Feusuaʻiga taufeusuaʻiga i tamaʻi tamaʻitaʻi: Aafiaga o tulaga tau feusuaʻiga i luga o nofoaga tuʻufaʻatasia e fesoʻotaʻi ma le faʻamalosia ma le faʻamaonia (2009)

Mafa. 2009 Ianuari; 55(1): 93-97.

Lomia i luga o le initaneti 2008 Setema 12. Tui:  10.1016 / j.yhbeh.2008.08.012

PMCID: PMC2659494 NIHMSID: NIHMS93176

Christine M. Tenk,1,* Hilary Wilson,3,* Qi Zhang,1 Kyle K. Pitchers,1,2 ma Lique M. Coolen1,2

O le lomiga mulimuli a le tagata faʻasalalau lomiga o lenei tusiga o loʻo avanoa i Faʻafefe

Vaai i isi tala i le PMC faʻailoa le lomiga lolomi.

lē faʻatino

O le tele o faʻataʻitaʻiga ma faʻataʻitaʻiga faʻataʻitaʻiga ua tuʻuina atu ai faʻamaoniga e faʻamaonia ai o amioga male feusuaʻiga a alii male taui ma faʻamalosia meatotino. Ae ui i lea, e itiiti lava faʻamatalaga e uiga i tau aoga o vaega eseese o amioga tau feusuaiga. O le mea lea, o lenei suʻesuʻega na faʻaaogaina ai se mea faʻapitoa (CPP) faʻapitoa e faʻaalia ai pe o le faʻasolosolo ma le faʻalavelave e eseese i le tau aoga o le faʻamalosia.

Na ma taua foi pe o le eseesega o tau aoga na faalagolago i le masani ai o feusuaiga. O feusuaʻiga faʻafeusuaiga ma tamaʻitaʻi faʻapitoa na maua le tasi faʻatasi o le faʻamaʻiina poʻo le faʻasaga i se tasi o potu i le pusa CPP. O le aofaʻi o le taimi na faʻaalu i potu taʻitasi o le CPP Apili ina ua maeʻa ona fuaina.

O tamaʻitaʻi uma e faʻafeusuaʻi ma faʻafeusuaʻiga, na faia se CPP mo le faʻamalosi, ae, na o le feusuaʻiga mataga, ma e le o feusuaʻiga, na faia ai e alii le CPP mo le faʻasaina. E le gata i lea, i tamaʻitaʻi feusuaʻi, o le tele o paipa o le faʻamalosi ma le potu na atofaina na mafua ai le CPP e fesoʻotaʻi ma le potu faʻataʻitaʻi na felagolagomaʻi ma le faʻaalia o le faʻamalolo.

O nei faʻamaumauga e lagolago ai le manatu o loʻo i ai se faʻatulagaina o amioga tau feusuaʻiga, ma o le faʻamalosia o le mea pito sili lea ona tauia, ma o le tau aoga o isi mea o amioga tau feusuaiga e faalagolago lea i aafiaga masani tau feusuaiga.

uputatala: taui, tulaga tuusaʻo nofoaga, fefaʻasoaʻiga, amioga tau feusuaiga, aʻoaʻoga faʻapitoa

faʻatomuaga

I tama'i rodents, o amioga fa'afeusuaiga o se tauia ma fa'amalosia amioga, e aofia ai elemene eseese, e aofia ai su'esu'ega anogenital, mounts, intromissions, ma ejaculation. O le ejaculation e foliga mai o le vaega sili lea ona faʻamalosia o amioga faʻafeusuaiga (Coolen et al., 2004; mo iloiloga tagaʻi Pfaus ma Phillips, 1991). Mo se faʻataʻitaʻiga, e ese mai i tane faʻatagaina naʻo intromit poʻo le mauga, ae le o le ejaculate, o tane faʻatagaina e faʻafeiloaʻi i le ejaculation na faʻateleina le saoasaoa o le tamoe i T-mazes (Kagan, 1955), ala sa'o lima (Lopez et al., 1955), po'o le a'e fa'alavelave (Sheffield et al., 1951). E le gata i lea, o le ejaculation e taua tele mo le faʻavaeina o mea e fiafia i ai copulatory. O lona uiga, o le fesoʻotaʻiga o se manogi fou ma se tamaʻitaʻi faʻafeiloaʻi e taʻitaʻia ai se mea e fiafia i ai, faʻapea foʻi ma le faʻafaigofieina o amioga faʻafeusuaiga agaʻi i, o se tamaʻitaʻi manogi tutusa i tane faʻatagaina e faʻafeiloaʻi i le ejaculation, ae le o tane faʻatagaina e faʻaalia intromissions e aunoa ma le ejaculation (Kippin ma Pfaus, 2001).

O vaega tauia o le fa'aipoipoga ua fa'aalia i le fa'aaogaina o se fa'ata'ita'iga fa'atulagaina nofoaga (CPP) (Pfaus ma Phillips, 1991). O le faʻataʻitaʻiga a le CPP o loʻo faʻatatau i tali i le siosiomaga lea na tuʻufaʻatasia muamua ma faʻamalosia mea tutupu ma e mafai ona faʻaaogaina e iloilo ai le taua faʻaosofia o nei mea faʻamanuiaina ma le faʻamalosia o taui (Carr et al., 1989). O le meafaigaluega e faʻaaogaina e faʻaalia ai le CPP e masani lava ona aofia ai vaega faʻapitoa e faʻapipiʻi eseese ma faʻamalosi e le faʻamaonia: o le tasi itu e faʻapipiʻiina ma le faʻamalosi i le ejaculation, ae o le isi itu e faʻapipiʻiina e aunoa ma se mea poʻo se faʻatonuga. O le mea moni, o tamaʻi iole e faʻatagaina ona faʻaulu i le ejaculation e avea ma mea e fiafia i ai mo le vaega e fetaui ma lenei amio (Agmo ma Berenfeld, 1990; Martinez ma Paredes, 2001). Ae ui i lea, e le o iloa pe o le atinaʻeina o le CPP e faʻalagolago i le faʻaalia o le ejaculation, pe a lava le faʻaalia o faʻasalalauga. Matou te faʻapea o le ejaculation e sili atu le tauia pe a faʻatusatusa i isi elemene o amioga faʻafeusuaiga ona o suʻesuʻega talu ai o loʻo faʻaalia ai le tele o mea faʻaosofia.

O le mea lea, o le seti o faʻataʻitaʻiga o loʻo i ai nei na suʻesuʻeina pe sili atu le tauia o le ejaculation nai lo le faʻaalia o le tele o intromissions e faʻaaoga ai le CPP paradigm. E le gata i lea, na suʻesuʻeina le aafiaga o le faʻafeusuaiga i le tauia o le faʻafefe poʻo le ejaculation.

Mea ma metotia

manu

O isumu Sprague Dawley tane matutua (250-350g) na maua mai fale suesue a Harlan (Indianapolis, IN, ISA) poʻo le Vaitafe o Charles (Senneville, QC, Kanata) ma nofo taʻitoʻatasi i luga o le 12-itula fesuiaʻi moli / pogisa taamilosaga (momi 10 am. ). Sa maua mea'ai ma vai i taimi uma se'i vagana ai taimi o su'ega o amioga. O fafine faʻamalosi na faʻapipiʻiina ma faʻapipiʻiina i lalo o le 5% 17-β-estradiol benzoate Silastic capsules (1.98 mm i totonu, 0.5 cm le umi, Dow Corning Corporation, MI, ISA). O le taliaina o feusuaiga na faʻaosofia e tui i lalo o le paʻu o le progesterone (500 μg i le 0.1 ml o le suauʻu sesame) pe a ma le fa itula aʻo lumanaʻi sauniga faʻaipoipo. O taualumaga uma na faʻamaonia e le Komiti o le Tausiga ma Faʻaoga Manu a le Iunivesite o Cincinnati, Iunivesite o Western Ontario Animal Care Committee, ma faʻamalieina taʻiala a le NIH ma le CCAC e aofia ai manu feʻai i suʻesuʻega.

Mea faigaluega fa'apolopolo e fiafia iai

O le mea e fiafia i ai nofoaga (CPP) (Med Associates, Vermont, ISA) e aofia ai potu suʻega e lua (28 × 22 × 21 cm) e vavaeeseina e se vaega tutotonu (13 × 22 × 21 cm). O potu sa fa'avasegaina i fa'ailoga va'aia ma fa'aaliga. O le tasi potu su'esu'e e papa'e puipui ma u'amea fola, ae o le isi potu fa'ata'ita'i e lanu uliuli puipui ma fola pa fa'atasi. O le vaega tutotonu e aofia ai puipui efuefu ma se fola efuefu lamolemole. O faitotoa i itu uma e lua o le vaega tutotonu e vavaeese ai potu, ma e mafai ona sii i luga ina ia mafai ai e manu ona feoaʻi saoloto i totonu o le masini, pe tuu i lalo e faʻasaʻo i se vaega patino.

Fa'atonuga o amio ma su'ega

O su'ega uma na faia i le vaega pogisa (tolu i le ono itula talu ona pe moli). O mea e fiafia i ai muamua na fa'amauina i le aso muamua o le fa'ata'ita'iga e ala i se fa'ata'ita'iga na tu'uina atu i manu ta'itasi avanoa avanoa i potu uma o le CPP mo le 15 minute. O mataupu na pu'eina i vitiō, ma sa su'esu'eina le taimi na fa'aalu i potu ta'itasi e fa'aaoga ai le Microscoft Excel Custom Macro Program. O se manu e manatu o loo iai i totonu o se potu pe afai o loo iai le ogalaau atoa o le tino o le manu, e aofia ai ma suilapalapa, i lenā potu. O le potu na faʻaalu ai e le manu le taimi itiiti (o le itu muamua e le fiafia i ai) na faʻatulagaina le itu faʻafeusuaiga, ae o le isi itu (le itu muamua e sili ona fiafia i ai) na faʻatulagaina le itu e pulea. Sa faia le fa'ama'i i aso lua ma le tolu. I le taimi o le aso fa'afeusuaiga, o manu e fa'aipoipo ma se tama'ita'i fa'alogo lelei i totonu o le fale, ona fa'avave loa lea ona fa'afeiloa'i i le potu fa'afeusuaiga i totonu o le masini CPP mo le 30 minute. I le taimi o le fa'atonuga o le aso, na ave sa'o mai manu mai lo latou fale ma tu'u i totonu o le potu fa'atonutonu o le masini CPP mo le 30 minute. O le afa o manu i faʻataʻitaʻiga taʻitasi na tuʻuina atu i ai feusuaiga i le aso lua ma tuʻu i totonu o le potu faʻatonutonu i le aso tolu. O manu na totoe na tu'uina atu i ai le fa'atonuga i le aso lua ma le fa'afeusuaiga i le aso lona tolu. I le mae'a ai o lenei fa'ata'ita'iga e tasi (e aofia ai aso fa'anofo e lua), sa toe iloiloina le mana'o o manu mo potu e fa'aaoga ai se su'ega mulimuli i le aso mulimuli, lona fa, e tutusa lelei ma le su'ega muamua.

Faataʻitaʻiga faʻapitoa

E fa suʻega na faia. O le mamanu faʻatulagaina ma numera o vaega mo faʻataʻitaʻiga taʻitasi o loʻo faʻaalia i totonu Laulau 1. I le faʻataʻitaʻiga muamua, na maua e tamaʻitaʻi faʻafeusuaiga le faʻamalosi (n = 10) poʻo le faʻafeiloaʻi (ono-valu intromissions e aunoa ma le ejaculation; n = 11) faʻatasi ma le potu muamua e le fiafia i ai ae leai se feusuaʻiga na fetaui ma le potu muamua e manaʻo ai. O le fa'aaliga o le ejaculation na fa'atatau i le uiga fa'aalia o le afi e fa'aalia e le manu i le ejaculation, fa'apea fo'i ma le iai o le pala'ai i totonu o le pa'aga tama'ita'i. E le gata i lea, na faʻaopoopoina se vaega faʻatonutonu, e aofia ai tane (n = 10) na faʻaalia i potu o le CPP meafaigaluega i le maeʻa ai o le faʻaogaina ma le faʻatonutonuina o faʻataʻitaʻiga, ae aunoa ma le faʻaipoipo, ma faʻapea na avea ma faʻatonuga e le faʻamalosia. I le faʻataʻitaʻiga lona lua, na faʻaaogaina ai tamaʻitaʻi faʻafeusuaiga. O nei tane na faʻaipoipo i le tasi ejaculation i le lima faʻaipoipoga aʻo leʻi faʻatulagaina le CPP. Na'o tama'ita'i na fa'aalia le ejaculation i le tolu o nei vasega e lima na aofia i lenei fa'ata'ita'iga. E pei o le faʻataʻitaʻiga 1, o nei tamaʻitaʻi faʻafeusuaiga na maua faʻamaʻi faʻatasi ma le ejaculation (n = 10) poʻo le intromissions (ono-valu intromissions e aunoa ma le ejaculation; n = 10) faʻapipiʻiina ma le potu muamua e le fiafia i ai ae leai se feusuaʻiga e fetaui ma le isi. potu. I le faʻataʻitaʻiga lona tolu, o tamaʻitaʻi faʻafeusuaiga (n = 8) na faʻaalia le ejaculation faʻatasi ma le potu muamua e le fiafia i ai ma faʻafeiloaʻi (ono-valu intromissions e aunoa ma le ejaculation) faʻatasi ma le isi (pule) potu. Mulimuli ane, i le faʻataʻitaʻiga lona fa, o tamaʻitaʻi e leʻi faʻafeusuaiga aʻo leʻi faia lenei faʻataʻitaʻiga (n = 10) na faʻaalia le ejaculation poʻo le intromissions (ono-valu intromissions) faʻatasi ma le muamua e le fiafia pe pulea potu taʻitasi, e pei o le suʻega muamua. Ae ui i lea i lenei faʻataʻitaʻiga mulimuli, o le vaega faʻatulagaina na faʻalauteleina i le ono aso faʻamautu, lea na maua ai e tama tane isi paiga o le ejaculation poʻo le intromissions (3 o paiga taʻitasi). O le afa o alii na maua se faʻauluuluga i le aso muamua o le faʻamaʻiina, ma le afa na maua se faʻafeiloaʻiga.

Laulau 1  

Fuafuaga fa'atulagaina ma numera vaega mo fa'ata'ita'iga o amioga fa'afeusuaiga ta'itasi

Faʻamatalaga faʻamatalaga

O faʻamaumauga muamua ma suʻega faʻataʻitaʻiga na aoina mai faʻataʻitaʻiga CPP amioga faʻafeusuaiga na faʻaalia o le togi e sili ona fiafia i ai (o le pasene o le taimi e faʻaalu i le potu faʻafeusuaiga) ma le eseesega togi (taimi faʻaalu i le potu faʻafeusuaiga faʻatasi ai ma le taimi e faʻaalu i le le. potu fa'afeusuaiga). O su'ega-t fa'alua na fa'aogaina e au'ili'ili ai le taua o le togi e fiafia i ai ma le eseesega o togi i le va o le su'ega muamua ma le su'ega mulimuli. E le gata i lea, o le Pearson Product Moment Correlation test na faʻaaogaina e suʻesuʻe ai se fesoʻotaʻiga talafeagai i le va o numera o faʻauluuluga ma le togi faʻataʻitaʻiga posttest ma togi eseesega i totonu o suʻega taʻitasi. O le faʻataʻitaʻiga mo le taua na faʻatulagaina i le 0.05.

i'uga

I'uga mai le fa'ata'ita'iga muamua, na fa'aalia ai o tama'ita'i fa'afeusuaiga fa'afeusuaiga e maua se CPP taua i totonu o le potu fa'afeusuaiga, e pei ona fa'aalia i se fa'atusatusaga o le taimi na fa'aalu i totonu o potu i le taimi o le su'ega muamua ma le posttest (Mati. 1). O togi e fiafia i ai (p=0.023) ma le togi o le eseesega (p= 0.012) na faʻaalia ai se faʻaopoopoga tele o le taimi faʻaalu i totonu o le potu faʻapipiʻi-faʻatasi. E le gata i lea, na maua fo'i e tama'ita'i fa'afeusuaiga se CPP taua i totonu o le potu fa'atasi. A maeʻa le faʻatulagaina, o tamaʻitaʻi valea na faʻaalu le tele o taimi i totonu o le potu faʻapipiʻi faʻatasi nai lo le potu faʻatonutonu (p= 0.006 togi e fiafia i ai; p=0.005 togi eseese; Mati. 1). E le'i fa'atupuina e ali'i fa'atonu le fa'aosoina o so'o se mea e fiafia i ai (Sikoa fa'apitoa: Fa'ata'ita'iga fa'asaga i Su'ega Fa'ai'u: 35.8% ± 2.9 fa'asaga i le 38.3% ± 2.7, p=0.47; Sikoa ese'ese: Fa'ailoga muamua ma le Fa'ai'uga: 168.4 sec ± 34.4 ma le 152.4 sec. =33.3).

Ata 1  

O le tasi pa'iga fa'atasi ma le fa'aalia o le ejaculation (A, B) po'o le intromissions (C, D) fa'aosoina le CPP i tama fa'afeusuaiga. (A, C) sikoa fiafia, o le pasene o le taimi na faʻaalu i le ejaculation-(A) poʻo le intromissions- (C) potu faʻapipiʻi. (B, D) togi eseese, taimi ...

O faʻaiʻuga mai le faʻataʻitaʻiga lona lua na faʻaalia ai o tamaloloa na maua ni faʻafeusuaiga aʻo leʻi faia le suʻega CPP na fausia ai foi se CPP i le potu faʻapipiʻi ejaculation, e pei ona faʻaalia i se faʻaopoopoga tele i togi e lua e fiafia i ai (p<0.001) ma le eseesega o togi (p<0.001; Mati. 2). Ae ui i lea, e ese mai i suʻesuʻega i tamaʻitaʻi faʻafeusuaiga, o tamaʻitaʻi faʻafeusuaiga e leʻi fausia se CPP i le potu faʻapipiʻi faʻatasi. Po'o le sikoa e te mana'o ai (p=0.183) po'o le togi o le eseesega (p=0.235) matua suia ina ua uma le faʻatulagaina (Mati. 2).

Ata 2  

Tasi fa'atasi ma fa'aaliga o le ejaculation (A, C), ae le o fa'aulufaleina (C, D) fa'aosoina CPP i tama'ita'i fa'afeusuaiga. (A, C) sikoa e fiafia i ai, o le pasene o le taimi na faʻaalu i le ejaculation- (A) poʻo le intromissions- (C) potu lua. (B, D) eseesega ...

I le faʻataʻitaʻiga lona tolu ma le fa, na faʻataʻitaʻiina le manatu e sili atu le tauia o le ejaculation pe a faʻatusatusa i intromissions. O faʻaiʻuga o nei suʻesuʻega na faʻaalia ai, muamua, o tane e leʻi faʻafeusuaiga aʻo leʻi faia le suʻega CPP e leʻi fausia se CPP i le potu faʻapipiʻiina e faʻatatau i le potu faʻafeusuaiga-faʻatasi pe a maeʻa naʻo le tasi le paʻu o amioga faʻafeusuaiga taʻitasi ma le potu (Mati. 3). Matou te manatu e le lava se paʻu tasi o le ejaculation ma le intromission e faʻaosofia ai se eseesega i le fausiaina o le CPP i manu faʻafeusuaiga. O le mea lea, o le faʻataʻitaʻiga lona fa na faia ma se vaitaimi faʻalauteleina e aofia ai le tolu o ituaiga taʻitasi o faʻataʻitaʻiga. O le mea moni, ina ua maeʻa faʻatasiga taʻitasi taʻitasi ma le ejaculation, na faʻaalia e alii se faʻaopoopoga taua i le fiafia ma le eseesega o togi (p<0.001 mo togi e fiafia i ai ma eseesega; Mati. 3) mo le ejaculation-paiga faʻatatau i le intromission-paiga potu. O le mea lea, faatasi ai ma le tele o paiga, o le ejaculation na mafua ai le fausia o se CPP pe a faʻatusatusa i le faʻaalia o faʻasalalauga e aunoa ma le faʻafefe.

Ata 3  

O le tasi paiga ma le faʻaalia o le ejaculation e leʻi faʻaosoina le CPP i tamaʻitaʻi faʻafeusuaiga pe a faʻapipiʻi le potu faʻatonutonu ma faʻaaliga o faʻalavelave (A, B). I se fa'afeagai, o ali'i e le'i fa'afeusuaiga a'o le'i amataina le fa'amasani na maua ...

I faʻataʻitaʻiga taʻitasi, pe a faia faʻatasi ma le faʻaalia o faʻasalalauga, na faʻatagaina alii e faʻaalia 6-8 intromissions, talu ai o lenei mea e fetaui lelei ma le numera o intromissions e masani ona muamua atu i le ejaculation (Coolen et al., 1996; Coolen et al., 2003a). O le mea moni, o le toʻatele o tamaʻitaʻi i vaega faʻapipiʻi-faʻapipiʻiina na faʻaalia le 8 pe itiiti ifo intromissions aʻo leʻi faia le ejaculation. Ae ui i lea, o nisi o tane i faʻataʻitaʻiga taʻitasi na faʻaalia le sili atu i le 8 intromissions aʻo leʻi faia le ejaculation. O le mea lea, ina ia taofiofia se faʻasalalauga lelei i le va o numera o faʻasalalauga ma le faʻavaeina o le CPP, na faia ai se suʻesuʻega faʻatasi. O lenei auʻiliʻiliga na faʻaalia ai e leai ni faʻasalalauga i soʻo se suʻega i le va o numera o faʻasalalauga ma faʻamatalaga o le CPP.

Talanoaga

O suʻesuʻega o loʻo i ai nei na faʻataʻitaʻiina ai manatu e sili atu le tauia o le ejaculation pe a faʻatusatusa i le faʻaalia o faʻataʻitaʻiga pe a suʻesuʻeina e faʻaaoga ai le CPP paradigm ma o le faʻafeusuaiga faʻafeusuaiga e aʻafia ai meatotino tauia o faʻalavelave. O le mea moni, na faʻaalia o le ejaculation, ae le o faʻasalaga na mafua ai le mauaina o le CPP i manu faʻafeusuaiga. E le gata i lea, na maua e tamaloloa fa'afeusuaiga le CPP mo se si'osi'omaga fa'apa'aga fa'a-ejaculation i luga o se si'osi'omaga fa'alua fa'atasi. O aafiaga faʻafeusuaiga na aʻafia ai le tauia o faʻasalaga (e aunoa ma le ejaculation), talu ai o le faʻaalia o le ejaculation na maua na o le taua mo le CPP i tamaʻitaʻi faʻafeusuaiga, e pei o tamaʻitaʻi faʻafeusuaiga na faʻatupuina le CPP ina ua maeʻa faʻamaʻi faʻapea foʻi ma le ejaculation.

O le CPP o se faʻataʻitaʻiga mautu faʻaaogaina e suʻesuʻe ai mea tauia o amioga faʻafeusuaiga (Hughes et al., 1990; Mehrara ma Baum, 1990; Miller ma Baum, 1987). E lua fesuiaiga i le CPP taualumaga, postcopulatory CPP ma copulatory CPP, e eseese pe o le faʻaipoipoga e faia i le potu CPP pe leai (Pfaus et al., 2001). I le fa'agasologa muamua, lea na fa'aaogaina i le su'esu'ega o lo'o i ai nei, e fa'ataga tama iole e fa'atasi i se malae va'aia ma fa'asolo loa loa i se tasi vaega fa'apitoa o le CPP apparatus. I le fa'agasologa lona lua, e fa'atagaina le fa'atosina i le ejaculation i totonu o le potu CPP lava ia. O faiga uma e lua e maua ai le CPP malosi ma fa'atuatuaina. Ae ui i lea, o le postcopulatory CPP na faʻaaogaina i le suʻesuʻega nei e faʻaumatia ai se aʻafiaga o le faʻamoemoe o le tau feusuaʻiga i le faʻavaeina o le CPP. Pe a faʻaalia e tamaʻi iole faʻamatalaga o le siosiomaga e fesoʻotaʻi ma amioga faʻafeusuaiga muamua, o le a faʻagaoioia le mesolimbic system (Balfour et al., 2004) e foliga mai e atagia ai le faʻatalitali i le tali atu i faʻailoga faʻatulagaina. O le faʻaaogaina o se faʻataʻitaʻiga CPP o le a oʻo atu ai i aʻafiaga o le faʻaalia i faʻamatalaga faʻapitoa e fesoʻotaʻi ma le faʻafeusuaiga muamua i le potu CPP. O le mea lea, ina ia mafai ona faʻaesea le matafaioi o le faʻaogaina ma le ejaculation i le faʻafeusuaiga ma le poto masani manu i luga o le faʻavaeina o le CPP, na faʻaaogaina ai le postcopulatory procedure.

O le isi fesuiaiga i suʻesuʻega a le CPP o le numera o faʻataʻitaʻiga faʻataʻitaʻiga: Pe tasi (Straiko et al., 2007) po'o le tele o paga (Garcia Horsman ma Paredes, 2004; Hughes et al., 1990; Miller ma Baum, 1987) i'u i le CPP fa'atupu fa'aipoipo. Talu ai o se tasi o faʻamoemoega o le suʻesuʻega o loʻo i ai nei o le suʻesuʻeina lea o le aafiaga o feusuaiga i luga o le CPP faʻafeusuaiga, na faʻaaogaina paga taʻitoʻatasi mo le tele o faʻataʻitaʻiga ina ia puipuia ai le oʻo atu i le faʻalo o le CPP faʻaosoina. Ioe, o a matou faʻaiʻuga na faʻamaonia ai suʻesuʻega talu ai (Agmo ma Berenfeld, 1990) e fa'apea, o le tasi pa'u o le ejaculation i se si'osi'omaga, e lava mo le mauaina o le CPP i tama.

I faʻataʻitaʻiga o loʻo i ai nei, na maua ai e tamaʻitaʻi faʻafeusuaiga le CPP mo se siʻosiʻomaga e faʻapipiʻiina i luga o se siʻosiʻomaga faʻatasi-faʻatasi e faʻaalia ai o le ejaculation e sili atu le tau o le taui nai lo le intromissions. O lenei taunuuga e ogatasi ma suʻesuʻega muamua / faʻamalosia suʻesuʻega i T-mazes (Kagan, 1955), ala sa'o lima (Lopez et al., 1955), po'o le a'e fa'alavelave (Sheffield et al., 1951), lea e faʻaalia ai e sili atu le faʻamalosia o le ejaculation nai lo le faʻapipiʻiina poʻo le intromissions naʻo ia. E le gata i lea, o le ejaculation e taua tele mo le faʻavaeina o mea e fiafia i ai faʻamalosi (Kippin ma Pfaus, 2001). Faʻatasi, o nei suʻesuʻega e lagolagoina le manatu na tuʻuina mai e Crawford et. al. (1993) o le "malosi o feusuaiga e avea o se faʻamalosia e fesoʻotaʻi saʻo i le tulaga e faʻamaeʻa ai e mataupu le faʻasologa o amioga faʻamalosi".

I le faʻataʻitaʻiga o loʻo i ai nei, o le manaʻoga mo le ejaculation-fesoʻotaʻi siʻosiʻomaga i luga o le intromission-paiga potu e manaʻomia ai le tele o faʻataʻitaʻiga faʻataʻitaʻiga, ma e le lava se paʻu tasi e faʻaosofia ai le CPP. O le tasi faʻamatalaga e faʻapea i manu faʻafeusuaiga faʻatauvaʻa, e tasi le paʻaga o mea taʻitasi e le lava e faʻaeseese ai le tauia o le ejaculation ma intromissions. O le isi faʻamatalaga atonu o le tauia o mea tau faʻalavelave faʻaitiitia faʻatasi ma le faʻafeusuaiga, e ogatasi ma le mauaina o le ejaculation e taua mo le CPP i tamaʻitaʻi faʻafeusuaiga aʻo faʻaosoina le CPP i manu faʻafeusuaiga.

O le mauaina o le ejaculation e sili atu le tauia o meatotino nai lo intromissions e lagolagoina ai le manatu o loʻo i ai auala eseese o neural mo le faʻagasologa o faʻailoga-poʻo faʻailoga faʻapipiʻi. I le lagolagoina o lenei manatu, o le tele o suʻesuʻega i rat, hamster, ma le gerbil e faʻaaoga ai Fos e fai ma faʻailoga mo le faʻagaioiina o neural ua faʻaalia ai le faʻaogaina o neural faʻapitoa e faʻaosoina e le ejaculation, ae le o ni mauga poʻo le faʻafefe, i totonu o vaega laiti o le amygdala medial, moega o. o le stria terminalis, vaega muamua, ma le pito i tua o le intralaminar thalamus (Coolen et al., 1996; Coolen et al., 1997; Coolen et al., 2003a; Heeb ma Yahr, 1996; Kollack-Walker ma Newman, 1997). Na matou suʻesuʻeina talu ai nei pe o nei ejaculation-activated area e maua ai mea mai le lumbosacral spinal cord, ma faʻaalia i le faʻaaogaina o le retrograde tracing ma le hemisections o le ejaculation-activated subregion of the posterior intralaminar thalamus, ie medial subparafascicular thalamic nucleus (mSPFp) maua se mea faʻapitoa mai se faitau aofa'i o neurons i le lumbar spinal cord (Coolen et al., 2003a; Coolen et al., 2003b; Ju et al., 1987; Truitt et al., 2003b). I le isi itu, o nei sela e faʻaalia Fos faʻapitoa i le ejaculation, ae le o faʻamaualuga poʻo intromissions, e lagolago ai la latou matafaioi i le faʻaogaina o faʻamatalaga e fesoʻotaʻi ma le ejaculation (Truitt et al., 2003a). E le gata i lea, o lenei faitau aofaʻi o lumbar mSPFp-projecting sela o loʻo i ai i le tulaga faʻapitoa e maua ai mea faʻapitoa e fesoʻotaʻi ma le ejaculation mai totoga lautele ma faʻaalia le tele o neuropeptides, e aofia ai galanin, cholecystokinin, ma le opioid enkephalin (Coolen et al., 2003b; Ju et al., 1987; Nicholas et al., 1999). I le taimi nei, e le o iloa pe o lenei auala ma le neurotransmitters i totonu, o loʻo fesoasoani i amioga faʻaosoina, e pei o le CPP.

I le aotelega, o fa'ai'uga o lo'o iai nei ua fa'aalia ai o le ejaculation o le vaega sili lea ona tauia o amioga fa'afeusuaiga tama i isumu. E le gata i lea, matou te faaiʻuina o le faʻafeusuaiga e aʻafia ai meatotino tauia o vaega o amioga faʻafeusuaiga, e pei o le faʻafeiloaʻiga, e pei o le faʻafeiloaʻiga e faʻaosofia ai le CPP i feusuaiga le mautonu, ae le o tamaʻitaʻi faʻafeusuaiga.

tautinoga

O lenei su'esu'ega sa lagolagoina e fesoasoani mai le National Institutes of Health (R01 DA014591) ma Canadian Institutes of Health Research i le LMC.

Faamatalaga Faʻamatalaga

Le Faʻalauiloa a le Lomitusi: O le PDF lenei o se tusitusiga e leʻi faʻaaogaina lea na taliaina mo le lolomiina. I le avea ai ma se tautua mo o tatou tagata faʻatau, o loʻo tatou saunia lenei uluai kopi o tusitusiga. O le tusitusiga o le a faʻaaogaina le kopiina, faʻavasegaina, ma le toe iloiloga o le faʻamaoniga ao leʻi faʻasalalauina i lona tulaga mulimuli. Faamolemole ia matau i le faagasologa o le gaosiga e mafai ona maua ai mea sese e mafai ona aafia ai le anotusi, ma o tulafono uma e le faatagaina e faatatau i le tusi o talaaga.

mau faasino

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