999). O le fesoʻotaʻiga lautele e faʻapitoa foi, ona o se talaʻaga o le amphetamine pulega e faʻatautaia ai amioga tau feusuaiga ma faʻaleleia atili le faʻatupulaia o le NAc DA (Fiorino ma Phillips, 1999).

As faamatalaina mo taui o meaʻai, aafiaga tau feusuaiga e mafai foi ona taitai atu ai i le faʻagasologaina o gaioiga faʻamaonia e fesoʻotaʻi atu i le gaosiga. O le faletusi delta FosB o loʻo faʻateleina i le NAc, PFC, storseti, ma le VTA mulimuli i amioga faʻafeusuai (Wallace 'ua al., 2008; Pitchers 'ua al., 2010b). O lenei faʻatelega masani i le Delta FosB poʻo le faʻamatalaga manino o le Delta FosB i totonu o le NAc e faʻafetaui ai le faia o feusuaiga, ma le poloka a le NAC o le Delta FosB e faʻamaonia ai lenei amioga (Hedges 'ua al, 2009; Pitchers 'ua al., 2010b). E le gata i lea, o le faʻamalosagaina o le Delta FosB e faʻaleleia ai le mea e fiafia i ai mo se siʻosiʻomaga e fesoʻotaʻi ma aafiaga faʻafeusuaiga (Hedges 'ua al., 2009).

le MAP kinase signaling ala o se isi auala faʻafefiloi e faʻatautaia i le taimi o masaniga faʻafeusuaiga masani (Bradley 'ua al, 2005). O aʻuo feusuaʻiga faʻafeusuaiga, o feusuaiga e mafua ai le maualuga o pERK2 i le NAc (Meisel ma Mullins, 2006). O le faateleina i le NAc pERK e mafua mai i fualaau oona faasaunoa, ae le o fualaau faasaina ole mafaufau, ua fautuaina ai o le activation a le NAc ERK e mafai ona fesootai ma le palasitisi e fesootaʻi ma le tagofia o mea ua fai ma vaisu (Valjent 'ua al, 2004). E le gata i lea, o se suʻesuʻega talu ai nei na maua ai le PERK e ala i feusuaiga i totonu lava o le NAc, amygdala, ma le cingular cortex na faʻaaoga muamua e methamphetamine (Frohmader 'ua al, 2010). O lenei filifilia tulagaese e taʻu mai ai o le faʻamalosia o lenei vaʻalele i le NAc ma isi itulagi o mesocorticolimbic atonu e taʻitaʻia faapitoa i le palasitino lea e faʻamalosia ai amioga o le lumanai (Girault 'ua al, 2007).

O le fausaga o le neura i le mesocorticolimbic system e suia foi pe a uma aafiaga tau feusuaiga. O Pitchers ma ana uo na lipotia talu ai nei le faateleina o le dendrite ma le vailaau o le dendritic i totonu o le NAc i toumu i le taimi o le "aveeseina" mai aafiaga tau feusuaiga (Pitchers 'ua al., 2010a). To lona faʻalauteleina i luga o isi faʻamatalaga e faʻaalia ai e faapea o le faʻafeusuaiga masani e mafai ona suia ai le mea o loʻo i luga o le dendritic i se auala e tutusa ma le toe faʻaalia o fualaau faʻasaina (Fiorino ma Kolb, 2003; Robinson ma Kolb, 2004; Meisel ma Mullins, 2006).

4. Taumafaiga faamalositino

O le avanoa i se uila e faʻataʻavalevale ai mo le faʻamalositino e avea o se tagata faʻamalosi i tootoo suʻesuʻega (Belke ma Heyman, 1994; Belke ma Dunlop, 1998; Lett 'ua al, 2000). E pei o fualaau o le faasaunoa ma isi taui masani, o le faamalositino i togitogi e fesootaʻi ma le faateleina o le ATINA i le NAc ma le striatum (Saolotoga ma Yamamoto, 1985; Hattori 'ua al, 1994). O le faamalositino e siitia ai foi le faiʻai ma le maualuga o le plasma o le opioids i tagata ma meaola (Christie ma Chesher, 1982; Ianuari 'ua al, 1984; Schwarz ma Kindermann, 1992; Asahina 'ua al, 2003). O se tasi o tulimanu o nei opioids o le siaki o le mu opiate, o se vaega o fualaau faasaina o le faasaunoa e pei o le heroin ma le morphine. O lenei mea i luga e foliga mai e faʻalautele atu i tali o amioga i fualaau faʻaleagaina. E le pei o taui masani na talanoaina e oʻo mai i le taimi nei, o le tele o suʻesuʻega ua latou iloa o le faʻaaogaina o le tino e faʻaitiitia ai aʻafiaga o fualaau faasaina. Mo se faʻataʻitaʻiga, o le pulea lelei o morphine, ethanol, ma cocaine e faʻaitiitia uma pe a maeʻa faamalositino (Togavao 'ua al, 2002; Samita 'ua al, 2008; Ehringer 'ua al, 2009; Hosseini 'ua al, 2009). O le faʻamalositino faamalositino CPP i le MDMA ma le cocaine ma faʻaitiitia foi le faateleina o le MDMA i le NAc DA (Chen 'ua al, 2008b; Thanos 'ua al, 2010). O le faamalositino aʻo lei faia le toleniga a le tagata lava ia na mafai ai foi ona faʻaitiitia le suʻesuʻeina o fualaau faasaina ma toe faʻaleleia, e ui lava i lenei suʻesuʻega e le aafia le cocaine (Zlebnik 'ua al, 2010). I se suʻesuʻega talitutusa, o le suʻesuʻeina o le koko ma le toe faʻaleleia, na faʻaitiitia i kio na faʻaaogaina i le vaitau o le faʻasaina o fualaau faasaina (Lynch 'ua al, 2010). O aʻun manu e iai se tala faasolopito o le uila o le uila, o le alu ese mai o le uili o le uila e tau atu i faailoga o le tuumuliina o fualaau faasaina, e aofia ai, faateleina le popole ma le osofaiga, ma le gasegase i le naloxone-aveesea mai le aveeseinal (Hoffmann 'ua al, 1987; Kanarek 'ua al, 2009).

I le faaopoopo atu i le suia o tali o amioga i fualaau faasaina o le sauaina, o loo i ai le eletise eletise e atagia mai i le faateleina o le dynorphin i le striatum ma le NAc e sosoo ma le tamomoe, o se mea vaaia foi na vaaia i vaisu o cocaine tagata ma manu pe a maea le puleaina o cocaine po o le ethanol (Lindholm 'ua al, 2000; Werme 'ua al, 2000; Matou ma Koob, 2010). Faʻamanatu foʻi le faʻasolosolo o vailaʻau faʻasaina, o le faletusi delta FosB o loʻo faʻaulufaleina i le NAc o meaola faʻatasi ma le uila faʻaosooso (Werme 'ua al, 2002). O nei suiga e mafai ona faʻavaivai ai le setete o le "toina i tua" lea e matauina pe a maeʻa le faʻaaogaina o le uili o le uili i meaola e iai le avanoa muamua (Hoffmann 'ua al., 1987; Kanarek 'ua al., 2009). I le isi itu, o le faʻamalositino i le taimi o le faʻasaina o fualaau faasaina e fesoʻotaʻi foʻi ma se faʻaitiitiga o le toe faʻafouina o le ERK ile PFC (Lynch 'ua al., 2010). O se faʻamatalaga talafeagai ma le talafeagai le mafaufau i le matafaioi a le ERK i le tele o itu o le addiction (Valjent 'ua al., 2004; Lu 'ua al, 2006; Girault 'ua al., 2007) ma le sailiiliga o le faʻamalosia o ERK i totonu o le PFC e fesoʻotaʻi ma le faʻaaogaina o fualaau faʻasaina (Koya 'ua al, 2009). O vaega tetele o le tali o le dopamine D2 ua lipotia mai foi e siitia pe a uma le faamalositino (MacRae 'ua al, 1987; Foley ma Fleshner, 2008), o se aafiaga e faʻafeagai ma lena mea na matauina e mulimuli i le pulea e le tagata lava ia o psychostimulant i togitogo, primates, ma tagata (Volkow 'ua al., 1990; Nader 'ua al, 2002; Conrad 'ua al., 2010). E mafai e nei fetuʻunaʻiga ona fesoasoani i se "puipuiga" o le faʻamalositino e tusa ai ma le faʻaaogaina fualaau faasaina. Lagolago mo lenei manatu e sau mai suʻesuʻega na taʻua muamua i lenei vaega e faʻaalia ai le faʻaititia o le pulea e le tagata o fualaau faʻasaina, saili, ma toe faʻaleleia i meaola faʻatagaina. O loʻo i ai foi le lagolago e mafai e le faamalositino ona "faʻaaogaina" le puleaina o fualaau oona, e pei o le uila e faʻaitiitia ai le faʻaogaina o le amphetamine pe a maua uma e le au faʻamalosia (Kanarek 'ua al, 1995).

O le faamalositino e iai foʻi aʻafiaga i totonu o le hippocampus, o loʻo aʻafia ai le paʻifini (faʻaalia i le LTP maualuga ma faʻaleleia avanoa faʻapitoa) ma faʻateleina le neurogenesis ma le faʻamatalaga o le tele o genes e aʻafia ai le gaosia (plastic)Kanarek 'ua al., 1995; van Praag 'ua al, 1999; Gomez-Pinilla 'ua al, 2002; Molteni 'ua al, 2002). O le faʻaitiitia o le neurogenesis o le hippocampal ua fesootaʻi atu i amioga le faʻavaivai-e pei o amioga i suʻesuʻega faʻapitoa (Duman 'ua al, 1999; Sahay ma Hen, 2007), ma ogatasi ma se gafatia e faʻaleleia le neurogenesis o le hippocampal, o le faʻamalositino ua faʻataʻitaʻiina ina ia i ai se aʻafiaga o aʻafiaga i se laina depressive o kio (Bjornebekk 'ua al, 2006), ma faʻaleleia ai faʻafitauli faʻafitauli i tagata gasegase (Ernst 'ua al, 2006). Mafaufau i se sootaga talu ai nei na lipotia i le va o le taofiofia o le neurogenesis o le hippocampal ma le faateleina o le koko ma le sailia o amioga i le rat (Noonan 'ua al, 2010) faʻatasi ai ma faʻamaoniga muamua o le faʻafefe i le faʻafitauli (o togafitiga e faʻaititia ai le neurogenesis o le hippocamp), faʻateleina le faʻaaogaina o fualaau faʻasaina (Covington ma Miczek, 2005), e taua le mafaufau i aafiaga o faamalositino i luga o le galuega o le hippocampal e faaopoopo atu ia i latou i luga o le mesolimbic function. Talu ai o le faamalositino e mafua ai le palotaina i le itu e lua e fesootaʻi ma le atuatuvale (e pei o le hippocampal) ma le auala e fesootai ai ma fualaau faasaina (e pei o le mesolimbic system), e faigata ona fuafua po o fea tonu le nofoaga o le "tetee i fualaau faasaina" o aafiaga.

E ogatusa ma aafiaga o faamalositino i fualaau faasaina, o loo i ai foi le faamaoniga e faapea o le taofiofi e mafai ona faaitiitia ai le fiafia mo tagata e faamalosia le natura. I lalo o tuutuuga o le faatapulaa o meaʻai, o le a iu lava ina taofi le 'ai e' ai e oʻo i le oti (Routtenberg ma Kuznesof, 1967; Routtenberg, 1968). O lenei mea mataga matautia e matauina pe a oʻo mai taimi o mea taumafa e maua mai faatasi ai ma le faʻaauau pea ona i ai i se uila o loʻo tietie, e ui lava atonu e ono fautuaina ai o le faʻaalia o le faamalositino e mafai ona faʻaititia le faʻavae i se auala masani mo faʻamalosi ma fualaau faʻasaina. O se iloiloga mulimuli o aafiaga o le faamalositino, o se suauu tietie i totonu o le paga manu e mafai ona galue e avea o se ituaiga o mea e maua ai le siosiomaga. E ui lava e faigata ona faʻaʻeseʻese le faʻaogaina o le siʻosiʻomaga mai le faʻamalositino (EE e faʻaaogaina meaola e sili atu), o aʻafiaga le faʻaleagaina o EE ma faamalositino ua lipotia (van Praag 'ua al., 1999; Olson 'ua al, 2006).

5. Fou / Sensory Stimulation / Siosiomaga Faʻalelei

O mea fou e maua mai i meaola, lagona faʻafefeteina, ma le faʻamalosia o siosiomaga e faʻamalosia uma i meaola, e aofia ai maunu (Van de Weerd 'ua al, 1998; Besheer 'ua al, 1999; Bevins ma Bardo, 1999; Mellen ma Sevenich MacPhee, 2001; Dommett 'ua al, 2005; Kaino 'ua al, 2006; Olsen ma Winder, 2009). O taʻaloga fou, fua faʻatatau, ma le faʻaleleia o le siosiomaga (EE) uma ua faʻaalia i le faʻagaoioia o le system mesolimbic DA (Chiodo 'ua al, 1980; Horvitz 'ua al, 1997; Rebec 'ua al, 1997a; Rebec 'ua al, 1997b; Wood ma Rebec, 2004; Dommett 'ua al., 2005; Segovia 'ua al, 2010), ma fautua mai e sola ese mai le gaioiga o vaisu. I le faitau aofaʻi o tagata, o le lagona ma le fiailoa sailiili ua fesootaʻi atu i le gasegase, taumafa, ma le malosi o fualaau faasaina (Cloninger, 1987; Kelly 'ua al, 2006); mo le toe iloiloina, vaai (Zuckerman, 1986). I aʻa, o le tali atu i mea fou ua faʻasaʻoina foi ma le faʻamautuina o fualaau oona (Piazza 'ua al, 1989; Kaino 'ua al, 2005; Meyer 'ua al, 2010), o loʻo fautua mai o nei mea e lua. E faʻavae i luga o nei faʻamaumauga faʻasolosolo, e manatu o le a leʻo i le mesocorticolimbic circuitryimbic circuitry lea e mulimulitaia tali i mea fou ma fualaau faasaina o le sauaina (Rebec 'ua al., 1997a; Rebec 'ua al., 1997b; Bardo ma Dwoskin, 2004). O fualaau faʻapitoa (aemaise lava i mea faitino ma suʻega suʻega) ua suʻesuʻeina mo a latou meatotino faʻamalosia (Marx 'ua al, 1955; Stewart, 1960; Kaino 'ua al., 2006; Liu 'ua al, 2007; Olsen ma Winder, 2010), ma talu ai nei na tatou faʻaalia ai le aafia o le dopaminergic ma le glutamatergic faʻamaonia i le faʻasalalau o le faʻamalosia o meatotino o fesuiaiga o fualaau faʻaleleia (Olsen ma Winder, 2009; Olsen 'ua al, 2010). O le faʻamalosia o le faʻaalia o le faʻaalia o le faʻalavelave i mea faʻapitoa poʻo fualaau faʻapitoa i totonu o faʻamaufaʻailoga e le o se faʻalavelave e faʻagata, e ui lava o loʻo i ai le tele o faʻamaoniga mo le gaosiga o le paʻu pe a maeʻa le faʻamalosia poʻo le faʻaogaina o faʻalauiloa faʻapitoa (Kaas, 1991; Rauschecker, 1999; Uhlrich 'ua al, 2005; Samita 'ua al, 2009). Ae ui i lea, o loʻo i ai le tamaoaiga o faʻamaumauga i luga o le faʻava-o-kiri e fesootaʻi ma fale i totonu o se siosiomaga faʻamalosia (lea e aofia ai vaega o isi autu na talanoaina, e aofia ai le manaia ma le faʻamalositino; mo nisi faʻamatalaga loloto,Kolb ma Whishaw, 1998; van Praag 'ua al, 2000a; Nithianantharajah ma Hannan, 2006)). Hebb's lauiloa lauiloa o le aʻoaʻoga na aʻafia i faʻaiuga na ia mauaina faʻalia o isumu tuʻuina i totonu o se tamaoaiga faʻatamaiaina (lona lava fale) faia sili atu i le aʻoaʻoina galuega nai lo littermates fale i totonu o le fale suesue (Hebb, 1947). O suʻesuʻega mulimuli na faʻaalia ai suiga tetele i le mamafa o le faiʻai, angiogenesis, neurogenesis, gliogenesis, ma le fausaga o le dendritic e tali atu ai i le faʻamalosia o le siosiomaga (EE) (Bennett 'ua al, 1969; Greenough ma Chang, 1989; Kolb ma Whishaw, 1998; van Praag 'ua al, 2000b). O faʻamatalaga lata mai nei mai suʻesuʻega faʻapitoa na faʻataʻitaʻiina, ua faʻaalia ai o le EE o loʻo faʻaalia ai le faʻaalia o gaioiga gaʻo e aofia ai le plasticity ma le neuroprotection (NMDA)Rampon 'ua al, 2000). O le vaega lava e tasi na latou iloaina o le aafia i le EE mo le na o 3 itula (e pei o le faʻaalia i le tele o faʻasolosolo) na maua ai tali tutusa, faʻateleina le faʻaalia o le gagana i auala e fesoʻotaʻi ma le neuritogenesis ma le palasitisi (Rampon 'ua al., 2000).

E pei o le taui o le tino, e pei o se masani masani o le palasitiki na faia e le EE foliga mai o le faaititia o le lagona i fualaau faasaina o le faasaunoa ma atonu e mafai ona tuuina atu se "faailoga puipuia" e faasaga i le tagofia o fualaau faasaina (O faasitepu ma Bardo, 2009; Thiel 'ua al, 2009; Solinas 'ua al, 2010; Thiel 'ua al, 2011). Pe a faatusatusa i manu i tulaga matitiva, ua faia e le EE se suiga i le itu i totonu o le pusa-tali o le locomotor activation e le morphine, faapea foi ma le morphine attenua- ma le amphetamine-induced lobilotor sensitization (Bardo 'ua al, 1995; Bardo 'ua al, 1997). O se tasi foliga tutusa na maitauina i le maea ai o togafitiga o le psychostimulant, lea na toesea ai e le EE le faʻafouina o le locomotor ma le aʻafiaga o aʻafiaga o le nicotine ma le faʻaitiitia o le puleaina o le cocaine ma le sailia o amioga (e ui ina maualuga le CPP i le cocaine CPP)Lanu meamata 'ua al, 2003; Lanu meamata 'ua al, 2010). O le mea e mataʻina ai, o le EE e leʻi taʻitaʻia ai le eseesega i le NAc poʻo le faʻapitoa o le DN poʻo se faʻataʻitaʻi o le opiate e faʻamau i nisi o mesocorticolimbic e suʻesuʻeina (Bardo 'ua al., 1997), e ui na maua e Segovia ma ana paʻaga le faateleina o le basal ma le K⁺-e faʻaaogaina NAc DA mulimuli i le EE (Segovia 'ua al., 2010). I le PFC (ae le o le NAc poo le striatum), na maua mai i ai ni anufe o le EE ua faʻaitiitia le malosi o femalagaiga o le dopamine (Zhu 'ua al, 2005). O lenei faʻatupulaia o le faʻamuamua i luma o le ATA e mafai ona aʻafia ai le gaioiga o le manolimbic, le sola ese,Deutch, 1992; Olsen ma Duvauchelle, 2001, 2006; Faʻaauau 'ua al., 2008; Del Arco ma Mora, 2009). O galuega talu ai nei ua faʻamaonia ai le auai mai o le CREB ma faʻaitiitia le BDNF i le NAc mulimuli i 30 aso EE faʻatusatusa i tamaʻi matitiva (Lanu meamata 'ua al., 2010), e ui lava o NAc BDNF maualuga sa tutusa i le va o le EE ma le pulea o ratogi ina ua mavae le tasi tausaga o fale (Segovia 'ua al., 2010). EE afaina ai foi le gaioiga faʻasalalau e aʻafia e fualaau faasaina. Faʻaaloalo o vave gaʻo zif268 i le NAc e ala i le cocaine ua faaitiitia, e pei o le faʻaaogaina o le cocaine o le Delta FosB i le striatum (e ui lava na maua e le EE le siitia o le pasese FosB Delta) ((Solinas 'ua al, 2009). O lenei "puipuiga" o lona uiga e le na o le vaaia i le tulaga o mea ua fai ma vaisu. O le maualuga o le palasitisi na fausiaina e le EE e matua tele lava ma o loo faaauau pea ona suʻesuʻeina i tulaga o le puipuia ma le faʻaleleia atili o le toe faʻaleleia mai le tele o faʻamaʻi faʻamaʻi (van Praag 'ua al., 2000a; Spiers ma Hannan, 2005; Nithianantharajah ma Hannan, 2006; Laviola 'ua al, 2008; Lonetti 'ua al, 2010), ma o se lipoti talu ai nei na maua ai foi le maualuga o le faʻatuputeleina o le faʻamagaloina o le kanesa pe a nonofo manu i totonu o le EE (Cao 'ua al, 2010). E pei ona faʻatalanoaina e tusa ai ma le faʻamalositino, o faaiuga e uiga i aafiaga o le EE i luga o le faʻamalosia o fualaau faʻasaina e tatau ona faia aʻo mafaufau i le ono mafai ona faʻaaogaina le faʻaleagaina o fale. E pei o le faamalositino, ua faʻaalia le EE e faʻateleina le neurogenesis o le hiphoocamp (van Praag 'ua al., 2000b) ma faʻaitiitia le faʻalavelave-pei o aʻafiaga o le atuatuvale i le uati (Laviola 'ua al., 2008).

6. Talanoaga

I nisi tagata, o loʻo i ai se suiga mai le "masani" i le faʻamalosi malosi i taui faalenatura (e pei o meaʻai poʻo feusuaiga), o se tulaga na taʻua e nisi o amioga poʻo le faʻaaogaina o fualaau faʻasaina (Holden, 2001; Grant 'ua al., 2006a). Aʻo agai i luma le suʻesuʻega i le le tagofia o fualaau faʻasaina, o le malamalama na maua mai i togafitiga o vailaau faʻasaʻo, faʻamalositino, ma le le mautonu o le faʻamalosi o le a fesoasoani i le atinaʻeina o togafitiga faʻapitoa mo vailaau faʻasaina. O loʻo i ai faʻamaoniga faʻapitoa o falemaʻi e faʻaaogaina togafitiga faʻapitoa e togafitia ai togafitiga fualaau faasaina atonu o se auala manuia i le togafitia o vailaau e le o fualaau faasaina. Mo se faʻataʻitaʻiga, o naltrexone, nalmefine, N-acetyl-cysteine, ma le modafanil ua lipotia uma lava e faʻaitiitia ai le manaʻo i tagata taʻavale faʻaleagaina (Kim 'ua al, 2001; Grant 'ua al, 2006b; Leung ma Cottler, 2009). Ua faaalia foi e le au faʻailoa a le au vaʻaia folafolaga i ni suʻesuʻega laiti i le togafitiga o amioga mataga faʻafeusuaiga (Grant ma Kim, 2001), ma o le pito i luga ua faʻaalia ai le manuia i le faʻaitiitia o faʻataʻitaʻiga o vailaʻau ma le mamafa i tagata gasegase oona ma le faʻamaina o le maʻi (McElroy 'ua al, 2007). O le manuia o nei togafitiga mo le faʻaaogaina o vailaau faʻasaina o loʻo fautua atili mai ai e iai mea taua e masani ai i le va o vailaau faʻasaina ma vailaau faʻasaina.

O faʻataʻitaʻiga o manu o amioga faʻamalosia ma le faʻamalosi e fesoasoani foi i le tuʻuina atu o faʻamatalaga i auala faʻavae e le o faʻatagaina fualaau faʻasaina (Potenza, 2009; Winstanley 'ua al, 2010). O nisi o ituaiga o vailaʻau e le faʻaaogaina fualaau faʻasaina e sili atu ona faigofie ona faʻataʻitaʻiina i ni tootoo nai lo isi. Mo se faʻataʻitaʻiga, o faʻataʻitaʻiga o le faʻaaogaina o meaʻai i meaai e sili ona pala, ua maua ai se faʻatulagaga lelei mo le suʻesuʻeina o le suiga i le malosi poʻo le tele o mea taumafa. O le faʻataʻitaʻiga o le faʻaaogaina o le avanoa i gaʻo maualuga, gaʻo maualuga, poʻo le '' fale 'aiga' meaʻai e mafua ai le faʻaopopoina o le caloric ma le maualuga o le mamafa o meaʻai,Rothwell ma le Stock, 1979, 1984; Lin 'ua al, 2000). O nei togafitiga e mafai ona faʻaleleia ai le lumanaʻi mo le taui o meaʻai (Wojnicki 'ua al, 2006) ma taʻitaʻia ai suiga i totonu o le paʻu palasitino i totonu o le system o le mesolimbic dopamine (Hoebel 'ua al, 2009). Meaʻai mo le pulea e le tagata lava ia ua toe iloa ai o faʻafeiloaʻiga o mea taumafa ma mea faʻavaivai e mafai ona oʻo atu ai i le toe faʻafoʻi i le sailia o mea taumafa (Ward 'ua al., 2007; Grimm 'ua al, 2008; Nair 'ua al., 2009b), o se mea na tupu na lipotia mai mo tagata oti (Drewnowski, 1997; Berthoud, 2004). O le mea lea, o nei ituaiga o faʻataʻitaʻiga e maualuga le aoga o fale ma e ono oʻo ai i le neuroadaptations lea e maua ai ei tatou le malamalamaaga i tulaga o tagata e pei o le taumafaina o mea taumafa poʻo le toe faʻafoʻi i le tele o meaʻai masani pe a maeʻa se suiga aoga i meaʻai.

O le isi vaega o le alualu i luma talu ai nei ua i ai i le atinaʻeina o ituaiga o taʻaloga taumatematega ma filifiliga matautia (van den Bos 'ua al, 2006; Rivalan 'ua al, 2009; St Onge ma Floresco, 2009; Seepe 'ua al., 2009; Jentsch 'ua al, 2010). O suʻesuʻega ua faʻaalia ai e mafai e kusi ona faia le gaioiga a le Iowa (IGT) (Rivalan 'ua al., 2009; Seepe 'ua al., 2009) ma se galuega masini moli (Winstanley 'ua al, 2011). E tasi le suʻesuʻega na maua ai e kusi na faia i lalo ifo o le IGT le maualuga o le faʻamanuiaina ma le maualuga o le aʻafiaga (Rivalan 'ua al., 2009), e talitutusa ma uiga e fesoʻotai ma faʻataʻitaʻiga faʻaletonu ma vailaau faʻasaina i tagata gasegase (Cloninger, 1987; Zuckerman, 1991; Cunningham-Williams 'ua al, 2005; Potenza, 2008). I le faʻaaogaina o faʻataʻitaʻiga, o suʻesuʻega o loʻo taulaʻi atu foi i luga o le faʻaogaina o mea e faʻavaeina ai le "tietiega i le taʻavale" ma le atinaʻeina o taaloga faʻaletupe e ono maua ai le malamalama i le atinaʻeina o vailaʻau mo gaioiga faʻaletonu (Winstanley, 2011; Winstanley 'ua al., 2011).

O suʻesuʻega faʻatino e faʻaaoga ai fualaau faʻapitoa e pei o se faʻamalosia ua maua ai le tele o mea mole mole molelaʻau e faʻaleleia ai le pulea e le tagata lava ia o faʻamalosi faʻamalosi ma fualaau faʻaleagaina (Olsen ma Winder, 2009; Olsen 'ua al., 2010). A o suʻesuʻeina i lenei tulaga o loʻo i lona laʻitiiti, o nei suʻesuʻega ma le lumanaʻi e mafai ona tuʻuina atu ai faʻamatalaga i togafitiga faʻapitoa mo le togafitiga o le faʻaaogaina o le initaneti poʻo ata vitio.

E ui o nei ma isi alualu i luma i amioga faʻataʻitaʻi ua amata ona aumaia ia i tatou ono malamalamaaga i gaioiga faʻavaeina le faʻatonuina o vailaʻau, e tele luitau ma faʻatapulaʻaina pe a taumafai e faʻataʻitaʻia na amioga. O le tasi faʻatapulaʻaina o le tele o faʻataʻitaʻiga, e leai se taua tele o le le lelei o filifiliga poʻo le soʻona fai o amioga. Mo se faʻataʻitaʻiga, o galuega o taʻaloga isumu e faʻaaoga ai ni taui laiti pe faʻateleina ai le faʻatuai i le va o taui e tali atu ai i filifiliga le lelei, ae o le manu e le ono ono leiloa lona fale pe a leiloa le faʻasologa. O le isi faʻatapulaʻaina o le soʻona auai i amioga e pei o meaai poʻo vailaʻau faʻatautaia oe lava i falesuesue tulaga ono o se faʻaiuga o manu le mauaina o avanoa i isi e le o vailaʻau taui (Ahmed, 2005). O lenei tulaga tulaga ese ua faʻatulagaina e faʻataʻitaʻi ai tagata lamatia tulaga lamatia i le faitau aofaʻi o tagata (Ahmed, 2005), e ui o loʻo avea pea ma faʻamaumauga mo nei ituaiga o suʻesuʻega.

O le faaauau pea o suʻesuʻega o le soona fai, faʻamalosi, po o le faʻamalositino i le 'ai, mea tau tupe, ma isi amioga e le faʻatau fualaau oona o le a avea ma auala taua i le faʻalauteleina o lo tatou malamalamaaga e uiga i vailaʻau faʻatau. O taunuʻuga mai suʻesuʻega faʻapitoa e faʻaaoga ai nei metotia faʻatasi ma suʻesuʻega i le faitau aofaʻi o tagata, o le a faʻaleleia ai le "crossover" pharmacotherapies e mafai ona aoga i vailaʻau faʻasaina ma le faʻaaogaina o fualaau faʻasaina (Grant 'ua al., 2006a; Potenza, 2009; Frascella 'ua al., 2010).

6.1 Faʻasalaga Fesili

O le tasi o fesili e tumau pea pe tutusa le faitau aofai o neurons e ala i fualaau faasaina ma taui faalenatura. E ui lava o loʻo i ai le tele o faʻamaoniga o loʻo i luga o le faiʻai e aʻafia i taui masani ma fualaau faʻaleagaina (faʻaleagaina)Garavan 'ua al, 2000; Karama 'ua al, 2002; Tamaititi 'ua al, 2008), o loʻo i ai feteʻenaʻiga faʻamatalaga e uiga i le siʻitia i luga o le faitau aofaʻi o tagata e afaina i taui masani ma fualaau. O faʻamaumauga a le iunite nofofua mai le rat ma le tagata e le o le tagata e faʻatautaia ai le telefoni e faʻamaonia ai e eseese tagata o loʻo iai i le taimi o le puleaina e le tagata lava ia o taui masani (meaai, vai, ma le sucrose) ma cocaine poo le ethanol, e ui lava e maualuga le vaeluaina o le eseese tau masani na faʻaaogaina i nei suʻesuʻega (Bowman 'ua al, 1996; Carelli 'ua al, 2000; Carelli, 2002; Robinson ma Carelli, 2008). E iai foʻi faʻamaoniga e faʻapea o vailaʻau o vasega eseese e aofia ai ni aʻoaʻoga faʻapitoa i totonu o le mesocorticolimbic system. O iunite nofofua mai le PFC ma le NAc o kiova na faʻaaogaina le cocaine poʻo le heroin na faʻaalia ai o le tele o faitau aofaʻi o neurons na eseese le faʻaauau i le taimi o le taimi o faʻatatauga ma taimi e faʻasolo ai (Chang 'ua al, 1998). O le eseesega i le va o le natura ma fualaau faasaina e le mafai ona matua atoatoa, ae ui i lea, ona o loo i ai foi faamaoniga mo le ese. I le maea ai o taimi faʻaalia i methamphetamine ma aafiaga tau feusuaʻiga, sa i ai le taua tele o neurons o loʻo faʻaaogaina e nei taui e lua i le NAc, o le cingulate cingulate muamua, ma le amygdala amatalia (Frohmader 'ua al., 2010). O le mea lea, o le faʻaaogaina o fuainumera o le faʻaaogaina o fuainumera o fuainumera o fuainumera o fualaau faʻasaina e mafai ona faʻaaogaina ma nisi o taui masani, ae le o isi. O suʻesuʻega i le lumanaʻi e faʻaaoga ai le tele o maʻa maʻaʻoʻo tau masani ma fualaau oona o le a manaʻomia e faʻatalanoaina lenei mataupu.

O le isi fesili e tulaʻi mai, pe o le a le maualuga o le suʻesuʻeina o togafitiga faʻapitoa e mafai ona fesoasoani tatou te malamalama ai i fualaau faasaina ma le le tagofia o fualaau faasaina. O faʻamatalaga lata mai e taʻu mai ai o le faʻaalia i nisi o fualaau faʻatau fua e mafai ona tuʻuina atu "puipuiga" mai taui tau fualaau faasaina. Mo se faʻataʻitaʻiga, o sugar ma saccharin e mafai ona faʻaititia le pulea o le cocaine ma heroin (Carroll 'ua al., 1989; Lenoir ma Ahmed, 2008), ma o nei tagata faʻaleleia masani na faʻataʻitaʻiina i le cocaine le mautonu i le filifilia e le tagata o ia lava i le tele o kio (Lenoir 'ua al., 2007; Cantin 'ua al., 2010). I se suʻesuʻega lata mai o meaola i le tele o suʻesuʻega, Cantin 'ua al. na lipotia mai e na o le 9% o tama e sili ona fiafia i le koko i luga o le saccharin. O se mea manaia e faapea o lenei vaega laitiiti o manu e fai ma sui o le faitau aofaʻi e ono aʻafia i "vaisu". O suʻesuʻega e faʻaaogaina ai le puleaina o le cocaine na taumafai e faʻamalamalamaina "aloaʻia" ratogo e faʻaaogaina ia faʻailoga ua suia e faʻataʻitaʻiina ai le DSM-IV taiala mo le faʻalagolago i fualaau faasaina (Deroche-Gamonet 'ua al., 2004; Belin 'ua al, 2009; Kasanetz 'ua al, 2010). O nei suʻesuʻega ua maua ai e tusa ma le 17-20% o meaola o le cocaine e faʻafoeina e le tagata ia mea uma e tolu, aʻo faʻatusatusa mo fua faatatau o le cocaine faalagolago i tagata na muamua ona aafia i le vailaau faasaina mai le ~ 5-15% (Anthony 'ua al, 1994; O'Brien ma Anthony, 2005). O le mea lea, i le tele o meaola suka ma le saccharin foliga mai e sili atu faʻamalosia nai lo cocaine. O se fesili e sili ona fiafia iai, pe o le toʻaitiiti o manu e maua le faʻamalosia o fualaʻau e fiafia iai e fai ma sui o le "vaivai" faitau aofaʻi o tagata e sili atu ona talafeagai i le suʻesuʻega o vaisu. I le faʻataʻitaʻiga, o le faʻatusatusaina o manu taʻitasi e fiafia i ai mo fualaʻau faʻatasi ai ma faʻailoga masani e ono maua ai se malamalamaʻaga i mea vaivai e fesoʻotaʻi ma vaisu o vailaʻau.

O se fesili mulimuli pe o le sailia o taui masani e mafai ona fesoasoani e puipuia pe togafitia ai le tagofia o fualaau faasaina. Ua faʻatinoina le faʻaleleia o le siosiomaga e avea o se puipuiga ma se togafitiga mo le tagofia o vailaʻau faʻasaina e faavae i suʻesuʻega faʻamalosi ma le tele o fualaau faʻaleagaina (Bardo 'ua al, 2001; Deehan 'ua al, 2007; Solinas 'ua al, 2008; Solinas 'ua al., 2010). Suesuega o pagota tagata na fautua mai o le faʻamaoaigaina o le siosiomaga e ala i le faʻaaogaina o "nuu faʻapitoa" o le mea moni, o se togafiti togafitiga lelei mo le faʻaitiitia o solitulafono i le lumanaʻi ma le faʻaaogaina o vailaau faʻasaina (Aiga 'ua al, 2001; Sozin 'ua al, 2005). O nei taunuʻuga e faʻamaonia ma fautua mai o le faʻamalosia o le siosiomaga e mafai ona faʻaleleia atili le neuroadaptations e fesootaʻi ma le faʻaaogaina fualaau oona. E tutusa lelei ma le faʻaleleia o le siosiomaga, o suʻesuʻega ua maua ai o le faʻamalositino e faʻaititia ai le pulea o le tagata lava ia ma toe faʻafoʻi i fualaau faʻaleagaina (Togavao 'ua al., 2002; Zlebnik 'ua al., 2010). O loʻo i ai foi nisi faʻamaoniga o nei faʻamaumauga faʻamaonia e faʻaliliu atu i le faitau aofaʻi o tagata, ona o le faʻamalositino e faʻaitiitia ai faʻamalologa ma toe faʻafoʻi i mea ulaula (Daniel 'ua al, 2006; Prochaska 'ua al, 2008), ma o le tasi polokalame mo le toe faʻaleleia o fualaau faʻapitoa na vaʻaia ai le manuia i tagata o loʻo aʻoaʻoina ma tauva i se malafoni e avea o se vaega o le polokalame (Butler, 2005).

7. Faaiuga Faaiu

E tele mea tutusa i le va o vailaʻau faʻasaina ma vailaau faʻasaina, e aofia ai le manaʻo, le pulea le amio, faapalepale, tosoina, ma le maualuga o le toe faʻafoʻi (Mareko, 1990; Lejoyeux et al., 2000; National Institute on Drug Abuse (NIDA) et al., 2002; Potenza, 2006). E pei ona ou toe iloiloina, o loʻo i ai se faʻamalologa o faʻamaoniga e faʻapea o taui masani e mafai ona aʻafia ai le palasitisi i le faʻatalatalanoaga o mea e fai ma vaisu. E le tatau ona avea lenei mea o se mea e faateia ai, e pei o le 1) o fualaau faʻatauāina le faʻaaogaina o gaioiga i totonu o le faiʻai e talitutusa ma, e ui lava e sili atu le faʻalauiloa nai lo taui masani (Kelley ma Berridge, 2002), ma le 2) o fegalegaleaiga taua i le va o mea e pei o meaai poʻo avanoa feusuaʻiga ma tuutuuga e sili ona maua ai e aoga mai se vaaiga e ola ai ma o se galuega masani a le faiʻai (Alcock, 2005). I nisi tagata, o lenei palasitisi e mafai ona saofagā i se tulaga o le faʻamalosi malosi i amioga e pei o vailaau faʻasaina. E tele faʻamatalaga e taʻu mai ai o le 'ai, faʻatau, taaloga tupe, taʻalo i taaloga vitio, ma le faʻaaluina o le taimi i luga o le initaneti o amio ia e mafai ona avea ma amioga malolosi e faʻaauau pea e ui lava i taunuuga leaga (Talavou, 1998; Tejeiro Salguero ma Moran, 2002; Davis ma Carter, 2009; Garcia ma Thibaut, 2010; Lejoyeux ma Weinstein, 2010). E pei o le tagofia o vailaau faʻasaina, o loʻo i ai se vaitau o suiga mai le faʻagasologa i le faʻaaogaina malosi (Grant 'ua al., 2006a), e ui lava e faigata ona tusia se laina i le va o le "masani" ma le sailia o taui. O se tasi auala e mafai ai ona faia lenei tulaga ese o le suʻeina lea o tagata maʻi e faʻaaogaina le DSM maʻauni mo le faalagolago i mea. I le faʻaogaina o lenei auala, ua faia ai lipoti e mafai ona ausia nei faʻailoga DSM pe a faʻaaogaina i tagata gasegase o loʻo aʻafia malosi i faiga faʻafeusuaiga (Goodman, 1992), petipetupe (Potenza, 2006), initaneti faʻaaogaina (Griffiths, 1998), ma le 'ai (Ifland 'ua al, 2009). O le mea moni e faapea o le DSM-5 e tatau ona aofia ai vaega o agavaʻa ma ogaoga i totonu o "vaisu ma faʻalavelave faʻafitauli" (American Psychiatric Association, 2010), atonu o le a avea ma tagata suʻesuʻe ma mea e fai ma vaisu e fai ma vaisu lelei e mafaufau i le tagofia o mea ua fai ma vaisu e pei o se faʻafitauli ole ala. I isi itu, o lenei ituaiga o nomenclature ua fesoasoani e faʻalauiloaina ai faʻafitauli e pei o le autism ma le fetal alcohol ua i ai le tele o tulaga faigata. I le tulaga o le tagofia o mea ua fai ma vaisu (fualaau faasaina poo le le tagofia o fualaau faasaina), o le faailoaina o faailoga e oo lava i lalo ifo o le tulaga o le "agavaʻa" e mafai ona fesoasoani e faailoa tagata taitoatasi lamatia ma faatagaina ai le sili atu ona aoga. O suʻesuʻega i le lumanaʻi o le a faʻaauau pea ona faʻaalia malamalamaga i le auala e mafai ai ona faʻamalosia i nisi o tagata le sailia o taui faalenatura ma le auala e sili ona lelei e togafitia ai le tagofia o fualaau faasaina.

Le

Aotelega o le Pepa Faʻaauau Na Maitauina Pe a Faʻaalia le Faʻataʻitaʻiina o Fomaʻi poʻo Faʻatufuga Faʻatasi.

Faʻafetai

O fesoasoani tau tupe na tuʻuina mai e le NIH grant DA026994. Ou te fia faafetai atu ia Kelly Conrad, Ph.D. ma Tiffany Wills, Ph.D. mo faʻamatalaga lelei i lomiga muamua o lenei tusitusiga.

Faamatalaga Faʻamatalaga

Le Faʻalauiloa a le Lomitusi: O le PDF lenei o se tusitusiga e leʻi faʻaaogaina lea na taliaina mo le lolomiina. I le avea ai ma se tautua mo o tatou tagata faʻatau, o loʻo tatou saunia lenei uluai kopi o tusitusiga. O le tusitusiga o le a faʻaaogaina le kopiina, faʻavasegaina, ma le toe iloiloga o le faʻamaoniga ao leʻi faʻasalalauina i lona tulaga mulimuli. Faamolemole ia matau i le faagasologa o le gaosiga e mafai ona maua ai mea sese e mafai ona aafia ai le anotusi, ma o tulafono uma e le faatagaina e faatatau i le tusi o talaaga.

mau faasino

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