Faʻasalaga Faʻasagaga Faʻasalalau Tatala Le Auala Mo le Le Faʻaaogaina o Mea Faʻafefiloi: Tausia o Mea Tetele i se Fegalegaleaiga Fou? (2010)

Ann NY Acad Sci. 2010 Feb;1187:294-315. doi: 10.1111/j.1749-6632.2009.05420.x.

Frascella J, Potenza MN, Brown LL, Fafine AR.

puna

Vaega o Falemai Neurosains ma Suʻesuʻega Amioga, National Institute on Drug Abuse, Rockville, Maryland, USA.

lē faʻatino

Mo le sili atu ma le afa seneturi, talu mai le amataga o aloaʻia diagnostics, tatou psychology mafaufau ua faʻatulagaina le faʻamalosia sailia o vailaʻau (eg, ava malosi, cocaine, heroin, nikotini) mai nonsubstance (eg, petipeti, meaai, feusuaiga) taui. O le faiʻai oso, amio, ma mea na maua mai i le kenera na luʻiina ai lenei tuaoi faʻataʻitaʻi, faʻasino i le tuʻufaʻatasia o mea vaivai e faʻavaeina ai le sailiga o vailaʻau ma faʻamanuiaga e leai se aoga.

Vaega galulue mo le lona lima toe iloiloga o le Diagnostic ma Fuainumera Tusi Lesona o Faʻafitauli o Mafaufauga, lomiga lona lima (DSM-V), o lea ua iloiloina pe o le nosologic tuaoi o vaisu e tatau ona toe tusia e aofia ai le le mautonu faʻaletonu, pei o le petipeti. O lenei iloiloga e talanoaina ai pe faʻafefea ona fesoasoani le faʻamaumauga o neoobi mai faʻafitauli tau tupe, lapoʻa, ma tulaga masani o le fesoʻotaʻiga (faʻaletonu o le alofa, faʻatosina feusuaiga, faʻatama a tina) ia tatou i le galuega o le vaneina o vaisu "i se soʻotaga fou. O le toe faʻataʻitaʻiina o faʻataʻitaʻiga atonu e iai se aʻafiaga lelei i le suʻesuʻeina o mea ua fai ma vaisu, faʻaosofia ai le mauaina o vailaʻau faʻafomaʻi o le "crossover" faʻatasi ai ma penefiti mo vailaʻau ma vailaʻau le aoga.

“… O le… mataupu faavae… o le fevaevaeai… e tusa ai ma le natura, o le mea e i ai le soʻoga, e le motusiaina se vaega e pei o se tagata vane leaga….”

Socrates, i le Plato's Phaedrus [1]

I. Vaaiga lautele

Anna Rose Childress, Ph.D.

O le nosologic toe vaneina o vaisu ono vave onosaia se taua suiga, atagia ai se sifi i falemaʻi ma suesuega mafaufau e uiga i le aano moni o nei faaletonu, o latou faitioga ma talafeagai elemeni. Totogiina e le Plum's dictum, vaega galulue mo le toe iloiloina lona lima o le Diagnostic ma Fuainumera Tusi Lesona o Mafaufauga Le Lelei (DSM V [2]) o loʻo vaʻavaʻaia mafaufau pe le o ni vailaʻau faʻaletonu faʻafitauli e pei o le taʻalo faʻatau tupe e tatau ona faʻavasegaina i le vaega talu ai faʻapitoa faʻapitoa mo vailaʻau-fesoʻotaʻi maʻi. E ui e leʻi fuafuaina le DSM V mo le lolomiga faʻaiʻu seʻia oʻo i le 2012, o le avanoa e vaneina ai vaisu i se soʻoga soʻoga, i se mea e sili atu ma vailaʻau, na faʻaosofia ai le fefaʻasoaaʻi ma sili atu i le luasefulu o le popolevalega o le isu. Afai o le tuiina poʻo le tuiina o se vailaʻau ua le toe avea ma se vaega manaʻomia mo le fausiaina o vaisu - faʻafefea ona tatou maua ni tuaoi fou?

I le tasi tulaga, o le toe vaneina o vaisu e le fou. O faʻaletonu e fesoʻotaʻi ma vailaʻau na muamua "vaneina i totonu" i lalo o le Sociopathic Personality mo le muamua DSM, i le 1952 [3], ma sa avea pea ma faʻailoga o le Tagata mo le isi toe iloiloga DSM, i le 1968 (DSM II [4]). Na iʻu lava ina latou "vaneina" mo tulaga tutoʻatasi i I980 (DSM III [5] ma tumau ai mo le lata i le 30 tausaga. Ae i nei tasi muamua faʻavasegaina nosologic, o vailaʻau-fesoʻotaʻi faʻaletonu (pe "vaneina" i lalo o lautele lautele vasega, poʻo le "vaneina fafo", e tu na o oe) na vaneina Faatasi, ma faʻamatalaina i le faʻaaogaina o vailaʻau. E faʻatusatusa i isi faʻavasega muamua, o loʻo mafaufau le DSM V pe mafai ona faʻamatalaina vaisu e ese mai le inuina o fualaʻau - ose suiga taua ile auala na vaʻaia muamua ai nei faʻafitauli.

O lenei "le-manaʻomia-pe-lava" tulaga o vailaʻau mo le lumanaʻi nifoa faamalosia tatou e vaʻai i isi nofoaga mo le vaneina faʻatasi - ia vaʻai mo mafuaʻaga tutusa i le faʻamalosia tuliloaina o vailaʻau ma leai-vailaʻau taui, ae o le tasi lava vaʻaia eseesega. O le mea e lelei ai, o le faiai oso, amio ma faʻamaumauga o faʻamatalaga e faʻasino i le taua, auala faʻainisinia e tutusa ai vailaʻau ma leai ni vailaʻau. I luga o le lisi puʻupuʻu o mea e tutusa ai, o loʻo i ai muamua ni tulaga faʻaletonu i le mesolimbic dopamine taui, ma lona le faʻatonutonuina e luma itulagi. I le avea ai o se faʻataʻitaʻiga masani, o togafitiga o le dopamine e mafai ona faʻaosofia ai le malosi o le taalo i taʻaloga faʻatau tupe, faʻatau mai ma amioga faʻafeusuaiga i totonu o se vaega vaivai o tagata mamaʻi o Parkinson, ma o nei faʻafitauli e ono fesoʻotaʻi [6], [7]. O faiaʻoga faʻapitoa e maua ai le faʻamoemoe malosi mo le mauaina o tuaoi fou, o le soʻotaga fou, mo le fausiaina o vaisu.

O vaega ia na tusia e Dr. Potenza, Frascella ma Brown faʻaalia pe faʻafefea ona faʻaaogaina mea faigaluega faiʻai e faʻavasega ai tuaʻoi fou mo vaisu e le o ni vailaʻau, ma o vaega e fesoʻotaʻi i ni auala eseʻese se tolu i le aʻai o loga. Matou te amata i faʻafitauli tau tupe, o le le o vailaʻau le atoatoa e foliga mai e ono ulufale mai i le vaega o mea ua fai ma vaisu mo DSM V. E pei ona aoteleina e Dr. Potenza, phenomenologic (faʻamalosia le sailiga o le taalo tupe, e ui i le ogaoga ouga leaga), tupuʻaga (matua agavaʻa, ma tele taimi co-morbid ma isi vailaʻau vailaʻau), ma faiʻai faʻamatalaga (eg, suia tali i taui taui; le lelei frontal tulafono faatonutonu i le taimi o le faʻaalia i se tulaga taʻaloga tau tupe) finau mo le aofia ai le taʻalo tupe o se vaisu [8]. I le tulaga o petipetiga, biologic faʻamaumauga faʻamalosia le vaneina o tagata taʻitasi ma le phenotype i le vaega faʻavasega o le "vaisu".

O le a sosoʻo ai ona tatou mafaufau i le faʻafitauli faigata o le gaʻo. E eseʻesega ma petipetiga, o i latou uma e iai le phenotype e ono aofia ai i le vaega tutusa o faʻataʻitaʻiga, o le phenotype o le "lapoʻa" poʻo le maualuga o le Body Mass Index (BMI) e amanaʻia e tele naua. O le numera o faiʻai ma metabolic mea e faʻatonutonu ai le taumafaina o meaʻai ma le faʻatupulaia o le mamafa; e le o tagata taʻitasi ua ova ma mamafa o le tino "fai ma masani i meaʻai". Mafai ona tatou vaneina se aoga aoga nosologic eseesega i totonu obese tagata? E pei ona iloiloina e Dr. Frascella, o le vave ona alualu i luma o faiʻai ma faʻamaumauga faʻamaumauga e mafai moni lava ona fesoasoani ia i tatou e o atu i tala atu o le BMI, ma mafai ai ona matou iloaina tagata lapisi o loʻo iai o latou faiʻai eseesega (pei o le maualalo o le D2 receptor avanoa) faʻatusatusa i latou o loʻo fai ma vaisu vailaʻau9-11]. O nei tagata e ono tali atu i faʻalavelave e tulaʻi mai i le vailaʻau o fualaʻau faʻasaina (eg, mu opioid receptor antagonists poloka taui mai vailaʻau pei o heroin ma morphine, ma faʻapipiʻi foʻi le taui mai le sili ona lelei (suamalie, maualuga i le gaʻo) meaai [12-14]). E mafai e le tatou nosologic system ona faʻaaogaina ia ituaiga-endophenotypes faiʻai i le faiʻai ma togafitiga e vane ai vaega laiti o tagata lapopoʻa i le vaega o mea ua fai ma vaisu.

La matou vaega mulimuli, saunia e Dr. Brown, faʻamamafaina le aoga o faiʻai mea faigaluega mo le aʻoaʻoina malosi manaʻoga tulaga - eg, vave alofa feusuaʻiga, malosi feusuaiga tosina, ma faʻapipiʻiina, matou te faʻamatalaina o le masani ai - ae e afaina ai le tutusa faiai taui faiai, ma fefaʻasoaaʻi i nisi o mea e tutusa ai falemaʻi, ma vailaʻau oona. Mo se faʻataʻitaʻiga, o le malosi o le fesoʻotaʻiga alofa e "masani", i se faʻauigaina, aua o le tele o tagata na latou iloaina - ae o le matua ogaoga, o loʻo malosi le sailiga o le taui i le tuʻuʻeseina o isi gaioiga, ma e mafai ona mafua ai i le le lelei filifiliga- faia (aofia ai ma le fuā solitulafono o tuʻinanauga). A o le faʻavae taua faʻailoga mo le alofa alofa ma le fesoʻotaʻiga o loʻo filifilia e fualaʻau o le faʻasauā, o le suʻesuʻeina o lenei tulaga "masani" suia, i se "masani" matagaluega, ono aumaia ia i tatou le taʻiala e uiga i le endophenotypes o le vaivai i totonu o setete e faʻapitoa. E mafai, mo se faʻataʻitaʻiga, o i latou e sili atu le vaivai i le taimi o le "masani" fesuiaʻi setete (sili atu ona masani poʻo le faʻaumiumi faʻalilolilo, sili atu faigata faʻasolosolo ina ua maeʻa le teenaina) e tele foi lamatiaga mo isi le faʻaleagaina faʻaleagaina setete, pe o vailaʻau pe leai vailaʻau e fesoʻotaʻi.

I le tuʻufaʻatasia, o nei tusitala e faʻamalosia i tatou e faʻafetaiaʻia suʻesuʻega luitau i luma ma a matou meafaigaluega sili ona lelei o meaola, ma se mafaufau matala. A o tatou agaʻi e vaneina vaisu i se soʻotaga fou, o le a manino lava le taua i le faʻaigoaina o le "vaisu" i mea uma sailiga (meaai, petipeti, feusuaiga, faʻatauga, initaneti, faamalositino, ma isi) e faʻagaoioi ai faiʻai taui faiʻai. Ae e mafai lava o soʻo se tasi o nei sailiga faʻamalieina, i le tagata vaivai, ono aliaʻe mai o se falemaʻi faʻafitauli ma faiai ma amioga foliga e faʻaalia mataʻina tutusa ma i latou vaʻaia i fualaʻau vaisu. E mafai ona tatou sailia mea tutusa i le falemaʻi alualu i luma ma e oʻo lava i le tali atu i tutusa togafitiga. O le faiʻai ma gaioiga faʻaleagaina e faʻatagaina le tulituliloaina o faʻamanuiaga e le o ni vailaʻau e avea ma faʻamaʻi e ono sili atu le taua ile faʻafitauli o le tagofia o vailaʻau. O le faʻatutuina o nei faiʻai faiʻai vaivai e ono faʻatelevave ai lo tatou malamalamaaga, ma avea ai ma a tatou togafitiga lelei, o mea uma e lua, ma mea e le o ni mea, mea e fai ma vaisu.

II. Togafitiga ma Faiga Faitupe

Marc N. Potenza, MD, Ph.D.

A. Folasaga

O le taalo tupe, faʻamatalaina o le tuʻuina o se mea taua i se tulaga lamatia i le faʻamoemoe o le mauaina o se mea e sili atu lona taua, ua maitauina i isi aganuʻu mo le afe tausaga [15]. O pepa muamua o amioga a tagata e faʻaalia ai le faʻamaoniga o le taʻalo i petipetiga, e aofia ai ma ituaiga faʻafitauli o amioga. Pathological petipetiga o le diagnostic vaitaimi faʻaaogaina i le taimi nei lomiga o le American Psychiatric Association's Diagnostic and Statueus Manual (DSM-IV-TR) e faʻamatala ai le soʻona tele ma faʻalavelave faʻafitauli o faʻatupe [16]. O faʻalavelave faʻapitoa i taʻaloga o loʻo tuʻufaʻatasia ma le kleptomania, pyromania, trichotillomania, ma le le tumau faʻalavelave faʻapena i le vaega o le "Impulse Control Disorder Not Either Classified," e ui lava o nai suʻesuʻega na latou suʻesuʻeina le tele o nei faʻaletonu vaega faʻavae faʻavae i mea moni. Tuʻufaʻatasia aiaiga mo faʻasolosolo tau faʻasalaga faʻasoa foliga masani ma na mea mo vailaʻau faʻalagolago. Mo se faʻataʻitaʻiga, o itu ole faapalepale, aveʻesega, toe taumafaiga le manuia e tipi i tua pe faʻamavae, ma le faʻalavelave i vaega tetele o le olaga o loʻo faʻataʻitaʻia mai ile faʻataʻitaʻiina o faʻatonuga mo faʻamaʻi taʻitasi. E pei o lea, o taʻaloga faʻapitoa na taʻua e nisi o se "amioga" i luga o le le tagofia o vailaʻau-fesoʻotaʻi.

B. Tulaga Faʻafomaʻi ma Phenomenological Tutusa i le va o Pathological Taʻaloga ma Mea Faʻalagolago

I le faʻaopopoga i tuʻufaʻatasiga aiaiga masani i pathological taʻaloga ma faʻalagolago vailaʻau, isi falemaʻi foliga e fefaʻasoaaʻi solo i le le atoatoa. Mo se faʻataʻitaʻiga, o manaʻoga poʻo manaʻoga manaʻoga setete o loʻo vaaia i faʻaletonu uma e lua, e fesoʻotaʻi uma i le taimi nei i le taimi o le faʻamauga mulimuli i le taʻaloga poʻo vailaʻau [17], ma le malosi o unaʻi e i ai aafiaga o le falemaʻi mo togafitiga [18]. I se faʻaopopoga, o faiʻai faiʻai foliga (faʻataʻitaʻiga, ventral striatum ma orbitofrontal cortex) ua maua e fesoasoani i faʻamalosiʻau i taʻaloga i taʻaloga faʻafetaui ma manaʻoga o cocaine i le faʻalagolago i cocaine [17, 19]. Ole taʻaloga faʻaleaganuʻu ma le faʻamoemoeina o vailaʻau e le gata ina masani ai le tasi ma le isi, ae faʻapena foi ma faʻalavelave faʻapena (faʻataʻitaʻi, uiga faʻaleaganuʻu uiga faʻasoesa)20, 21]. O loʻo iai foʻi mea e faʻatusatusa i vasega o faʻataʻitaʻiga ma le faʻamoemoeina o vailaʻau. Pei o le faʻalagolago i vailaʻau, maualuga faʻatauaina faʻatusatusaga ua lipotia mo faʻasolosolo faʻamalositino i le va o talavou ma talavou matutua ma maualalo tala faʻatatau i le va o tagata matutua [22, 23]. O se talavou i le amataina o le taalo tupe na fesoʻotaʻi ma sili atu ogaoga petipeti ma isi faʻafitauli o le soifua maloloina o le mafaufau, e tutusa ma faʻamatalaga e uiga i tausaga i le muamua vailaʻau faʻaaoga [24, 25]. O le "teleskoping" foliga vaaia foliga talafeagai i uma pathological taʻaloga ma vailaʻau faʻalagolago [26, 27]. Lenei vaʻaiga, muamua faʻamatalaina mo le 'ava malosi, mulimuli ane mo vaisu fualaʻau ma talu ai nei mo petipetiga, e faʻasino i le matauina e ui lava i le averesi fafine amata faʻataʻitaʻi i amioga mulimuli ane o le olaga nai lo tamaloloa, o le taimi taimi i le va o le amataina ma faʻafitauli faʻafitauli ua forortort ( poʻo le televise) i fafine pe a faʻatusatusa i aliʻi [28]. I le tuʻufaʻatasia, o nei sailiiliga faʻaalia ai le tele masani masani falemaʻi ma phenomenological foliga i le va o faʻataʻalo faʻamalositino ma vailaʻau vailaʻau.

C. Vaega faʻaali

O vailaʻau faʻalagolago i le mafaufau ma faʻataʻitaʻiga tau petipeti ua faʻaalia e i ai ni measina tuʻufaʻatasi [29-31]. Ua masani ona lipotia e tamaloloa tagata e masani ona fai saofaga i mea tau tupe ma isi faaletonu, e aofia ai le faalagolago i le ava malosi ma amioga le pulea e tagata.32, 33]. Peitaʻi, o vaega taua o saofaga i genetiko faʻapitoa e tulaga ese foʻi mai i latou e faʻalagolago i le 'ava malosi ma amioga faʻasoesa, e faʻailoa mai ai o saofaga i faʻafitauli taʻitasi. Mo se faʻataʻitaʻiga, allelic variants i genes coding mo enzymes e faʻatatau i le ava malosi metabolism e ono fuafuaina e tutasi i le ono lamatia mo le faʻalagolago i le ava malosi ae o genes e fesoʻotaʻi i lagona osooso atonu e ono faʻapea e fefaʻasoaaʻi i soʻoga faʻalavelave [34, 35]. I le amataga o suʻesuʻega, i sailiga o sela ma meaola o le tupuʻaga o le taalo i petipetiga, na iloa ai mea masani i le faalagolago i vailaʻau ma le taʻaloga faʻafomaʻi (faʻataʻitaʻiga, o le Taq A1 allele o le gafa o loʻo faʻamauina ai le fomaʻi o le dopamine D2)36]. Peitaʻi, o suʻesuʻega muamua e leʻi masani ona faʻafaigata (faʻataʻitaʻiga, e leʻi fauina e faʻailoga lanu poʻo ituaiga tagata ma e leʻi aofia ai suʻesuʻega faʻapitoa), ma talu ai nei suʻesuʻega e leʻi toe faʻataʻitaʻia nisi o uluaʻi sailiiliga [37]. E pei o lea, o le tele o suʻesuʻega i le masani ai ma tulaga ese gafua saofaga i pathological taʻaloga ma mea faʻalagolago e manaʻomia, aemaise lava suʻesuʻega o se genome-lautele natura.

D. Tagata ma Neurocognitive Features

Masani uiga ma neurocognitive foliga ua faʻamatalaina i pathological taʻaloga ma faalagolago vailaʻau. Pei i tagata taʻitoʻatasi ma vailaʻau faʻalagolago [34], foliga o le le mautonu ma lagona-sailia lagona ua maua e faʻateleina i tagata ma faʻapitoa petipeti [35, 38-41]. Pathological petipeti, pei o vailaʻau faʻalagolago, na fesoʻotaʻi ma sili filifilia o laʻititi, vave taui i luga o lapopoʻa tuai i tuai tolopo faʻaitiitiga [40]. Tagata taʻitoʻatasi ma petipetiga faʻapitoa e pei oi latou ma le faʻalagolago i fualaʻau ua maua e faia filifiliga le lelei i luga o filifiliga filifiliga e pei o le Iowa Taaloga Tiute Galue [42, 43]. Peitaʻi, e le gata i lea, o loʻo lipotia mai foʻi ni foliga ese i le va o mea e faʻalagolago i ai vailaʻau ma faʻamalositino faʻapitoa. Mo se faʻataʻitaʻiga, o se tasi suʻesuʻega na maua ai o mataupu e iai le petipeti faʻapitoa ma le faʻalagolago i le 'ava malosi na faʻaalia uma le le lava i galuega o taimi fuafuaina, taofiofi, fetuʻunaʻi mafaufau ma fuafuaga [44]. I se suʻesuʻega tutoʻatasi, o tagata taʻitasi ma le faʻalagolago i le 'ava malosi ma faʻataʻitaʻi faʻapitoa na latou faʻaalia foi le anoanoaʻi o itu tau tupe i galuega faʻatino ma le le gaioi o galuega, peitaʻi na latou feʻeseʻeseaʻi e tusa ai ma le faʻatinoina o galuega a le pulega, lea na faʻaalia ai le tele o tupe paʻu a tagata taʻitasi.45]. Nei sailiiliga fautua mai o faʻapitoa vaega o vailaʻau faʻalagolago (faʻataʻitaʻiga, masani ona faʻaalia i vailaʻau) ono i ai ni faʻapitoa aʻafiaga i faiʻai fausaga ma gaioiga ma fesoʻotaʻi amioga e le o vaʻaia i faʻasolosolo faʻatau tupe [46-48].

E. Vaega Neural

O le masani falemaʻi, phenomenological, tupuʻaga, uiga ma neurocognitive foliga i le va pathological petipetiga ma vailaʻau faʻalagolagoina ono ono faʻapea e atagia mai i fefaʻasoaaʻi neural foliga [35]. Mo se faʻataʻitaʻiga, o faiʻai faiʻai faiʻai (faʻataʻitaʻiga, ventral striatum ma orbitofrontal cortex) ua maua e fesoasoani i faʻamalosiʻau i taʻaloga i taʻaloga faʻafetaui ma le manaʻomia o cocaine i le faʻalagolago o cocaine [19]. Ua matauina le faʻaitiitia o le faʻagaioiga o le ventral striatal i tagata taʻitoʻatasi ma le faʻaletonu o tupe i le faʻagaioiga o faʻamanuiaga tau tupe i le taimi o le petipetiga faʻataʻitaʻi [49]. O nei sailiga o faʻasoa tutusa ma i latou e aofia ai le faʻalagolago i le ava malosi poʻo le cocaine mataupu o loʻo faʻaititia ai le faʻatagaina o le faʻasologa o le ventral pei ona lipotia mai i le taimi o le faʻamoemoe o tupe maua50, 51].

O le ventromedial prefrontal cortex, o loʻo fesoʻotaʻi ma le ventral striatum, na aʻafia i le faia o faʻaiuga-faʻaiuga filifiliga ma le faʻagaioiga o tupe taua [43, 52, 53]. Faʻaleaogaina le faʻagaoioia o le ventromedial prefrontal cortex i mataupu ma pathological petipetipolo na muamua lipotia i le suʻesuʻega o faʻamalosiʻau ma le faʻatonutonu mafaufau [41, 54]. O se suʻesuʻega na mulimuli ane maua ai le faʻaitiitia o le ventromedial prefrontal cortical activation i le taimi o le simulated petipetiga, ma le tikeri o le faʻagaoioiga e faʻafesoʻotaʻi faʻasolosolo lelei ma le ogaoga o mea tau tupe i mataupu o loʻo i ai faʻagatama petipetiga [49]. Talu ai nei lava, o mataupu ma vailaʻau faʻaaoga faʻafitauli ma poʻo aunoa ma faʻamalositino faʻamalositino faʻaalia faʻaititia muamua ventromedial muaʻi faʻamalosi tino sela i le taimi o faʻatinoina le Iowa Taaloga Galue [55]. Faʻatasi, o nei faʻamaumauga fautua mai le le aoga o ventral fronto-striatal circuitry i pathological petipetiga ma vailaʻau faʻalagolago e fesoʻotaʻi ma itu o taui taui ma le lelei filifiliga.

O le isi suʻesuʻega talu ai nei na suʻesuʻeina i mataupu soifua maloloina le neural tuʻufaʻatasia o le latalata-misia mea tutupu [56]. O se tulaga lata mai-misia tupu pe a taofi le lua taʻavale muamua o se slot masini i luga o le tutusa faailoga ona lokaina ai lea o le lona tolu faʻamau loka i luga o se le tutusa laina. Aʻo faʻatalitali le taofi o le tolu taʻavale, na maitauina le faʻagaoioia o taui gaosi itulagi faiʻai (eg, striatum). I le taimi o iʻuga, o nisi o nei faiʻai itumalo (faʻataʻitaʻiga, striatum, ogatotonu itulagi aofia ai le ventral tegmental eria) faʻaalia faʻagaoioia, ma foliga mai e faʻailoga nei mea na tutupu e pei o le faʻamalosia. O se itulagi na faʻaalia le leai o se mea (o lea na aliali mai e faʻailogaina nei mea na tutupu e le o faʻamalosia) o le ventromedial prefrontal cortex. A o le ventromedial prefrontal cortical gaoioiga ua fesoʻotaʻi foi ma leiloa-tuli i maloloina mataupu [57], o loʻo i ai faʻamatalaga fautua mai ai mea tutupu faʻataʻitaʻia e fesoʻotaʻi ma le atinaʻeina o faʻasolosolo faʻasolosolo e fesoʻotaʻi ma faiʻai itulagi e faʻataʻitaʻia ai e tagata taʻitoʻatasi ma faʻataʻaloga faʻapitoa mea le masani ai.

F. Togafitiga

Amioga ma togafitiga faʻafomaʻi togafiti faʻapitoa mo petipeti faʻapitoa ma vailaʻau faʻalagolago faʻaalia foi tutusa. Gamblers Anonymous, faʻavae i luga o le 12-sitepu polokalame Alcoholics Anonymous, o le sili lautele lautele avanoa ituaiga o fesoasoani mo tagata taʻitoʻatasi ma faʻamalositino faʻapitoa ma le auai na fesoʻotaʻi ma lelei togafitiga taunuʻuga [58, 59]. O isi togafiti faʻamalositino, e pei o le mafaufau lelei i amioga, ua taliaina mai le vailaʻau faʻalagolagoina fanua ma ua faʻaalia e aoga tele i le togafitia o faʻasolosolo faʻatau tupe [60]. O faʻalavelave puʻupuʻu, e pei ona faʻaaoga i nofoaga faʻafomaʻi mo fesoasoani i le faʻamutaina o le ulaula, ua faʻaalia le folafolaina i le togafitia o faʻataʻavalevale faʻafitauli [61], e pei foi o faʻamalosiʻau faʻamalosiʻau na faʻaalia le alualu i luma i le togafitia o fualaʻau faʻalagolago [62, 63].

Tele vailaʻau faʻapitoa na suʻesuʻeina ile togafitia o faʻasolosolo tau petipetiga [19]. E pei o le faʻamoemoeina o fualaʻau, o le serotonin reuptake inhibitors ua faʻaalia le fefiloi o faʻaiuga i le faʻatonutonuina o tofotofoga.19, 64, 65]. Opioid antagonists, pei o le naltrexone (o se vailaʻau ma faʻamaonia mo faʻailoga o le opioid ma le faʻalagolago i le 'ava malosi), o loʻo avea ma sui o le vasega o vailaʻau na oʻo mai i le taimi nei ua faʻaalia le tele o folafolaga i le togafitia o faʻasalaga faʻapitoa, ae maise lava i tagata taʻitoʻatasi o loʻo i ai ni unaiga malosi i faʻatau tupe. amataga ma i latou e iai le talaʻaga o le 'ava mālosi i le aiga [18]. Talu ai nei ma faʻavae i luga o le galue i fualaʻau faʻalagolago [66], glutamatergic agents pei o le N-acetyl cysteine ​​na suʻesuʻeina ma faʻaalia muamua le aoga i le togafitia o faʻataʻatiaga tau taʻaloga.

G. Aotelega: Faʻafitauli ma mea faʻatau petipeti

Faʻataʻitaʻi petipetiga ma vailaʻau faʻalagolago faʻaalia tele mea tutusa. E ui lava o foliga faʻapitoa e ono vaʻaia foʻi le faʻataʻaloina o petipetiga mai le faʻamoemoeina o fualaʻau (e pei o ni foliga faʻapitoa e iloagofie ituaiga ituaiga o vailaʻau faʻalagolago [29]), o loʻo i ai faʻamaumauga fautua mai se vavalalata vavalalata i le va o le faʻataʻalo ma le faʻalagolago i vailaʻau e mautinoa ai le latou iloiloga i totonu o se vaega o vaisu.

II. Togafitiga ma le lapoʻa

Joseph Frascella, Ph.D.

A. Neurobiological Soʻotaga i le va o Obesity ma Vaisu Vaisu

faʻatomuaga

O le faʻateleina o le tino ua faʻateleina tele ma avea ma sui o le soifua maloloina lautele i le Iunaite Setete ma le taimi nei i le lalolagi atoa. Ua faʻailoa mai nei e tusa ma le 65% o tagata matutua ma le tusa ma le 32% o tamaiti ma talavou i le US ua ova ma mamafa tele pe ua ova foi ma le puputa ([67], [68]). Sili piliona tagata matutua ma le 10% o fanau a le lalolagi ua faʻavasegaina o le lapoʻa poʻo lapopoʻa, ma faʻaiuga e faʻaititia ai le olaga faamoemoeina faʻapea foi ma le faʻatupulaia o aʻafiaga leaga e pei o fatu fatu, faʻamaʻi suka, ituaiga 2 suka ma nisi kanesa (faʻataʻitaʻiga, [69], [70]). O le etiology o le lapoʻa e sili ona faigata atagia eseese fesuiaʻiga neurobeh behavioral; ae ui i lea, o le faʻateleina o tusitusiga o loʻo faʻasino i le mea moni e faapea, o le soʻona tele ma le faʻamalosi o le 'ai e masani ona mafai ona tufatufaina atu i nisi o tutusa gaioiga ma amioga faʻapitoa i le faʻaogaina o vailaʻau ma le faʻamoemoeina e pei ona faʻamatalaina i le DSM-IV. Mo se faʻataʻitaʻiga, o le DSM-IV vailaʻau faʻalagolagoina (faʻapalepaleina; toʻesea; faʻateleina / faʻaaogaina o aofaiga tele; naunautaʻi naunautaʻi / le manuia taumafaiga e faʻaititia le faʻaaogaina; faʻaaluina o se tele aofaʻi o taimi mauaina o vailaʻau, faʻaaogaina, pe toe maua mai ia; osigataulaga lautele, galuega , poʻo faʻafiafiaga gaioiga ona o le faʻaaogaina o vailaʻau; ma faʻaauau vailaʻau faʻaaoga i le feagai ai ma finafinau pe toe faʻafitauli tino poʻo faʻafitauli mafaufau) mafai ona faʻaaogaina i le puta tele. Mo nisi tagata, o meaai e mafai ona faʻaosofia ai se mea ua fai ma vaisu ([71], [72], [73]), ma mea tutusa e tutusa tutusa ma na fautuaina ai le lapoʻa e tatau ona amanaʻia i le DSM-V o se faʻaletonu o le mafaufau ([10]; tagai foi [74] mo se talanoaga o faigata e uiga i lenei manatu). Faʻatasi ai ma le tele ma le mauaina o le sili ona lelei, kalori-mafiafia meaai tumu i masima, gaʻo ma suka, nei sili ona malosi faamalosia mafai ona faigata ona teteʻe, lea e mafai ona taitai atu ai i le nonhomeostatic 'ai ma le lapoʻa.

O lenei iloiloga o le a talanoaina ai nisi o faʻamatalaga talafeagai o le neurobiological e faʻaalia ai le eseesega o mea e tutusa ai (ma eseesega) i le va o le puta tele ma vaisu. O le sini o le taulaʻi atu i faʻatusatusaga anoa e faʻailoa mai ai le tutusa ma ono mafai fesoʻotaʻiga i le va o vaega uma o suʻesuʻe. O lona iʻuga, o suʻesuʻega o le puta tele e ono mafai ona faʻailoa ai vailaʻau saua / suʻesuʻeina o mea ua fai ma vaisu lesi itu. Tusa lava poʻo le a le faʻatupulaʻia o finauga faʻasaienisi e uiga i le i ai o le "fai ma vaisu meaʻai" o se mea taua mafua ai le faʻamaʻi o le puta i le taimi nei (tagai [75-77]), o lenei iloiloga o le a le talanoaina faʻatatau lenei fausiaina ae o le a taulaʻi i le tutusa i le va o le lapoʻa ma le tagofia o mea ua fai ma vaʻaiga i le neurobiologic system o loʻo faʻavaeina ai le faʻaosofia o gaioiga i le fafagaina ma le faʻaogaina o fualaʻau. O nei neurobiologic auala e mafai ona aʻafia e le au malosi faʻamalosi tino e mafua ai le soona amio ma le leiloa o le faʻaaliga faʻaalia i le lapopoʻa ma le tagofia o mea ua fai ma vaisu. O mea tutusa i le va o le puta tele ma mea o mea ua fai ma vaisu e ono faʻamamafaina ai le manaʻoga e mafaufau i se faʻavasega o tagata lapopoʻa tagata i taimi uma ma isi amioga ua fai ma vaisu.

B. O le Brain Reward System: o se Fesoʻotaʻiga Masani i le va o le Ova ma le Vaisu

O le faʻateleina o faʻamaoniga, ae maise lava i suʻesuʻega o manu, o loʻo faʻailoa mai ai o le tutusa o faiʻai faiʻai e faʻamalosia ai pe soʻona 'ai tele ma le soʻona faʻaogaina o fualaʻau. O neural system e faʻatonutonu ai le faʻatonutonu o le malosi a le tina ma le paleni e matua faigata lava ma le tele o gaioiga ma auala e tali atu ai e aofia ai tufatufaina o itumalo o le faiʻai. O le faʻatonutonuina o le fafagaina masani e faʻatonutonuina e le mataʻituina o manaʻoga manaʻomia e tusa ma tupe faʻaalu malosi; a faʻapea o tupe faʻaalu malosi e sili atu ile malosi o meaʻai, o faʻailoga e iloa ai le suiga ma le fia 'ai. E pei lava o vailaʻau o le sauaina, o meaʻai e sili ona lelei e mafai ona avea ma mea e faʻaosofia ai le malosi e faʻaosofia ai amioga (ie, 'ai e leʻo ni meaʻai i le fale. O auala e faʻatupuina ai le tele o meaʻai e maua ai le lapoʻa, faʻapea foʻi ma le sailiga o fualaʻau e oʻo atu ai i mea ua fai ma vaisu, e faigata tele ma e aʻafia i le tele o mea taua.faʻataʻitaʻiga, aʻafiaga o le kenera, aʻoaʻoga ma manatuaina, faʻamalieina / fiafia i ai, faʻatiga, avanoa, atinaeina, siosiomaga / agafesoʻotaʻi / aganuu aʻafiaga) (mo iloiloga vaʻai [9, 78]).

Totonugalemu i le faʻaosofia ma tietie i le mauaina o nisi o meaʻai faʻapea foi ma le faʻaleagaina o mea o le faiʻai taui polokalama. O lenei faiga e sili ona fesuisuiaʻi e aofia ai le faʻafaigata o le neurobiologic network, aemaise ai le mesolimbic dopamine (DA) system - o le ventral tegmental area i le ogatotonu ma ona faʻataʻitaʻiga i le vaega o loʻo maua mai, amygdala, ventral striatum, hippocampus, ma medial prefrontal cortex (faʻataʻitaʻiga, [79-83]). O le a le aoga o se vailaʻau (poʻo se meaʻai) i le faʻaosofia o le faiʻai taui taui faʻatosinaina le ono ono maua i le lumanaʻi avea o lena vailaʻau (poʻo meaʻai). O le faiʻai taui taui e fesoʻotaʻi ma le fafagaina taʻamilosaga faʻafesoʻotaʻi le faʻapaleniina o le malosi ma le faʻatonutonu.

Dopamine tatala i totonu o le tumutumu accumbens na faʻaalia ina ua maeʻa ona faʻatautaia le tele o vailaʻau o le sauaina ma ua manatu e faʻalauteleina le tauia meatotino o vailaʻau (faʻataʻitaʻiga, [84-95]). E faʻapena foi, pe a o tatou taumafaina meaʻai, ua faʻasaʻoloto le dopamine, ma ua leva ona faʻaalia i suʻesuʻega o meaola, o le faʻasaʻolotoina o le dopamine e tupu i totonu o le tumutumu o le nofoaga (faʻataʻitaʻiga, [96-102]). O isi suʻesuʻega ua faʻaalia ai o le faʻasaʻolotoina o le dopamine i totonu o le nucleus accumbens o se faʻatinoga tuusaʻo o le tauia o mea totino o meaʻai, ma le faʻamaloloina o le dopamine e eseʻesega o se gaioiga o taumafa palatability [97, 103, 104]. O ia galuega faʻaalia ai le fesoʻotaʻiga i le va o palatability, taui, ma le dopamine, o na mea uma e mafai ona faʻafesoʻotaʻi ma le masani ai i tulaga masani o le aiga. Le manaia ma palatability o meaʻai e mafai foi ona faʻateʻaina mai le fia 'ai (faʻataʻitaʻiga, [13], [105]).

O le faʻailogaina o le fesoʻotaʻiga o le neurobiological i le va o le tofo ma le taui e taua tele i le malamalamaaga i mea taua i le fafagaina, faʻaosofia ma le fiafia i meaʻai. Ole auala ole corticolimbic e faʻatonutonu ai mea e faʻaosofia ai meaʻai i le hypothalamic nuclei, ma le fesoʻotaʻiga o nei faiga e faʻatonutonu ai le fiaʻai ma le faʻamalieina [106, 107]. O isi sailiga e fautua mai ai o le gasegase gaioiga mai se mea e faʻaosofia ai meaʻai e faʻatinoina e ala i vae o vae e oʻo atu i le tumutumu [108]). O leisi faiʻai vaega na faʻaalia e aofia ai i le taui poʻo mea matagofie o meaʻai ma isi mea faʻaosofia o le orbitofrontal cortex (faʻataʻitaʻiga, [80, 82, 83, 105, 109-113]). Ole tele o nei faiga e aofia ai meaʻai o loʻo tuʻufaʻatasia ma i latou na aʻafia e vailaʻau saua. O meaai lelei uma ma fualaʻau e sili ona tauia, ma e faʻatalanoaina uma mea e ala i le faiga o le dopamine.

E ui lava o le vaega o le dopamine e taua tele i le faʻagaioiga o faʻailoga, e taua foʻi isi faiga. O le tuputupu ae tusitusiga fautuaina mai ai o le endocannabinoid faiga faʻatulagaina tonu suia taui ma fualaʻau saili (faʻataʻitaʻiga, [114-121]). E faʻapena foi, le endogenous opioid system o loʻo aʻafia i le faʻagaioiga o taui [122, 123], ma uma endogenous cannabinoid ma opioid faiga faʻafesoʻotaʻi e faʻatonutonu faufautua taui (vaai [120]). Tutusa ma aʻafiaga o nei faiga e lua i le tauia ma le sailia o fualaʻau, o suʻesuʻega na faʻaalia ai se fesoʻotaʻiga i le va o le gataifale cannabinoid ma le opioid i le fafagaina ma le faʻatonutonuina o taumafa taumafa (faʻataʻitaʻiga, [124], [13, 125-127]; mo iloiloga vaʻai [128, 129]). Talu ai nei, o le opioid sisitema faʻafetaui palatability ma taui aoga o meaʻai na faʻaalia e matuaʻi eseese neurobiologically ([130]).

C. Sailiiliga Faʻataʻitaʻiga ole Brain Imaging

Ole tele o faʻamaoniga na tuʻufaʻatasia fesoʻotaʻiga uma e mai i manu suʻesuʻega lipotia tuʻusaʻo fua o le neurobehavioural itu o le fafagaina ma le sailia o fualaʻau. Faʻateleina auala ma faʻagaioiga gaioiga o loʻo faʻavae ai le lapoʻa ma le tagofia o mea ua fai ma vailaʻau i le faʻateleina o numera o faiʻai fai ata suʻesuʻe. O meaʻai masani masani e faʻatonutonuina e le homeostatic process ma e faʻatosinaina foi e le tutusa faʻamanuiaga poʻo le faʻaosofia o gaioiga e faʻatonutonu ai foʻi le sailia o fualaʻau. O le Positron emission tomography (PET) ma le aoga o le magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) na maua ai ni meafaigaluega mamana e fuafua ai le faiʻai, fai auala faʻasalalau, ma faʻagaioiga e faʻatino i meaʻai ma fualaʻau e faʻatautaia ai taui.

O suʻesuʻega i tagata ua tutusa galuega a manu i le faʻailoaina o le aʻafia o le dopamine i le faʻaogaina o vailaʻau, faʻapitoa e ala i le sootaga i le va o le faiai o le maualuga o le faiai i le vaega o loʻo i totonu ma le taua o vailaʻau o le faʻasaua. Volkow ma paaga [131] faʻaalia o le faʻamalosia o aʻafiaga o le psychostimulant vailaʻau i tagata na fesoʻotaʻi ma le faʻateleina o le faiai dopamine tulaga, ma o le manatu autu o le faʻamanuiaga / faʻafiafia na faʻamaonia lelei ma le aofaʻi o le dopamine faʻasaʻolotoina. E le gata i lea, o le aofaʻi o vaega o le talipupuni o le D2, na valoʻia le eseesega o tagata taʻitoʻatasi i le faʻamalosia o aʻafiaga o fualaʻau o le psychostimulant - o lona uiga, o le maualalo o le vaega o le talipupuni D2 ua faʻafesoʻotaʻia ma sili atu le faʻamalosia o aʻafiaga o le vailaʻau.132] Suʻesuʻega o le faʻasaʻolotoina o le dopamine i le tali atu i meaʻai, poʻo meaʻai e fesoʻotaʻi ma meaʻai, ua faʻaalia foi pe a oʻo i le soifua maloloina, le lava meaʻai, ona tuʻuina atu lea i ai ma mea e fiafia iai, e faʻasaʻoloto le dopamine i le taimi o le faʻailoaina o meaʻai e uiga i meaʻai 38, [133], faʻapea foʻi pe a uma le taumafaina o le taumafataga. Le aofaʻi o le dopamine faʻasaʻolotoina (i dorsal, ae leʻo ventral, striatum) faʻafesoʻotaʻi ma taumafataga suamalie [110], faʻapea mai o le dorsal striatum e mafai ona faʻatatauina le taui o meaʻai i tagata soifua maloloina 38, [133]. Lenei mauaina o meaʻai taui / faʻaosofia faʻatalanoaina i le dorsal striatum ae notventral striatum (o se eria aofia ai i faʻafomaʻi taui) faʻaalia ai se eseʻesega i le va o meaai ma vailaʻau o le saua. O le dorsal striatum ua faʻaalia e taua i le fafagaina (faʻataʻitaʻiga, [134], [84]) ma e ogatasi ma faʻamaoniga o le faʻateleina o le faʻatotoe o le toto o le cerebral i le dorsal striatum i le taimi o le inuina o le sukalati; o le tafe o le toto i lenei itulagi e fesoʻotaʻi lelei ma faʻamanuiaga matagofie ([111]).

O le manaʻo o se uiga taua i le lapoʻa ma le tagofia o mea ua fai ma vaisu. E mafai ona faʻavaeina ai le soʻona inu ma le faʻaogaina o fualaʻau, ma faʻalavelave i le tausiga o le taumafa. E tele suʻesuʻega o loʻo taumafai e faʻailoa mai le faʻatinoina o faʻatasiga o meaʻai e mananaʻo ai poʻo meaʻai e manaʻomia (eg, [135], [111], [110], [11], [136]); peitaʻi, e toʻaitiiti lava na suʻesuʻe saʻo le tuʻinanau o meaʻai. Pelchat al iā. ([137]) suʻesuʻe le faʻaaogaina o faiʻai i le manaʻomia o meaʻai ma maua ai suiga e faʻatatau i le manaʻo i le hippocampus, insula, ma le caudate. I se isi suʻesuʻega, na faʻatusatusa le manaʻo sukalati i tagata le mananaʻo, ma o tagata feinu na faʻaalia le tele o le faʻagaoioiga i vaega o taui e pei o le medial prefrontal cortex, anterior cingulate, ma ventral striatum ([138]). O le tele o vaega o loʻo faʻagaoioia i le manaʻoga i meaʻai o loʻo soʻosoʻosaʻo ma faiʻai vaega ile faʻatonuina o fualaʻau faʻasaina, pei ole cterior muamua (faʻataʻitaʻiga, [139], [140], [141], [142], [143], [144], [145], [146], [147]), ventral striatum (faʻataʻitaʻiga, [142], [147]), hippocampus (faʻataʻitaʻiga, [141], [147]); insula (faʻataʻitaʻiga, [141], [148], [144], [142], [143], [146], [147]), ma dorsomedial ma dorsolateral muamua paʻu (faʻataʻitaʻiga, [139], [149]; [145]; [146], [147]). E tatau ona maitauina o nei faiai faʻataʻitaʻiga suʻesuʻega o le faʻananaina o fualaʻau, o tagata taʻitoʻatasi na faʻataʻitaʻia e faʻamoemoeina i vailaʻau, ae i le manaʻoga i meaʻai suʻesuʻega, soifua maloloina mataupu na suʻesuʻeina. O le mea lea, suʻesuʻega iloiloina manaʻoga i tino puta tagata e manaʻomia. E tele suʻesuʻega, peitaʻi, na faia e faʻamautinoa ai le tali a le faiʻai i meaʻai ma meaʻai, ma suʻesuʻeina le faiga o taui i le faitau aofai o tagata. O le le aoga o meaʻai e maua i nei tagata ua manatu e saofaga ai ma fai ma sui o le neurobiological substrate i le pathological 'ai ma le lapopoʻa.

Mo se faʻataʻitaʻiga, o tali a le faiʻai i le tauanauina ma le faʻatupuina o meaʻai na maua e eseʻese i le puta tele ma le paee tagata. O suʻega mataupu na faʻaalia ai le faʻateleina o le faʻaaogaina o faiʻai i taimi uma na muaʻi fuafuaina ma taumafaina ai meaʻai i le muamua gustatory cortex, i somatosensory cortex, ma luma cingulate [150]. O le faʻaititia o le faʻaopopoga i totonu o le fale na maua i le puta tele ma le paee tagata i le taimi na taumafaina ai, lea na manatu e ono faʻaalia ai le faʻaititia o le mauaina o le talipupuni o le dopamine. Faʻapea foi, i le avea ai o se gaioiga a le BMI, faʻateleina faʻagaoioia i anticipatory meaʻai taui na maua i le temporal operculum ma dorsolateral prefrontal cortex, ma faʻateleina faʻagaoioia i le insula ma frontoparietal operculum na maua e faʻatupuina ai meaai taui. O nei iʻuga faʻaalia ai se eseʻesega eseʻesega i le faʻagaioiga o meaʻai faʻaosofia i mea teteʻe ma tagata paeee. Tele tali i meaʻai, faʻatasi ma le faʻaititia o tali faʻasolosolo i taimi o taumafaina, na avea ma faʻailoga o le neurobiological ono ono lamatia mo le soona 'ai ma le lapoʻa.

I seisi suʻesuʻega, o le sootaga i le va o le puta ma le hypofunctioning o le dorsal striatum na fesoʻotaʻi ma le i ai o le A1 allele o le TaqOu te tupuga [151]. O le le fesoʻotaʻiga le lelei i le va o le tali atu o le tagata i le faʻaaogaina o meaʻai ma le BMI na matua tele lava i latou na ma le A1 allele (tagai foi i le [152]). Na fautuaina e faapea o lenei eseʻesega e ono fesoʻotaʻi ma le faʻaititia o le maualuga o le dopamine D2 i le striatum o tagata lapopoʻa, ma faʻaleagaina ai le faʻailoaina o le igoa o le dopamine, ma e ono aʻafia ai i le soona 'ai e sui ai se taui le lava. I se faʻaopopoga, tagata taʻitoʻatasi ma lenei dopamine D2 receptor gene polymorphism na faʻaalia e i ai le le lava i le aʻoaʻoina mai mea sese i se tali-faʻavae aʻoaʻoga gaioiga. Dopamine D2 receptor faʻaititia na fesoʻotaʻi ma le faʻaititia o lagona lelei i le leaga gaioiga o taunuuga [153]. O suʻesuʻega foʻi na fautuaina ai le tali o le dopamine D2 TaqO le A1 polymorphism e fesoʻotaʻi ma vailaʻau faasaina (faʻataʻitaʻiga, [154-156]). Talu ai nei, o se maualuga maualuga lautele o le dopamine D2 talimalo TaqI A1 allele polymorphism na maua i le methamphetamine-faʻalagolago tagata pe a faʻatusatusa i se faʻatusatusaga kulupu [157]. O vailaʻau-faʻalagolago tagata ma lenei polymorphism sa i ai foi le mafaufau le atoatoa, togi maualalo maualalo luga o pulega faʻatinoina fua.

E ui lava i nei iʻuga na faʻaalia ai le faʻaititia o le tali atu i le dorsal striatum, o se fausaga taua i le aʻoaʻoina o mausa (eg, [158]; [159]; [160]), Rothemund et al. [161] maua ai i le taimi o taumafa taumafa maualuga-kalori meaʻai filifilia gaioiga o le dorsal striatum faʻatasi ai ma isi eria pei o anterior insula, hippocampus, ma parietal lobe i fafine lapopoʻa pe a faʻatusatusa i le masani-mamafa tagata faʻaalia ai le ono maualuga taui faʻamoemoe ma faʻaosofia salience i gaʻoa . Eseesega ile malosiʻaga faʻaosofia o meaʻai ma le faʻagaioiga ole faʻailoga na maua foi e tagata lapopoʻa. Maualuga-kalori meaʻai faʻaosofia sili tele faʻagaoioiga i le faiʻai eria faʻalauteleina faaosofia ma lagona tali atu i meaai ma meaai faailo (medial ma lateral orbitofrontal cortex, amygdala, nucleus accumbens / ventral striatum, medial prefrontal cortex, insula, pito i luma cingulate cortex, ventral pallidum, caudate, putamen, ma hippocampus) mo tagata lapopoʻa faʻatusatusa i le mamafa o le mamafa o tagata [162]. Fai mai tusitala, o latou iʻuga e o gatasi ma le taofi o na faiʻai faiʻai o loʻo faʻaalia ai le tali atu i meaʻai i le lapoʻa e faʻapena foi ona faʻaaogaina i vailaʻau.

O se fesili taua o loʻo tumau pea pe o tagata soʻose tino i ai le maualuga-tali atu i faiʻai taui vaega taua i meaʻai taui pe afai latou, i le mea moni, i ai le hypo-tali faʻasologa taui. Stice et al. [163] iloiloina amioga ma faʻataʻitaʻi ata faʻataʻitaʻi mo uma faʻataʻitaʻiga. Latou faʻaiʻuina o le tele, ae le o uma, o faʻamatalaga fautua mai o le lapoʻa faʻatusatusa i tagata paee tagata lipoti sili atu le fiafia ma faʻaalia le sili faʻagaoioia i gustatory ma somatosensory cortex i le tali atu i le naunautaʻiga o taumafa ma le faʻaaogaina. Lenei faʻateleina faʻagaoioia i nei faiʻai vaega mafai faʻateleina vaivai i soʻona 'ai. Latou te faʻapea foi o le soona 'aʻai e ono taitaiina atu ai i lalo le faʻatonutonuina o faʻaola i le striatum, lea e mafai ai ona faʻatosina tagata e faʻaumatia meaai sili ona lelei / tele-kalori, o ia mea uma e mafai ona mafua ai le lapoʻa. E tatau ona maitauina o nisi o le eseesega (hyperactive versus hypoactive faiʻai vaega) iʻuga mafai ona mafua mai i metotia eseʻesega. Mo se faʻataʻitaʻiga, o nisi suʻesuʻega na iloiloina le faʻaaogaina o faiʻai pe a fai o mataupu i le tulaga o le fia 'aʻai, ae o isi suʻesuʻega e leai. Mea e fiafia i ai meaʻai, talaʻaga o faʻafitauli o le 'ai, taumafa o meaʻai, ma meaʻai o loʻo iai nei e taua tele i ia suʻesuʻega.162]), ma le faʻatonutonuina mo ia mea e le ogatasi i isi suʻesuʻega. Faʻapea foi, sa fautuaina o le faʻaaogaina o faiʻai e mafai ona 'eseʻese faʻalagolago i' eseʻese gaioiga setete; o lona uiga, malolo faʻafeagai pe a faʻaalia i meaʻai poʻo meaʻai faʻaosofia [150]. Mo se faʻataʻitaʻiga, o se suʻesuʻega o le faiʻai o le faiʻai i le taimi o le malologa na faʻaalia ai le eseesega i le va o tagata paʻeʻe ma le puta. O tagata soʻose tagata na i ai le sili maualuga maualuga malolo gaioiga gaioiga nai lo tagata paee i faiʻai itulagi mafuaʻaga lagona o laugutu, laulaufaiva ma gutu [164]. Na faʻamaeʻaina e tusitala e faʻapea, o lenei faʻalauteleina o gaioiga i faiʻai faiʻai e aofia ai ma le gaosiaina o meaʻai i tagata tino puta e ono lamatia ai i latou mo le faʻateleina o le unaʻia o mea taumafa.

I se suʻesuʻega talu ai nei o fesoʻotaʻiga fesoʻotaʻiga i totonu o le taui network i le tali atu i maualuga-ma maualalo-kalori mea faʻamalosi meaai, Stoeckel et al. [165] maua faʻafesoʻotaʻiga le masani ai i tagata lapopoʻa faʻatusatusa i le masani-pauna pule. Faʻapitoa lava, o le faʻaititia o fesoʻotaʻiga na maua i le tali atu i meaai faʻaaliga mai le amygdala i le orbitofrontal cortex ma nusipepa accumbens, lea e manatu e ono maua ai le le lava faʻavasegaina o le afaina / faʻalogona lagona o meaʻai taui taua ma mafua ai le le lava o le faʻamamaina o meaʻai. mulimuli ai taumafaina taʻitaʻia ai i se faʻaleleia atili taʻavale meaʻai taʻimua. O le faʻateleina o le faʻataʻamilosaga o le tino i le faʻatumuina o fesoʻotaʻiga na maua i tagata lapopoʻa na latou manatu e saofaga i se faʻaleleia atili o le aveina o meaʻai. I se suʻesuʻega o fualaʻau, o le faʻaleleia atili o le fesoʻotaʻiga i le va o le tumutumu o le tumutumu ma le taamilosaga i totonu na maua i vailaʻau oona ma sa manatu e saofaga i se sili atu malosi salience aoga o vailaʻau [166].

Taui gaioiga o se taua vaega i gaʻoa, ae o isi faiga e aofia ai foi. O le faʻamalieina o le faʻailo e taua foʻi lona taua i le puleaina o meaʻai. O faʻataʻitaʻi i le faiai ua faʻaalia ai le eseesega o faʻailo i le faʻamalieina o taumafataga; o lona uiga, o le toto o le cerebral e suia i le tali atu i se taumafataga na ese i le paee pe a faatusatusa i tagata puta tele. Limbic / paralimbic eria ma muaʻi faʻataʻaliʻiga tali atu eseese o se gaioiga o maualalo faʻatusatusa maualuga BMI, Obese tagata tali atu i le faʻamalieina ma le faʻateleina faʻagaoioia i le muaʻi faʻasologa muamua ma le sili atu o le faʻaaogaina o limbic ma paralimbic eria (frontal operculum, hippocampal faʻatulagaina, insula, orbitofrontal cortex, pou le tumau), striatum, precuneus, ma cerebellum (faʻataʻitaʻiga, [167-169]).

Tuuina atu le taua o le dopamine system i vailaʻau faasaunoa ma vaisu, Wang et al. [11] suʻesuʻe faiaʻoga dopamine D2 taliaina i se ogaoga le puta (BMI i le va o 42 ma 60) tagata taʻitasi. O sailiga na faʻaalia ai o le striatal dopamine receptors na matua paʻu maualalo i totonu o nei tagata taʻitasi, ma o se fesuiaʻiga sootaga na maua i le va o le D2 receptor level ma le BMI - o lona uiga, o le maualalo o le maualuga o tali e faʻafesoʻotaʻi ma maualuga maualuga BMI. Na fautuaina e tusitala e faapea, o le le lava o le dopamine i nei tagata lapopoʻa, e ono saofaga ai ma faaauau ai pea taumafa e tauia ai le paʻu o le faailo o le dopamine i nei faiga, e o gatasi ma le manatu o le "le lava o le taui". A le o lea, ona o le lautele o le paʻu o le dopamine D2 taliaina, ua faʻailoa mai ai, o le faʻaititia o le dopamine system e ono avea ma faʻailoga mo le faʻavaivaia poʻo le fiafia tele i amioga ova poʻo le fai ma vaisu [11]. E pei ona taʻua muamua, Stice et al.'s ([150], [151]) faʻamaoniga o le faʻaititia o le faʻaaogaina o le caudate i le puta tele ma le paee tagata i le taimi o le taumafaina o meaʻai e ogatasi ma le faʻaititia o le mauaina o le talipupuni i le dorsal striatum. I se tulaga faʻapena, o tagata ua fai ma vaisu fualaʻau, i soʻo se vaega o vaisu i vasega eseese o fualaʻau, ua faʻaalia manino le le mautonu i le faiga o le dopamine, aemaise lava i tulaga o le faʻaititia o striatal dopamine receptors i cocaine [170-172], methamphetamine [173, 174], ava malosi [175-177], nicotine [178], ma heroin [179] tagata ua fai ma vaisu. O le paʻu o tagata i le felaʻuaʻiga o le dopamine na maua foi i le koko.170, 180], methamphetamine [173, 181, 182], ava malosi [183], ma le nicotine [184] tagata ua fai ma vaisu.

O le sootaga saʻo i le va o le maualalo o le dopamine D2 receptor level ma le aʻafiaga o le soona 'ai / lapoʻa e le o faʻamatalaina lelei. I le taimi muamua na faʻamautuina ai o le striatal dopamine D2 o loʻo mauaina ni faʻailoga maualalo e maualalo ifo i tagata puta, Volkow al iā. [185] faʻamaonia lenei taunuʻuga ma suʻesuʻeina le fesoʻotaʻiga i le va o nei faʻaiʻuga ma gaioiga i le pito i luma pito i tua o le faiʻai itulagi vaega na aafia i le taofiofia taofi i se vaega o morbidly obese tagata. I tagata lapoʻa tagata, pe a faʻatusatusa i le faʻatonutonuina o tagata taʻitoʻatasi, maualalo le mauaina o le talipupuni D2 na fesoʻotaʻi ma le faʻaititia o metabolic gaoioiga i le taimi o taumafa i nofoaga i luma (ie, dorsolateral prefrontal cortex, orbitofrontal cortex, ma luma cingulate, faʻapea foi ma le somatosensory cortex. Na manatu le au tusitala o le soona 'ai e mafai ona avea o se iʻuga o le maualalo o le striatal dopamine D2 taliaina faʻamalosiʻau luga o na muamua auala aofia ai i le taofiofia taofi. E le gata i lea, o le fesoʻotaʻiga i le va o le striatal dopamine D2 receptorors ma somatosensory cortical metabolism na manatu e atagia ai le faʻateleina o meaai palatability ma meaai taui. O faʻamatalaga tali tutusa ma fesoʻotaʻiga i le va o le mauaina o le receptor ma le metabolism na maitauina i fualaʻau-faʻasolosolo tagata [170, 174, 186], ma le leiloa o le taofiofia taofiofia ma le faʻamalosia le sailia o fualaʻau i nei tagata na fautuaina e fesoʻotaʻi ma suiga i le striatal dopamine function and orbitofrontal cortex metabolism.

O nei suʻesuʻega faʻaalia ai o le paʻu o le suka i le maualuga o le toto i le pito i luma o le atunuʻu e ono fesoasoani i le lapoʻa ona o nei eria e taua i pulega faʻatonutonu ma mafaufau / taofiofia taofi. O le mea lea, o le le lava o nei faiga faʻatasi ai ma le faʻateleina o le aveina o setete, e ono iʻu ai i le le mafai ona faʻamutaina le faʻamalosia o amioga, e pei o le soona taumafaina o meaai manogi poʻo le soʻona faʻaogaina o vailaʻau oona, e oʻo lava i le le lelei o le soifua maloloina. Talu ai nei galuega ua toe suʻesuʻe muamua gaioiga metabolic gaioiga e iloilo lona fesoʻotaʻiga vavalalata ma BMI. I tagata matutua soifua maloloina, na maua se faʻamaopoopoga le lelei i le va o le BMI ma le faiʻai faiʻai suka i le pito i luma o vaega ma luma o le gyrus muamua cingulate [187], ma o nei vaega uma e lua ua fautuaina e faʻaulu sao i le tagofia o fualaʻau. Memory ma executive function na faʻapea foi ona iloiloina, ma se fesoʻotaʻiga laʻititi faʻafuaseʻi i le va o le muaʻi mua o le metabolism ma le faʻatinoina o le pulega faʻataʻitaʻi ma le tautala aʻoga na maua. O lenei sailiga o le faʻaititia o le mafaufau i le lapoʻa e ogatasi ma le tuputupu aʻe o tusitusiga e faʻaalia ai o le maualuga o le BMI e fesoʻotaʻi e le gata i le leaga o le soifua maloloina, ae o le leaga o le neurocognitive ma le neuropsychological taunuʻuga i tagata matutua (faʻataʻitaʻiga, [188-191]), aofia ai le faʻaititia o le mafaufau fetuʻutuʻunaʻi ma agavaʻa mo le faʻamalosia o le faʻalogo i tagata puta tele [192]. O le mea e malie ai, o nei lava sailiga, e ui i lea, e le i maua i tamaiti ma talavou [193].

O nei sailiga sailiga na faʻalauteleina i suʻesuʻega na iloiloina pe faʻafefea ona fesoʻotaʻi le lapoʻa ma le faiʻai o le faiʻai faʻaitumalo. I se suʻesuʻega o le mafaufau i le aofaʻi o faiʻai i tagata lapoʻa, e faʻapenaʻi le faʻaititia o le efuefu i le tele o vaega o faiʻai.ie, postcentral gyrus, frontal operculum, putamen, ma le ogatotonu frontal gyrus) na aafia i le tofoina tulafono, taui, ma taofiofi taofiofi [194]. I se faʻataʻitaʻiga tele, i se vaega tele o tagata soifua maloloina, o se faʻamaoniga le lelei na maua i le va o le BMI ma le lalolagi atoa ma le laufanua lanu efuefu mea, ae naʻo aliʻi lava [195]. O lenei suʻesuʻega na lagolagoina e leisi suʻesuʻega o le faiʻai le aofaʻi o soifua maloloina tagata matutua o se gaioiga a le BMI. O tagata soʻose tino na faʻaalia le laʻititi laʻititi o le faiʻai ma le aofaʻi o mea efuefu nai lo le masani ai poʻo le mamafa o tagata taʻitasi [196], ma na fautuaina e le au tusitala e faapea o nei eseesega i le faiʻai atonu o loʻo mafua ai le soʻotaga le va i le va o le mafaufau ma le BMI ua maua.

O nei sailiga i tagata lapoʻa tagata e o gatasi ma le tele tele tusitusiga i tagata vailaʻau-faʻalagolago tagata faʻaalia tino ma gaioiga le masani ai i frontal cortical itulagi. Ua faʻamaonia i le pito i luma vaega o le tino i le paʻu o tagata i le faʻaaoga faʻasolosolo o tagata (197], i luma (cingulate gyrus, orbitofrontal cortex), insular, ma faʻaletino tino masani [198-201] ma i cerebellar [202] itulagi i le au faʻasaina o le cocaine, faʻapea foi ma itutino muamua, faʻasolosolo, ma itutino faʻaletino itulagi i tagata faʻalagolago i le tagata o loʻo faalagolago i ai [203]. O nei foliga tutusa ma tele faʻafitauli e aʻafia i le lapoʻa ma le tagofia o mea ua fai ma vaisu faʻaalia uma le lautele ma le faigata o taamilosaga aʻafia.

D. Aotelega: vaisu ma gaʻo

O le suʻesuʻeina o neuraobiology e mafua ai le lapoʻa ma le tagofia o mea ua fai ma vaisu, o loʻo faʻaalia ai ni mea tutusa tutusa. O se tuputupu aʻe tino o suʻesuʻega, maise lava o mea lata mai na maua ai le faʻaaogaina o ata o le faiʻai, na faʻamaonia uma suiga fausaga ma faʻagaioiga i vaega taua e faʻavae tulafono faʻatonutonu, taui ma taui gafa, faʻagaioiga o galuega, ma filifiliga. Suiga i le neurobiological system e mafai ona mafua ai le le lelei gaioiga ma mafua ai sili ona faʻaosofia amioga (le-homeostatic 'ai / fualaʻau saili) e saofaga i le lapoʻa ma vaisu. O le faʻailoaina o, ma faʻamamafaina o, ia masani tutusa i nei faiga e ono maua ai ni manatu fou ile lapoʻa ma le tagofia o mea ua fai ma vaisu ma le sili atu ono ono maua, faʻafesoʻotaʻi auala faʻataʻitaʻi ma metotia mo togafitiga (ma puipuiga) ono atiaʻe. I le iuga, o ia mea tutusa e ono faʻamamafaina ai le manaʻoga mo le iloiloga o le puta tele i totonu o le fou DSM-V.

IV. Togafitiga ma feusuaiga, alofa alofa ma fusi

Lucy L. Brown, Ph.D.

lagona

Feusuaiga, alofa alofa, ma le fesoʻotaʻiga: o nei uma e tofu ma uiga lelei; o vaega uma o le fuafuaga faʻatupuina o le tagata soifua; faalagolago uma i faiʻai taui faʻailoga faʻailoaina i manu ma tagata suʻesuʻega. Childress et al. [204] Fautuaina e mafai ona faʻaaogaina faʻataʻitaʻi taui taui pe a vaʻaia e tagata ua fai ma vaʻaiga faʻailo e mafua ai le manaʻo tele, ma Kelley [205] na iloiloina pe faʻafefea ona fesoʻotaʻi faʻatasi ma vailaʻau oona ma faʻailoga ma le faʻaosofia. O le physiology o natura taʻiala mo le ola o le meaola le faʻavae mo faʻalavelave faʻafitauli? O le fiafia i feusuaʻiga ma le alofa faʻaipoipo o se tulaga masani o le tele o le fiafia tele e maua i vailaʻau o le saua? O le lotomalie ma le saogalemu o le faʻapipiʻiina o le gaioiga masani a se faiga faʻagaoioia e fualaʻau o le sauaina, ma le mafuaʻaga mo le toe faʻaoga? Avanoa mau faʻamaonia fautua mai ai o vailaʻau faʻasua neurophysiology ono faʻavae i luga o le ola auala ma a latou mesolimbic taui faʻafesoʻotaʻiga e fesoʻotaʻi ma feusuaʻiga, alofa alofa ma fesoʻotaʻiga.

O suʻesuʻega faafomaʻi e tuʻu ai mausa i le tulaga o faʻaletonu, e le o se vaega o amioga masani ma aoga. Atonu e sili le lelei pe a mafaufau i amio e pei o le faʻaaogaina o vailaʻau o loʻo i ai i le tasi itu o le faʻaauau. I le faʻafaigofieina, o nei amioga e manaʻomia. I le ogaoga, latou mafai ono matautia ma tetee-aoga Afai latou te faʻavae i luga o le ola faiga, lea o le faʻavae tino physiological sisitema tatau ona faigata ma faʻaopoopoina, i ai i le tele o tulaga o le faiʻai, ma sili ona faigata ona feololo. E le o se mea e ofo ai le le mafai ona tatou "faʻagaloina" le lagona o le faʻamalosi feusuaʻiga, faʻamalieina, tosina atu i se tagata maʻoti faʻapitoa e toe fanaua, poʻo le fesoʻotaʻi ma tina, tamaititi, ma paʻaga. Evolution o le a filifili mo lena manatuaina ia mausali ma umi-taimi, ma mo i latou oe sailia le feusuaiga. E le o se mea e ofo ai o le faʻataʻitaʻiina o se ola faiga e faigata. O le mea lea, e ui lava o fualaʻau o le faʻasaunoa e mafai ona suia ai siama mea tutupu e maua ai faʻafanoga faʻafitauli [eg 205, 206, 207], ma e ui lava e i ai ni eseesega taʻitasi i le tagofia o mea ua fai ma vaisu [faʻataʻitaʻiga 207, 208-210], atonu e faigata ona faʻatonutonu faiga i le tele o tagata aua na latou fauina mo le ola.

Potenza [211] maua ai se faʻamanuiaga aoga o vaisu i lana pepa talanoaina le le-vailaʻau-fesoʻotaʻi tulaga. E lelei ona faʻamatalaina o se "leiloa faʻatonutonuina o se amioga e i ai ni faʻalavelave mataga." O le amio e osooso ma soona fai, ma e aofia ai le lagona o le manaʻo. Diagnostic aiaiga mo le faʻalagolago i vailaʻau aofia ai le faʻalavelave i le ola, faʻapalepale, toʻesea, ma toe taumafai e faʻamama. O nei faʻamatalaga e mafai ona faʻaaogaina i tulaga i feusuaiga a tagata ma fesoʻotaʻiga fesoʻotaʻi.

Le Faiga Faʻafeusuaiga

Feusuaiga e manaʻomia mo le ola o soʻo se ituaiga. O le gaioiga gaioiga o le mulimuli masani ala mo le toe fanaufouina. E toetoe lava o tagata uma e faʻamatalaina feusuaʻiga o se mea e sili ona fiafia iai ma e mafai foi ona avea ma faʻatomuaga o faʻamanuiaga e maua mai i vailaʻau. Fai mai nisi tagata ua fai ma latou vaisu [212, 213]. E faʻaaluina tele o latou mafaufauga ma taimi tele, e i ai le le lelei aʻafiaga i aso o totoe o latou olaga. E masani lava o se uiga osooso e le mafai ona faʻatonutonuina, i tulaga lelei ma le faʻaleagaina. Faʻamaoniga mai faʻataʻitaʻi faiai tagata fai mai o feusuaʻiga feusuaiga ma orgasm aafia ai le mesolimbic taui faʻavae. O vaega na afaina o le amygdala, ventral striatum (aofia ai accumbens), medial prefrontal cortex ma orbitofrontal cortex [214-216]. O nei itulagi e aafia uma i le faaaogaina sese o fualaau faasaina [eg 217, 218-220]. E le gata i lea, o gaioiga i le ventral tegmental area (VTA) na fesoʻotaʻi ma lagona faʻaosofia feusuaiga i fafine [215], o se vaega e fesoʻotaʻi ma cocaine maualuga [221]. I vaega e le fesoʻotaʻi faʻatasi ma taui, o gaioiga neural e fesoʻotaʻi ma itupa na maua i le ventromedial hypothalamic area / tuberoinfundibulum, paraventricular n., Insular cortex, ma le tele o neocortical eria [214-216, 222]. Manu suesuega fai mai o hypothalamic faiai gaioiga i le taimi o feusuaiga tali mafai faalagolago i opioid taliaina [223, 224] ma le norepinephrine [225, 226]. I le iuga, testosterone ma estrogen afaina ai feusuaiga faʻaosofia, ma testosterone mafai ona faʻaosofia manatu le fiafia e uiga i feusuaiga. O le testosterone o se mea e mafai ona faʻatonutonuina mo lona malosi faʻasauā. O manu e pulea e ia lava [227]. I le aotelega, aofia ai o mesolimbic taui vaega i le faia o feusuaiga i tagata, ma le ono aafia opioid i le feusuaiga tali e sili ona manaia i le tulaga o le faʻaogaina o fualaʻau. Peitai, e i ai foi le malosi mafuaaga, mo sili faamamafa i luga o le matafaioi o feusuaiga homone ma hypothalamic pulea i fualaau faasaina.

Alofa Faʻalealofa

Fai mai le manatu o Fisher o le alofa faaleuo ose ituaiga atinaʻe o se tina mamalia e tuli ia paaga e fiafia iai [228, 229], faʻapea ona avea o se itu taua o le tagata fanautama auala ma se malosi aʻafiaga i amioga tagata. Tagata taʻitoʻatasi i le amataga o laʻasaga o le alofa faaleuo masani ona faʻaalia uiga masani vaisu. Latou te faʻapopoleina e leisi tagata ina ia o latou olaga e masani i latou; e mafai ona osooso ma le mafai ai ona taofiofia o latou mafaufauga ma amioga; latou ono lafoa aiga e mafuta ma le pele. I tulaga ogaoga, latou te fasioti tagata ma / pe pule i le ola pe a fai o le alofa e foliga mai ua toʻesea. O le taulaʻi i le isi tagata e mafai ona mataʻutia ia latou ma isi. Na matou mauaina i se suʻesuʻega faʻafanua nofoaga faia i le amataga o le alofa alofa faʻaagaaga VTA o le ogatotonu ma le caudate nusipepa, o loʻo faʻapea mai, na te faʻaaogaina, faiai sisitema e faʻalauteleina ai mammalian taui ma taʻavale, ma e le o se tele lagona pei o le faaosofia ola230]. Tagata auai i le alofa na faʻaalia foi le toʻaga i le amygdala. I se faʻaopopoga, o le umi o le sootaga, o le sili atu gaioiga i le ventral pallidum ma insular cortex [230]. Ma le isi, matou tilotilo atu i talavou matutua oe na teʻena teʻena i le alofa [231], masalo o le kulupu faʻaalia le sili atu "vaisu" i seisi tagata, maua ai le manaʻo, le lelei pulea-tagata lava ia, tiga afaina, vavaeʻesea, le mautonu lagona o le taua o ia lava ma ono ono afaina ai latou lava. I totonu ia i latou, na matou mauaina le faʻagaioia o le VTA e tutusa ma le amataga o le tulaga alofa alofa vaega, faʻailoa mai o le vaʻai a le pele e aoga pea, ae faʻapea foi i le accumbens nucleus, ma i le tele o itulagi o Risinger et al. [232] lipotia gaioiga faʻafesoʻotaʻi ma le manaʻonaʻo i fualaʻau faʻasāina. Nei eria aofia ai le autu accumbens, o se vaega o le accumbens-ventral pallidum, ma se vaega loloto i le ogatotonu frontal gyrus [232].

E le gata i lea, sa matou vaʻavaʻai foʻi i se vaega o tagata sa faʻaipoipo i taimi uumi (averesi 20 yrs) ma fai mai ua lagona le "maualuga" o le amataga-tulaga alofa [233] Na latou faʻaalia foʻi le faʻagaoioia o le latou VTA ina ua latou vaʻai atu i le latou pele, ae o lo latou poto masani foʻi na aʻafia ai ma accumbens, ma le ventral pallidum, o vaega na faʻaalia e taua tele mo le tuʻufaʻatasia o paga i totonu o fanua volley [234, 235]. I se faʻaopopoga, o le poto masani o le alofa faʻaumiumi na aʻafia ai le moega faʻatumu o le stria terminalis, ma le eria e faʻataʻamilomilo ai le paraventricular nuclei o le hypothalamus, o loʻo faʻailoa mai ai o le alofa mo se taimi umi e aofia ai le faʻapipiʻiina o paʻaga e ono aʻafia ai le taua o homone pei o le oxytocin ma le vasopressin. O nei homone e lua e taua mo paga-fusi i voles [234, 235].

I se aotelega, lagona o le alofa faaleuo faaaoga faʻamalieina ma faʻaosofia faiga i taimi uma, i soʻo se tagata ma soʻo se tulaga o le alofa aafiaga. O le alofa e aofia ai amioga le mafaufau ma mafai ai ona faʻaleagaina olaga, pei lava ona faia i vailaʻau oona. Pei o feusuaiga, alofa mafai aofia ai hypothalamic homone faiga pulea. E pei o feusuaiga, o loʻo galue i le ogatotonu, hypothalamic ma le ventral striatum maualuga, ma faʻaaoga vaega laiti e fesoʻotaʻi ma taui.

piitaga

O le vavalalata tina ma le tamaititi faʻaalia fesoʻotaʻiga fesoʻotaʻiga, ma le taua o faʻapipiʻiina amioga i lo tatou ola ai [236, 237]. Strathearn et al. [233] faʻaaoga le fMRI e suʻesuʻe ai tina e vaʻai ata o foliga o a latou pepe. Na latou mauaina le faʻagaoioia e fesoʻotaʻi ma le tina a ia lava tamaititi faʻatusatusa i se le iloa tamaititi i eria e masani ona fesoʻotaʻi ma taui ma fualaʻau maualuga ma manaʻoga: le VTA, amygdala, accumbens, insula, medial prefrontal cortex ma orbitofrontal cortex. Na latou mauaina foi le hypothalamic activation [238], ae i se eria e ese mai le faʻaosofia feusuaiga [214] ma alofa tumau [233].

Na fautua mai Flores o le tagofia o mea ua fai ma vaisu [239, 240]. Na ia faʻaaogaina le faʻaaliga a Bowlby (1973) o le fesoʻotaʻiga o se unaʻi i totonu o lana ia lava aia tatau, ma avea ai o se vaega o le sisitema ola o tina. A aunoa ma le masani masani, o tulafono faʻatonutonu lagona e fetuunai ma tagata taʻitoʻatasi vaivai i le faʻamalosi faʻamalosi. O manuki na ola aʻe i latou naʻo ia mea faigata i se siosiomaga i se taimi mulimuli ane, ae o loʻo tele foʻi meaʻai ma vai, ma tele ai le inuina o le 'ava malosi nai lo manuki masani. 241]. Tagata taʻitasi ua toʻesea se paʻaga e sili atu le lamatiaga o le oti, latou lava, nai lo le lautele lautele tagata; i le tausaga muamua o se tasi o mafuaʻaga sili o le maliu o le 'ava-fesoʻotaʻi gaioiga [242]. O le faʻafesoʻotaʻiga o le tuʻua i le atinaʻeina, poʻo le toʻilalo o se paʻaga, ma le tagofia o le 'ava malosi ma isi mea ua fai ma vaisu e i ai ni aʻafiaga mo togafitiga o vaisu [240]. Mo se faʻataʻitaʻiga, o togafitiga faʻamanuiaina e masani ona faʻaaoga ai fegalegaleaiga lelei ma le soifua maloloina e motusia ai vaisu, pei o le 'ava malosi e le mailoa polokalama. Ina ia gagauina le taʻamilosaga o le faʻamavaeina ma le tuʻulafoaia e o mai, ma atonu o le mafuaʻaga o mea ua fai ma vaisu, kulupu togafitiga mafai sili ona togafitia, ma o le poto masani o le faʻapipiʻiina faʻapipiʻi foliga mai e maua ai sili lelei ia lava tulafono faatonutonu [240]. Le faʻafesoʻotaʻiga o fesoʻotaʻiga ma faʻamanuiaga ma ola faiga, ma lona amio talafeagai i vaisu togafitiga faia ai se sili ona manaia taui taui mo le lumanaʻi suʻesuʻega.

Togafitiga o Vailaʻau, Tuinanau, Alofa ma le Fesoasoani

O suʻesuʻega faʻafanua o le faiʻai na tilotilo ai i aʻafiaga o tuiina o vailaʻau oona ma faʻailoga o fualaʻau i gaioiga o neural i faiga o taui [eg 204, 218, 221, 243]. I se tasi suʻesuʻega na suʻesuʻeina le vaʻavaʻaia o cocaine i lalo o tuutuuga e lua o faʻailoilo o fualaʻau ma ata mataga (faʻailoga tau feusuaʻiga), o le amygdala na afaina i setete uma e lua [244]. O le amygdala na afaina i le faʻamalosi feusuaʻiga, orgasm, alofa alofa ma faʻamalosia stimulus [215, 216, 230, 238]. O vaega e masani ona fesoʻotaʻi ma le cocaine "maualuga" o le VTA, amygdala, accumbens (lelei pe le lelei tali atu), orbitofrontal ma insular cortex [221, 243]. O vaega e fesoʻotaʻi ma le manaʻo kokain o le accumbens, ventral pallidum ma le orbitofrontal cortex [221, 243]. Nei eria fesoʻotaʻi ma fualaʻau maualuga ma manaʻoga na aafia foi i feusuaiga, alofa ma le pipii. Eseesega i le va o faʻailoilo fualaʻau ma faiga faʻafouina taui taui mafai i totonu o le ventral pallidum, lea o le faʻagaoioia o tina i le ata o le la tama e sili atu i luma ma faʻamalosi nai lo mo feusuaiga, cocaine faʻaaliga poʻo le alofa alofa. E le gata i lea, o faʻailoga o feusuaiga ma faʻailoilo fualaʻau sa fesoʻotaʻi ma itu eseese o le ventral striatum [244]. O le mea lea, e mafai ona 'eseʻese faiga e ola ai mai fualaʻau faasaina substrates e ala i le faʻaaogaina o itulagi eseʻese o, poʻo autafa o, taui nofoaga, ma sili atu hypothalamic eria.

aotelega

O suʻesuʻega lelei o faʻataʻitaʻiga o feusuaiga, alofa faʻaleuo ma le faʻapipiʻiina o loʻo maua ai le tele o faʻamaoniga mo se faʻalauteleina ae faʻailoaina faiga tutotonu i le natura, leai-faʻafitauli taui faʻagaioiga ma ola galuega. O le natura taui ma ola faiga e tufatufaina i le ogatotonu, hypothalamus, striatum, insular, ma orbitofrontal / prefrontal cortex. O vaega o faiʻai e faʻatonutonuina le taua o homone mo le mafai ona toe gaosia, fananau mai ma vai paleni faʻapea foi ma vaega ole faiʻai e mauʻoa ile dopamine ma opioids e foliga mai e aʻafia. O le fesiliaʻi o vaega taua o faiʻai faiai e aofia ai le faʻamalosia o feusuaiga, alofa ma le fesoʻotaʻiga ua maeʻa (VTA, accumbens, amygdala, ventral pallidum, orbitofrontal cortex). E ui lava e leʻo aʻafia ai i totonu ole faiʻai le faʻataʻitaʻiga o fualaʻau ile faʻaogaina o vailaʻau ile hypothalamic ma le hormonal i mea ua fai ma vaisu, e ono aʻafia ai, ma ono ono tele ai suʻesuʻega. O le manatu autu lava, ii, peitaʻi, o le lautele tufatufaina o maualuga o vailaʻau faʻaoga-fesoʻotaʻi faiga, aua o latou ola sisitema, ono manaʻomia ni tele taimi tutusa biochemical ma amioga faʻalatalata. O le itu o le faiʻai e tali atu i faʻaaliga eseese e mafai ona eseese, ma e i ai eseese ese faʻagaioia vaega i vaega tetele e pei o le accumbens ma orbitofrontal cortex. Ae ui i lea, o se taumatematega e tauamiotonuina e fesoʻotaʻi ola-tulaga faʻanatura taui ma vailaʻau vailaʻau, faʻalauteleina o faiʻai sisitema e talanoaina i togafitiga, ma faʻateleina lo tatou malamalamaaga i le talafeagai tatau onosaʻiga o amioga.

V. AOTELEGA

E pei ona faʻataʻitaʻia mai e nei tusitala e toatolu, o le faʻateleina o le iai o le faiʻai ma mea faigaluega faʻafuaseʻi ua tatalaina le vaitau fou i le faʻavasegaina faʻavasega mo vaisu. Mo le taimi muamua talu mai le faʻataʻitaʻiina o tusi lesona na faia i le sili atu ma le afa seneturi talu ai, o se faʻamaoniga o le "vaisu" e ono le manaʻomia ai le faʻaaogaina o vailaʻau - talu ai sine qua non mo le vaega. O tuaoi mo le fausiaina o le a vaneina i se mea i tua atu o vailaʻau. O le taimi tonu e leʻo manino ai - ae pei ona faʻaalia e tusitala, o le faʻamatalaina o le vaivai o faiʻai mo le faamalosia o le sailiga o vailaʻau ma e leʻo ni vailaʻau, e ono fesoasoani e le gata i le vaneina o tuaoi o faʻatonuga, ae o le malamalama lelei ma togafitiga o nei faigata faigata.

Tasi le faʻamoemoe aoga aoga o le lautele lautele tuaʻuga o le faʻataʻitaʻia-tulia faʻataʻitaʻia o le "kolosi-luga" vailaʻau - sooupu maua fesoasoani mo vailaʻau vailaʻau ono tofotofoina i le le-vailaʻau faʻaletonu, ma le isi itu. Faʻataʻitaʻiga aofia ai le faʻaaogaina o le opioid antagonist naltrexone, o se togafitiga aoga mo opiate vaisu [245] (ma mo se kulupu laiti-vaega o Caucasian tama inu ava malosi [246]), o loʻo faʻataʻitaʻia nei o se monotherapy mo petipetiga [18] ma o se tuʻufaʻatasia togafitiga (ma le faʻatuputeleina) mo lapoʻa [247]. GABA B agonists pei o baclofen ua faʻaalia preclinical (cocaine, opiates, ava malosi ma nikotini, [248-251]) ma falemaʻi [252-255] folafolaga i vailaʻau oona, ae ono i ai foi le "fefaʻasoaaʻi" folafolaga mo le soona taumafaina o sili ona lelei (aemaise lava gaʻo gaʻo) meaʻai [75, 256] [257]. I se isi itu, o tusitala soʻosoʻo pei o le orexin antagonists, e ui na muaʻi aʻoaʻoina i faʻailoga o meaʻai mo meaʻai, e ono tele atu sona aafiaga, e aofia ai ma cocaine ma heroin taui [258-260].

O le lumanaʻi tipiina o vaisu nifo o le a faʻaaogaina ai iʻuga mai ia ituaiga "kolosi" togafitiga e fesoasoani faʻalelei le fausiaina ma ona tuaoi. Lelei, faʻapitoa togafitiga faʻasolosolo masani ona fesoasoani e toe vaneina tuaoi faʻataʻitaʻiga. O se mataupu ua taua o le tala faasolopito diagnostic eseʻesega i le va o le popole ma le atuatuvale. E pei ona masani ona faʻaalia e penefiti o le serotonin-suppressup reuptake ia penefiti mo le popolevale ma le faʻanoanoa, o nei faʻalavelave ua faʻateleina ona vaʻaia o le faʻasolosolo o le "specra", ae leʻo manino mai le le atoatoa o le mafaufau. E mafai ona fuafuaina o vaisu e ono maua se toe vaneina, pe a fai o meaola faʻanatura e aoga e faʻasaga i le faʻamalosia o le sailiga o vailaʻau ma leai ni vailaʻau taui. E ui lava o le tatou nosology ua maeʻa vaeluaina nei faʻafitauli, atonu e le umi ae tatou vaneina vaisu i se soʻoga fou e aoga tele ia tatou manatu faʻapitoa, a matou suʻesuʻega faʻapitoa, ma le mea sili ona taua, o matou tagata mamaʻi.

tautinoga

Na tusia e tusitala le uluaʻi vaega o le latou mataupu i le saunoaga, "Of Vice and Men: Shared Brain Vulnerability for Drug and Non-Drug (Food, Sex, Gambling) Rewards", faʻatulagaina ma taʻitaʻia e Dr. Childress ma Potenza i le 70th fonotaga faaletausaga a le Kolisi i Faafitauli o Vailaau Faalagolago i San Juan, Puerto Rico (Iuni 14–19, 2008). E fiafia le au tusitala e faʻafetai i le au suʻesuʻe mo ni manatu na faʻaleleia atili ai tusitusiga, ma Dr. George Uhl, mo lana taʻitaʻiga ma lana lagolago i mea uma.

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