Horm Behav. 2009 Ian;55(1):93-7. Epub 2008 Setema 12.
Christine M. Tenk,1,* Hilary Wilson,3,* Qi Zhang,1 Kyle K. Pitchers,1,2 ma Lique M. Coolen1,2
Fa'amatalaga a le Tusitala ► Fa'amatalaga o Puletaofia ma Laisene ►
O loʻo maua i le Horm Behav le kopi mulimuli a le tagata lolomi o lenei tusitusiga
lē faʻatino
O fa'ata'ita'iga ma su'esu'ega 'ese'ese ua maua ai fa'amaoniga e ta'u mai ai o amioga fa'afeusuaiga tama tane e maua ai le taui ma le fa'amalosia o meatotino. Ae ui i lea, e itiiti ni faʻamatalaga e uiga i le tauia o tau o vaega eseese o amioga faʻafeusuaiga. O le mea lea, o lenei suʻesuʻega na faʻaogaina ai se faʻasologa o mea e fiafia i ai (CPP) e faʻailoa ai pe o eseʻesega ma faʻalavelave faʻafuaseʻi i a latou tau faʻaosofia. Na matou faʻatalanoaina pe faʻalagolago le eseesega o tau faʻatatau i le faʻafeusuaiga muamua. O tama fa'afeusuaiga fa'avalea ma le poto masani na maua se tasi fa'aluaina a le o le intromissions po'o le ejaculation ma se tasi o potu i totonu o le pusa CPP. O le aofaʻi o le taimi faʻaalu i potu taʻitasi o le CPP apparatus pe a maeʻa le faʻatulagaina ona fuaina lea. Na fausia e tama'ita'i fa'afeusuaiga ma fa'afeusuaiga se CPP mo le fa'ama'i, ae, na'o le fa'afeusuaiga, ae le o le fa'afeusuaiga, na fausia ai e tane se CPP mo fa'alavelave. E le gata i lea, i tamaʻitaʻi faʻafeusuaiga, o le tele o paiga o le ejaculation ma le potu filifilia na mafua ai se CPP e fesoʻotaʻi ma le potu faʻatonutonu faʻatasi ma faʻaaliga o faʻalavelave. O nei faʻamaumauga e lagolagoina le manatu o loʻo i ai se faʻauluuluga o amioga faʻafeusuaiga tauia, faʻatasi ai ma le ejaculation o le vaega pito sili ona tauia, ma o le tau faʻamalosia o isi vaega o amioga faʻafeusuaiga e faʻalagolago i le taimi muamua o feusuaiga.
Upu autu: taui, nofoaga e fiafia i ai, fa'aipoipoga, amioga fa'afeusuaiga, a'oa'oga fa'atasi
faʻatomuaga
I tama'i rodents, o amioga fa'afeusuaiga o se tauia ma fa'amalosia amioga, e aofia ai elemene eseese, e aofia ai su'esu'ega anogenital, mounts, intromissions, ma ejaculation. O le ejaculation e foliga mai o le vaega sili lea ona faʻamalosia o amioga faʻafeusuaiga (Coolen et al., 2004; mo le iloiloga vaʻai Pfaus ma Phillips, 1991). Mo se faʻataʻitaʻiga, e faʻatusatusa i tama e faʻatagaina naʻo le intromit poʻo le mauga, ae le o le ejaculate, o tane na faʻatagaina e faʻafeiloaʻi i le ejaculation na faʻateleina le saoasaoa o le taʻavale i T-mazes (Kagan, 1955), ala saʻo-lima (Lopez et al., 1955) , po'o le a'e fa'alavelave (Sheffield et al., 1951). E le gata i lea, o le ejaculation e taua tele mo le faʻavaeina o mea e fiafia i ai copulatory. O lona uiga, o le fesoʻotaʻiga o se manogi fou ma se tamaʻitaʻi faʻafeiloaʻi e taʻitaʻia ai se mea e fiafia i ai, faʻapea foʻi ma le faʻafaigofieina o amioga faʻafeusuaiga agaʻi i, o se tamaʻitaʻi manogi tutusa i tane faʻatagaina e faʻafeiloaʻi i le ejaculation, ae le o tane faʻatagaina e faʻaalia intromissions e aunoa ma le ejaculation ( Kippin ma Pfaus, 2001).
O tulaga tauia o le faʻaogaina na faʻaalia i le faʻaaogaina o se faʻasologa o mea e fiafia i ai (CPP) (Pfaus ma Phillips, 1991). O le faʻataʻitaʻiga a le CPP e faʻatatau i tali i le siosiomaga na faʻapipiʻiina muamua ma faʻamalosia mea tutupu ma e mafai ona faʻaaogaina e iloilo ai le tau faʻaosofia o nei mea faʻamanuiaina ma le faʻaleleia o taui (Carr et al., 1989). O le meafaigaluega e faʻaaogaina e faʻaalia ai le CPP e masani lava ona aofia ai vaega faʻapitoa e faʻapipiʻi eseese ma faʻamalosi e le faʻamaonia: o le tasi itu e faʻapipiʻiina ma le faʻamalosi i le ejaculation, ae o le isi itu e faʻapipiʻiina e aunoa ma se mea poʻo se faʻatonuga. O le mea moni, o tamaʻi isumu e faʻatagaina e faʻafeiloaʻi i le ejaculation e avea ma mea e fiafia i ai mo le vaega e fetaui ma lenei amio (Agmo ma Berenfeld, 1990; Martinez ma Paredes, 2001). Ae ui i lea, e le o iloa pe o le atinaʻeina o le CPP e faʻalagolago i le faʻaalia o le ejaculation, pe a lava le faʻaalia o faʻasalalauga. Matou te faʻapea o le ejaculation e sili atu le tauia pe a faʻatusatusa i isi elemene o amioga faʻafeusuaiga ona o suʻesuʻega talu ai o loʻo faʻaalia ai le tele o mea faʻaosofia.
O le mea lea, o le seti o faʻataʻitaʻiga o loʻo i ai nei na suʻesuʻeina pe sili atu le tauia o le ejaculation nai lo le faʻaalia o le tele o intromissions e faʻaaoga ai le CPP paradigm. E le gata i lea, na suʻesuʻeina le aafiaga o le faʻafeusuaiga i le tauia o le faʻafefe poʻo le ejaculation.
Mea ma metotia
manu
O isumu Sprague Dawley tane matutua (250-350g) na maua mai fale suesue a Harlan (Indianapolis, IN, ISA) poʻo le Vaitafe o Charles (Senneville, QC, Kanata) ma nofo taʻitoʻatasi i luga o le 12-itula fesuiaʻi moli / pogisa taamilosaga (momi 10 am. ). Sa maua mea'ai ma vai i taimi uma se'i vagana ai taimi o su'ega o amioga. O fafine faʻamalosi na faʻapipiʻiina ma faʻapipiʻiina i lalo o le 5% 17-β-estradiol benzoate Silastic capsules (1.98 mm i totonu, 0.5 cm le umi, Dow Corning Corporation, MI, ISA). O le taliaina o feusuaiga na faʻaosofia e tui i lalo o le paʻu o le progesterone (500 μg i le 0.1 ml o le suauʻu sesame) pe a ma le fa itula aʻo lumanaʻi sauniga faʻaipoipo. O taualumaga uma na faʻamaonia e le Komiti o le Tausiga ma Faʻaoga Manu a le Iunivesite o Cincinnati, Iunivesite o Western Ontario Animal Care Committee, ma faʻamalieina taʻiala a le NIH ma le CCAC e aofia ai manu feʻai i suʻesuʻega.
Mea faigaluega fa'apolopolo e fiafia iai
O le mea e fiafia i ai nofoaga (CPP) (Med Associates, Vermont, ISA) e aofia ai potu suʻega e lua (28 × 22 × 21 cm) e vavaeeseina e se vaega tutotonu (13 × 22 × 21 cm). O potu sa fa'avasegaina i fa'ailoga va'aia ma fa'aaliga. O le tasi potu su'esu'e e papa'e puipui ma u'amea fola, ae o le isi potu fa'ata'ita'i e lanu uliuli puipui ma fola pa fa'atasi. O le vaega tutotonu e aofia ai puipui efuefu ma se fola efuefu lamolemole. O faitotoa i itu uma e lua o le vaega tutotonu e vavaeese ai potu, ma e mafai ona sii i luga ina ia mafai ai e manu ona feoaʻi saoloto i totonu o le masini, pe tuu i lalo e faʻasaʻo i se vaega patino.
Fa'atonuga o amio ma su'ega
O su'ega uma na faia i le vaega pogisa (tolu i le ono itula talu ona pe moli). O mea e fiafia i ai muamua na fa'amauina i le aso muamua o le fa'ata'ita'iga e ala i se fa'ata'ita'iga na tu'uina atu i manu ta'itasi avanoa avanoa i potu uma o le CPP mo le 15 minute. O mataupu na pu'eina i vitiō, ma sa su'esu'eina le taimi na fa'aalu i potu ta'itasi e fa'aaoga ai le Microscoft Excel Custom Macro Program. O se manu e manatu o loo iai i totonu o se potu pe afai o loo iai le ogalaau atoa o le tino o le manu, e aofia ai ma suilapalapa, i lenā potu. O le potu na faʻaalu ai e le manu le taimi itiiti (o le itu muamua e le fiafia i ai) na faʻatulagaina le itu faʻafeusuaiga, ae o le isi itu (le itu muamua e sili ona fiafia i ai) na faʻatulagaina le itu e pulea. Sa faia le fa'ama'i i aso lua ma le tolu. I le taimi o le aso fa'afeusuaiga, o manu e fa'aipoipo ma se tama'ita'i fa'alogo lelei i totonu o le fale, ona fa'avave loa lea ona fa'afeiloa'i i le potu fa'afeusuaiga i totonu o le masini CPP mo le 30 minute. I le taimi o le fa'atonuga o le aso, na ave sa'o mai manu mai lo latou fale ma tu'u i totonu o le potu fa'atonutonu o le masini CPP mo le 30 minute. O le afa o manu i faʻataʻitaʻiga taʻitasi na tuʻuina atu i ai feusuaiga i le aso lua ma tuʻu i totonu o le potu faʻatonutonu i le aso tolu. O manu na totoe na tu'uina atu i ai le fa'atonuga i le aso lua ma le fa'afeusuaiga i le aso lona tolu. I le mae'a ai o lenei fa'ata'ita'iga e tasi (e aofia ai aso fa'anofo e lua), sa toe iloiloina le mana'o o manu mo potu e fa'aaoga ai se su'ega mulimuli i le aso mulimuli, lona fa, e tutusa lelei ma le su'ega muamua.
Faataʻitaʻiga faʻapitoa
E fa suʻega na faia. O le mamanu faʻatulagaina ma numera o vaega mo faʻataʻitaʻiga taʻitasi o loʻo faʻaalia i le Laulau 1. I le suʻega muamua, o tamaʻitaʻi faʻafeusuaiga naive na maua a le ejaculation (n=10) poʻo le intromissions (ono-valu intromissions e aunoa ma le ejaculation; n = 11) faʻatasi ma le amataga le leai. - potu e sili ona fiafia i ai a'o leai ni amioga fa'afeusuaiga na fa'atasi ma le potu muamua na mana'omia. O le fa'aaliga o le ejaculation na fa'atatau i le uiga fa'aalia o le afi e fa'aalia e le manu i le ejaculation, fa'apea fo'i ma le iai o le pala'ai i totonu o le pa'aga tama'ita'i. E le gata i lea, na faʻaopoopoina se vaega faʻatonutonu, e aofia ai tane (n = 10) na faʻaalia i potu o le CPP meafaigaluega i le maeʻa ai o le faʻaogaina ma le faʻatonutonuina o faʻataʻitaʻiga, ae aunoa ma le faʻaipoipo, ma faʻapea na avea ma faʻatonuga e le faʻamalosia. I le faʻataʻitaʻiga lona lua, na faʻaaogaina ai tamaʻitaʻi faʻafeusuaiga. O nei tane na faʻaipoipo i le tasi ejaculation i le lima faʻaipoipoga aʻo leʻi faʻatulagaina le CPP. Na'o tama'ita'i na fa'aalia le ejaculation i le tolu o nei vasega e lima na aofia i lenei fa'ata'ita'iga. E pei o le faʻataʻitaʻiga 1, o nei tamaʻitaʻi faʻafeusuaiga na maua faʻamaʻi faʻatasi ma le ejaculation (n = 10) poʻo le intromissions (ono-valu intromissions e aunoa ma le ejaculation; n = 10) faʻapipiʻiina ma le potu muamua e le fiafia i ai ae leai se feusuaʻiga e fetaui ma le isi. potu. I le faʻataʻitaʻiga lona tolu, o tamaʻitaʻi faʻafeusuaiga (n = 8) na faʻaalia le ejaculation faʻatasi ma le potu muamua e le fiafia i ai ma faʻafeiloaʻi (ono-valu intromissions e aunoa ma le ejaculation) faʻatasi ma le isi (pule) potu. Mulimuli ane, i le faʻataʻitaʻiga lona fa, o tamaʻitaʻi e leʻi faʻafeusuaiga aʻo leʻi faia lenei faʻataʻitaʻiga (n = 10) na faʻaalia le ejaculation poʻo le intromissions (ono-valu intromissions) faʻatasi ma le muamua e le fiafia pe pulea potu taʻitasi, e pei o le suʻega muamua. Ae ui i lea i lenei faʻataʻitaʻiga mulimuli, o le vaega faʻatulagaina na faʻalauteleina i le ono aso faʻamautu, lea na maua ai e tama tane isi paiga o le ejaculation poʻo le intromissions (3 o paiga taʻitasi). O le afa o alii na maua se faʻauluuluga i le aso muamua o le faʻamaʻiina, ma le afa na maua se faʻafeiloaʻiga.
Laulau 1
Fuafuaga fa'atulagaina ma numera vaega mo fa'ata'ita'iga o amioga fa'afeusuaiga ta'itasi
Faʻamatalaga faʻamatalaga
O faʻamaumauga muamua ma suʻega faʻataʻitaʻiga na aoina mai faʻataʻitaʻiga CPP amioga faʻafeusuaiga na faʻaalia o le togi e sili ona fiafia i ai (o le pasene o le taimi e faʻaalu i le potu faʻafeusuaiga) ma le eseesega togi (taimi faʻaalu i le potu faʻafeusuaiga faʻatasi ai ma le taimi e faʻaalu i le le. potu fa'afeusuaiga). O su'ega-t fa'alua na fa'aogaina e au'ili'ili ai le taua o le togi e fiafia i ai ma le eseesega o togi i le va o le su'ega muamua ma le su'ega mulimuli. E le gata i lea, o le Pearson Product Moment Correlation test na faʻaaogaina e suʻesuʻe ai se fesoʻotaʻiga talafeagai i le va o numera o faʻauluuluga ma le togi faʻataʻitaʻiga posttest ma togi eseesega i totonu o suʻega taʻitasi. O le faʻataʻitaʻiga mo le taua na faʻatulagaina i le 0.05.
i'uga
I'uga mai le fa'ata'ita'iga muamua, na fa'aalia ai o tama'ita'i fa'afeusuaiga fa'afeusuaiga e maua se CPP taua i totonu o le potu fa'apipi'i-ejaculation, e pei ona fa'aalia i se fa'atusatusaga o le taimi fa'aalu i totonu o potu i le taimi o le su'ega muamua ma le posttest (Fig. 1). O le sikoa e sili ona fiafia i ai (p=0.023) ma le sikoa eseesega (p=0.012) na faʻaalia ai se faʻaopoopoga tele o le taimi faʻaalu i totonu o le potu faʻapipiʻi ejaculation. E le gata i lea, na maua fo'i e tama'ita'i fa'afeusuaiga se CPP taua i totonu o le potu fa'atasi. A maeʻa le faʻatulagaina, na faʻaalu e tamaʻitaʻi faʻatauvaʻa le tele o taimi i totonu o le potu faʻapipiʻi faʻatasi nai lo le potu faʻatonu (p = 0.006 sikoa faʻapitoa; p = 0.005 sikoa eseesega; Ata 1). E le'i fa'atupuina e ali'i fa'atonu le fa'aosoina o so'o se mea e fiafia i ai (Sikoa fa'apitoa: Fa'ata'ita'iga fa'asaga i Su'ega Fa'ai'u: 35.8% ± 2.9 fa'asaga i le 38.3% ± 2.7, p=0.47; Sikoa ese'ese: Fa'ailoga muamua ma le Fa'ai'uga: 168.4 sec ± 34.4 ma le 152.4 sec. =33.3).
Ata 1
O le tasi pa'iga fa'atasi ma le fa'aalia o le ejaculation (A, B) po'o le intromissions (C, D) fa'aosoina le CPP i tama fa'afeusuaiga. (A, C) sikoa fiafia, o le pasene o le taimi na faʻaalu i le ejaculation-(A) poʻo le intromissions- (C) potu faʻapipiʻi. (B, D) sikoa eseese, taimi (sili atu…)
O faʻaiʻuga mai le faʻataʻitaʻiga lona lua na faʻaalia ai o tama tane na maua faʻafeusuaiga aʻo leʻi faia le suʻega CPP na fausia ai foi se CPP i le potu faʻapipiʻi ejaculation, e pei ona faʻaalia i se faʻaopoopoga taua i le sikoa e lua e fiafia i ai (p<0.001) ma le sikoa eseesega (p<0.001; Ata 2). Ae ui i lea, e ese mai i suʻesuʻega i tamaʻitaʻi faʻafeusuaiga, o tamaʻitaʻi faʻafeusuaiga e leʻi fausia se CPP i le potu faʻapipiʻi faʻatasi. E le o le sikoa e sili ona fiafia i ai (p=0.183) poʻo le sikoa o le eseesega (p=0.235) e leʻi suia tele pe a uma le faʻatulagaina (Fig. 2).
Ata 2
Tasi fa'atasi ma fa'aaliga o le ejaculation (A, C), ae le o fa'aulufaleina (C, D) fa'aosoina CPP i tama'ita'i fa'afeusuaiga. (A, C) sikoa e fiafia i ai, o le pasene o le taimi na faʻaalu i le ejaculation- (A) poʻo le intromissions- (C) potu lua. (B, D) eseesega (sili atu ...)
I le faʻataʻitaʻiga lona tolu ma le fa, na faʻataʻitaʻiina le manatu e sili atu le tauia o le ejaculation pe a faʻatusatusa i intromissions. O faʻaiʻuga o nei suʻesuʻega na faʻaalia ai, muamua, o tane e leʻi faia feusuaʻiga aʻo leʻi faia le suʻega a le CPP e leʻi fausia se CPP i le potu faʻapipiʻiina e faʻatatau i le potu faʻapipiʻi faʻatasi pe a maeʻa na o le tasi le paʻu o amioga faʻafeusuaiga ma le potu (Fig .3). Matou te manatu e le lava se paʻu tasi o le ejaculation ma le intromission e faʻaosofia ai se eseesega i le fausiaina o le CPP i manu faʻafeusuaiga. O le mea lea, o le faʻataʻitaʻiga lona fa na faia ma se vaitaimi faʻalauteleina e aofia ai le tolu o ituaiga taʻitasi o faʻataʻitaʻiga. O le mea moni, i le maeʻa ai o le tolu paʻaga taʻitasi o le faʻafeiloaʻi ma le ejaculation, na faʻaalia ai e alii se faʻaopoopoga tele i le faʻaogaina ma le eseesega o sikoa (p<0.001 mo le fiafia ma le eseesega o togi; Ata 3) mo le ejaculation-paʻia e fesoʻotaʻi ma le potu faʻapipiʻi faʻatasi. O le mea lea, faatasi ai ma le tele o paiga, o le ejaculation na mafua ai le fausia o se CPP pe a faʻatusatusa i le faʻaalia o faʻasalalauga e aunoa ma le faʻafefe.
Ata 3
O le tasi paiga ma le faʻaalia o le ejaculation e leʻi faʻaosoina le CPP i tamaʻitaʻi faʻafeusuaiga pe a faʻapipiʻi le potu faʻatonutonu ma faʻaaliga o faʻalavelave (A, B). I se faʻatusatusaga, o tane e leʻi faʻafeusuaiga aʻo leʻi amataina le faʻamaʻi na maua (sili atu ...)
I faʻataʻitaʻiga taʻitasi, pe a faia faʻatasi ma le faʻaalia o faʻasalalauga, na faʻatagaina alii e faʻaalia le 6-8 intromissions, talu ai o lenei mea e fetaui lelei ma le numera o faʻalavelave masani e masani ona muamua atu i le ejaculation (Coolen et al., 1996; Coolen et al., 2003a. ). O le mea moni, o le toʻatele o tamaʻitaʻi i vaega faʻapipiʻi-faʻapipiʻiina na faʻaalia le 8 pe itiiti ifo intromissions aʻo leʻi faia le ejaculation. Ae ui i lea, o nisi o tane i faʻataʻitaʻiga taʻitasi na faʻaalia le sili atu i le 8 intromissions aʻo leʻi faia le ejaculation. O le mea lea, ina ia taofiofia se faʻasalalauga lelei i le va o numera o faʻasalalauga ma le faʻavaeina o le CPP, na faia ai se suʻesuʻega faʻatasi. O lenei auʻiliʻiliga na faʻaalia ai e leai ni faʻasalalauga i soʻo se suʻega i le va o numera o faʻasalalauga ma faʻamatalaga o le CPP.
Talanoaga
O suʻesuʻega o loʻo i ai nei na faʻataʻitaʻiina ai manatu e sili atu le tauia o le ejaculation pe a faʻatusatusa i le faʻaalia o faʻataʻitaʻiga pe a suʻesuʻeina e faʻaaoga ai le CPP paradigm ma o le faʻafeusuaiga faʻafeusuaiga e aʻafia ai meatotino tauia o faʻalavelave. O le mea moni, na faʻaalia o le ejaculation, ae le o faʻasalaga na mafua ai le mauaina o le CPP i manu faʻafeusuaiga. E le gata i lea, na maua e tamaloloa fa'afeusuaiga le CPP mo se si'osi'omaga fa'apa'aga fa'a-ejaculation i luga o se si'osi'omaga fa'alua fa'atasi. O aafiaga faʻafeusuaiga na aʻafia ai le tauia o faʻasalaga (e aunoa ma le ejaculation), talu ai o le faʻaalia o le ejaculation na maua na o le taua mo le CPP i tamaʻitaʻi faʻafeusuaiga, e pei o tamaʻitaʻi faʻafeusuaiga na faʻatupuina le CPP ina ua maeʻa faʻamaʻi faʻapea foʻi ma le ejaculation.
O le CPP o se faʻataʻitaʻiga faʻavae lelei e faʻaaogaina e suʻesuʻe ai mea tauia o amioga faʻafeusuaiga (Hughes et al., 1990; Mehrara ma Baum, 1990; Miller ma Baum, 1987). E lua fesuiaiga i le CPP taualumaga, postcopulatory CPP ma copulatory CPP, e eseese pe o le faʻaipoipoga e faia i le potu CPP pe leai (Pfaus et al., 2001). I le fa'agasologa muamua, lea na fa'aaogaina i le su'esu'ega o lo'o i ai nei, e fa'ataga tama iole e fa'atasi i se malae va'aia ma fa'asolo loa loa i se tasi vaega fa'apitoa o le CPP apparatus. I le fa'agasologa lona lua, e fa'atagaina le fa'atosina i le ejaculation i totonu o le potu CPP lava ia. O faiga uma e lua e maua ai le CPP malosi ma fa'atuatuaina. Ae ui i lea, o le postcopulatory CPP na faʻaaogaina i le suʻesuʻega nei e faʻaumatia ai se aʻafiaga o le faʻamoemoe o le tau feusuaʻiga i le faʻavaeina o le CPP. Pe a faʻaalia e tamaʻi tamaʻi faʻamatalaga o le siosiomaga e fesoʻotaʻi ma amioga faʻafeusuaiga muamua, o le mesolimbic system e faʻagaoioia (Balfour et al., 2004) atonu e atagia mai ai le faʻamoemoe i le tali atu i faʻailoga. O le faʻaaogaina o se faʻataʻitaʻiga CPP o le a oʻo atu ai i aʻafiaga o le faʻaalia i faʻamatalaga faʻapitoa e fesoʻotaʻi ma le faʻafeusuaiga muamua i le potu CPP. O le mea lea, ina ia mafai ona faʻaesea le matafaioi o le faʻaogaina ma le ejaculation i le faʻafeusuaiga ma le poto masani manu i luga o le faʻavaeina o le CPP, na faʻaaogaina ai le postcopulatory procedure.
O le isi fesuiaiga i faʻataʻitaʻiga a le CPP o le numera o faʻataʻitaʻiga faʻataʻitaʻiga: Pe tasi (Straiko et al., 2007) poʻo le tele o paga (Garcia Horsman ma Paredes, 2004; Hughes et al., 1990; Miller ma Baum, 1987) e maua ai le faʻaipoipo- fa'aosoina CPP. Talu ai o se tasi o faʻamoemoega o le suʻesuʻega o loʻo i ai nei o le suʻesuʻeina lea o le aafiaga o feusuaiga i luga o le CPP faʻafeusuaiga, na faʻaaogaina paga taʻitoʻatasi mo le tele o faʻataʻitaʻiga ina ia puipuia ai le oʻo atu i le faʻalo o le CPP faʻaosoina. O le mea moni, o a matou taunuʻuga na faʻamaonia ai suʻesuʻega talu ai (Agmo ma Berenfeld, 1990) o le tasi paʻu o le ejaculation i se siosiomaga, e lava mo le mauaina o le CPP i tane.
I faʻataʻitaʻiga o loʻo i ai nei, na maua ai e tamaʻitaʻi faʻafeusuaiga le CPP mo se siʻosiʻomaga e faʻapipiʻiina i luga o se siʻosiʻomaga faʻatasi-faʻatasi e faʻaalia ai o le ejaculation e sili atu le tau o le taui nai lo le intromissions. O lenei taunuuga e ogatasi ma suʻesuʻega muamua / faʻamalosia suʻesuʻega i T-mazes (Kagan, 1955), ala saʻo-lima (Lopez et al., 1955), poʻo le aʻe faʻalavelave (Sheffield et al., 1951), lea e faʻaalia ai o le ejaculation e. sili atu le faʻamalosia nai lo faʻamau poʻo faʻaulufale naʻo. E le gata i lea, o le ejaculation e taua tele mo le faʻavaeina o mea e fiafia i ai faʻatasi (Kippin ma Pfaus, 2001). Faʻatasi, o nei suʻesuʻega e lagolagoina le manatu na tuʻuina mai e Crawford et. al. (1993) o le "malosi o feusuaiga e avea o se faʻamalosia e fesoʻotaʻi saʻo i le tulaga e faʻamaeʻa ai e mataupu le faʻasologa o amioga faʻamalosi".
I le faʻataʻitaʻiga o loʻo i ai nei, o le manaʻoga mo le ejaculation-fesoʻotaʻi siʻosiʻomaga i luga o le intromission-paiga potu e manaʻomia ai le tele o faʻataʻitaʻiga faʻataʻitaʻiga, ma e le lava se paʻu tasi e faʻaosofia ai le CPP. O le tasi faʻamatalaga e faʻapea i manu faʻafeusuaiga faʻatauvaʻa, e tasi le paʻaga o mea taʻitasi e le lava e faʻaeseese ai le tauia o le ejaculation ma intromissions. O le isi faʻamatalaga atonu o le tauia o mea tau faʻalavelave faʻaitiitia faʻatasi ma le faʻafeusuaiga, e ogatasi ma le mauaina o le ejaculation e taua mo le CPP i tamaʻitaʻi faʻafeusuaiga aʻo faʻaosoina le CPP i manu faʻafeusuaiga.
O le mauaina o le ejaculation e sili atu le tauia o meatotino nai lo intromissions e lagolagoina ai le manatu o loʻo i ai auala eseese o neural mo le faʻagasologa o faʻailoga-poʻo faʻailoga faʻapipiʻi. I le lagolagoina o lenei manatu, o le tele o suʻesuʻega i rat, hamster, ma le gerbil e faʻaaoga ai Fos e fai ma faʻailoga mo le faʻagaioiina o neural ua faʻaalia ai le faʻaogaina o neural faʻapitoa e faʻaosoina e le ejaculation, ae le o ni mauga poʻo le faʻafefe, i totonu o vaega laiti o le amygdala medial, moega o. le stria terminalis, preoptic area, ma posterior intralaminar thalamus (Coolen et al., 1996; Coolen et al., 1997; Coolen et al., 2003a; Heeb ma Yahr, 1996; Kollack-Walker ma Newman, 1997). Na matou suʻesuʻeina talu ai nei pe o nei ejaculation-activated area e maua ai mea mai le lumbosacral spinal cord, ma faʻaalia i le faʻaaogaina o le retrograde tracing ma le hemisections o le ejaculation-activated subregion of the posterior intralaminar thalamus, ie medial subparafascicular thalamic nucleus (mSPFp) maua se mea faʻapitoa mai se faitau aofaʻi o neurons i le lumbar spinal cord (Coolen et al., 2003a; Coolen et al., 2003b; Ju et al., 1987; Truitt et al., 2003b). I le isi itu, o nei sela e faʻaalia Fos faʻapitoa i le ejaculation, ae le o faʻamaualuga poʻo intromissions, e lagolago ai la latou matafaioi i le faʻaogaina o faʻamatalaga e fesoʻotaʻi ma le ejaculation (Truitt et al., 2003a). E le gata i lea, o lenei faitau aofaʻi o lumbar mSPFp-projecting sela o loʻo i ai i le tulaga faʻapitoa e maua ai mea faʻapitoa e fesoʻotaʻi ma le ejaculation mai totoga lautele ma faʻaalia le tele o neuropeptides, e aofia ai galanin, cholecystokinin, ma le opioid enkephalin (Coolen et al., 2003b; Ju et al. ., 1987; Nicholas et al., 1999). I le taimi nei, e le o iloa pe o lenei auala ma le neurotransmitters i totonu, o loʻo fesoasoani i amioga faʻaosoina, e pei o le CPP.
I le aotelega, o fa'ai'uga o lo'o iai nei ua fa'aalia ai o le ejaculation o le vaega sili lea ona tauia o amioga fa'afeusuaiga tama i isumu. E le gata i lea, matou te faaiʻuina o le faʻafeusuaiga e aʻafia ai meatotino tauia o vaega o amioga faʻafeusuaiga, e pei o le faʻafeiloaʻiga, e pei o le faʻafeiloaʻiga e faʻaosofia ai le CPP i feusuaiga le mautonu, ae le o tamaʻitaʻi faʻafeusuaiga.
tautinoga
O lenei su'esu'ega sa lagolagoina e fesoasoani mai le National Institutes of Health (R01 DA014591) ma Canadian Institutes of Health Research i le LMC.
Faamatalaga Faʻamatalaga
Faʻalauiloa a le Lomitusi: O se faila PDF lenei o se tusitusiga e leʻi faʻatonutonuina ua taliaina mo le lolomiina. I le avea ai o se tautua ia matou tagata faʻatau o loʻo matou tuʻuina atu lenei amataga lomiga o tusitusiga. O le tusitusiga o le a faia kopi, kopiina i lalo, ma toe iloiloina o le iʻuga faʻamaonia ae le i faʻasalalauina i lona mulimuli citable form. Faʻamolemole manatua i le taimi o le gaosiga o gaioiga gaioiga ono mafai ona mauaina e ono aʻafia ai mea o loʻo i totonu, ma tulafono uma e le faʻagaloina e faʻatatau i le api talaaga e faatatau.
mau faasino
1. Agmo A, Berenfeld R. Faʻamalosia meatotino o le ejaculation i le tama tane: matafaioi o opioids ma dopamine. Amio Neurosci. 1990;104:177–182.[PubMed]
2. Agmo A, Gomez M. O le faʻamalosia o feusuaiga e poloka e le faʻaogaina o le naloxone i totonu o le medial preoptic area. Amio Neurosci. 1993;107:812–818.[PubMed]
3. Balfour ME, Yu L, Coolen LM. Amioga fa'afeusuaiga ma fa'ailoga si'osi'omaga fa'afeusuaiga fa'afeusuaiga e fa'agaoioia ai le mesolimbic system i tama'i iole. Neuropsychopharmacology. 2004;29:718–730.[PubMed]
4. Carr GD, Fibiger HC, Phillips AG. Fa'atonu nofoaga e fai ma fua ole taui o vaila'au. I: Liebman JM, Cooper SJ, faatonu. O le neuropharmacological faavae o taui. Oxford University Press; Niu Ioka: 1989. itulau 264–319.
5. Coolen LM, Allard J, Truitt WA, McKenna KE. Faʻatonuga tutotonu o le ejaculation. Amioga Faaletino. 2004;83:203–215.[PubMed]
6. Coolen LM, Olivier B, Peters HJ, Veening JG. Faʻaaliga o le faʻaogaina o le neural faʻaosoina i le faiʻai iole tane e faʻaaoga ai le 5-HT1A agonist 8-OH-DPAT. Amioga Faaletino. 1997;62:881–891.[PubMed]
7. Coolen LM, Peters HJ, Veening JG. Fos immunoreactivity i le faiʻai iole mulimuli i elemene faʻapitoa o amioga faʻafeusuaiga: o se faʻatusatusaga o feusuaiga. Fai'ai Re. 1996;738:67–82.[PubMed]
8. Coolen LM, Veening JG, Petersen DW, Shipley MT. Parvocellular subparafascicular thalamic nucleus i le isumu: faʻavasegaina faʻapitoa ma galuega. J Comp Neurol. 2003a;463:117–131.[PubMed]
9. Coolen LM, Veening JG, Wells AB, Shipley MT. Fesoʻotaʻiga faʻafefe o le parvocellular subparafascicular thalamic nucleus i le isumu: faʻamaoniga mo vaevaega galue. J Comp Neurol. 2003b;463:132–156.[PubMed]
10. Garcia Horsman P, Paredes RG. E le taofia e le au tetee o le Dopamine le fiafia i nofoaga e mafua mai i amioga faifa'atasiga i iole fafine. Amio Neurosci. 2004;118:356–364.[PubMed]
11. Heeb MM, Yahr P. c-Fos immunoreactivity i le vaega faʻafeusuaiga dimorphic o le hypothalamus ma vaega e fesoʻotaʻi i faiʻai o tane gerbils pe a uma ona faʻaalia i faʻamaʻi faʻafeusuaiga poʻo le faʻatinoina o amioga faʻafeusuaiga patino. Neuroscience. 1996;72:1049–1071.[PubMed]
12. Hughes AM, Everitt BJ, Herbert J. Aafiaga faʻatusatusa o faʻamaʻi nofoaga muamua o le opioid peptides, faʻamaʻi ma faʻataʻitaʻiga i amioga faʻafeusuaiga i tamaʻi iole: suʻesuʻega o amioga faʻapitoa, nofoaga faʻatulagaina ma le fiafia i paaga. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 1990;102:243–256.[PubMed]
13. Ju G, Melander T, Ceccatelli S, Hokfelt T, Frey P. Immunohistochemical faʻamaoniga mo se auala spinothalamic o loʻo i ai faʻatasi le cholecystokinin- ma galanin-like immunoreactivities i le isumu. Neuroscience. 1987;20:439–456.[PubMed]
14. Kagan J. Taui eseese o le le atoatoa ma atoatoa amioga feusuai. J Comp Physiol Psychol. 1955;48:59–64.[PubMed]
15. Kippin TE, Pfaus JG. Le atina'eina o mea e fiafia i ai le ejaculatory olfactory conditioned i le tama iole. I. Natura o le faaosofia e le faatuaoia. Amioga Faaletino. 2001;73:457–469.[PubMed]
16. Kollack-Walker S, Newman SW. Faʻasalaga faʻaosoina o le c-fos i le tamaʻitaʻi Suria hamster faiʻai: matafaioi o le poto masani, pheromones, ma ejaculations. J Neurobiol. 1997;32:481–501.[PubMed]
17. Lopez HH, Olster DH, Ettenberg A. Faʻaosofiaga faʻafeusuaiga i le tamaʻi tamaʻi: o le matafaioi o faʻamalosiaga muamua ma le poto masani. Comp Physiol Psychol. 1955;48:59–64.
18. Martinez I, Paredes RG. E na'o le faifa'atasi lava ia e tauia i isumu o itupa e lua. Horm Behav. 2001;40:510–517.[PubMed]
19. Mehrara BJ, Baum MJ. O le Naloxone e fa'alavelaveina le fa'aaliga ae le o le mauaina mai e tama'i iole o se tali fa'apitoa mo se tama'ita'i fa'asusu. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 1990;101:118–125.[PubMed]
20. Miller RL, Baum MJ. O le Naloxone e fa'alavelaveina le fa'aipoipo ma le fa'amalieina o le mea e fiafia i ai mo se tama'ita'i fa'ama'i i iole po'a pe a uma ona fa'afai. Pharmacol Biochem Behav. 1987;26:781–789.[PubMed]
21. Nicholas AP, Zhang X, Hokfelt T. O se suʻesuʻega immunohistochemical o le koluma o le opioid i le lamina X o le male rat lumbosacral spinal cord. Neurosci Lett. 1999;270:9–12.[PubMed]
22. Pfaus JG, Kippin TE, Centeno S. Conditioning ma feusuaiga: o se toe iloiloga. Horm Behav. 2001;40:291–321.[PubMed]
23. Pfaus JG, Phillips AG. Matafaioi a le dopamine i le faʻamoemoe ma le faʻataunuʻuina o uiga faʻafeusuaiga i le tamaʻi iole. Amio Neurosci. 1991;105:727–743.[PubMed]
24. Sheffield FD, Wulff JJ, Backer R. Taui tau o le fa'aipoipo e aunoa ma le fa'aitiitiga o ta'avale fa'afeusuaiga. J Comp Physiol Psychol. 1951;44:3–8.[PubMed]
25. Straiko MM, Gudelsky GA, Coolen LM. Togafitiga fa'atasi ma le serotonin-depleting regimen a le MDMA e taofia ai le tu'uina atu o mea e fiafia i ai i tama'i isumu. Amio Neurosci. 2007;121:586–593. [PMC free article][PubMed]
26. Truitt WA, Domingues JM, Adelman J, Coolen LM. Galanin infusions i totonu o le medial parvocellular parafascicular thalamic nucleus e taofia ai amioga faʻafeusuaiga tane. Horm Behav. 2003a;44:81.
27. Truitt WA, Shipley MT, Veening JG, Coolen LM. Fa'agaoioia o se vaega o lumbar spinothalamic neurons pe a maeʻa amioga faʻamalosi i tama tane ae le o tamaʻitaʻi. J Neurosci. 2003b;23:325–331.[PubMed]
;
