Faʻamatalaga Vaʻavaʻai i Vailaau Faʻatuʻi Faʻamatalaga Faʻatuʻi Faʻatau ma Faʻasagaga Faʻafefe i le Cocaine Addiction Comorbid ma le PTSD (2008)

J Neurother. Tusitala Tusitala; avanoa i PMC 2009 Nov 3.

Faʻasalalauina i faʻamaufaʻailoga mulimuli:

J Neurother. 2008 Dec 1; 12 (4): 205-225.

Tui:  10.1080/10874200802502185

Vaai i isi tala i le PMC faʻailoa le lomiga lolomi.

Alu i le:

lē faʻatino

O le vaisu o Cocaine e tuʻuina atu ai se avega mamafa i luga o le soifua maloloina o le mafaufau e ala i lona faʻalavelave ma isi faʻafitauli o le mafaufau. Togafitiga o tagata gasegase e faʻaaogaina ai le kokeni e sili atu ona faigata pe a fai e fai ma vaisu faatasi ma le PTSD. O lenei suʻesuʻega na faʻaogaina ai le tomai e mafai ai e le gasegase (ERP) ona faʻataʻitaʻiina pe o faʻafitauli o le gasegase e maua ai le gasegase ma le fuaina o fualaau oona pe a faatusatusa i le le saʻo. O le faʻatinoina o le faʻatinoga e faatatau lea i se mea na tupu ai tagata taʻitasi o loʻo iai se talaaga o le faʻalagolago i fualaau oona e faʻaalia ai le faʻaalia o upu, physiological, ma amioga i faʻaaliga e fesootaʻi ma a latou mea e sili ona fiafia i ai le sauaina. O lenei suʻesuʻega e suʻesuʻe ai eseesega a le ERP e fesoʻotai ma faʻamatalaga e faʻaogaina i luga o faʻataʻitaʻiga ma faʻamaʻi faʻamalosi i se vaega e tolu vaega o le taʻavale i le faʻaaogaina o fualaau faʻasao, fualaau faasaina, ma le faʻaleagaina. O le suʻesuʻega sa faia i luga o le 14 cocaine e faalagolago i mataupu, o 11 suʻega ma le cocaine faalagolago i le pTSD, ma le 9 tausaga-ma mataupu e pulea e le fafine. O le 128 channel Electronic Geodesics EEG sa faʻaaogaina e faamaumauina le ERP i le tolu-category category oddball matata ma vaega e tolu (le saʻo, fualaau faasaina, mamafa) o ata afaina. O tagata maʻi e maua mai le kokeni ma le PTSD, pe a faʻatusatusa atu i tagata gasegase na o na o mea e fai ma vaisu o le cocaine ma le pulea o mataupu, na faʻaalia ai le tele o le toe talileleia i vailaau faʻamaʻi ma vailaʻau faʻapitoa. O le tele o eseesega eseese na maua i le tele ma le taofiga o le fronts P3a, ma centro-parietal P3b ERP vaega. O eseʻesega o kulupu na maua i le va o tagata gasegase ma le faʻasaina o le cocaine (faʻaleagaina uma-na o le lua ma le lua vaega o faʻamautinoaga) ma faʻataʻitaʻiga i le tele o ERP fua mo fualaau faʻatau fualaau. Matou te fautuaina e mafai e le ERP faʻaaogaina ona faʻaalia le faʻavasegaina o fuainumera e mafai ona faʻaaogaina e avea ma fuataga taua o fuataga o galuega e maua i vailaau faʻasaina e maua i vailaʻau e maua i togafitiga faʻapitoa.

uputatala: O mea e fai i le Cocaine, PTSD, ERP, P300, faʻaalia le talileleia, popole

FAATOMUAGA

Comorbid posttraumatic stress disorders (PTSD), lea e sili ona taatele i tagata e fai mea leaga i le cocaine, ua lauiloa e fesootaʻi atu i taunuuga le lelei o togafitiga ona o le faʻaleagaina o mea e mafua ai le atinaʻeina o meaʻai i le koko.

O meaʻai o le Cocaine faʻatasi ai ma le PTSD o loʻo i ai se faʻamaʻi pipisi o le gasegase o le gasegase o le gasegase ma e sili atu ona faʻafesoʻotaʻi i togafitiga nai lo i latou e leai ni faʻamaʻi lua (Brown & Wolfe, 1995; Brown et al., 1995; Coffey et al., 2002; Evans & Sullivan, 2001; O'Brien et al., 2004). I faʻamaʻi pipisi, o faʻamaoniga o faʻafitauli uma e lua, o fesoʻotaʻiga vavalalata lea e fesoasoani ai le tasi maʻi e lagolagoina ai le isi (Chilcoat & Breslau, 1998; Jacobsen, Southwick, & Kosten, 2001; Saladin et al., 2003; Shiperd et al., 2005)

E i ai auala eseese e faʻamatalaina ai le maualuga o le faʻatasi o le PTSD ma le tagofia o le koko (Stewart et al., 1998), e aʻafia ai i latou e faʻavae i luga o manatu faʻapitoa mai le neuroscience (cognitive field field)Sokhadze et al., 2007). O le popole i mea tau vailaʻau ma vailaʻau e faʻaaogaina o se uiga masani lea o tagata ua fai ma vaisu. O nisi suʻesuʻega suʻesuʻe na maua ai le lagolago mo le manatu e faapea, o le faagasologa o le suia o le gauai e faia i mea e fai ma vaisu (Hester, Dixon, & Garavan, 2006; Lyvers, 2000; Robinson & Berridge, 2003), ua taʻua o le "faʻaituau faʻaituau" (Franken et al., 1999,2000; Franken, 2003), ma faʻamatalaga faʻatau fualaau e maua ai le sili atu o le faʻalogo ma le taua o le faʻamalosi (Cox et a., 2006) Faʻaalia le talileleia o loʻo faatatau i se mea e tupu ai tagata taʻitoʻatasi o loʻo i ai le faʻamaoniga o fualaau faʻasaina e sili atu le faʻaalia o le tautala, physiological, ma amioga i tali e fesoʻotai ma a latou mea e sili ona fiafia i ai le sauaina (Carter & Tiffany, 1999; Childress et al., 1999; Drummond et al., 1995). E le gata i lea, i le failaina o le cocaine o le tali atu na faʻaalia e faʻalagolago lava i le faʻaogaina o ituaiga ma le faʻasologa (Johnson et al., 1998). O se tasi o vaega taua o le talileleia i mea oona e fai ma sui o le mea e sili ona lelei le tuʻufaʻatasia o punaoa faʻapitoa mo mea e fesoʻotaʻi ma le faʻaaogaina o fualaau faasaina (Lubman et al., 2000) poʻo le faʻaaogaina o le ava (Stormak et al., 2000). Ua faʻatulagaina o le faʻalauteleina o le tulaga i auala i totonu ole ala e fesoʻotai ai mea faʻamalosia ma mea e faʻamalosi ai e mafai ona gafa ma le faʻatinoina o le faʻatinoga (Franken, 2003; Weiss et al., 2001).

E tele ni suʻesuʻega faʻataʻitaʻiga na lipotia ai aʻafiaga e fesoʻotaʻi ma faʻamatalaga e aʻafia ai faʻamaʻi ma le fiafia i vaisu cocaine (Childress et al., 1999; Garavan et al., 2000; Hester et al., 2006; Kilts et al., 2001,2004). O le PTSD i tagata e faʻaleagaina cocaine e fesoʻotaʻi ma le faʻatupulaia o fualaau oona, ma i le isi itu, o aʻafiaga o le faʻaleagaina o le cocaine e mafai ona faʻamalosia ai le PTSD (Brown et al., 1995; Najavits et al., 1998;; Ouimette et al., 1997,1999). E naʻo ni nai suʻesuʻega ua faia ni suʻesuʻega o auala e mafai ai e le PTSD ona aʻafia ai le leaga i luga o le gasegase (Ouimette & Brown, 2003; Stewart et al., 1998). I le faʻaaogaina o le le atoatoa o le tino (SuD) ma le PTSD suʻesuʻega, o se tasi o luʻitau autu o le maua lea o le malamalama i feʻau faʻamalosi e fetaui lelei ma le toe faʻafoʻiina ma le PTSD.

Ua faaalia ai o faʻafitauli faʻalagona e masani lava mo vaisu (Fukunishi, 1996; Handelsman, et al., 2000). E mafai ona aʻafia tagata taʻutino i se vailaʻau e fesoʻotaʻi ma suiga i le faʻafoʻiina o lagona i tagata faʻamalosia lelei faʻaleleia (Volkow et al., 2003). O le faʻaaogaina o vailaʻau faʻasaina ma le faʻafetaui o mea e faʻamaonia e fesoasoani i le faʻamaonia o le homeostasis i le hedonic ma maitauina ai le faiʻai o mea e le masani ai (Koob, 1997; Koob & Le Moal, 1999; Koob et al., 2004). O faʻalavelave faʻalagona e taatele foʻi mo maʻi ma PTSD. O le faʻafoʻiina o le tino i le faʻaalia i totonu poʻo fafo o faʻamatalaga e faʻamaonia pe foliga tutusa i se vaega o le faʻalavelave faʻafuaseʻi o se vaega autu o le PTSD (APA, 2000; Vasterling & Brewin, 2005). O suʻesuʻega suʻesuʻega o loʻo faʻaalia i taimi uma e faʻapea o tagata taitoatasi o loʻo i ai le PTSD latou te maua ni tali sili atu i le physiological (faʻataʻitaʻiga, faʻalavelave, fua o le fatu, tali o amio paʻu, ma isi) i fuamoa e fesoʻotai ma faʻasologa o mea tutupu (Blanchard, 1990; Shalev et al., 1993; Orr & Roth, 2000; Prins et al., 1995). O lenei faaosofiaga maualuga na maua i le tele o ituaiga o mafaufauga o le mafaufau i le taimi o le tuuina atu o ni suesuega e pei o le suetusi po o le vaaia, ma i le taimi o ata patino o faalavelave tutupu (Blanchard et al., 1993; Casada et al., 1998; Orr et al., 1998; Sahar et al., 2001). Talu ai o le faʻafoʻiina o le tino i luga o le faʻaaliga i faʻamatalaga e fesoʻotaʻi ma mea faʻalavelave faʻapitoa e masani ai mo le PTSD, o iloiloga faʻa-physiology e faʻaaoga ai elemene eletise (EEG) e pei o gaioiga e aʻafia ai (ERP) i le PTSD faʻatasi ai ma le vailaau o le kokeni e mafai ona maua ai le malamalamaga aoga ma le faʻaogaina.

O le P300 vaega (300 i le 600 ms post-stimulus) o le ERP lautele lautele faʻaaogaina i psychiatric ma isi falemaʻi talosaga (Polich & Herbst, 200; Pritchard, 1981,1986; Pritchard, Sokhadze, & Houlihan, 2001). O le maualuga o le P300 o loʻo atagia mai ai le vaevaeina o mea e faʻaaoga mo le mafaufau, aʻo le latency e manatu e atagia mai ai le faʻamalosia o le iloiloga ma le faʻavasegaga o taimi.Katayama & Polich, 1996; Polich et al., 1994). O le P300 e masani lava ona maua i le taamilosaga o le taamilosaga, lea e lua mea na tutupu i se faasologa faasolosolo, o se tasi oi latou e masani, (tulaga masani) ma se isi mea e seasea (taulai)Polich, 1990). O se fesuiaiga o le taʻavale e faʻaaogaina i le mea o loʻo tuʻuina atu ai le lona tolu, ma se mea e maua ai le faʻaosooso (distracter) faʻatasi ai ma fua faʻatatau ma fua faʻatatau. Na lipotia mai o nei mea e le masani ai, o le P300, e pei ona taʻua o P3a, ae o le tele o taulaʻi na mafua ai le P300 centro-parietal, ua taʻua P3b (Katayama & Polich, 1998). O le P3a o loʻo faamaumauina i le pito i luma o le pito i tua ma ua faʻamatalaina e pei o le atagia o le galuega o le lobe luma (Friedman et al., 1993; Knight, 1984). E ui o le P300 i le lautele e manatu e fai ma sui o le "faʻalauteleina / tapunia faʻamatalaga" (Donchin & Coles, 1988), i totonu o le faasologa o le osdball o le tolu-fuamoa o le P3a ua faauigaina o le "faamasani", ma o le P3b o se faasino igoa o se gafatia e faatumauina le gauai atu i le taulai (Naatanen, 1990; Potts et al., 2004; Wijers et al., 1996). O le itulau muamua o le P3a o loʻo faʻamatalaina ai le faʻaogaina o le faʻalautelega o mea tutupu e le masani ai, ae o le P3b mulimuli ane o le galuega o le faasinoupuina o igoa-o le aoga o fuamoa (Gaeta, Friedman, & Hunt, 2003). O le vaega tolu-stimulus category oddball paradigm e maua ai avanoa mo le faʻasalalauina o faʻasalaga faʻagasolo i totonu o lenei galuega pe a faʻaogaina le faʻaosofiaina o le ola o tusiga e faʻalavelave ai mea.

O le tele o suʻesuʻega i le PTSD lipoti faʻapitoa i le P300, lea o loʻo tuʻuina atu ai faʻamaoniga faʻapitoa mo le le lelei o le gaioiga o le mafaufau i lenei maʻi (Attias et al., 1996; Blomhoff et al., 1998;Charles et al., 1995; Felmingham et al., 2002; Karl, Malta, & Maerker, 2006; Kimble et al., 2000; Stanford et al., 2001). O suʻesuʻega o suʻesuʻega na vaʻaia P300 o latou taunuʻuga i le faʻaletonu o le mafaufau (McFarlane, Weber, & Clark, 1993), po o le le atoatoa o le mafaufau (Charles et al., 1995; Metzger et al., 1997a,b). O le faateleina o le P300 amplitude na faamatalaina ona o le suia o le mafaufau (Attias et al., 1996), po o le maualuga o le faʻasalaga i mea taufaamatau (faʻamalosi)Kimble et al., 2000). E tele suʻesuʻega e faamamafaina ai le faʻaleleia o le P3a i le PTSD e faʻaalia pe a faʻalavelave pe faʻamalosi mea faʻamalosi i mea e fai ai le taʻavale (Bleich, Attias, & Furman, 1996; Drake et al., 1991; Felmingham et al., 2002; Weinstein, 1995). O le faateleina o le P300 i le PTSD o loʻo atagia mai ai le faʻaituau i le faʻaogaina o fualaau faʻamalosi ma faʻaitiitia ai le P300 amplitude ua manatu e atagia ai le faʻaitiitia o punaoa faʻapitoa i faʻamalosi e le faʻafefe.

O le faʻaaogaina ma le faʻaaogaina o le cocaine e faʻaalia ai le neuropharmacological effects i luga o le televave ma le taofiofia o ERPs (Bauer, 1997; Biggins et al., 1997; Fein, Biggins, & MacKay, 1996; Kouiri et al., 1996). O le umi le umi o le P300 faʻaogaina e aunoa ma ni faaletonu i le aofaʻi tele na lipotia mai i le tele o suʻesuʻega i le faʻamaʻiina o cocaine (Bauer & Kranzler, 1994; Herning, Glover, Guo, 1994; Noldy, & Carlen, 1997). O le tele o suʻesuʻega a le ERP e faʻatatau i le faʻaaogaina o faʻatafunaga faʻapitoa e faʻaogaina ai P3b, ma e na o ni nai suʻesuʻega e uiga i le P3a i le tagofia o vaisu. Malamalama i le saofaga o luma O le ERP vaega e taua ona o le faʻateleina o faʻamaoniga o le faʻaleagaina o luma i le faʻaaogaina o fualaau faasaina, aemaise lava i le faʻaleagaina o le koko (Hester & Garavan, 2004)

E tusa ai ma le manatu faʻapitoa, o tagata mamaʻi e iai le faʻamaʻi o le cocaine ma le PTSD faʻatasi ai ma se gaioiga faʻapitoa faʻatasi ma faʻamalositino lagona faʻaalia e tatau ona faʻaalia ai le faʻaleleia atili o le gaioiga i le cocaine- ma le faʻalavelave faʻapitoa e mafua ona o le faʻaleleia o togafitiga o faʻamaʻi faʻamaʻi ma faʻamaʻi ; ma o le mea lea ua faamoemoeina e tuʻuina mai lalo avanoa faʻapitoa mo le gaosiga o faʻataʻitaʻiga faʻatusa. O le sini autu o lenei suʻesuʻega o le suʻesuʻeina lea o le tali atu i fualaau faʻamaʻi ma faʻamaʻi e aʻafia ai i le fesuiaiga o le suʻega o le talileleia i vaega e tolu: lua suʻesuʻega o le cocaine faalagolago ma le PTSD (DUAL), vaisu o le koko e aunoa ma le PTSD (SUD), ma pulea (CNT). I lenei faʻataʻitaʻiga, matou te faʻaaogaina se galuega taʻavale ma tagata faʻatauvaʻa o vailaau faasaina, faʻalavelave faʻalavelave faʻapitoa poʻo lagona faʻaituau. O la matou sini o le suʻeina lea o faʻamaʻi faʻamaʻi faʻamaʻi ma faʻasalaga i luga o faʻataʻitaʻiga o amioga ma le ERP P300 (P3a, P3b) faʻamaonia. I le faʻaaogaina o faʻamatalaga e fesoʻotaʻi ma vailaʻau faʻasaina ma faʻalavelave faʻalavelave e faʻalavelaveina ai, matou te taumafai e faʻasalalau le fesili pe mafai faapefea e vaega uma o faʻamatalaga ona aʻafia ai le faʻatinoga o galuega a vaega e tolu suʻesuʻega e ala i le iloiloga o amio (taimi o tali, saʻo) ma faʻamatalaga ERP (P3a, P3b), Matou te vavalo atu e tatau ona tatou gauai ma le totoa i mea tau vailaau faʻasaina, ae le o ni faʻalavelave faʻalavelave i le vaega SUD, ma faʻaleleia le gaosiga o faʻamaʻi vailaʻau faʻamaʻi ma faʻamaʻi i le vaega DUAL. O le faʻaleleia o tagata e sili ona fiafia ae o galuega-e le talafeagai le faʻalavelave na faʻamoemoeina o le a faʻaitiitia ai le gafatia o gaioiga ma le faʻaitiitia o le tufatufaina atu o punaoa e faʻatautaia ai le faʻatinoga o galuega. O lenei aafiaga na vaʻaia e faʻaalia i se taimi faʻatuai faʻatusatusa (RT), maualalo maualalo, maualalo le maualuga o faʻamaumauga o le ERP mulimuli o le gaioiga faʻamatalaga talafeagai (P3b) i tagata maʻi pipisi i faʻatusatusa i vaega SUD ma CNT. O le mea lea, o le sini o le suʻesuʻega o le suʻesuʻeina o le FFA e faʻaalia ai le tali atu i fualaau faʻasaina ma faʻasolosolo, ma ia suʻesuʻeina pe faapefea ona faʻalavelaveina le faʻaogaina o nei mea faʻamalosi i le gaioiga e tolu-category oddball. Matou te vavalo i se faʻaopoopoga o le vaega o le ERP muamua (eg, P3a) i le tali atu i tusitala faʻasalalauga e aofia uma ai faʻamatalaga o vailaʻau faʻasaina ma le faʻaleagaina, ma se ERP o loʻo i lalo ifo (eg, P3b) i le tali atu i sini le mautu ma tulaga masani i totonu o le vaega DUAL ua faʻatusatusa i isi vaega. Matou te faʻamoemoe o tagata maʻi e maua i le cocaine ma le PTSD suʻesuʻeina faʻatusatusa i faʻataʻitaʻiga o le a faʻaalia ai le faʻaleleia atili o le gaioiga i faʻamatalaga e le talafeagai ma fualaau faasaina-ma faʻamataʻu faʻafefe, ma o le a tuʻuina atu ma le faʻaeteete i nei faailo fiafia sili ona faʻamalosia lea o le a aʻafia ai le gaosiga o galuega- aʻafiaga talafeagai.

METHODS

Mataupu

O mataupu faʻatauvaʻa / faʻaaogaina o le Cocaine sa faʻamuamua mai i le falemaʻi faʻafuaseʻi a le Iunivesite o Louisville, togafitiga o fualaau faasaina, falemaʻi a le Jefferson County and Jruid Abuse Center (JADAC), ma isi falemaʻi faʻafomaʻi. O loʻo iai faʻatasi faʻatasi ma isi nofoaga ma Louisville metro agencies. Dr. Stewart, o se tasi e suʻesuʻe i lenei suʻesuʻega, o se Faʻailoga Faʻatonu i le JADAC ma o se faufautua ile falemaʻi ile lua nofoaga o togafitiga o vaisu (The Healing Place and Volunteers of America) o loʻo i le Louisville metro area. Na ia saunia se numera tele o igoa na faailoa mai e ala i nei polokalama. O Dr. Hollifield, o se isi suʻesuʻega suʻesuʻe i le suʻesuʻega, o le Faatonu o le Polokalame o le Faʻafitauli o le Oti i le Iunivesite o Louisville, ma faʻatalanoa i luga o suʻesuʻega o le PTSD i tagata gasegase mai le vaitaele o tagata gasegase ua gasegase. O mataupu na auai na tuʻuina atu i ai faʻamatalaga atoa e uiga i suʻesuʻega e aofia ai le faʻamoemoe, manaʻoga, matafaioi, toe faʻaleleia, tulaga lamatia, faʻamanuiaga, isi auala, ma le matafaioi a le Komiti Faʻafoe Faʻafoe Faʻaletausaga (IRB). O pepa talosaga na toe iloiloina ma faʻamatalaina i matāʻupu uma na faʻaalia le naunau e auai. O fesili uma sa taliina aʻo leʻi faatagaina le saini. Afai na malilie le tagata e auai, sa ia sainia ma na ia taina le pepa o le maliega ma maua se kopi na logoina e le tagata sailiili na mauaina le maliega.

O taualumaga uma sa faia i totonu o nofoaga a le Matagaluega o Fomaʻi Faʻatekonolosi ma Faʻasaienisi Faʻatasi ma le Iunivesite o Louisville Hospital. O le fesoʻotaʻiga muamua ma le tagata o loʻo auai e masani lava ona faia i luga o le telefoni. Na fesiligia e se tagata fai faatalanoaga ia faila e uiga i mataupu taua o suesuega. O na tulaga faatalanoaga na maua se tofiga mo le maliega, e masani lava i totonu o le 1 i le 5 aso pe a maeʻa le latou uluai valaau. O mataupu e pulea ai lenei suʻesuʻega na maua mai i le Louisville metro community e ala i faasalalauga ua faamaonia e le IRB i le lotoifale. O le au tali na pueina telefoni ina ia fetaui ma tulaga muamua e aofia ai. O taʻaloga uma e pulea le saolotoga mai le neurologia poʻo le faʻafitauli o le soifua maloloina, e masani ona faʻalogo ma faʻalogo, ma e leai se faʻafitauli o le mafaufau. I le maea ai o le suʻeina o telefoni, na talia ai e le suʻega le suʻesuʻega o le psychiatric i le potu suʻesuʻe e faʻamautinoa ai le siakiina o le telefoni ma pulea le Axis I ou te mauaina i le faʻaaogaina o le Interview Clinical Interview for DSM-IV (Muamua ma al., 2001). O mataupu faʻatonutonu na filifilia ina ia le eseʻese le eseʻesega mai le vaega onosaʻi i tausaga, tulaga aʻoaʻoga, lima, feusuaiga, ma ituaiga. O le tutusa maliega faʻatonutonu mulimuli ai mo tagata mamaʻi na faʻaaogaina i le pulega. Talu ai o mataupu na auai i suesuega, na totogi ai mo latou taimi. Totogifuapauina auala mulimuli i le Iunivesite o Louisville Soifua Maloloina Saienitisi Komiti a le Komiti mo le Puipuiga o Tagata Mataupu Mataupu 'taiala e faatatau i le toe totogiina mo suesuega taimi ma paka. Na totogiina le au auai i le $ 20 / itula mo le faʻamaeʻaina o gaioiga manaʻomia mo suʻesuʻega (faʻataʻitaʻiga, suʻega a le ERP, tuʻuina atu o le urine sample, faʻamaeʻaina o laupepa lipoti mo oe lava) i asiasiga taʻitasi.

Faiga o fesili a le mafaufau, togafitiga o fualaau faasaina ma le suʻesuʻeina o le mafaufau

O le Faʻatalanoaga mo Falemaʻi Faatulagaina mo le DSM-IV (SCID I) (Muamua ma al., 2001) na faʻaaogaina mo Axis ou te mauaina. Posttraumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) na iloiloina i le faʻaaogaina o le Post-traumatic Sycpt Symptom Scale-Self Report (PSS-SR) (Foa et al., 1989, 1997) fesili fesili. O le Hopkins Symptom Checklist-25 (HSCL-25) (Derogatis et al., 1974) na faʻaaoga e fuaina ai faʻamaoniga o le popole ma le atuatuvale. Sa suʻesuʻeina lima o tagata gasegase i le faʻaaogaina o le Edinburgh inventory (Oldfield, 1971). Scores from the Addiction Severity Index (ASI) sa faʻaaogaina e fuaina ai le faʻafitauli ogaoga i vaega o fomaʻi, galuega, faʻaaogaina o fualaau faasaina, tulafono, aiga, agafesootai, ma le mafaufau faʻaletonu (McLellan et al., 1980). Cocaine Taunuuga Lelei Lisi o le lisi (Michalec et al., 1996) na faʻaaogaina e iloilo ai aʻafiaga le tumau ma taimi umi e mafua mai i le faʻaaogaina o le koko. Na faʻavasegaina le fetuʻutuʻaiga faʻapitoa i le faʻaaogaina o le Social Social Adjustment Scale (SAS)Weissman & Bothwell, 1976).

O mataitusi agavaa o fualaau oona (DrugCheck 4, NxStep, Amedica Biotech Inc., CA) na faia i mataupu taitasi e faamaonia ai le sauaina o le cocaine. I se faaopoopoga, o mamanu gaosia o fualaau oona mo amphetamines, opiates ma mariuana e faia e iloilo ai le i ai o isi mea sauaina (eg, amphetamine, opiates, mariuana). O le suʻesuʻega lelei mo le mariuana e leʻi manatu o se taʻiala e le faʻaaogaina. Uiga masani o fualaau faasaina (ALCO SCREEN, Chematics, Inc., IN) sa faʻaaogaina foi e faʻataʻitaʻi ai le faʻaaogaina o le ava.

Mataupu i totonu o le suʻesuʻega

Lusefululima cocaine sauaina / faʻalagolago mataupu (9 fafine, 16 tama) uiga tausaga, 41.3 ± 6.1, faasologa 32-52 tausaga, 64% Afro-Amerika) auai i le suesuega. E sefulu ma le fa o latou o ni cocaine sauaina mataupu e aunoa ma le PTSD ma sa tofia i latou i le vaega a le SUD (42.2 ± 6.6 tausaga le matutua, 6 fafine, 8 alii), ae toasefulutasi ni mea na fai ma vaʻaia o cocaine na maua i le PTSD (faʻamaonia le faʻamaoniga e le autasi o Drs. Stewart ma Hollifield) ma aofia faʻatasi (SUD-PTSD) faʻamaonia vaega (DUAL). Ono o latou ua uma na muamua maua faʻamaonia i le PTSD ma sa i ai faʻamaumauga o PTSD i lo latou talaʻaga i le taimi na faʻaaogaina ai. Vaega itulua aofia ai 3 fafine ma 8 aliʻi (38.8 ± 6.3 tausaga). E iva vailaʻau e le faʻaaogaina fualaʻau (4 fafine, tusa o le matua, 36.7 ± 5.3, laina, 29 - 45 tausaga, 44% Afro-Amerika) (CNT kulupu) na auai foʻi i lenei suʻesuʻega.

Mataupu e sefulu ma le lua i SUD vaega na tofotofoina lelei mo le koko, ma 7 oi latou ua matua tofotofoina lelei mo le faaaogaina o mariuana. E lua mataupu i le SUD na le mafai ona tofotofoina lelei o le toe faaleleia o mea ua fai ma vaisu ua lesitalaina i lenei suesuega ina ua uma le aʻoga o le toe faaleleia o le JADAC ma le vaitaimi o le le aoga o le itiiti ifo i le 60 aso. E toaiva tagata i le vaega o le DUAL na tofotofoina le lelei mo le faaaogaina o cocaine, e toalima na tofotofoina foi le lelei mo le mariuana. O le mea lea, o le toʻatele o tagata o le aofaʻi o tagata mai fafo e aofia ai tagata o loʻo i ai nei i le cocaine, ma toetoe lava o le afa oi latou e faʻaaogaina mariuana e avea o fualaau o le filifiliga lona lua. O le tele o ituaiga faʻataʻitaʻiga o le faʻaaogaina o fualaau faasaina ua ulaina ulaka. E na o le tasi le mataupu mai mea ua fai ma vaisu cocaine i lenei suʻesuʻega na faʻaaogaina ai le koko. O le tele o mataupu na fai ma vaisu na lipotia mai masani ona faʻaaogaina le nicotine / ulaula. E leai ni mataupu i totonu o le SUD i totonu o soʻo se togafitiga faʻapitoa nai lo le auai i le Numera Nati igoa (NA) poo le Alcoholic Anonymous (AA). O mataupu uma sei vagana ai 2 maʻi mai le SUD, tasi mai le vaega DUAL, ma le tasi mai le CNT o loʻo i le taumatau. O tagata uma e pulea le aufaigaluega na lipotia mai le leai o se tala o le taimi nei pe o le tuanai o le maʻi o le neurology poo le psychiatric poʻo le faʻalagolago i soʻo se mea e ese mai i le nicotine poʻo le caffeine. O mataupu na faʻamalamalama lelei e uiga i le natura o lenei suʻesuʻega ma sainia e le Komiti Faatonu Toe Iloiloga a le Iunivesite o Louisville (Protocol IRB #240.06, pt. 2). Mo le faʻataʻitaʻiina o faʻataʻitaʻiga (suʻesuʻeina o fualaau faʻasaina) na sainia se fomu o maliega na faʻatagaina e le IRB i totonu o le suesuega lava lea e tasi.

Faʻavaeina o faʻamatalaga, faʻatagaina o faʻamatalaga EEG / ERP ma faʻamaoniga o faailoilo

Uma faʻaosofia faʻaaliga, amio ma faʻapitoa tali aoina aoina na pulea e se komepiuta faʻatautaia E-sili polokalama (Psychology Software Tools, PA). Vaʻaiga vaʻaia na faʻaalia i luga o le 15 ″ mafolafola faʻaaliga vaega. O tali o tusi lesona na aoina mai i le 5-button keypad. O mataupu na faʻatonuina e lolomi le numera numera 1 pe a latou vaʻaia se ata o le faʻatulagaina o vaega, ma aua le oomiina ki i le le faʻatulagaina ata ata. I faʻataʻitaʻiga uma lava o mataupu sa nonofo i le nofoa ma o latou auvae i totonu o le auvae. O le chinrest na tuʻuina i luga ina ia 50 mata le mata o le mataʻupu mai le ogatotonu o le laupepa valavala. O taimi malolo na faia i le 10 minute. O faamaumauga uma a le EEG na mauaina ma le 128 auala Eletise Geodesics (Net Station 200, v. 4.0) (Electrical Geodesics Inc., OR) o loʻo tamoʻe i luga o le Macintosh G4 computer. O faʻamaumauga a le EEG o loʻo faʻataʻitaʻia i le 500 Hz, 0.1 - 100 Hz analog faʻamamaina, faʻasino i le tumutumu. O le Geodesic Sensor Net o se mama mama filo fausaga aofia ai Ag / AgCl electrodes tu i totonu o se gaosi omomi luga o se faʻavae. O omomi e faʻasusu i se tali KCl e faʻatonu ai. O faʻamaumauga e faʻaosofia ai le EEG-loka e vaevaeina laina ese i totonu o 1000 ms epochs o loʻo aofia ai le 200 ms muamua-stimulus i le 800 ms post-stimulus faʻataʻitaʻi i mea taua na faʻaosofia ai mea taua. Mo se faʻataʻitaʻiga i la matou galuega o mea na tutupu o: (1) faʻatamautagia sini, (2) le tutoʻatasi lē taulaʻiina, (3) faʻatamaia o faʻalavelave faʻafuaseʻi, (4) faʻatamaʻi mafaufau e leʻo faʻamoemoeina; (5) fualaʻau faʻasaina, (6) fualaʻau e le faʻamoemoeina Tele taimi o taulaʻiga mo vaega taʻitasi lagona o le 20%. O faʻamaumauga sa suʻesuʻeina faʻafuainumera mo mea na gaosia (mata emo, gaioi, ma isi) ma tofotofoga leaga na aveʻesea e ala i le fausiaina o mea taua na teʻena. O faʻamatalaga na totoe na faʻavasegaina ile tulaga ma averesi e fausia ai ERPs. O faʻamaumauga a le ERP na faʻaopoopo na faʻamamaina faʻasolitulafono i le 30 Hz lowpass e aveʻese ai le toega o leo maualuga i luga ae o le averesi. Ina ua maeʻa le averesi o le laina sa faʻasaʻoina i luga o le 200 ms faʻasologa taimi e faʻatatau i le vaega amata, ma faʻamatalaga toe faʻasino i totonu o le averesi faʻasino faʻavaa. O le mataupu ERPs na averesi faʻatasi e maua ai le uiga grandaverage i isi mataupu.

Faiga faʻasolosolo

O le ata o le ata na maua mai i le International Animative Picture System (IAPS, Lang et al., 2001). O ata Cocaine na filifilia ma faamaonia e le tusitala muamua i le taimi o lana post-doctoral fellowship i le Rice University (Houston, TX). I le suʻesuʻega muamua (Potts, Martin, Stotts, George, & Sokhadze, e leʻi faʻasalalauina le lipoti), 25 cocaine o loʻo faʻasauā tagata mamaʻi na faʻamauina le 115 ata e fesoʻotaʻi ma cocaine i le fua 5 (5 maualuga) pe faʻapefea ona faʻaosofia lagona taʻitasi o fualaʻau. O le uiga averesi mo le seti atoa o 2.66, SD = 0.48. Na filifilia ni ata se 30 e sili ona maualuga le togi (30 uma na iai le togi i luga atu o le 3.0) mo le faʻaaogaina i lenei suʻesuʻega. Valence, arousal, ma le dominance fua faatatau na fetaui i totonu o seti uma o ata i le le faaituau ma le afaina ai vaega o mafatiaga o loʻo faʻaaoga ai faʻavasega mai le IAPS database (Lang et al., 2001). O le faʻataʻitaʻiga na faʻaaogaina ata mai vaega e tolu: mea le mautonu (mea a le fale, manu, natura), faʻalavelave faʻalavelave (faʻamalosi, faalavelave faʻafuaseʻi, tagata na osofaia, ma isi), ma vailaau (cocaine ma mea tau vailaau faʻasaina). O mataupu na faatonuina e tali atu i mea faʻamalosi mai se tasi o vaega, le amanaʻiaina o isi i totonu poloka taitasi (faʻataʻitaʻiga, o taulaiga o mea tau fale i totonu o se poloka "le vavae"). O le faasologa o poloka (faʻatasi ai ma 240 faʻataʻitaʻiga mo poloka) e le paleni. I totonu o le galuega na tuʻuina atu i luga o le mata mo le 200 ms se faʻamalosi, ae o le faʻamaumauga o le EEG na maua mo 1000 ms. O le va o le Inter-trial e eseese i le 1500 ~ 2000 ms tele ina ia aloese mai aafiaga o le tolopoina. O poloka taʻitasi uma e tolu o faʻataʻitaʻiga na sosoo ai ma se pupuu puupuu. O le galuega na faʻataunuʻuina minute 30.

Faʻalagolago i suiga

Eseesega faʻalautele o le uiga o le taimi o le tali (RT) ma le saʻo tali (i le pasene) e faʻatupulaʻia fuamosa, ae vailaau eletise na fetuʻunaʻi uiga amplitude ma latency o le frontal P3a, ma le centro-parietal P3b. Na faʻatinoina suʻesuʻega faʻamaumauga luga o faʻamatalaga-averesi faʻamaumauga ma le autu averesi o matauina. O le faʻataʻitaʻiga muamua o le faʻataʻitaʻiga o le ANOVA, ma fesuiaʻiga faʻalagolago i le tino o mea na o loʻo faʻamatalaina i luga. O le mea lea, o vaega taʻitasi a le ERP ma le latency, na suʻesuʻeina mo vaega na muamua filifilia-o-aia (ROI) ma faʻamalama taimi. O le faʻamalama o le taimi sa i le 300-590 ms avanoa mo uma P300 fua. O le ROI mo luma P3a aofia AFz, AF3, AF4, Fz, F1, F2, F3, F4, ma le fa tuaoi EEG 'upega tafaʻilagi (EGI auala 10,19, 5,12). O laina i luma ole EEG, AF3, F1, F3, EGI-19, ma le EGI-12 na faʻaaoga e avea o le itu tauagavale i luma ROI, ae o auala AF4, F2, F4, EGI-5, ma EGI-10 mo le itu taumatau o luma ROI. Na faʻataʻitaʻia foi le suʻega mo le ogatotonu frontal EEG 'upega tafaʻilagi (AFz, Fz). ROI mo le centro-parietal P3b aofia ai Cz, CPz, Pz, CP1, CP2, CP3, CP4, ma le fa tuaoi EGI auala, ma na fuafuaina eseese mo agavale, taumatau, ma ogatotonu ROI. Ata 1 faʻaalia le faʻaogaina o eletise eletise eletise Sensor Net ma ROIs.

Ata 1 

Faʻamaumauga eletise eletise Geodesics Inc. Sensor Net (2.1 version) mo nofoaga o EEG o laina eletise o le 128 faʻatasi ai ma le numera o le laina. Faʻasalalau ile pito i luma (mo le P3a vaega) ma le centro-parietal (mo P3b vaega) -o-interest (ROI).

I le taimi muamua, na faʻavasegaina faʻafesoʻotaʻiga eseese uma e ala i le faʻaaogaina o le ANOVA i se tasi auala e saili ai eseesega o vaega (CNT vs. SUD, CNT vs. DUAL, SUD vs. DUAL, CNT vs. SUD + DUAL). Ona faʻatalanoaina lea o faʻamatalaga mo le fesuiaiga o le ERP ua filifilia, e ala i le faʻaaogaina o ANOVA faʻatasi ma isi mea (tagata uma e aofia ai): Fua faʻatau × (target, non target) × Cue Category (faʻaituau, fualaau faasaina, faʻaleagaina) × Itulagi (agavale ma le taumatau). I le va o mataupu autu i totonu o galuega vasega (DUAL, SUD, CNT) ma fesuiaʻiga ia o kulupu (CNT vs. DUAL; CNT vs. SUD, DUAL vs. SUD). O suʻesuʻega pe a maeʻa le faʻataʻitaʻi na faʻatautaia le suʻega o le Tukey mo vaega e le tutusa le tele o le aofaʻi. A-priori faʻataʻitaʻiga na faʻataʻitaʻia ma suʻega lua Aʻoga a le Aʻoga mo vasega e le tutusa tutusa. I ANOVA uma lava, o Greenhouse-Geisser (GG) faʻasaʻoina p-faatauaina na faʻaaogaina i taimi e talafeagai ai. SPSS (v.14) ma Sigma Stat 3.1 afifi na faʻaaogaina mo faʻamaumauga fuainumera. O faʻafanua topographic na faia e faʻaaogaina ai spherical spine interpolation o loʻo avanoa i le EGI Net Station galuega-mea faigaluega (f. 4.01).

TULAFONO

Tali a le tagata

Taimi o tali (RT) na faʻaititia le lalolagi atoa i SUD ma DUAL vaega pe a faʻatusatusa i pulega (CNT), peitaʻi o le ANOVA e tasi le auala na faʻaalia ai le taua o le eseesega o le RT i le va o le pule ma vaisu (vaega SUD ma DUAL, SUD + DUAL) mo tauʻavega (529.6 ± 55.9 ms CNT vs. 642.6 ± 121.9 mea uma ua fai ma vaisu, F (1,33) = 6.25, p = 0.018). O nei eseesega na matua lelei lava ona faʻaalia pe a faʻatusatusaina le vaega CNT ma le vaega o le DUAL i luga o le faʻatulagaina o vaega o le le mautonu ma le faʻalavelave. O faʻamoemoega maʻaleʻale na i ai le taua tele i le RT i isi mataupu uma (517 ms neutral vs. 581 ms target traumatic target, F (2,27) = 15.18, p = 0.001). Sa i ai foi se tulaga i le va o le eseesega o kulupu i luga o le faʻalavelave faʻaleagaina (CNT vs. DUAL, F = (2,27) = 4.63, p = 0.046), ma o se mea taua katekoli (le vaʻaia, faʻaleaga) × vasega (CNT, DUAL) fefaʻatauaʻiga (F = (4,36) = 4.66, p = 0.046), ma le RT i le faʻatusatusaina o sini autu, ae o le RT o loʻo faʻagasolo malie i le vaega DUAL. Fuafua katekoli (le faaituau, vevesi, fualaau faasaina) na i ai le aafiaga autu (puupuu RT i le le faaituau, pito sili ona umi i le tiga, F (2,36) = 4.89, p = 0.016) e faaalia ai o lenei togafiti o lagona lagona na afaina ai le RT i mataupu uma. E leai ni eseesega tele i le RT i le va o SUD ma DUAL vaega.

matuā saʻo

O le faʻatusatusaga i vaega uma o 3 e leʻi tuʻuina atu ni eseesega i le fua faatatau sese. Peitai, pe a faʻatusatusaina ia pule ma vaisu, Cue Category (le faʻaituau, faʻaleagaina, fualaau faasaina) × vasega (CNT, SUD) na maua ai, F (2,27) = 3.98, p = 0.043, lea e mafai ona faamatalaina o se mea e ono faʻaitiitia ai le 5.89% (SUD) vs. 9.25% (CNT) sese sese i luga o fualaau faasaina ma sili atu fua faatatau o mea sese i luga o sini le tutusa (11.5% vs. 6.6%) i mea ua fai ma vaisu. O faʻatusatusaga o le CNT ma le DUAL vaega i luga o le faʻamaoniga tutusa tutusa na faʻaalia ai foi le agai i luma katekoli × vasega fegalegaleaiga (F (2,18) = 3.86, p = 0.049), faatasi ai ma tagata mamaʻi LEALI e faatusatusa i le puleaina o le tele o mea sese i taulaiga, ae le o fualaau faasaina po o le le mautonu.

Mea e Tutupu e Tutupu

O faʻamatalaga mai se mataupu e tasi mai le DUAL ma 2 suʻega mai le SUD-only group e leʻi aofia i le suʻesuʻega o le ERP ona o le tele o faʻamaumauga e mafua mai i le gaioiga, matala mata ma isi mea faapena. O lea matou te lipoti atu ai faʻamatalaga i luga o le 9 (CNT group), mataupu 12 ma le SUD e aunoa ma le PTSD (SUD group), ma le 10 mataupu ma SUD-PTSD comorbidity (vaega DUAL). Mo nisi faʻatonuga vs faʻatasi faatusatusaga vaega faʻatusatusa na matou aofia ai mo le auiliiliga ma se vaega faʻapitoa o mea ua fai ma vaisu (SUD + DUAL vaega).

Frontal P300 (P3a)

Aotelega o P3a

Cue Category (neutral, trauma, fualaau) na i ai se aafiaga autu i le P3a amplitude (F (2,28) = 15.6, p = 0.006), ma le maualuga aupito maualuga o le P3a vaega i le vevesi, ae o le pito maualalo i fualaau faasaina. Fua (target, non target) ituaiga sa i ai foi se aafiaga autu (F (1,28) = 7.33, p = 0.011), ma le maualuga o le maualuga o le maualuga nai lo le leai o ni sini. O le faʻatusatusaga o faʻataʻitaʻiga (N = 9) faʻatasi ai ma vaisu uma (vaega uma SUD ma DUAL, N = 21) na faʻaalia ai se mea taua katekoli (faʻaituau, faʻaleagaina, fualaau faasaina) × Itulagi (tauagavale, taumatau) × vasega fegalegaleaiga (F (2,27) = 9.42, p = 0.001), o mea na avea ma vaisu na sili atu ona lautele le P3a i fualaau faasaina, ae le o ni faailoilo le mautonu, ma faaalia ai le eseese o eseesega o leoleo. Ata FigX22 ma Ma33 faʻamaonia le maualuga maualuga o le P3a i faʻamatalaga e faʻatau i fualaau faʻatauina i vailaau faʻasolosolo. O le faʻaleleia o le P3a faʻaleleia sa sili atu ona faʻaalia i le itu tauagavale ae i le itu taumatau saʻo. E tutusa le mea na maitauina pe a faatusatusa ia pulega (CNT, N = 9) ma vaisu e aunoa ma le PTSD (SUD, N = 12): F (2,18) = 4.12, p = 0.03.

Ata 2 

Aotelega o le pito i luma o le P3a vaega i le le mautonu, le mautonu, ma fualaau faasaina i le pulea (N = 9) ma le tuufaatasiga tuufaatasi (N = 21) vaega. O mataupu ua fai ma vaisu ua faaalia ai le tele o le gaoioi ile gasegase ole fualaau faasaina.
Ata 3 

Faʻamuamua ERP e faʻatatau ma faʻatau fualaau faʻatau fua i vaega e tolu o mataupu.

O faʻatusatusaga o le puleaina ma le lua vaega o faʻamaumauga na maua ai se faʻaaliga katekoli (faʻaituau, faʻaleagaina, fualaau faasaina) × Fua(faʻamoemoe, leai se faʻatatau) × vasega (CNT, DUAL) aafiaga fegalegaleaiga (F (2,38) = 4.52, p = 0.038, GG faasaʻo df = 1.19), ma se faʻaaliga lelei katekoli × Itulagi × vasega aafiaga (F (2,38) = 8.14, p = 0.005). O le aʻafiaga e mafai ona faʻamatalaina o se P3a telē e sili atu nai lo le le o ni taumatau i nofoaga taumatau taumatau, ma le faʻateleina o le telefoni i mea le mautonu ma fualaau faasaina nai lo sini. Ata 4 o loʻo faʻaalia ai lenei faʻamatalaga katekoli × vasega fegalegaleaiga mo faʻataʻitaʻiga faʻavae i le pulea ma lua mataupu.

Ata 4 

Aotelega o le pito i luma o le P3a vaega i le le mautonu, popole, ma fualaau faasaina i mataupu e pulea ma masini e lua (SUD ma le PTSD). O faʻataʻitaʻiga e lua e faʻaalia ai le tele o le gasegase i faʻafitauli o faʻalavelave faʻalavelave.

Latalia o le P3a

O le tasi itu o le ANOVA na faʻaalia ai se eseesega tele i le va o vaega e tolu (CNT, SUD, DUAL) i le taotoga o P3a i ni mea e le mautonu (F (2,29) = 4.32, p = 0.022), sini autu (F (2,29) = 3.71, p = 0.036) 2,29, p = 7.65), fua faʻatatau fualaau faasaina (F (0.002) = 2,29, p = 4.55) ma fualaau faʻatau fualaau (i le itu taumatau na o le F (0.019) = 2,29, p = 4.74). O gasegase e lua na faaalia ai le umi o le P0.016a i le le mautonu ma le leai o ni tau, ae o vaega uma SUD ma DUAL ua i ai le umi o le taofiofia i fualaau faasaina ma le leai ni sini nai lo le pulea. O le tele o feeseeseaiga manaia na faʻaalia i le taimi o le faʻatusatusaga o le tagofia o mea ua fai ma vaisu-naʻo le lua ma le lua vaega o maʻi. Fua type (target, non-target) ei ai le aafiaga autu (F (1,20) = 5.52, p = 0.03), ae faʻaaogaina katekoli (le vaʻaia, faʻaleagaina, faʻaaogaina) e leai se aoga tele i le faʻalavelave i nei vaega. Fua × katekoli × vasega (SUD, DUAL) na maua ai taua fegalegaleaiga (F (2,38) = 5.56, p = 0.014). Aemaise lava, o le faaletonu o le P3a na tolopoina i le lalolagi atoa i le taulai ma le leai o ni faʻataʻitaʻiga i tagata maʻi pipisi i le faʻatusatusa atu i maʻi o le SUD, ma e umi atu i le tauʻave e le o se taulasea,Ata 5).

Ata 5 

Faʻamuamua le ERP e faʻatatau ma le leai o ni faʻamatalaga e faʻalavelave ai aʻafiaga i vaega e tolu o mataupu (CNT, SUD, DUAL). O le vaega DUAL ua faʻaalia le maualuga ma le faʻatuai P3a i taulaiga uma e lua ma ata e leai ni faʻalavelave.

Centro-parietal P300 (P3b)

Amataga o P3b

E lua uma katekoli (F (2,28) = 56.01, p = 0.006) ma Fua ituaiga (target, non target) (F (1,29) = 7.32, p = 0.011) na faʻaaogaina tele i luga o le tele o P3b. Faatusatusaga o le P3b i le va o pule ma vaisu ua faʻaalia Fua (faʻamoemoe, leai se faʻatatau) × Itulagi (tauagavale, taumatau) × vasega (CNT, SUD) uma fegalegaleaiga, F (2,58) = 4.21, p = 0.03., P3b maualalo le P3b i le le saʻo, ae le o fualaau faasaina, ma le eseese o eseesega o le va o leoleo e faatusatusa i le pulea. O le PXNUMXb amplitude i mea ua fai ma vaisu na maualuga atu i le tali atu i fualaau o fualaau faasaina i le itu tauagavale. A Fua × Itulagi × vasega Na maua foi fegalegaleaiga i le taimi na faatusatusa ai vaega ole CNT ma DUAL (F (2,38) = 3.86, p = 0.031; GG faasaʻo, df = 1.59, p = 0.042).

Latua o le P3b

O lenei fuataga e faʻaalia ai Itulagi × vasega fegalegaleaiga (F (1,28) = 4.84, p = 0.036 CNT ma SUD uma). O nei eseesega i le itu tauagavale tauagavale-saʻo na sili atu ona vaaia i le taimi o le CNT ma le SUD-only group where compared (F (1,28) = 5.40, p = 0.028). O le aafiaga lava e tasi na latalata, ae le oʻo i se tulaga taua pe a faʻatusatusa vaega ole CNT ma DUAL.

TALANOAGA

O la matou suʻesuʻega na faʻataʻitaʻiina ai le manatu e faapea, o vailaau faʻasolosolo o mea e faʻamalosi ai le tino, ua faʻatulagaina i fualaau o vailaau faʻamaʻi (faʻamaʻiina o fualaau oona), ma faʻalagolago i faʻamaʻi faʻamaʻi ma faʻamaʻi i le vaega o tagata gasegase e fai ma vaisu cocaine ma PTSD comorbidity (fualaau - ma le faʻamalosia o le faʻaalia). O p3a ma centro-parietal P3b vaega na valoia e sili atu i le tau nai lo faʻataunuʻuina i vaega taʻitasi o ata i vaega uma o mataupu (CNT, SUD, DUAL), ae na valoia P3a ma P3b e sili atu i fualaau faasaina. e faʻapitoa (faʻataʻitaʻiga e tasi ma le leai o ni faʻataʻitaʻiga) i le vaega SUD-faʻavae faʻatusatusa i pulega, aʻo le tele i vailaʻau faʻasaina-ma faʻafitauli e aʻafia ai i mataupu e faʻasolosolo i ai e faʻatusatusa i le pule ma mea e fai ma siaki cocaine e aunoa ma le PTSD. Aemaise lava o na valoaga na latou manatu o le i ai o se aafiaga autu mo le ituaiga o mea faaoso (target, non target), tele P300 e taulai, ae leai Fua × vasega fegalegaleaiga. I le ituaiga lava e tasi o lo tatou vavalo ua valoia se aafiaga autu o katekoli (le faaituau, popolega, fualaau faasaina), ma a katekoli × vasega fegalegaleaiga, e pei o ERP sili atu i fualaau faasaina i vaega e lua o addicts cocaine (SUD, DUAL), ma ERP sili atu o le fiafia i faʻasologa o faʻalavelave faʻaleagaina i le vaega DUAL faʻatusatusa i le pulea ma vaega SUD.

O a matou valoʻaga na faʻamaonia faʻamaonia e ala i taunuʻuga na mauaina. O a matou faʻamatalaga na faʻaalia ai vaega tetele o P3a ma P3b e faʻatupulaia ai fuamoa (faʻauiga autu mo Fua), tusa lava po o le a le mea e faaosofia ai katekoli (faʻaituau, faʻamaʻaloga, fualaau faasaina), i le tagofia o mea ua fai ma vaisu ma puleaina, e ui lava o le toe gaoioi i faʻasologa o le faʻasologa o fualaau faʻasaina ma fualaau oona e sili atu ona maualuga i vaega o mea ua fai ma vaisu pe a faatusatusa i le pulea. O nisi fegalegaleaiga maualuga maualuga (Fua × katekoli × vasega; Category × Moketi × Vaega) na maua mo le televave ma le taofiofia o le P3a pe a faʻatusatusa vaega faʻatupu faʻatasi ma le vaega o loʻo pulea. O tagata maʻi ole TAMA na faʻaalia le faʻaleleia atili o le P3a i faʻalavelave faʻalavelave faʻafuaseʻi (ese ma faʻamoemoe ma le le faʻatatauina) e oʻo i le taua, ma lagolagoina le faʻaleleia atili o le tali ma le faʻatinoina o aʻafiaga o faʻalavelave faʻafuaseʻi i tagata mamaʻi ua maua. O le vaega o tagata gasegase e leai se PTSD na latou faʻaalia le muaʻi P3a pito i luma i le vailaʻau faʻatau, ma o le P3a e tele i le itu tauagavale, lea e iloa e aofia ai i le gaioiga o tuʻinanauga (faaosofia) faaosoosoga faaosofia (Tavitason, 2002). E taua le matauina o le centro-parietal P3b na faʻaalia i totonu oa matou suʻesuʻega ae tutusa ma le faʻailoa katekoli × vasega o aʻafiaga nai lo le P3a luma, e fautua mai ai o le P3a atonu o se numera sili atu ona maaleale o fualaau faʻatau fualaau faasaina-ma aʻafiaga i aʻafiaga o cocaine faʻatasi ma PTSD.

A o suʻesuʻega ma tagata gaioio malosi o loʻo faʻaalia se malosi malosi faaletino i fualaau o fualaau faasaina (Carter ma Tiffany, 1999, Childress et al., 1993; Grant et al., 1996, Lonetona ma le al., 1999), o suʻesuʻega suʻesuʻeina o se faʻalapotopotoga faʻapitoa mo aʻafiaga o le cocaine e faʻatapulaaina (Franken et al., 2000). O a matou suʻesuʻega na faalauteleina ai le lautele e ala i le faʻaaogaina o fualaau faasaina-ma le faʻalavelave faʻafitauli i se vaega e maua ai maʻi maʻi. O faʻamaumauga na faʻamaonia ai le faʻaitiitia o le tali atu i lagona faʻaituau ma le faʻalavelave i vaisu cocaine e aunoa ma le PTSD. Ua faaalia ai o le aafiaga o lagona e le psychostimulant substance abusers ua faaleagaina ona o le fesuiaiga o gaioiga o le cerebral o loo aafia ai i le faagaioiga ma lagona faalelagona (Goldstein & Volkow, 2002; Volkow et al., 2004). O taunuuga e o gatasi ma lipoti mai isi suʻesuʻega o tagata taitoatasi e iai le faʻamaʻi o le koko e mafua ai le faʻagavaʻaina o aʻafiaga faʻapitoa, ae o loʻo i ai le faʻamalosiaga maualuga i nei fofuga tulaga e tali atu ai i mea tau vailaʻau faʻatau (Garavan et al., 1999, 2000; Grant et al., 1996; Hester, Dixon, & Garavan, 2006).

Ua tuʻuina atu o se faʻalauiloaina o gaioiga faʻasagaga e faʻatatau i fualaau oona e mafai ona fesoʻotai ma le tali faaosofia o le manaʻoga (Bonson et al., 2002; Robinson & Berridge, 1993), lea e mafai foi ona faʻafefeina ai se faʻafefeina o tali faʻalagona i isi faʻamalosiaga masani e le fesoʻotaʻi ma le faʻaaogaina o fualaau faasaina. O se tasi o vaega autu o amioga fai ma vaisu o le popolega lea o tagata ola fualaau faasaina i fualaau faasaina ma fualaau faasaina e mafai ona mafaufauina e tusa ai ma le Franken (2003) e pei o se faʻaituau. I mea ua fai ma vaisu kokeni, o mea e fesoʻotaʻi ma cocaine ma mea tau vailaau faʻasaina e masani lava ona filifilia e ala i le gauai atu mo le gaioiga o mafaufauga, ma o faʻatau fualaau faʻatau fua e tutusa le taua.

O le faʻaaloalo i le gaioiga o mea faʻaleleia e maua ai le faʻaogaina o le avea o se faʻatinoga o le mafaufau e le lelei le pulea. O ia gaioiga faʻapitoa e tutusa ma le faʻataʻitaʻiga faʻalautele i le faailo o tala. O le uiga faʻanatura o amioga ua fai ma vaisu na faʻapipiʻi atu i isi suʻesuʻega (Hester, Dixon, & Garavan, 2006; Lubman et al., 2000). O aʻafiaga o faʻamaʻi faʻamaʻi faʻamaʻi i le medial frontfront cortex (PFC) e ono mafai ona o faatasi ma faʻafitauli i tulafono faatonutonu faalelagona, aemaise lava i le le faʻasaina o lagona uma ma lagona e ese mai le manaʻo (Lonetona ma al., 2000; Shalev, Grimm, & Shaham, 2002). Faʻaitiitia le pulea e le PFC o alatele pito i luma e mafai ai ona sili atu faʻasalalauga faʻafeiloaʻi e le posterior ma le subcortical (faʻataʻitaʻiga, basal ganglia, striatum) fausaga e faʻaaoga ai tulafono faatonutonu.

O loʻo i ai se faʻamaoniga liliu mai e aofia ai le faʻaaogaina o metotia faʻapitoa e aofia ai i le faʻatigaina o le fefe (Mogg & Bradley, 1998). Neuroimaging studies ua faaalia ai o vailaau muamua o vailaau faʻasolosolo e suia ai le fefe e tali atu e ala i fesoʻotaʻiga faʻasaina ma le amygdala (Tavitason, 2002; Devinsky et al., 1995). Na i ai le manatu o le le afaina o le fegalegaleaiga o muai luma ma le limbic structures o loo i ai se matafaioi i le toilalo o le fefe i le PTSD (Bremner et al., 1996, 1999, 2004). O le PTSD e masani lava ona faʻamalamalamaina i le tulaga o le fefefe faʻafefe ma le faʻaleleia o le manatuaina o le mafaufau e maua e ala i le amygdala i le hyper-responses ma le tuai ona faʻaumatia ona o le le faʻaaogaina o le pFC medial ma le cingulate cortex (ACC) i le amygdala (Charney et al., 1993; Gilboa et al., 2004; Grillon et al., 1998; Li & Sinha, 2008; Rauch et al., 1996). O nei faaletonu o le PFC e mafai ona faʻaleleia atili ai aʻafiaga a le amygdala hyperactivation, ma faʻateleina ai le taimi ma le malosi o faʻamaoniga o le PTSD (Bremner et al., 1999). O lagona le lelei e masani ai mo le PTSD ma faʻaitiitia le faʻamalosia o le gafatia o gafatia e mafai ona faʻaleleia atili ai le fiafia ma faʻateleina le faʻataʻitaʻiina o fualaau faʻatau ma amioga toe faʻafoʻi (Taʻavale, 2003; Koob, 1999). I tagata e faʻaalia i le faʻaalia o le gaoioi i faʻamaʻi ma fualaau oona e mafai ona fai ma sui o se tali tuʻufaʻatasia ma le le faʻafefeteina lea e faʻateleina ai le faʻafitauli mo le faʻaauau le alualu i luma o le faʻaaogaina o fualaau faasaina.

O le tagofia o vailaau faʻasaina e oʻo atu ai i le pito i lalo o le faʻaitiitia o le faʻafitauli. O le le pulea o le pulea o fualaau faasaina e mafua ai le le mafai ona soloia amioga malolosi o fualaau faasaina, e mafai ai ona maua ai ni auala e maua ai le soifua maloloina (fualaau faafomaʻi, ma fualaau faasaina-ma le popole i se mataupu o le PTSD), ma le le fiafia (ma le fefe i PTSD) faʻataʻavalega amio. O tagata taʻitoʻatasi o loʻo faʻasalaga i amioga le faʻasaina e sili atu ona faigofie i le faʻaaogaina o fualaau faasaina (Bauer, 1997). Faʻaitiitia le pito i luma o le faʻataʻitaʻiga o le faʻataʻitaʻiina o aʻafiaga i le pito i luma ma le faʻaitiitia o le gafatia e foia ai tali o le popole ma le tele o le le mautonu le faʻaaogaina o tomai (Koob & Le Moal, 2001; Li & Sinha, 2008; Sinha et al., 1999). O le mea lea, o amioga fai ma vaisu e tau atu ai i mea e le masani ai e mafua ai le le atoatoa i tau aoga ona o le hyper-sensitization i fualaau faasaina ma fualaau faasaina ona o le malosi faalenatura. O le PTSD o loʻo fesoasoani atili i le malosi o le faʻalagolago i fualaau faasaina e ala i le faʻaleleia atili o le gaioiga i faʻafitauli faʻapitoa o aʻafiaga ma aʻafiaga o lagona e tali atu ai i faʻaaliga i fafo (eg, flashbacks, manatuaga e faʻalavelave mamafa ma faʻamalamalamaga, ma isi).

O le faʻaaogaina o cocaine faʻatasi ma le cocaine e faʻaaogaina ai suiga i totonu o fausaga e le aofia ai i le faʻalavelave faʻaalia e iloa lelei lava (Koob et al., 2004), ma suiga nei o le neuropaptave i vaʻaiga faʻalavelave, e tusa ai Li ma Sinha (2008), ono fesoasoani i le faʻateleina malamalama o fualaʻau ma fualaʻau faʻatosinaina i fualaʻau eseese i le tele o luʻitau poʻo "popole" tala (Robinson & Berridge, 2000; Sinha, 1999). E le gata i lea, ua latou fautuaina foi e faapea o suiga i mea ua fai ma vaisu i le cortico-striatal-limbic circuits e mafai ona fesoasoani i le faaitiitia o le gafatia o le gafatia, le lelei o le amio ma fetuutuunai le foia o faafitauli i le taimi o le faateleina o le atuatuvale po o luitau faalelagona i tagata e faaosoosoina le mafaufau (Li & Sinha, 2008; Sinha et al., 2006).

O lenei poloketi e suʻesuʻeina vaega taua o gaioiga e fesoʻotaʻi i mea tutupu ma gaioiga (taimi e tali atu ai ma le saʻo) o auala e suʻesuʻe ai le toe ola mai o fualaʻau ma faʻatonuga e faʻatatau i le popole i tagata taʻitoʻatasi ma le gasegase o le cocaine ma le PTSD. O loʻo faʻaalia ai o le gaioi gaioiga o loʻo faʻaaogaina ni luitau e faʻaosofia lagona e mafai ona faʻaaogaina e avea o se meafaigaluega aoga e suʻesuʻe ai le mafaufau ma le faʻagaioiga o lagona i le faʻasauaina o le cocaine ma le PTSD. Nei ERP ma amioga faʻataʻitaʻiga ono mafai ona faʻaaogaina o ni metotia aoga e mafai ona faʻafaigaluegaina e iloilo ai falemaʻi ma suʻesuʻega faʻaiʻuga uma i le falemaʻi o le mafaufau ma amioga ma neurofeedback faʻalavelave. O nei psychiatric ma le ERP-faʻavae mafaufau faʻatinoina gaioiga iloiloga sa taua vaega o a matou tagata gasegase mataupu 'iloiloga falemaʻi i le taimi na avea ai talu ai o le tele o vailaʻau o fualaʻau faaalia le naunau e lesitala i totonu o se tuʻufaʻatasia togafitiga faʻataʻitaʻi faʻavaeina i luga o le neurofeedback ma le faʻatosinaina o faʻatalanoaga. O nei taunuʻuga saofaga i se sili atu malamalamaʻaga o le fesoʻotaʻiga o le neurobiologic i le va o nei faʻafitauli o le mafaufau, ma ofoina mai foi se faʻavae mo se faʻataʻitaʻiga faʻamatalaina le maualuga lautele o lenei faʻapitoa ituaiga o lua faʻamaoniga e ala i le faʻaaogaina o le neuroscience metotia ma talitonuga.

Le 

Ata 6 

Aotelega o le centro-parietal P3b i mea uma e le faaituau, popolega, ma fualaau faasaina i masini ma vaisu o cocaine e aunoa ma le PTSD.
Ata 7 

Centro-parietal ERP e faʻatatau ma faʻamatalaga o vailaʻau e le o faʻataʻitaʻiina i vaega e tolu o mataupu. O faʻamaʻi mai Cocaine mai i SUD ma DUAL vaega faʻatusatusa i taʻiala e faʻaalia ai le maualuga o le faʻafoʻiina atu o aʻafiaga i fualaau faʻatau fua.
Ata 8 

Aafiaga e aʻafia i mea e tutupu i luma ma le parietal ROI i le tali atu i faʻamatalaga tau fualaau faʻatau fua. O faʻamaʻi mai Cocaine mai SUD ma DUAL vaega e maualuga le faʻaalia o le gaoioi ile frontal ROI.

Faʻafetai

O lenei suʻesuʻega na lagolagoina e le ISNR Research Committee ma le fesoasoani a le NIDA R03DA021821 ia Tato Sokhadze.

FUAFUAGA

  • American Psychiatric Association. Faʻamaumauga faʻamaonia ma le fuainumera o mafaufauga faaletonu (DSM-IV) 4th ed. Washington, DC: 1994.
  • Attias J, Bleich A, Furman V, Zinger Y. Aafiaga e aʻafia ai i gaioiga i le maeʻa ai o le faʻaleagaina o le faʻafitauli o le taua. Biol Psychiatry. 1996; 40: 373-381. [PubMed]
  • Bauer LO. Frontal P300 decrement, amio le atoatoa o le tamaitiiti, talafaasolo- pito o aiga, ma le predisposition o le toe foi i tua o tagata ulavavale. Tausiga o vailaʻau ma le ava malosi. 1997; 44: 1-10. [PubMed]
  • Bauer LO, Kranzler HR. Galuega elemene eletise ma le lagona i totonu o le cocaine e faalagolago i fafo: o aʻafiaga o le cocaine e faʻaalia ai le faʻaalia. Biological Psychiatry. 1994; 36: 189-197. [PubMed]
  • Biggins CA, MacKay S, Clark W, Fein G. Faʻamatalaga gafatia faʻapitoa e aʻafia ai aʻafiaga o aʻafiaga o le cocaine ole taimi muamua. Biological Psychiatry. 1997; 42: 472-485. [PubMed]
  • Blanchard EB. Laasaga maualuga o tali o le cardiovascular i Vietnam veterans ma PTSD: o se faafitauli tau soifua maloloina i le faia? J. Eseesega Faanoanoa. 1990; 4: 233-237.
  • Blanchard EB, Hickling EJ, Buckley TC, Taylor AE, Vollmer A, Loos WR. O le mafaufau loloto o le faʻalavelave faʻafuaseʻi o loʻo aʻafia ai le faʻasoesa o le posttraumatic: Faʻailoga ma faʻaopoopoga. J. Consult. Falemaʻi. Toma. 1996; 64: 742-751. [PubMed]
  • Bleich A, Attias J, Furnam V. Aafiaga o le faʻaalia o mea faʻapitoa i le gasegase o le P3 e ono tupu i le mea na tupu i le faʻasologa o le le mautonu i le post-traumatic. Int J Neuroscience. 1996; 85: 45-55. [PubMed]
  • Blomhoff S, Reinvang I, Malt UF. Aafiaga faʻapitoa e aʻafia ai i mea faʻapitoa i aʻafiaga faalelagona i tagata gasegase posttraumatic. Biological Psychiatry. 1998; 44: 1045-1053. [PubMed]
  • Bonson KR, Grant SJ, Contoreggi CS, Sootaga JM, Metcalfe J, et al. Auala o Neura ma le gaoia o le koko. Neuropsychopharmacology. 2002; 26 (3): 376-386. [PubMed]
  • Bremner JD, Southwick SM, Darnell A, Charney DS. O le PTSD i Vietnam e tau ai le veterans: o le gasegase o gasegase ma vailaau. Amerika Journal of Psychiatry. 1996; 153: 369-375. [PubMed]
  • Bremner JD, Staib LH, Kaloupek D, Southwick SM, Soufer R, Charney DS. Faʻafeiloaʻiga o Neural i le faʻaalia o ata mataʻutia ma le leo i Vietnam e faʻafetaui ai tagata veterans ma le aunoa ma le faʻamalosia o le faʻasologa o le posttraumatic O se suʻesuʻega o le faʻatautaia o meaola. Biol Psychiatry. 1999; 45: 806-816. [PMC free article] [PubMed]
  • Bremner JD, Vermetten E, Vythilingam M, Afzal N, Schmahl C, Elzinga B, Charney DS. E faʻataunuʻu i le Neural le lanu mataʻutia ma le faʻaleagaina o lagona i fafine o loʻo faʻasauāina le faʻamalosia o le faʻasoesa. Biological Psychiatry. 2004; 55: 612-620. [PubMed]
  • Brown PJ, Wolfe J. Faʻaleagaina o meaʻai ma le faʻasologa o le faʻasologa o le faʻaleagaina. Tausiga o le ava malosi. 1994; 35: 51-59. [PubMed]
  • Brown PJ, Recupero PR, Stout R. PTSD-faʻaaoga faʻamalosia ma le faʻaaogaina o togafitiga. Faʻafeiloaʻiga Faʻaleaga. 1995; 20: 251-254. [PubMed]
  • Carter BL, Tiffany ST. Meta-auiliiliga o le-reactivity i suʻesuʻega o vaisu. Togafitiga. 1999; 94: 327-340. [PubMed]
  • Casada JH, Amdur R, Larsen R, Liberzon I. Tali mai le Psychophysiologica i le posttraumatic stress disord: gaioiga masani lautele ma le faʻamaoni faapitoa. Biol Psychiatry. 1998; 44: 1037-1044. [PubMed]
  • Charles G, Hansenne M, Ansseau M, Pitchot W, Machowski R, Schittecatte M, Wilmotte J. P300 i le faʻasologa o le faʻamaʻaloga posttraumatic. Neuropsychobiology. 1995; 32: 72-74. [PubMed]
  • Charney DS, Deutch AY, Krystal JH, Southwick SM, Davis M. Psychobiologic faʻavaeina o le faʻafitauli o le posttraumatic stress. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 1993; 50: 295-305. [PubMed]
  • Chilcoat HD, Breslau N. Faʻalavelave faʻamaʻi ma faʻamaʻi fualaau faʻasaina: suʻesuʻeina auala masani. Faamaumauga Aoao Lautele Tomaʻi. 1998; 55: 913-917. [PubMed]
  • Childress AR, Mozley D, McElgin W, Fitzgerald J, Reivich M, et al. Le faʻamalosia faʻagata i le taimi o le gaoia o le koko. Am J Psychiatry. 1999; 156: 11-18. [PMC free article] [PubMed]
  • Coffey SF, Saladin ME, Drobes DJ, Brady KT, Dansky BS, Kilpatrick DG. Faʻamaʻi ma vailaau e faʻaalia ai le talileleia i tagata taʻitoʻatasi o loʻo i ai faʻamaʻi faʻasalaga posttraumatic ma le cocaine poʻo le ava malosi. Tausiga o vailaʻau ma le ava malosi. 2002; 65: 115-127. [PubMed]
  • Cox WM, Fadardi JS, Pothos EM. Le faʻataʻitaʻiga o le tagofia o mea ua fai ma vaisu: manatu faʻavae ma fautuaga faʻavae. Failautusi Faʻapitoa. 2006; 132: 443-476. [PubMed]
  • Davidson RJ. Tesea ma le afaina o le tino: o le vaega o le muamua muamua o le cortex ma le amygdala. Biological Psychiatry. 2002; 51: 68-80. [PubMed]
  • Devinsky O, Morrell MJ, Vogt BA. Tuʻuina atu o coring fingular tua i amioga. Brain. 1995; 118 (1): 279-306. [PubMed]
  • Derogatis LR, Lipman RS, Rickels K, Uhlenhuth EH, Covi L. O le Hopkins Symptom Checklist (HSCL): o se suesuega o le tagata lava ia lipoti. Behav Sci. 1974; 19: 1-15. [PubMed]
  • Donchin E, Coles MGH. O le P300 o se faʻamatalaga o le faʻalautelega ua faʻafouina? Faʻatasi. Sini Faʻasaienisi. 1988; 11: 357-374.
  • Drake Me, Pakalnis A, Phillips B, Pamadan H, Hietter SA. Faʻasalaga e le suetusi malosiaga i popolega popole. Falemaʻi. Electroeniphalogr. 1991; 22: 97-101. [PubMed]
  • Drummond DC, Tiffany ST, Glautier S, Remington B. Amio Faʻataʻitaʻiga: Faʻataʻitaʻiga Faataʻitaʻiga ma Faataitaiga. Wiley; Chichester: 1995.
  • Evans K, Sullivan JM. Faʻamatalaga Lua. Guilford Press; Niu Ioka, NY: 2001.
  • Feinu G, Bigging C, MacKay S. tagata faʻatau meaʻai Cocaine ua faʻaitiitia le maualuga ole P50 faʻamaonia ma le faʻamalolo pe a faʻatusatusa atu i pulega masani ma ava malosi. Biological Psychiatry. 1996; 39: 955-965. [PubMed]
  • Felmingham KL, Bryant RA, Kendall C, Gordon E. Aafiaga e aʻafia ai le gasegase i le posttraumatic stress disorder: o le matafaioi o le numera. Suesuega o le mafaufau. 2002; 109: 171-179. [PubMed]
  • Muamua MB, Spitzer RL, Gibbon M, Williams JBW. Faʻatulagaina faʻatalanoaga falemaʻi mo DSM-IV-TR axis I faʻaletonu - onosai lomiga (SCID - I / P) Niu Ioka Setete Psychiatric Institute; Niu Ioka: 2001.
  • Foa EB, Steketee G, Rothbaum BO. Faʻailoga faʻapitoa / mafaufauga o le faʻafitauli o le faʻamaʻaloga post-traumatic. Faʻamālōlōina o Amio. 1989; 20: 155-176.
  • Foa EB, Cashman L, Jaycox L, Perry K. O le faʻamaoniga o se lipoti o le lipoti a le tagata lava ia o le faʻafitauli o le gasegase posttraumatic The Posttraumatic Diagnostic Scale. Suesuega Faʻapitoa. 1997; 9: 445-451.
  • Franken IH, de Haan HA, van der Meer CW, Haffmans PM, Hendriks VM. Faʻatonu le talileleia ma faʻafitauli o le faʻaalia o le faʻaalia i le faʻaaogaina o fualaau faasaina. Tala o le Faʻasologa o Faʻasologa o Tusitala. 1999; 16: 81-85. [PubMed]
  • Franken IHA, Kroon LY, Hendriks VM. Uunaia o eseesega o tagata taitoatasi i le naunau ma le mafaufauina o cocaine i mafaufauga masani o le gasegase o le koko. Faʻafeiloaʻiga Faʻaleaga. 2000; 25 (1): 99-102. [PubMed]
  • Franken IHA. Fiafia ma le tagofia o vailaau faʻamalosi: faʻapipiʻi mafaufauga o mafaufau ma psychopharmacological. Alualu i luma Neuro-Pharmacology Biological Psychiatry. 2003; 27: 563-579. [PubMed]
  • Friedman D, Simpson GV, Hamberger M. Suiga o tausaga i suiga o foliga i tala ma tusitusiga ma fua o fuainumera. Psychophysiology. 1993; 30: 383-396. [PubMed]
  • Friedman D, Squires-Wheeler E. Mea e ono aʻafia ai e fai ma faʻamatalaga o le lamatiaga mo le fiva. Schizophr Bull. 1994; 20: 63-74. [PubMed]
  • Fukunisin I. Alexithymia i le faʻaaogaina o vailaʻau: sootaga i le atuatuvale. Toma. Sui 1996; 78: 641-642. [PubMed]
  • Gaeta H, Friedman D, Hunt G. Uiga o le siama ma le vaega o galuega e vavaeeseina ai vaega pito i luma ma pito i tua o le P3 fou. Psychophysiology. 2003; 40: 198-208. [PubMed]
  • Garavan H, Pankiewicz J, Bloom A, Cho JK, Sperry L, et al. Faʻailogaina o le koko o le cocaine e faʻaaogaina: faʻamaonia le neuroanatomical mo tagata faʻatau fualaau ma fualaau faasaina. Am J Psychiatry. 2000; 157: 1789-1798. [PubMed]
  • Garavan H, Ross TJ, Stein EA. Taumafa o le pule a le lalolagi i le pulea o le inhibitory: suʻesuʻega o le IRRI galuega faʻatino. Taualumaga a le National Academy Science USA. 1999; 96: 8301-8306. [PMC free article] [PubMed]
  • Gilboa A, Shalev AY, Laor L, Lester H, Louzoun Y, Chisin R, Bonne O. Fesoʻotaʻiga tuʻufaʻatasia o le cortex muamua ma le amygdala i le posttraumatic stress disorder. Biol Psychiatry. 2004; 55: 263-272. [PubMed]
  • Taumaʻa NE. Le aʻafiaga o le atuatuvale i vaisu. European Neuropsychopharmacology. 2003; 13 (6): 435-441. [PubMed]
  • Goldstein R, Volkow ND. O vailaau faʻasaina ma lona aʻaʻo mai le neurobiology faavae: faʻasolosolo faʻamaoniga mo le aʻafiaga o le paʻu o luma. Am. J. Fomaʻi. 2002; 159: 1642-1652. [PMC free article] [PubMed]
  • Grant S, Lonetona ED, Newlin DB, Villemagne VL, Liu X, Contoreggi C, Phillips RL, Kimes AS, Margolin A. Faatoagaina o le faasologa o gaioiga i le gasologa-o le gaioiga o le koko. Faʻaaliga. Natl. Acad. Sciences USA. 1996; 93: 12040-12045. [PMC free article] [PubMed]
  • Grillon C, Morgan CA, Davis M, Southwick SM. O aʻafiaga o faʻataʻitaʻiga ma faʻamatalaga mataʻutia o faʻaalia i luga o le faʻasalaga faʻafuaseʻi i le au veteransene o Vietnam o loʻo i ai le faʻasologa o le faʻasologa o le posttraumatic. Biol Psychiatry. 1998; 44: 1027-1036. [PubMed]
  • Handelsman L, Stein JA, Bernstein DP, Oppenheim SE, Rosenblum A, Magura S. O se iloiloga fesuiaiga o le felagolagomaʻi i lagona le atoatoa i le mea e fai ai upu leaga: alexithymia, hostility, ma le PTSD. Faʻaaoga. Faʻatasi. 2000; 25: 423-428. [PubMed]
  • Herning RI, Glover BJ, Guo X. Aafiaga o cocaine i le P3B i tagata e fai ma saienisi. Neuropsychobiology. 1994; 30: 132-142. [PubMed]
  • Hester R, Garavan H. Faʻatonuina o le faʻaaogaina o mea ua fai ma vaisu: faʻamaoniga mo feeseeseaiga muaʻi luma, taʻavale, ma le gaioiga. Le Journal of Neuroscience. 2004; 24: 11017-11022. [PubMed]
  • Hester R, Dixon V, Garavan H. O se faʻasalaga faifaipea mo mea e faʻatau ai fualaau faasaina i tagata gaioini malosi e faʻaaogaina le upu ma ata o le galuega o le mafaufau o Stroop. Tausiga o vailaʻau ma le ava malosi. 2006; 81: 251-257. [PubMed]
  • Jacobsen LK, Southwick S, Kosten TR. E faʻaaogaina e le mea faʻalavelave faʻafitauli i tagata gasegase ma le faʻamaʻi faʻasolosolo posttraumatic. American J Psychiatry. 2001; 158: 1184-1190. [PubMed]
  • Johnson BA, Chen YR, Schmitz J, Bordnic P, Shafer A. Cue toe faʻafouina i mataupu o le cocaine-faʻalagolago: aʻafiaga o le faʻalauiloa ma le faʻaaogaina o mea faʻalelei. Faʻafeiloaʻiga Faʻaleaga. 1998; 23: 7-15. [PubMed]
  • Karl A, Malta LS, Maerker A. Meta-analytic reviw o suʻesuʻega e mafai ona tupu i mea na tutupu i le faʻamaʻi o le faʻamaʻaloga post-traumatic. Biol Psychology. 2006; 71: 123-147. [PubMed]
  • Katayama J, Polich J. P300 mai le tasi,, lua, ma le tolu-faaosofiaga o faʻamatalaga suʻega. International J Psychophysiology. 1996; 23: 33-40. [PubMed]
  • Katayama J, Polich J. Stimulus faʻamatalaina le P3a ma le P3b. Psychophysiology. 1998; 35: 23-33. [PubMed]
  • Kimble M, Kaloupek D, Kaufman M, Deldin P. O mea fou faʻapitoa e aʻafia ai le vaevaega ile PTSD. Biological Psychiatry. 2000; 47: 880-890. [PubMed]
  • Kilts CD, Schweitzer JB, Quinn CK, Faʻatele, Faber TL, Muhammad F, Ely TD, Hoffman JM, Drexler KP. Gaioiga Neural e fesoʻotaʻi ma le faʻamalosi fualaau faʻasaina i meaʻai o le koko. Faʻamaumauga Faʻataʻitaʻiga Aoao Lautele. 2001; 58: 334-341. [PubMed]
  • Kilts CD, Gross RE, Ely TD, Drexler KPG. O le faʻaogaina o le faʻasolosolo o mea e faʻailoa mai i totonu o fafine e faʻalagolago i le koko. Am J Psychiatry. 2004; 161: 233-241. [PubMed]
  • Knight RT. Faʻaititia le tali i faʻamatalaga faʻasolosolo ina ua maeʻa faʻamaʻi muamua i le tagata. Electroeniphalogr. Falemaʻi. Neurophysiology. 1984; 59: 9-20. [PubMed]
  • Koob GF. Manatuʻa, corticotropin-faʻamalolo o mea, ma le tagofia o fualaau faasaina. Ann. NY Acad. Sci. 1999; 897: 27-45. [PubMed]
  • Koob GF, Le Moal M. Drug addictive, dysregulation o taui, ma le allostasis. Neuropsychopharmacology. 2001; 24: 97-129. [PubMed]
  • Koob GF, Ahmed SH, Boutrel B, Chen S, Kenny PJ, Markou A, O'Dell L, Parsons L, Sanna PP. Neurobiological auala i le suiga mai le faʻaogaina o fualaʻau i fualaʻau faʻalagolago. Suʻesuʻega ole Neuroscience ma le Biobeh amioga. 2004; 27: 739-749. [PubMed]
  • Kouri EM, Lukas SE, Mendelson JH. Iloiloga a le P300 o tagata vaʻaia ma le cocaine: aʻafiaga o le faʻamalolo ma le togafitiga o le buprenorphine. Biological Psychiatry. 1996; 60: 617-628. [PubMed]
  • Lang PJ, Bradley MM, Cuthbert BN. Faʻafesoʻotaʻiga Faʻavaomalo Faʻavaomalo (IAPS): Faʻamaumauga ma le faʻaaogaina o fuataga. CRP, University Florida; 2001. (Tomai, lipoti le A-5).
  • Li CR, Sinha R. Faʻatonutonu taofiofi ma faʻatonutonu faʻafitauli lagona: Neuroimaging faamaoniga mo frontal – limbic faaletonu i psycho-stimulant vaisu. Neuroscience & Biobehavioural Iloiloga. 2008; 32: 581–597. [PMC free article] [PubMed]
  • Lonetona ED, Ernst M, Grant S, Bonson K, Weinstein A. Faʻailoga faʻapitoa poʻo le faʻaaoga sese o fualaau faasaina: ata faʻatino. Cerebral Cortex. 2000; 10: 334-342. [PubMed]
  • Lubman D, Peters L, Mogg K, Bradley B, Deakin J. Faʻasalaga faʻapitoa mo fualaau faasaina i le faalagolago i opia. Tomai FaʻaSaienisi. 2000; 30: 169-175. [PubMed]
  • Lyvers M. "Leai le puleaina" i le ava malosi ma le tagofia o fualaau faasaina: o se faʻasologa o le neuroscientific. Faʻataʻitaʻiga ma le Falemai Psychopharmacology. 2000; 8: 225-249. [PubMed]
  • McFarlane AC, Weber DL, Clark CR. Faʻafitauli faʻapitoa i le faʻamalosi i le posttraumatic stress disorder. Biol Psychiatry. 1993; 34: 311-320. [PubMed]
  • McLellan AT, Luborsky L, Woody GE, O'Brien CP. O se faʻaleleia atili le faʻailoaina o meafaigaluega mo le faʻaogaina o vailaʻau o vailaʻau: O le Faʻavasegaga o le Maʻi o le Maʻi. J Fefe Fafefe Dis. 1980; 168: 26–33. [PubMed]
  • Metzger LJ, Orr SP, Lasko NB, Pitman RK. O le faʻasalaga faʻasalaga-e mafai ona aʻafia ai aʻafiaga e faʻamalosi ai aʻafiaga i le taua o le faʻafitauli o le faʻataʻavalega post-traumatic. Biol Psychiatry. 1997a; 42: 1006-1115. [PubMed]
  • Metzger LJ, Orr SP, Lasko NB, McNally RJ, Pitman RK. Sailia o le faʻapogai o le faʻaleagaina o lagona faʻaleagaina i le PTSD: o se suʻesuʻega o le P3s i upu faʻamalosi. Faʻafesoʻotaʻiga Faʻatekinolosi Faʻapitoa ma FaʻaSaienisi. 1997b; 32: 43-51. [PubMed]
  • Michalec EM, Rohsenow DJ, Monti PM, Varney SM, Martin RA, Dey AN, Myers M, Sirota AD. A Cocaine Taunuʻuga Lelei Lisi o le lisi: atinaʻe ma faʻamaonia. J Faʻatau Mea. 1996; 8: 181-193. [PubMed]
  • Mogg K, Bradley BP. O se suʻesuʻega-faʻaosofia o le popole. Suʻesuʻega Faʻasolosolo Faʻatasi. 1998; 36: 809-848. [PubMed]
  • Naatanen R. O le gaioiga o le suʻeina o faʻamatalaga faʻamatalaga e pei ona faʻaalia mai i gaioiga e aʻafia ai ma isi mea fai faiʻai o le galulue faʻamalosi. Behav Brain Sci. 1990; 13: 201-287.
  • Najavits LM, Weiss RD, Shaw SR, Muenz LR. "Sailia o le saogalemu": Mafuaaga o se mafaufauga fou-amio le mafaufau mo tamaitai ei ai le faaletonu o le atuatuvale ma le faalagolago o mea. Journal of Traumatic Stress. 1998; 11: 437-456. [PubMed]
  • Noldy NE, Carlen PL. Suiga o aʻafiaga e aʻafia ai i le cocaine le faʻamavaeina: faʻamaoniga mo aʻafiaga faʻasolosolo umi. Neuropsychology. 1997; 36: 53-56. [PubMed]
  • O'Brien CP, Charney DS, Lewis L, Cornish JW, Post R, et al. Faʻamuamua gaioiga e faʻaleleia le vaʻaia lelei o tagata o loʻo tuʻufaʻatasia vailaʻau faʻasuaʻia ma isi faʻaletonu o le mafaufau: O se valaʻau e faia. Faʻapitoa o le mafaufau. 2004; 56: 703-713. [PubMed]
  • Oldfield RC. Le iloiloga ma le auiliiliga o le lima agavale: o le Edinburgh inventory. Neuropsychologia. 1971; 9: 97-113. [PubMed]
  • Orr SP, Lasko NB, Metzger LJ, Berry NJ, Ahern CE, Pitman RK. Iloiloga a le Psychophysiologic o fafine ei ai le PTSD ona o le faʻaleagaina o feusuaiga. J. Consult. Falemaʻi. Toma. 1998; 66: 906-913. [PubMed]
  • Orr SP, Roth WT. Iloiloga a le Psychophysiological: Talosaga faʻapitoa mo PTSD. I Aafiaga Faʻafitauli. 2000; 61: 225-240. [PubMed]
  • Ouimette PC, Ahrens C, Moos RH, Finney JW. Faʻasalaga faʻapitoa i le faʻaaogaina o vailaau faʻasaina: vaʻaia ma le tasi le tausaga e maeʻa ai. Psychology Addict Attitudes. 1997; 11: 34-47.
  • Ouimette PC, Finney JW, Moos R. Toe lua tausaga talu ona maeʻa ona faʻaauau le galue ma le faʻaaogaina o vailaau faʻaleagaina o vailaau ma faʻamaʻi faʻasoesa. Psychology Addictive Behaviors. 1999; 13: 105-114.
  • Ouimette PC, Brown PJ. Faʻasalaga Faʻatau ma Mea Faʻaleaga. APA; Washington, DC: 2003.
  • Lolomi A, Kaloupek DG, Keane TM. Faʻamatalaga o le mafaufau e uiga i le loto faʻaosooso ma le fefe i le faitau aofai o tagata matutua. I: Friedman MJ, Charney DS, Deutch AY, faatonu. Neurobiological and Clinical Consequences of Stress: Mai le Faʻatulagaga Masani i le PTSD. Raven Press; New York: 1995. pp. 291-314.
  • Polich J. P300, atonu, ma le vaeluaga taimi. Psychophysiology. 1990; 27: 396-403. [PubMed]
  • Polich J, Pollock VE, Bloom FE. Meta-auiliiliga o le P300 mai tama ua lamatia i le ava malosi. Psychol Bull. 1994; 115: 55-73. [PubMed]
  • Polich J, Herbst KL. P300 o se suʻega a le falemaʻi: Faʻatonuga, iloiloga ma sailiiliga. International Journal of Psychophysiology. 2000; 38: 3-19. [PubMed]
  • Potts GF, Patel SH, Azzam PN. Aafiaga o le faʻatonuina o aʻoaʻoga i luga o le visual ERP. International Journal Psychophysiology. 2004; 52: 197-209. [PubMed]
  • Pritchard W. Psychophysiology o P300. Toma. Bull. 1981; 89: 506-540. [PubMed]
  • Pritchard W. Faʻamaumauga faʻamalamalamaga e aʻafia ai gaioiga faʻapitoa. Psychol Bul. 1986; 100: 43-66. [PubMed]
  • Pritchard W, Sokhadze E, Houlihan M. Aafiaga o le nicotine ma le ulaula i luga o gaioiga e aʻafia ai: o se toe iloiloga. Nicotine Tobacco Research. 2004; 6: 961-984. [PubMed]
  • Rauch SL, van der Kolk BA, Fisler RE, Alpert NM, Orr SP, et al. O se faʻataʻitaʻiga o le faʻaosoosoina o suʻesuʻega o le faʻafitauli o le posttraumatic e ala i le faʻaaogaina o mea e faʻaogaina ai meaola ma faʻasologa o tusitusiga. Faletusi o le Kolisi Faapitoa. 1996; 53: 380-387. [PubMed]
  • Robinson TE, Berridge KC. O le faavae faʻavae o fualaau oona: o se faʻaosofiaga-faʻalauiloa manatu o vaisu. Iloiloga o le Brain Research. 1993; 18: 247-291. [PubMed]
  • Sahar T, Shalev AY, Porges SW. Vagal modulation o tali i luitau faʻaletino i le maʻi pipisi posttraumatic. Biol. Fomaʻi. 2001; 49: 637-643. [PubMed]
  • Saladin ME, Drobes DJ, Coffey SF, Dansky BS, et al. PTSD malosi e pei o se faʻamatalaga o le faʻamaonia o fualaau oona i tagata na aafia i solitulafono sauā. Faʻafeiloaʻiga Faʻaleaga. 2003; 28: 1611-1629. [PubMed]
  • Shalev AY, Orr SP, Pitman RK. Iloiloga a le Psychophysiologic i faʻataʻitaʻiga faʻaleagaga i tagata faʻasalalau faʻasalalau faʻa-vaʻaia Isaraelu e faʻamalosia maʻi. Am. J. Fomaʻi. 1993; 150: 620-624. [PubMed]
  • Shalev U, Grimm JW, Shaham Y. Neurobiology o le toe faʻafoʻi i le heroin ma le cocaine o loʻo sailia: o se toe iloiloga. Pharmacology Reviews. 2002; 54: 1-42. [PubMed]
  • Shiperd JC, Stafford J, Tanner LR. O le vavalalata o le ava malosi ma le faʻaaogaina o fualaau faasaina i le Persian Gulf War o fitafita: o le a le mea e fai e PTSD o faʻamaoniga? Faʻafeiloaʻiga Faʻaleaga. 2005; 30: 595-599. [PubMed]
  • Sinha R, Catapano D, O'Malley S. Faʻamalosia-faʻaosofia lagona faʻananau ma le popole tali atu i cocaine tagata faʻalagolago. Psychopharmacology. 1999; 142: 343–351. [PubMed]
  • Sinha R, Garcia P, Paliwal M, Kreek MJ, Rounsaville BJ. O le faʻaosoosoina o le koko o le cocaine ma le gasegase-pituitary-taligalu tali o loʻo taulaʻi mai i le toe maua o le cocaine. Faletusi o le Kolisi Faapitoa. 2006; 63: 324-331. [PubMed]
  • Sokhadze E, Stewart C, Hollifield M. Faʻatinoina togafitiga faʻasolosolo mafaufau ma togafitiga o le neurofeedback i le togafitiga o le faʻaleagaina o vailaʻau faʻasaina ma le PTSD. Journal of Neurothrapy. 2007; 11 (2): 13-44.
  • Stanford MS, Vasterling JJ, Mathias CW, Constans JI, Houston RJ. Aafiaga o faʻamataʻu taufaʻamataʻu i luga o le P3 gaioiga e aʻafia ai i le faʻafitauli o le faʻataʻaloga o le post-traumatic. Suesuega Tomai Faapitoa. 2001; 102: 125-137. [PubMed]
  • Stewart SH, Pihl RO, Conrod PJ, Dongier M. Fegalegaleaiga faʻatasi i le vaʻaia, PTSD, ma faʻafitauli faʻapitoa. Faʻafeiloaʻiga Faʻaleaga. 1998; 23: 797-812. [PubMed]
  • Stormark KM, Laberg JC, Nordby H, Hugdahl K. Tagata 'ava malosi' uaʻi totoʻa atu i fualaʻau 'ava mālosi: Otometi faʻagasologa? Tusi o Suʻesuʻega i le 'Ava Malosi. 2000; 61: 18–23. [PubMed]
  • Vasterling JJ, Brewin CR. Neuropsychology o le PTSD. Guilford Press; Niu Ioka, NY: 2005.
  • Volkow ND, Fowler JS, Wang GJ. O le faiʻai o le tagata ua fai ma vaisu: malamalamaaga mai ata suʻesuʻe. J. Clin. Faʻatau. 2003; 111: 1444-1451. [PMC free article] [PubMed]
  • Volkow ND, Fowler JS, Wang GJ. O le tagata faiʻai ua fai ma vaisu e tilotilo i le malamalama o suʻesuʻega ata: gaioiga o faiʻai ma togafitiga togafitiga. Neuropharmacology. 2004; 47: 3-13. [PubMed]
  • Weinstein AV. Faʻamatalaga a le Visual ERP o le faʻaleleia o le faʻaaogaina o faʻamatalaga taufaʻamataʻu i tamaiti o le iunivesite popole. Biol. Fomaʻi. 1995; 37: 847-858. [PubMed]
  • Weiss F, Ciccocioppo R, Parsons LH, Katner S, Liu X, Zorrilla EP, et al. Faʻaaogaina o fualaau oona ma toe faʻafoʻi. Neuroadaptation, atuatuvalega, ma le faʻatulagaina o mea. Annals o le New Academy of Sciences. 2001; 937: 1-26. [PubMed]
  • Weissman MM, Bothwell S. Iloiloina o fetuutuunaiga faʻalapotopotoga e ala i le faʻatonuina o le lipoti a le tagata lava ia. Arch General Psychiatry. 1976; 33: 1111-1115. [PubMed]
  • Wijers AA, Mulder G, Gunter TC, Smid HGOM. Malosiaga faʻapitoa o suʻesuʻega o le gauai filifili. I: Neumann O, Sanders AF, faatonu. Tusitaulima o faʻamatalaga ma taga. Vol 3: Faʻalogo. Tomai Faapitoa; Tullamore, Aialani: 1996. pp. 333-387.