Lotoifale i luma. 2018 Nov 21; 9: 2239. Pule: 10.3389 / fpsyg.2018.02239.
Krossbakken E1, Pallesen S1, Mentzoni RA1, Tupu DL2, Molde H3, Finserås TR3, Torsheim T.1.
lē faʻatino
Sini: Vitio taʻaloga vaisu na fesoʻotaʻi ma le tele o fesuiaʻiga o le mafaufau fesuiaʻiga. E i ai le le lava o longitudinal suʻesuʻe suʻesuʻeina na faʻatasiga, ma suʻesuʻega e tuʻueseese ai taʻaloga ua fai ma vaisu mai faʻafitauli ma auai (ie, masani ae le o ni faʻafitauli) taʻaloga. O le suʻesuʻe suʻesuʻe o loʻo suʻesuʻeina le natura masani o taʻaloga amioga i le tolu suʻesuʻega. O le faʻamoemoe o le suʻesuʻega 1 o le suʻesuʻeina o faʻataʻitaʻiga ma taunuʻuga o vaisu o ata vitio na fuaina o se fausiaina e le masani ai (taʻaloga faʻaleoleo). O le faʻamoemoe o le suʻesuʻega 2 o le suʻesuʻeina lea o faʻatasi fesoʻotaʻiga i matāʻupu tau o taʻaloga ("auai," "faʻafitauli," "vaisu"). E le gata i lea, o le suʻesuʻega 3 e faʻatatau i le suʻesuʻeina o le mautu o le tulaga mautu ma suiga o loʻo tupu i le va o faʻamatalaga ua taua i luga, ma le vaega o taʻaloga e le faʻapitoa.
Metotia: O se faʻataʻitaʻiga a le atunuʻu o 3,000 talavou matutua 17.5 tausaga na aumaia mai le lesitala o tagata i Nouei i le 2012 ma valaʻaulia e auai i suʻesuʻega faaletausaga e atoa le 3 tausaga (NT1 = 2,059, NT2 = 1,334, NT3 = 1,277). O i latou na tali atu na faʻamaeʻaina metotia o vaisu i ata vitio, faʻanoanoa, popolevale, tuulafoaʻi, osofaʻiga, ma le inu ava malosi. O suʻesuʻega faʻafuainumera sa aofia ai faʻataʻitaʻiga o auala sopo, Satorra-Bentler chi sikuea suʻega (suʻesuʻega 1), faʻavasegaga suʻesuʻe (suʻesuʻega 2), Markov natia faʻataʻitaʻiga o suiga suiga (suʻesuʻega 3).
Tali: O mea na maua i le suʻesuʻega 1 na faʻaalia ai o le lotomafatia ma le tuua toʻatasi na fesoʻotaʻi ma taʻaloga faʻapitoa. O le faʻatupuina o le malosi o le tino na faʻaalia o se mea muamua, ma o le atuatuvale o se iʻuga o taʻaloga faʻapitoa. O le suʻesuʻega o tala e tolu o taʻaloga (suʻesuʻega 2) na iloa ai le tuua toʻatasi ma le malosi o le tino e pei o upu amata, ma le lotomafatia o se iʻuga o tusitusiga uma. Faʻanoanoa na maua e avea ma se faʻataʻitaʻiga o faʻafitauli ma aʻafia tagata taaalo. O le tuuatoʻatasi na maua o se faʻaiuga o faʻafitauli o tagata taʻalo, ma o le popole na o se faʻaiuga o tagata ua fai ma vaisu mea taʻaalo. O le taumafa tele i le 'ava malosi na maua ai le faʻataʻitaʻiga i tagata taʻalo ua fai ma vaisu, ma le maualalo o le taumafaina o le' ava malosi na maua ai le faʻataʻitaʻiga i tagata taaalo faʻafitauli. O le fuafuaina mausali o vaʻavaʻaiga taʻaloga vitio o 35%.
Faaiuga: O se fefaʻasoaʻiga vavalalata i le va o mea faʻapitoa ma faʻafitauli o le soifua maloloina o mafaufau e foliga mai o loʻo i ai. O le mautu o mea ua fai ma vaisu o taaloga vitio ua faailoa mai ai se tulaga e faapea, mo le toatele o tagata e le fofoina i luga o le taimi o le 2 tausaga.
KEYWORDS: talavou; faaletonu taʻaloga; faaletonu taʻaloga initaneti; suesuega faʻaumiumi; soifua maloloina o le mafaufau
PMID: 30519203
PMCID: PMC6258776
FAIA: 10.3389 / fpsyg.2018.02239
faʻatomuaga
Taʻalo i vitio taʻaloga o se masani masani faʻamalie gaioiga i talavou, mo le tele, maua ai itula o le fiafia, luitau, malologa ma fegalegaleaiga (Hoffman ma Nadelson, 2010). Ae ui i lea, o nisi tagata lipotia mai latou leiloa faʻatonutonuina o latou taʻaloga amioga, ma mafua ai i taua faʻaaogaina faʻaletonu ma mafatiaga. O le manatu o le taʻaloga vitio o se faʻamaʻi ua fai ma vaisu na aofia ai o se tuutuuga mo nisi suʻesuʻega i le vaega lona lima ma sili ona lata mai o le Diagnostic ma le Statistics Manual of Mental Disorder (DSM-5) (American Psychiatric Association, 2013), Faʻailoaina o le "Initaneti Taʻaloga Maʻi (IGD)." Faʻapena foi, "Taʻaloga faʻaletonu" na aofia ai i le 11th lomiga o le Faavasega Faʻavaomaloina o Faʻamaʻi (ICD-11) (World Health Organization, 2018). Peitai, faitioga o le faaofiina o se sailiiliga mo vaisu ata vitio ua finau mai o le taimi nei molimau faavae faamaoniga o sea auga e le lava (Van Rooij ma Kardefelt-Winther, 2017) ma o loʻo lava pea le lava o suʻesuʻega faʻamalamalamaina le natura ala o le faʻamaʻi (Petry ma O'brien, 2013; Mihara ma Higuchi, 2017). O le tele faʻatapulaʻa fesoʻotaʻi ma le tele o le i ai suʻesuʻega i taʻaloga faʻaletonu o le tele lava e aofia ai cross-sectional mamanu. O suʻesuʻega faʻa umi i lenei mataupu e toʻaitiiti i latou (Gentile et al., 2011; Brunborg et al., 2014; Mihara ma Higuchi, 2017), e ui lava o ia suʻesuʻega ono fesoasoani e faʻailoa mea e fesoʻotaʻi ma le faʻasologa masani o mafuaʻaga ma aʻafiaga, faʻapea foi ma le foaʻiina atu o le poto e uiga i le tumau mautu o taʻaloga amioga. O le aotelega o le aoga o suʻesuʻega suʻesuʻe o le mauaina lea o se malamalama lautele i le natura masani o taʻaloga amioga e ala i tolu sub-suʻesuʻega (study1, study2, study3). Suʻesuʻega 1 faʻataʻitaʻiga faʻasolosolo faʻapitoa taʻaloga o se itutino faʻapitoa ma suʻesuʻeina felavasaʻi faʻafesoʻotaʻiga vavalalata i le va o faʻataʻitaʻiga faʻalemafaufau ma le mafaufau maloloina i le taimi. Suʻesuʻega 2 suʻesuʻeina o faʻatasiga i le va o le mafaufau ma vasega o taʻaloga e faʻaaoga ai se vaaiga masani, e suʻesuʻe atili ai le natura o faʻalapotopotoga o loʻo maua i le suʻesuʻega 1. Suesuega 3 suʻesuʻeina le mautu ma auala i le aluga o taimi, faʻaogaina o le typological vaaiga (auai, faʻafitauli ma vaisu tagata taʻalo ) faʻaaogaina ile suʻesuʻega 2.
Antecedents ma iʻuga o pathological taʻaloga
O suʻesuʻega faʻaumiumi e ono suʻesuʻe ai pe o faʻafitauli muamua o le soifua maloloina o le mafaufau e muamua ma sili ona taua o ni taʻaloga o le faaletonu o le taʻaloga, pe o faʻafitauli tau soifua maloloina o le mafaufau e tele lava o iʻuga o le faʻaletonu o le taʻaloga, pe o le sootaga i le va o faʻafitauli tau le mafaufau ma le faaletonu o le taʻaloga o se tulaga e le masani ai. Aʻafiaga faʻasolosolo faʻatusatusaina le va fealoaʻiʻi i le va o fesuiaʻiga i le taimi o taimi, faʻamatalaina a latou felagolagomaʻi i le tasi ma le isi (Kearney, 2018). O le mea lea, o le faʻailoaina o le koluseina-faʻatamaia aafiaga i le va o le mafaufau maloloina ma taʻaloga faʻaletonu ono faʻamalamalamaina le auala e aofia ai i le atinaʻeina ma le tausiga o taʻaloga faʻaletonu. E ui lava o ni nai suʻesuʻega i luga o le feʻaveaʻi i luga o le va i le va o taʻaloga mausa ma le mafaufau maloloina o loʻo i ai (Lemmens et al., 2011a,b), o loʻo iai le faʻaletonu o le mativa o le poto e uiga i le feʻaveaʻi faʻafesoʻotaʻiina ma taʻaloga faʻaletonu, ma eseʻesega faʻafitauli o le mafaufau i le tele ma le sui faʻataʻitaʻi.
O suʻesuʻega talu ai na faʻaalia ai o faʻafitauli tau taʻaloga e fesoʻotaʻi ma le tele o faʻafitauli tau le soifua maloloina ma faʻafitauli lautele (Wittek et al., 2016; Bargeron ma Hormes, 2017), pei o le faʻanoanoa, popole (Mentzoni et al., 2011; Bargeron ma Hormes, 2017; Wartberg et al., 2017). tuua toʻatasi (Lemmens et al., 2011a), inu 'ava malosi (van Rooij et al., 2014), ma le osofaʻiga (Kim et al., 2008). O se tasi suʻesuʻega faʻa umi na faʻaalia uma ai le popolevale ma le faʻanoanoa o ni iʻuga o faʻasolosolo faʻasolosolo i tua atu o le 2 tausaga (Gentile et al., 2011), ma lua suʻesuʻega umi na faʻaalia ai le atuatuvale, ae le o le popole, o se faʻaiuga o taʻaloga le atoatoa i le maeʻa ai o le tasi (van Rooij et al., 2011), ma 2 tausaga (Liau et al., 2015), faʻatulagaina. E tusa ai ma mafuaʻaga mafuaʻaga o le faʻaletonu o taʻaloga, o se tasi suʻesuʻega na maua ai o faʻanoanoaga faʻailoga e le o valoia ni lumanaʻi taʻaloga faʻafitauli (Mößle ma Rehbein, 2013). O se suesuega faaumiumi a Dutch na maua ai le tuuatoʻatasi e avea ma antecedent ma o se iʻuga o pathological taʻaloga (Lemmens et al., 2011a), faʻailoa mai o le tuʻulafoaʻi atonu e taua uma mo le atinaʻeina ma le tausiga o taʻaloga taʻaloga. E le gata i lea, o loʻo i ai le tele cross-sectional suʻesuʻega ma fefiloi faamaoniga i luga o le fegalegaleaiga i le va o faaletonu taʻaloga, osofaʻiga, ma le inu ava malosi. A o aʻafia ai le aʻafia o sauaga i taʻaloga vitio i luga o le olaga moni (Funk et al., 2004; Ferguson, 2015) o loʻo iai foʻi faʻamatalaga o loʻo fautua mai ai ole faʻaletonu ole taʻaloga, tusa lava poʻo le a le mea i totonu, e mafai ona faʻateleina le osofaʻiga i tama (Lemmens et al., 2011b), ma o tagata taʻitoʻatasi ma le faʻatupuina uiga e foliga mai e sili atu nai lo a latou paʻaga e atiaʻe pathological taʻaloga (Kim et al., 2008). O nisi suʻesuʻega suʻesuʻega na faʻaalia ai faʻafitauli e fesoʻotaʻi ma le 'ava malosi ma faʻafitauli tau taʻaloga e fesoʻotaʻi (Ko et al., 2008; van Rooij et al., 2014), o isi suʻesuʻega e leʻi mauaina se faʻatasiga faapena (Brunborg et al., 2014; Kaess et al., 2017).
I le tele o suʻesuʻega, o feusuaiga e foliga mai o se taʻimua malosi i taʻaloga vitio, ona o tama e ono aʻafia i ni taʻaloga vitio (Mentzoni et al., 2011; van Rooij et al., 2014; Yu ma Cho, 2016) ma ia faʻavasegaina o ni tagata taʻaʻalo faʻafitauli nai lo fafine (Mentzoni et al., 2011; Brunborg et al., 2013; Yu ma Cho, 2016; Milani et al., 2017). Peitaʻi, o loʻo iai foʻi suʻesuʻega e faʻailoa mai ai o feusuaʻiga e le talafeagai e faʻatatau i faʻamuamua ma iʻuga o taʻaloga (Lemmens et al., 2011a; Brunborg et al., 2013). Tusa lava, o loʻo manaʻomia le sili atu loloto loloto malamalamaʻaga e uiga i feusuaʻiga o se moderator i le pathogenesis o taʻaloga le atoatoa (APA Task Force on Violent Media, 2015), ma mo le suʻesuʻe faʻa umi i luga o le fesoʻotaʻiga i le va o le mafaufau ma le le atoatoa o taʻaloga.
Suesue le 1
Koluse faʻatamaia sootaga i le va o le mafaufau maloloina ma pathological taʻaloga e faʻaaoga ai se unidimensional vaaiga
O suʻesuʻega faʻaumiumi talu ai na suʻesuʻeina ai faʻataʻitaʻiga faʻapitoa e pei o se fausia e le masani ai (Lemmens et al., 2011a; Yu et al., 2015), lea na palasi ai faʻailoga ma faʻataʻitaʻi pathology o taʻaloga i luga o se faʻaauau pea mai le maualalo i le maualuga faigata. O le le malamalamaʻaga faʻavaeina o faʻasolosolo taʻaloga mafai ai suʻesuʻega o le fefaʻasoaʻi o faʻafitauli i le va o faʻailoga o le faʻaletonu o le maʻi ma le mafaufau i se tasi faʻataʻitaʻiga, e faʻaalia ai le fesoʻotaʻiga i le va o fesuiaiga i le taimi (Jeon, 2015).
Faʻasaga i lenei backdrop, o le faʻamoemoe o le muamua suʻesuʻega o le faʻailoa mai o faʻaupuga ma iʻuga, faʻapea foʻi ma feeseeseaʻiga i itupa, o faʻafitauli tau video. O se unidimensional conceptualization o taʻaloga faʻaletonu faʻaaogaina i taimi ua tuanaʻi suesuega (Lemmens et al., 2011a; Andreassen et al., 2013), na faʻaaogaina (faʻaigoaina o "pathological gaming" i le taimi nei suʻesuʻega). Na matou faʻamoemoe e maua ni faʻafesoʻotaʻiga laʻitiiti i le va o le mafaufau ma faʻailoga o faʻatonuga faʻapitoa. Ona o le suʻesuʻe natura o lenei suʻesuʻega, ma le fefiloi faamaoniga mai suesuega talu ai, uma fesuiaʻiga (mafaufau maloloina ma pathological taʻaloga) na suesueina uma o antecedents, ma o ni taunuuga o pathological taʻaloga.
Suesue le 2
Antecedences ma iʻuga o pathological taʻaloga faʻaaogaina ai se typological vaaiga
O le faʻatonutonuina o taʻaloga faʻaletonu faʻamamafaina gaioiga faʻaleagaina ma le mafaufau faʻanoanoa e iloa ai le eseesega mai le maualuga aʻafia i taʻaloga (Charlton ma Danforth, 2007; Brunborg et al., 2013; Kardefelt-Winther et al., 2017). O se luʻi suʻesuʻe i lenei vaega o le faailoaina lea o fesuiaʻiga e manino le eseesega i le va o le taʻaloga ma le le maloloina o taʻaloga (faʻafitauli ma le le atoatoa). E ui lava na finauina o le auai (ie, soifua maloloina faʻaaogaina o taʻaloga) faʻapitoa aofia ai salience, faʻapalepale ma lagona fesuiaʻiga (peripheral aiaiga), taʻaloga faʻaletonu masani ona aofia ai feteʻenaʻiga, toʻesea, toe solia ma faʻafitauli e mafua i taʻaloga (autu vaʻaia aiaiga) (Charlton ma Danforth, 2007; Brunborg et al., 2015) faapena foi aʻu. O faʻafitauli i taʻaloga e masani ona faʻauigaina o se mea e faʻamalieina ai nisi, ae leʻo vaega uma o mea taua ua fai ma vaisu (Brunborg et al., 2013; Wittek et al., 2016).
O le faʻaaogaina o se vaaiga masani e mafai ai ona suʻesuʻe pe i ai ni mea e tutusa ai poʻo ni eseesega i le va o "tagata taʻalo ua fai ma vaisu," "tagata taʻalo faʻafitauli," ma "tagata taʻalo faʻamaoni." I le ogatasi ma ia eseʻesega, tasi suʻesuʻega maua taʻaloga gaioiga e sili atu ona vaivai faʻatasi ma le mafaufau soifua maloloina taunuuga nai lo vaisu (Loton et al., 2016), ma isi suʻesuʻega ua lipotia mai e leai se fesoʻotaʻiga i le va o taʻaloga vitio auai ma faʻafitauli o le soifua maloloina o le mafaufau (Brunborg et al., 2013, 2014). Faʻailoaina o ia eseʻesega ono talafeagai mo le malamalama atili i le natura vasega o taʻaloga faʻaletonu, ma le atinaʻeina o falemaʻi iloiloga meafaigaluega, togafitiga ma puipuiga auala. I le sili atu o lo matou iloa e leai se muamua suʻesuʻega suʻesuʻega fegalegaleaʻiga i le va o le mafaufau maloloina ma typologies o eseese taʻaloga amioga i se lapoʻa sui faʻataʻitaʻi o talavou matutua.
O le faʻamoemoe o le Suesuega 2 o le suʻesuʻeina o faʻaupuga ma iʻuga o le tolu typologies (vaisu, faʻafitauli, ma le auai) o tagata taaalo i le aluga o taimi. Sa matou faamoemoe e saili se numera tele o numera, ma se numera tele o taunuuga e fesoʻotaʻi ma "fai ma vaisu mea taalo," nai lo "faafitauli tagata taaalo," ma "auai tagata taaalo." Ona o le suʻesuʻe natura o lenei suʻesuʻega, ma le le lava o suʻesuʻega muamua e suʻesuʻe ai amioga eseese o taʻaloga o loʻo faʻaogaina se auala masani, o ituaiga uma (mafaufau ma taʻaloga) na suʻesuʻeina uma i le avea ai o ni tagata muamua ma ni iʻuga.
Suesue le 3
Mautu le tumau ma atinae auala e faaaoga ai se typological vaaiga
I se faʻaopopoga i le suʻesuʻega o mafuaʻaga ma iʻuga, o suʻesuʻega faʻaumiumi e maua ai le avanoa e suʻesuʻe ai le mautu o se tulaga i le aluga o taimi. O le tumau le tumau o taʻaloga le atoatoa e maua ai se faʻailoga pe o le faʻamaʻi o se le tumau faafitauli e foia faʻafuaseʻi, ona o mo se faʻataʻitaʻiga matua, pe afai o le tulaga e fai si tumau. I le taimi nei, o iʻuga mai suʻesuʻega suʻesuʻeina le mautu o taʻaloga faaletonu ua fefiloi. O le tasi suʻesuʻega na maua ai le maualuga tumau tumau o le 84% ina ua tuanaʻi le 2 tausaga (Gentile et al., 2011), ae o le isi na mauaina o le 50% o tagata mamafa i luga o le upega tafaʻilagi ma faʻafitauli o faʻaletonu o le taʻaloga, na tumau mausali i le maeʻa ai o le 1 tausaga (van Rooij et al., 2011). O isi suʻesuʻega ua lipotia tulaga maulalo maualalo ifo i le 2.8% ina ua maeʻa le 1 tausaga (Rothmund et al., 2018) ma <1% i le maeʻa ai o 2 tausaga (Strittmatter et al., 2016). I le mea sili tatou iloa, e leai se suʻesuʻega i luga o le atinaʻeina auala o eseese typologies o tagata taaalo i le taimi. O le mea lea, o auala savali i le va o "tagata taalo ua fai ma vaisu," "tagata taaalo faafitauli," "tagata taaalo auai" ma masani / leai-tagata taaalo e leʻi suesueina muamua, e ui lava o lenei mea e mafai ona susuluina ai malamalamaaga taua i luga o mamanu atinae e fesoʻotaʻi ma taʻaloga amioga.
O le mea lea, o le faʻamoemoe o le suʻesuʻega 3 o le suʻesuʻeina lea o le tulaga mautu o "tagata taʻalo ua fai ma vaisu," ma suiga o loʻo tupu i le va o "problem gamers," "addicts gamers," ma "auai gamers" i le aluga o taimi.
Metotia
Taualumaga ma faʻataʻitaʻiga
O suʻesuʻega uma e tolu na faʻaaogaina ai faʻamatalaga mai le tutusa tele o suʻesuʻega umi o taʻaloga, taʻaloga ma amioga o fualaʻau i talavou. O se faʻataʻitaʻiga a le atunuʻu o 3,000 talavou (50% fafine) e 17.5 tausaga le matua na aumaia mai le Ofisa o Nofoaga a Nuu i le 2012 (Galu 1). Na logoina le au talavou e uiga i le mafuaʻaga o le suʻesuʻega, o faamatalaga uma o le a togafitia ma le le faalauaiteleina, ma o na faamaumauga o le a faaaogaina mo naʻo faʻamoemoe suʻesuʻega. O le maliega tusitusia na mauaina mai i latou uma na auai. E leʻi manaʻomia le faʻatagaga a matua i luga o tala o talavou i luga atu ole 16 tausaga. O i latou uma na tali mai ile Wave 1 na mauaina suʻesuʻega faʻaletausaga e ala ile meli meli (2013 ma le 2014) faʻatasi ai ma le lua faʻamanatuga mo galu taʻitasi. E mafai ona tali le suʻesuʻega i luga o pepa ma faʻafoʻi mai i se teutusi o loʻo iai muamua pe taliina i luga ole laiga. O i latou uma na auai na mauaina se tusi pasi meaalofa ma le tau e 200 NOK (~ 18 UK £) i le maeʻa ai o galu taʻitasi. O le suʻesuʻega, e aofia ai ma le maliega faʻasologa na taua muamua, na faʻamaonia e le Itumalo Komiti mo Fomaʻi ma Soifua Maloloina Suesuega, Amio Taualoa, South East Region (Poloketi Numera: 2012/914).
O faʻamaumauga mai galu uma e tolu (2012, 2013, 2014) na faʻaaogaina i suʻesuʻega e tolu o loʻo aofia ai ile pepa o loʻo iai nei. Mai le 3,000 talavou na valaʻaulia i le 2012, e toʻa 54 na leʻi mauaina ona o le le saʻo o tuatusi, ae 23 na le mafai ona tali mai ona o isi mafuaʻaga pei o le mafaufau le atoatoa, faʻaititia a matou faʻataʻitaʻiga i le 2,923. I le galu muamua, 2,059 talavou na tali ane (tali faʻatatau 70.4%, 53% fafine). E fa mataupu na aveʻesea ona e laiti ifo nai lo le 17 tausaga le matutua, ma le fa mataupu e leʻi faʻailoa mai ai le latou itupa ma sa faʻateʻaina. I le galu lona lua, o le aofaʻi o 1,334 tagata na tali ane (taofia fua faatatau 64.9%, fafine 58.7%); ma i le galu mulimuli, 1,277 na tali mai (taofia fua faatatau 62.1%, fafine 61.7%).
Fua ma meafaifaaili
Valoʻaga faʻafanua
O le fesili na aofia ai fesili sociodemographic aofia ai feusuaiga.
taaloga
Pathological gaming na iloiloina i le faʻaaogaina o le Taʻaloga Taʻi Fua Fua mo Talavou (GASA) (Lemmens et al., 2009). O le GASA e fitu aitema fuaina i luga o le lima-fua faʻataʻitaʻi ma tali filifiliga amata mai "leai" (Hoffman ma Nadelson, 2010) i le "tele o taimi" (Petry ma O'brien, 2013). O se togi tuʻufaʻatasi na fuafuaina e ala i le faʻaopopoina o togi o aitema taʻitasi. O le fua na faʻaaoga foi mo le faʻaeseesega i le va o le aʻafia, faʻafitauli, ma tagata fai ma vaisu mea faʻaaoga le faʻaaogaina o le CORE 4 (Brunborg et al., 2013, 2015; Wittek et al., 2016), i le faʻavasegaina o vaega 'eseʻese e tusa ma Charlton ma Danforth's (2007) aiaiga mo le tagofia o mea ua fai ma vaisu ma maualuga le faamau (Charlton ma Danforth, 2007). O le au tali na faʻavasegaina o "maʻi tagata taʻalo" peʻa o mea uma e fa o le fuaina o le faʻavae o le addictin (toe solomuli, toʻesea, feteʻenaʻiga ma faʻafitauli e mafua mai i taʻaloga) na faʻamaonia, ma avea o se "faʻafitauli taʻaloga" peʻa lua pe tolu autu autu o le tagofia o mea ua fai ma vaisu na lagolagoina. O talavou na lagolagoina uma aitema e tolu e faʻapea e matuaʻi aʻafia i mea ua fai ma vaisu (malamalama, faʻapalepale, ma fesuiaʻiga o lagona) ma e le sili atu ma le tasi le faʻavae taua o le tagofia o mea ua fai ma vaisu na faʻavasegaina o "auai tagata taʻalo." O isi na totoe na aofia ai le vaega e le o ni vaisu / leai ni faʻafitauli / leai ni faʻalavelave eseese (lea e aofia ai foʻi ma tagata e le o ni taʻaloga). Ina ia iloa le eseesega i le va o le faʻaaogaina o le GASA ma le tolu typologies, o le "pathological gaming" o le a taua i lalo e avea o se faaupuga pe a faʻatatau i le faʻaaogaina o le GASA, ae o le "gamer," "problem gamer," ma le "add gamers ”O loʻo faʻaaogaina mo le faiga masani. Cronbach's alpha mo GASA i galu e tolu o 0.89, 0.90, ma 0.90.
Tigā ma le atuatuvale
E fua ai faʻailoga o le popole ma le faʻanoanoa o le Falemai Fuafua ma Faʻafitauli Fuafaʻafua (HADS) (Zigmond ma Snaith, 1983) na faʻatautaia. HADS iloiloina le le-vegetative faʻailoga o le faʻanoanoa ma le popole i mea e fitu e iloilo ai le popole ma le faʻanoanoa, faʻatulagaina. O aitema uma e taliina ile fua faatatau e fa mai le 0 i le 3. O togi maualuluga e taʻu mai ai le maualuga o le faailoga ogaoga. Cronbach's alpha mo galu e tolu o 0.76, 0.80, ma 0.81 mo le popole, ma 0.69, 0.73, ma 0.76 mo faʻanoanoaga.
faʻavauvau
I le fuaina o le tuua toatasi na matou faʻatautaia le Roberts UCLA Loneliness Scale (RULS) (Roberts et al., 1993). RULS aofia ai mea e valu e iloilo ai le tuʻulafoaʻi i luga o le fa-fua fua mai le "leai" (Hoffman ma Nadelson, 2010) i le "masani" (Van Rooij ma Kardefelt-Winther, 2017). Ua faatonuina le au faʻataʻitaʻi e faʻailoa mai poʻo le a le maualuga e faʻatatau ai ia faʻamatalaga ia latou. Cronbach's alpha for this scale were 0.75, 0.81, and 0.80 at Galu 1-3.
Ava malosi
Suʻesuʻega o le 'ava malosi na suʻesuʻeina ma le Suʻega Faʻamalosiina Faʻailoaina o Faʻataʻitaʻiga-Faʻaaoga (AUDIT-C) (Bush et al., 1998). O le AUDIT-C o loʻo iloiloina le taumafaina o le 'ava mālosi i ni mea se tolu e faʻavasega ai le masani ma le aofaʻi o le inu i luga o le lima fua fuafua mai le 0 i le 4. O togi maualuluga i luga o le AUDIT-C e faʻaalia ai le maualuga o le taumafa ava malosi. Cronbach's alphas mo lenei fua o le 0.77, 0.71, ma le 0.67 i Galu 1-3.
Faʻasalaga
O le Vaega o le Feteʻenaʻi ma le Gagana finau faʻafuaseʻi o le Short Form Buss-Perry Aggression Questionnaire (BPAQ-SF) (Diamond ma Magaletta, 2006) na faʻaaogaina e iloilo ai nei fausiaina. O le Physical ma Verbal subscales o loʻo aofia ai ni mea se fa ma le tolu, na tali uma i le lima fua fua mai le "matua le tutusa aʻu" (0) i le "matua pei o aʻu" (4). O le maualuga togi faʻailoa mai maualuga maualuga agaʻi atu i osofaʻiga. I Waves 1-3 ole Cronbach alphas sa i ai 0.80, 76, ma 0.78 mo faʻavaitaimi o osofaʻiga o le tino, ma le 0.66, 0.68, ma le 0.67 mo le vaega o le vergr aggression subscale.
Suʻesuʻega faʻamaumauga
Faʻataʻitaʻiga muamua ma faʻailoga suʻesuʻega na faʻatinoina SPSS, faʻamatalaga 25 (Corp, 2017). Mo le suʻesuʻega, na matou fausiaina se fesuiaʻiga faʻaalia o loʻo atagia ai le maeʻa o mea uma e 7 GASA (ioe pe leai). O le auai i galu uma na faʻavasegaina o le 1, misia i le T2 na faʻavasegaina o le 2, misia i le T3 na faʻavasegaina o le 3, ma le leiloa i luga uma o T2 ma T3 na faʻavasegaina o le 4. Na matou faia se suʻesuʻega o le multinomial regression e faʻaaoga ai itupa, ma o fua nei i luga o le T1 e pei o upu amata: "taʻaloga faʻaleoleo," "taʻalo faʻamalosi," "faʻafitauli taalo," "auai tagata taʻaalo," faʻanoanoa, atuatuvale, tuʻulafoaʻi, tautala i upu, osofaʻiga malosi o le tino, ma le inu ava malosi.
O isi suʻesuʻega na faʻatinoina e ala i le tele-kulupu auala suʻesuʻega i Mplus, lomiga 7.4 (Muthén ma Muthén, 2015).
Suesue le 1
I le suʻesuʻega muamua, o se koluse faʻafuaseʻi ala faʻataʻitaʻiga ma maitauina faʻailo na tofotofoina e fua ai le koluse-faʻatamaia aafiaga o le soifua maloloina o le mafaufau ma taʻaloga i luga o galu e tolu (vaʻai Faʻatusa LeFigure1).1). Ole aofaʻi ole ono ono faʻatusatusa i ai ma le aoga tele o mea sese sa faʻaaogaina. Mo fua uma, o togi tuʻufaʻatasi na fuafuaina. I lenei suʻesuʻega, o le le faʻaaogaina o le GASA sa faʻafaigaluegaina ma o le faʻataʻitaʻiga na tuʻufaʻatasia e itupa e iloa ai eseesega o itupa e mafai ai. Pathological gaming and mental health variables (eg, depression) fuaina i le taimi e tasi na faʻatagaina e faʻamaopoopo. Auʻiliʻiliga auala faʻatagaina le suʻesuʻeina o manatu faʻavae faʻavae faiga, ma matou manaʻo e faʻamaonia le manatu faʻavae manatu o le faʻataʻitaʻiga i le faʻatusatusaina o le muamua faʻataʻitaʻiga i isi ituaiga faʻataʻitaʻiga ma tapu. E fa faʻataʻitaʻiga fou na faʻataʻitaʻia ma se tasi o faʻatapulaʻaina nei: "leai ni iʻuga o taʻaloga" (M1) "leai ni faʻataʻitaʻiga o taʻaloga" (M2), "taimi tutusa" (M3) ma le "tutusa feusuaiga" (M4).
Faʻataʻavaleina o faʻataʻitaʻiga ole auala ole faʻataʻitaʻiga (GASA) faasaga i fesuiaʻiga o le soifua maloloina faalemafaufau (iʻuga fua).
I le faasaina faataitaiga mo leai ni iʻuga o taʻaloga, aafiaga o taʻaloga i luga o le iʻuga o suiga (ala a ma le ala e) na seti i le leai. I faʻatapulaʻaina faʻataʻitaʻiga o leai ni faʻataʻitaʻiga o taʻaloga, aafiaga o le iʻuga fesuiaʻiga i taʻaloga (ala c ma le ala d) na faʻatapulaʻaina i le leai.
Taʻitaʻiga tutusa na faʻatapulaʻaina ile setiina o aafiaga uma o taʻaloga ma iʻuga o fesuiaʻiga ia tutusa i le va o laʻasaga uma (ala a = ala b, ala c = ala d), faʻatapulaʻa uma aafiaga o taimi. I faʻataʻitaʻiga ma feusuaiga tutusa, aafiaga o feusuaiga e leʻi aofia ai i le auiliiliga.
O faʻatapulaʻaina faʻatusa na faʻatusatusa i le le faʻatapulaʻaina faʻataʻitaʻiga le faʻaaogaina o le Satorra-Bentler chi square test (Satorra ma Bentler, 2010), fetuʻunaʻi ma maualuga maualuga ono faʻatatauina ma le malosi faʻamau sese (MLR) scaling faasaʻoga vaega (Muthé ma Muthén, 2018). Afai o mafaufauga o faʻatapulaʻaina faʻataʻitaʻiga e le ogatasi ma faʻamaumauga, o le faʻafetaui lelei o le a leaga. O le mea lea, o se taua taunuʻuga i luga o le chi-sikuea suʻega o le a fautua mai ai o le le faʻatapulaʻaina ata fetaui sili atu ma a matou faʻamaumauga nai lo le faʻataʻitaʻiga ma faʻatapulaʻaina manatu. O se iʻuga le taua o le a taʻu mai ai o le faʻatapulaʻaina faʻataʻitaʻiga fetaui lelei faʻamatalaga e pei o le le faʻatapulaʻaina faʻataʻitaʻiga (Bryant ma Satorra, 2012), faʻapea mai o le faʻatapulaʻaina tapulaʻa o le a ogatasi ma faʻamaumauga.
Suesue le 2
Mo le suʻesuʻeina o valoʻaga mo se vaʻaiga o tala, na matou faʻavasegaina tulaga taʻaloga i ni vaega se fa: (1) Tagata taʻalo aʻafia, (2) Faʻafitauli o taʻaloga, (3) Taʻalo taʻalo, ma le (4) Le faʻafitauli / leai ni faʻalavelave / leai ni vaisu eseʻese kulupu (mulimuli ane faailogaina "eseesega kulupu") faʻaaogaina le Core 4 auala (Brunborg et al., 2015).
I se faʻasologa o mulimuli ane faʻafitauli faʻataʻitaʻi, na matou suʻesuʻeina pe o le tulaga taʻaloga na valoia taunuʻuga o le soifua maloloina o le mafaufau (mulimuli ane taʻua o "faʻaiuga") ma pe o le mafaufau na taunuʻuga taunuʻuga tulaga taʻaloga (mulimuli ane taʻua "antecedents"). A o tulaga taʻaloga o se sui fesuiaʻi, multinomial regression auiliiliga na faʻaaogaina e suʻesuʻe ai le faʻataʻitaʻiga o tulaga taʻaloga. O le suʻesuʻeina o iʻuga o le tulaga taʻaloga, o le tulaga o taʻaloga na faʻafaigofieina ona faʻaaogaina e avea ma tutoʻatasi tutoʻatasi ma lona mafaufau e pei o le ituaiga faʻalagolago. Sa matou faʻatonutonu mo feusuaʻiga, faʻailoga masani, ma togi i luga o le galu muamua i luga o taunuʻuga fua. O faʻataʻitaʻiga uma e lua na faʻatautaia i le faʻataʻitaʻiga e tasi, ma na toe faia le suʻesuʻega mo fua taʻitasi. O vaega o taʻaloga ma faʻaiuga o gaioiga na muamua auʻiliʻiliina ma le 1 tausaga vaitaimi (T1 – T2, T2 – T3), ona faʻapea ai lea i se ata fou suʻesuʻeina o aʻafiaga i le 2 tausaga (T1 – T3). Iʻuga o le toe faʻavasegaina auiliiliga o le a talanoaina e tusa ma mea na maua i le suʻesuʻega 1, e suʻesuʻe atili ai le faʻamautuina o faʻatasiga i le va o faʻataʻitaʻiga faʻafitauli i le mafaufau i le gasologa o taimi.
Suesue le 3
Ina ia suʻesuʻe le tulaga mautu ma auala o taʻaloga ua fai ma vaisu, tagata taʻalo faʻafitauli ma tagata fai mea tau, ua matou fuafuaina se ata lilo a Markov o suiga o mea e ono tutupu i le va o tala e tolu o tagata taʻalo, ma le vaega faʻatusatusa. O faʻataʻitaʻiga Natia Markov o loʻo faʻaaogaina e fuafua ai suiga fesuiaʻiga i le va o vavaega faʻavasega mo taimi faʻasologa. O matauina taua e faʻaaogaina e faʻatatau ai le faʻavae ma le le vaʻaia o le Markov process, e taʻua foi o le Markov chain, lea e faʻamoemoe i luga o le masalosalo o le avanoa o se setete o loʻo i ai nei e faʻalagolago i le setete muamua (Zucchini et al., 2016; Muthén ma Muthén, 2017).
i'uga
Āiga
Mai i le 2,055 sui auai, e toʻa 21 na faʻateʻaina ona o le misia o aitema i luga o le GASA i le Galu 1. O isi na auai, 999 na auai i galu uma; 256 na misi i le Wave 2, 309 na leiloa i le Wave 3, ma le 470 na misi i Waves 2 ma le 3. I se aotelega, o tagata vavalo o le leiloa na vaivai ma ni nai tuusaunoa. O le leiloa i le Wave 3 na valoia e le tamaloa (OR = 0.52, p = 0.001), ma le maualuga taumafa ava malosi (OR = 1.10, p = 0.01). O le leiloa i galu 2 ma le 3 na valoia foi e le tamaloa (OR = 0.31, p = 0.00), ma le maualuga taumafa ava malosi (OR = 1.08, p = 0.01), faʻapea foi ma le avea ma vaisu taʻaalo (OR = 4.58, p = 0.02).
Suesue le 1
Antecedents ma iʻuga o pathological taʻaloga
O iʻuga o le fesoʻotaʻiga i le va o faʻataʻitaʻiga faʻafitauli ma taunuʻuga tau soifua maloloina i le le faʻatapulaaina faʻataʻitaʻiga ua lipotia mai i le Laulau LeTable11.
Laulau 1
O se faʻasolosolo-faʻatamaʻi ala ala o faʻataʻitaʻiga ma iʻuga o faʻafitauli tau taʻaloga.
| Faʻatulagaina beta | Model talafeagai | |||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Ala A | Ala B | Ala C | Ala D | χ2 (df = 8) | CFI | TLI | RMSEA | SRMR | n | |
| FAʻALEAGA | ||||||||||
| tama | 0.14** | 0.07 | 0.03 | 0.01 | 115.33 | 0.907 | 0.674 | 0.114 | 0.050 | 963 |
| teine | 0.13*** | 0.12** | 0.11** | 0.12** | 1,088 | |||||
| ANXIETY | ||||||||||
| tama | 0.11* | 0.07 | 0.03 | -0.02 | 93.93 | 0.936 | 0.776 | 0.102 | 0.042 | 963 |
| teine | 0.07* | 0.07* | 0.05 | 0.05 | 1,088 | |||||
| Tuʻua | ||||||||||
| tama | 0.07 | 0.05 | 0.04 | 0.01 | 92.47 | 0.933 | 0.767 | 0.101 | 0.044 | 962 |
| teine | 0.07 | 0.08 | 0.10* | 0.08* | 1,088 | |||||
| ALOHA | ||||||||||
| tama | -0.03 | -0.05 | -0.05 | -0.06 | 76.62 | 0.938 | 0.784 | 0.091 | 0.038 | 963 |
| teine | 0.01 | 0.01 | -0.001 | -0.04 | 1,087 | |||||
| FAʻATASIGA FAʻATASI | ||||||||||
| tama | 0.09* | 0.02 | 0.04 | -0.04 | 103.73 | 0.923 | 0.730 | 0.108 | 0.043 | 963 |
| teine | 0.03 | 0.03 | 0.02 | -0.003 | 1,088 | |||||
| FAATINO FAATINO | ||||||||||
| tama | 0.05 | -0.03 | 0.05 | 0.05 | 87.91 | 0.938 | 0.782 | 0.099 | 0.040 | 963 |
| teine | 0.04 | 0.06 | 0.08* | 0.05 | 1,088 | |||||
O le soifua maloloina o le mafaufau e pei o taunuuga o taʻaloga na tofotofoina i le auala A ma le auala B, ao soifua maloloina o le mafaufau e pei o faʻataʻitaʻiga o taʻaloga na tofotofoina i le auala C ma le auala D.
Iʻuga o le Satorra-Bentler suʻega o chi sikuea eseʻesega i le va o le le faʻatapulaaina ala faataitaiga ma faʻatapulaʻaina faʻatusa (silasila i le faʻaopoopoga A-D mo laulau) o loʻo lipotia mai i le Laulau LeTable2.2. Laulau LeTable22 faʻaalia o le suʻega mo leai ni iʻuga o taʻaloga na taua mo le faʻanoanoa, popole ma le tuua toʻatasi, faʻailoa mai ai o le manatu o nei fesuiaiga e le o ni iʻuga o taʻaloga faʻamaoniga sa le aoga. O le suʻega mo leai ni faʻataʻitaʻiga o taʻaloga na taua mo le faʻanoanoa, tuua toʻatasi ma le malosi o le tino, faʻailoa mai o nei fesuiaʻiga o ni upu amata i taʻaloga faʻapitoa. O le mea lea, o le faʻataʻitaʻiga fetaui na matua sili atu le leaga pe a faʻatapulaʻaina faʻaiuga ma faʻamuamua i luga o suiga ua taua. O iʻuga ua faʻailoa mai ai o le manatu faʻavae o le eg, loto faʻanoanoa e le o se iʻuga o faʻataʻitaʻiga faʻaleaʻoaʻoga na faaleaogaina. O le mea lea, na matou faʻailoa ai le osofaʻiga faʻaletino o se amataga o taʻaloga faʻafitauli, popolega o se iʻuga o taʻaloga faʻafitauli, ma matou iloa ai le fesoʻotaʻiga vavalalata i le va o le faʻanoanoaga, tuua toʻatasi ma taʻaloga faʻaleoleo. E leʻi faʻaalia mai ile suʻega ole omnibus se itupa poʻo le eseesega o tausaga ile tolu taimi. Na faʻaalia ai, o faʻataʻitaʻi o le soifua maloloina faalemafaufau ma iʻuga o faʻataʻitaʻiga faʻapitoa e tutusa mo tama ma teine, e tutoʻatasi mai tausaga i lenei suʻesuʻega.
Laulau 2
Satorra-Bentler chi sikuea suʻesuʻega faʻatusatusaina o faʻatapulaʻaina auala faʻataʻitaʻiga e uiga i iʻuga o faʻataʻitaʻiga faʻafitauli, faʻataʻitaʻiga mo faʻasolosolo faʻasolosolo, mafaufauga le tumau, ma feusuaiga eseesega i le le faʻatapulaaina faʻataʻitaʻiga.
| M1: Leai ni faʻaiuga o taʻaloga (df = 4) | M2: Leai ni faʻataʻitaʻiga o taʻaloga (df = 4) | M3: Taimi tutusa (df = 8) | M4: Feusuaʻiga tutusa (df = 8) | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| tūlaga faigatā | 37.84* | 20.47* | 6.16 | 11.52 |
| fāʻatu | 19.51* | 6.18 | 13.27 | 5.99 |
| faʻavauvau | 12.82* | 16.92* | 8.50 | 10.43 |
| ava | 2.18 | 5.41 | 12.14 | 13.27 |
| Gaioiga saua | 7.28 | 2.38 | 8.86 | 7.86 |
| Osofaiga o le tino | 7.31 | 10.66* | 12.03 | 7.44 |
O tikeri o le saolotoga ua lipotia o le eseesega i le va o le faasaina faataitaiga ma le le faatapulaaina faataitaiga.
Suesue le 2
Antecedents ma iʻuga o le tolu typologies o tagata taʻalo
laulau LeTable33 o loʻo faʻaalia mai iʻuga mai le suʻesuʻega o le reginomion multinomial. O faʻamatalaga na faʻailoa mai ai o le faʻanoanoaga na valoia le faia o taʻaloga vitio mai le T1 – T2, ma mai le T1 – T3. O le atuatuvale na valoia foi faafitauli o le taalo i le vaitaimi e 1 tausaga (T1 – T2, T2 – T3) ae le sili atu i le 2 tausaga (T1 – T3). O le nofo toatasi na valoia le aafia i taaloga vitio ma faafitauli o taʻaloga mai le T1 – T2, ma vaega uma o taʻaloga mai le T1 – T3. O le faʻaititia o le 'ava malosi na valoia ai faʻafitauli o taʻaloga mai le T2 – T3, ma le T1 – T3, ae o le maualuga o le taumafaina o le' ava malosi na valoia ai le avea ma taʻaloga faʻasolitulafono i le tausaga lona lua o le fuaina (T2 – T3). T1 – T2), ma le osofaʻiga a le tino na valoia uma vasega o taʻaloga i le taimi e tasi o le fuaina.
Laulau 3
Multinomial regression iloiloina faʻaalia antecedents mo le "auai gamer," "problem gamer" ma le "addict gamer." O le faʻatusatusaga kulupu aofia ai le vaega faʻavasega.
| OR [95% CI] | |||
|---|---|---|---|
| Faʻatasi | Faafitauli | Ua fai ma vaisu | |
| FAʻALEAGA | |||
| T1 – T2 | 1.11* [1.02-1.22] | 1.11** [1.03-1.19] | 1.08 [0.94-1.23] |
| T2 – T3 | 1.04 [0.94-1.16] | 1.11* [1.02-1.21] | 1.22 [0.95-1.55] |
| T1 – T3 | 1.15** [1.05-1.27] | 1.05 [0.97-1.14] | 1.09 [0.87-1.37] |
| ANXIETY | |||
| T1 – T2 | 1.08 [0.98-1.18] | 1.05 [0.99-1.12] | 1.07 [0.92-1.23] |
| T2 – T3 | 1.09 [0.97-1.22] | 0.98 [0.89-1.07] | 0.93 [0.78-1.11] |
| T1 – T3 | 1.06 [0.95-1.20] | 1.05 [0.98-1.13] | 0.97 [0.82-1.14] |
| Tuʻua | |||
| T1 – T2 | 1.11** [1.04-1.19] | 1.07* [1.01-1.13] | 1.06 [0.98-1.15] |
| T2 – T3 | 1.08 [0.99-1.16] | 1.05 [0.99-1.11] | 1.07 [0.94-1.23] |
| T1 – T3 | 1.08* [1.01-1.16] | 1.08* [1.01-1.15] | 1.16** [1.05-1.28] |
| FAʻAFUAFAIGA AGAVA | |||
| T1 – T2 | 0.90 [0.76-1.06] | 0.97 [0.87-1.08] | 1.19 [0.89-1.58] |
| T2 – T3 | 0.87 [0.68-1.10] | 0.78* [0.63-0.98] | 1.46* [1.03-2.07] |
| T1 – T3 | 0.94 [0.76-1.16] | 0.78** [0.65-0.93] | 0.96 [0.75-1.23] |
| FAʻATASIGA FAʻATASI | |||
| T1 – T2 | 1.16* [1.03–1.31] | 1.11* [1.01-1.21] | 1.15 [0.99-1.34] |
| T2 – T3 | 1.00 [0.85–1.16] | 0.95 [0.83-1.09] | 0.66 [0.41-1.08] |
| T1 – T3 | 0.96 [0.84-1.10] | 1.04 [0.93-1.17] | 0.75 [0.54-1.04] |
| FAATINO FAATINO | |||
| T1 – T2 | 1.12** [1.04-1.21] | 1.10** [1.03-1.16] | 1.19** [1.07-1.31] |
| T2 – T3 | 1.01 [0.90-1.14] | 1.05 [0.96-1.15] | 0.91 [0.68-1.21] |
| T1 – T3 | 1.04 [0.95-1.13] | 1.02 [0.95-1.09] | 0.94 [0.78-1.13] |
Itupa, tulaga muamua o taʻaloga vaega, ma muamua tulaga o iʻuga fesuiaʻiga e pulea mo i uma auiliiliga. O le faʻailoaina o le taimi (eg, T1 – T2) maua i lalo o le iʻuga fesuiaʻiga, taʻu mai ai o le taunuuga fesuiaʻi i le muamua galu valoʻia le vaega taʻaloga i le lona galu lona lua.
laulau LeTable44 o loʻo faʻaalia ai le iʻuga o le faʻavasegaga faʻasolosolo faʻatonutonuina faʻaalia ai le iʻuga o vasega taʻaloga uma faʻatusatusa i le vaega faʻatusatusa. O le faʻanoanoaga na maua mai o se iʻuga o faʻafitauli o faʻafitauli i le maeʻa ai o le 1 tausaga (T1 – T2), ma vaega uma o taʻaloga i luga atu o le 2 tausaga (T1 – T3). O le tuua toʻatasi na maua mai o se iʻuga o faʻafitauli o faʻafitauli i le maeʻa ai o le 1 tausaga (T1 – T2), ma le maeʻa ai o le 2 tausaga (T1 – T3). Na maua le popolevale ona o se iʻuga o taʻaloga ua fai ma vaisu i le maeʻa ai o le 2 tausaga (T1 – T3). O le osofaʻiga tautala na maua o se faʻaiuga o faʻafitauli tau taʻaloga ina ua maeʻa le 1 tausaga (T1 – T2).
Laulau 4
O le toe suʻesuʻeina o le faʻaaliga e aliali mai ai le faʻaiuga o le avea ma "gamer auai," "problem gamer" ma le "addict gamer," pe a faʻatusatusa i le eseesega vaega ma 1 tausaga va i le va o fua.
| PULEGA FAʻAVAE FAʻAVAE (STDY) | |||
|---|---|---|---|
| T1 – T2 | T2 – T3 | T1 – T3 | |
| FAʻALEAGA | |||
| Faʻatasi | 0.13 | 0.30 | 0.38* |
| Faafitauli | 0.42*** | 0.12 | 0.33*** |
| Ua fai ma vaisu | 0.52 | 0.33 | 0.58** |
| ANXIETY | |||
| Faʻatasi | 0.04 | 0.07 | 0.19 |
| Faafitauli | 0.15 | 0.15 | 0.13 |
| Ua fai ma vaisu | 0.24 | -0.04 | 0.38** |
| Tuʻua | |||
| Faʻatasi | 0.15 | 0.29 | 0.06 |
| Faafitauli | 0.30** | 0.14 | 0.30** |
| Ua fai ma vaisu | 0.11 | -0.06 | 0.08 |
| FAʻAFUAFAIGA AGAVA | |||
| Faʻatasi | -0.07 | 0.26 | -0.02 |
| Faafitauli | -0.01 | -0.22 | -0.02 |
| Ua fai ma vaisu | -0.08 | -0.26 | -0.01 |
| FAʻATASIGA FAʻATASI | |||
| Faʻatasi | 0.10 | 0.01 | 0.25 |
| Faafitauli | 0.19* | -0.03 | 0.11 |
| Ua fai ma vaisu | 0.21 | 0.08 | -0.15 |
| FAATINO FAATINO | |||
| Faʻatasi | 0.09 | -0.04 | 0.11 |
| Faafitauli | 0.06 | -0.01 | 0.13 |
| Ua fai ma vaisu | -0.18 | 0.38 | -0.12 |
Itupa, tulaga muamua o taʻaloga vaega, ma muamua tulaga o iʻuga fesuiaʻiga e pulea mo i uma auiliiliga.
Suesue le 3
Mausali ma fesuiaiga tutupu i le va o le eseese typologies o tagata taaalo
O le tufatufaina o le "auai gamer," "problem gamer," "addict gamer" ma le eseesega kulupu i luga o le tolu galu o loo maua i le Faʻaopopoga E, ma togi togi mo vaega taʻitasi i luga o le iʻuga fesuiaʻiga i le muamua ma le mulimuli galu o loʻo maua i le faʻaopoopoga F. O iʻuga o suʻega Markov natia o loʻo lipotia mai i le Laulau LeTable5.5. Ata LeFigure22 o loʻo faʻaalia ai se siata Sankey o le fuafuaina faʻatatau i le va o tagata taʻalo. O le mautu o le vaʻaia gamer typology na fuafuaina e 35%. Mo ituaiga uma o taʻaʻalo a taʻaloga, seʻi vagana ai vaisu, o loʻo totoe i le vaega lava e tasi i le vaitaimi o le 2 tausaga, e maualuga atu le avanoa nai lo le suia o faʻamaumauga. Mo tagata taʻalo ua fai ma vaisu na i ai le maualuga maualuga avanoa e fesiitaʻi ai i le "problem gamer" i le aluga o taimi (53%), nai lo le tumau ai i le vaega ua fai ma vaisu (35%). E toetoe lava leai ni fesuiaiga i le va o le "vaisu" i le "auai" gamer (0%) ma mai le "auai" i le "fai ma vaisu" gamer (2%).
Laulau 5
Latent suiga suiga o le fa vaega o tagata taʻaʻalo faʻavae luga o se Nofoaga Markov auiliiliga lipotia i le pasene.
| % | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Faʻatasi | Faafitauli | onāga i vailāʻau | Faatusatusa | |
| Faʻatasi | 52 | 20 | 02 | 26 |
| Faafitauli | 16 | 59 | 08 | 17 |
| onāga i vailāʻau | 00 | 53 | 35 | 12 |
| Faatusatusa | 00 | 00 | 00 | 100 |
Sankey siata o loʻo faʻaalia ai le fuafuaina o fesuiaʻiga i le va o le tolu typologies o tagata taaalo, ma le 'eseʻese kulupu o talavou na le pauu atu i le tolu taʻaloga typologies. O le fuafuaina e faʻavae i luga o fesuiaiga i le va o T1 – T2 – T3.
Talanoaga
Suesue le 1
Antecedents ma iʻuga o pathological taʻaloga
O le faʻamoemoe o le suʻesuʻega 1 o le faʻailoaina o upu amata ma iʻuga o faʻataʻitaʻiga faʻafitauli i luga atu o le 2 tausaga. Na matou iloaina, e pei ona fuafuaina, fegasoloaʻiga i le va o le mafaufau iuga o le mafaufau e uiga i le tuua toʻatasi ma le lotomafatia i pathological taʻaloga. E tusa ai ma le tuua toʻatasi, oa matou sailiga na ogatusa ma sailiiliga na lipotia e Lemmens et al. (2011a) o loʻo faʻailoa mai ai o le tuʻulafoaʻi e ono taitai atu ai i taʻaloga leaga ma le isi itu. I suʻesuʻega faʻaumiumi talu ai, faʻatoa maua le faʻanoanoa ona o se faʻaiuga o taʻaloga faʻapitoa (Mößle ma Rehbein, 2013; Mihara ma Higuchi, 2017), ae o le suʻesuʻega o loʻo iai nei o loʻo faʻailoa mai ai o faʻailoga o le faʻanoanoa e ono vaʻai foʻi i taʻaloga faʻapitoa. O gatasi ma mea na maua muamua (Gentile et al., 2011), popole na faailoaina o se taunuuga o pathological taʻaloga. Lenei ono mafai ona faʻamatalaina e ala maualuga faʻailoga i offline tulaga mafua mai i le itiiti ifo moni o le ola vavalalata (Lo et al. 2005), poʻo le feeseeseaiga i le va o le initaneti ma le offline faʻailoga e mafua ai le le saogalemu i le lalolagi moni. O suʻesuʻega na muamua atu na iloa ai le osofaʻiga o le tino o se iʻuga o taʻaloga (Lemmens et al., 2011b). I se faʻatusatusaga, o le suʻesuʻega o loʻo faʻailoaina mai le osofaʻiga o le tino o se amataga mo taʻaloga faʻapitoa. Lenei ono mafua mai i endogenous faanaunauga agaʻi i le tino osofaʻiga, lea e ono sili atu ona faʻamalieina i vitio taʻaloga nai lo le moni lalolagi (Kim et al., 2008). O lenei sailiga ono ono atagia mai ai o le malosi o le tino e mafai ona avea o se faʻailoga o le faʻafitauli fesagaʻi ma fetaiaʻi o fegalegaleaiga, faia i luga o le initoneti fegalegaleaiga lautele (eg, taʻaloga) o se sili atu tauia malae mo talavou vevesi.
Ogatasi ma suesuega muamua (Lemmens et al., 2011a; Brunborg et al., 2013), faʻatasiga i le va o le mafaufau ma le soifua maloloina taʻaloga i lenei suʻesuʻega na maua e avea ma masani ai i isi itupa. O lenei sailiga e taʻu mai ai e ui lava o tama e sili atu i le ono lamatia o le atinaʻeina o mea ua fai ma vaisu (Mentzoni et al., 2011; van Rooij et al., 2014), o le auala e faʻatino ai mea tau le soifua maloloina o le mafaufau e pei o faʻamuamua ma iʻuga o faʻataʻitaʻiga faʻafitauli, e tutusa mo aliʻi ma fafine. Ole fesuiaʻiga ile taimi atoa e leʻi maua mai ose manatu faʻavae i le suʻesuʻega o loʻo faia nei, e faʻailoa mai ai ole eseesega ole tausaga ile va ole 17.5 male 19.5 tausaga e le talafeagai mo le faʻafesoʻotaʻiga ile va ole mafaufau male soifua maloloina ma taʻaloga faʻapitoa.
Suesue le 2
Antecedents ma iʻuga o taʻaloga typologies
O le faʻamoemoe o le suʻesuʻega 2 o le suʻesuʻeina o faʻapitoa fesoʻotaʻiga i le va o le soifua maloloina o le mafaufau ma le tolu typologies o taʻaloga, faʻaaogaina le le auai / leai-faʻafitauli / e le o avea ma vaisu, e pei o le faʻasino. Na matou suʻesuʻeina i le typologies e le gata o ni faʻaiuga ae o ni vaega o le soifua maloloina o le mafaufau. Na matou faamoemoe e iloa o le vaega ua fai ma vaisu o tagata taaalo o le a fesoʻotaʻi ma le maualuga numera o antecedences, ma le maualuga numera o iʻuga nai lo isi vaega o tagata taaalo, na faamaonia e le o le tulaga i le taimi nei suʻesuʻega. Faʻavae i luga o mea na maua mai le suʻesuʻega 1, o iʻuga talafeagai mai le suʻesuʻega 2 e aofia ai le faʻanoanoa o se mea muamua mo le faʻaaogaina ma faʻafitauli o tagata taʻaʻalo, tuua toʻatasi ma le faʻaoolima i le tino e pei o upu amata i tala masani uma. E tusa ai ma taunuuga, o fesoʻotaʻiga talafeagai aofia ai faʻanoanoaga o se faʻaiuga o uma typologies, popolega o se iʻuga o taʻaloga mausa, ma le tuʻulafoa o se faʻaiuga o faʻafitauli taʻaloga typology.
E pei ona talanoaina i le suʻesuʻega 1, na matou mautinoaina le fegasoloaʻi o aʻafiaga i le va o taʻaloga faʻapitoa ma le tuua toʻatasi ma le faanoanoa. Ina ua suʻesuʻeina fesuiaiga tutusa i le fesoʻotaʻi atu i typologies, tuua toʻatasi na avea ma se amataga ma o se iʻuga o faʻafitauli o faʻafitauli ', ma le faʻanoanoa na maua e avea uma ma antecedent ma o se faʻaiuga o faʻafitauli taʻaloga faʻapea foi ma le auai i taʻaloga. O le vaivai ae taua, fesoʻotaʻiga fesoʻotaʻiga i le va o le faʻanoanoaga ma le faia o taʻaloga sa fai si ofo ona o sailiga muamua e leʻi lipotia ni faʻaletonu aʻafiaga o le taʻaloga vitio auai (Brunborg et al., 2013). O le sailiga o loʻo iai nei e taʻu mai ai o le salience, tolerance, ma le suiga o lagona (periphery criterias), o faʻailoga ia o le IGD (American Psychiatric Association, 2013), ono ono aʻafia e malamalama ai i le soʻosoʻoga felagolagomaʻi fesoʻotaʻiga i le va o taʻaloga faʻapitoa ma le tuua toʻatasi / faʻanoanoa maua i le suesuega 1.
Sa i ai foʻi ni mea manaia sailiga e faʻapitoa i taʻaloga ua fai ma vaisu, ia e ono faʻamatalaina ai le mafuaʻaga ua atili ai ona ogaoga le mafaufau ua fesoʻotaʻi ma lenei vaega (Loton et al., 2016). O le faʻanoanoa na faʻatoa maua o se faʻaiuga mo tagata taʻalo ua fai ma vaisu. Faʻavae luga o sailiga mai le suʻesuʻega 1, e maitauina o le faʻailoaina o fesoʻotaʻiga i le va o le popole ma le "taʻaloga faʻaleoleo" na o le faʻaaogaina i le "vaisu taʻaloga" i le suʻesuʻega 2. Matou te leʻi mauaina se lagolago mo se faʻatasiga i le va o le taumafaina o le 'ava malosi ma faʻataʻitaʻi faʻapitoa i suʻesuʻega 1. Ae ui i lea, o suʻesuʻega o tala na faailoa mai ai o le maualuga o le taumafa ava malosi na valoia ai vaisu o vitio, ae o le maualalo o le ava malosi na valoia ai le faafitauli o taʻaloga i le suʻesuʻega. o lea e taua matauina. Nei sailiiliga o nisi o sili ona iloga eseesega i le va o mea ua fai ma vaisu ma isi ituaiga, ma ono faʻamatalaina pe aisea ua avea ai vaisu vitio ma mafuaʻaga sili atu matuia faitioga faitele nai lo faʻafitauli taʻaloga (Brunborg et al., 2013). Leai se faʻapitoa fesoʻotaʻiga fesoʻotaʻiga i vaisu taʻaloga na maua, faʻailoa mai o lenei tulaga vaʻaia sili atu faigata psychopathology, nai lo le vavalo e mafaufau maloloina.
O a matou sailiga ua faʻaalia ai o le osofaʻiga o le tino na valoia uma vasega o taʻaloga faʻatusatusa i le vaega faʻasino. O loʻo fautua mai ai o le faʻatasia i le va o taʻaloga ma le osofaʻiga atonu e faʻamatalaina e le au talavou ma le malosi o latou uiga ma uiga faʻale-mafaufau (Kim et al., 2008), le sili atu i le tulaga lamatia mo taʻaloga pathology, nai lo taʻaloga avea ma mafuaʻaga o le lumanaʻi osofaʻiga. Na matou mauaina foʻi faʻailoga o le siʻitia o tulaga o gaioiga i gutu e avea o se faʻataʻitaʻiga o le auai ma faʻafitauli o taʻaloga, ma o se iʻuga o faʻafitauli o faʻafitauli, ae o nei sailiiliga e le tutusa i luga o galu e tolu, pe lagolagoina foi e le suʻesuʻega a Satorra-Bentler i le suʻesuʻega 1 I le aotelega, o matou sailiga faʻaalia ai o le fesoʻotaʻiga i le va o le osofaʻiga ma taʻaloga typologies tatau ona suʻesuʻe atili faʻaaogaina, mo se faʻataʻitaʻiga, o se tagata taʻaʻalo-faʻatulagaina faʻatulagaina faʻataʻitaʻiga (Ferguson et al., 2017) poʻo faʻamalieina paradigm (Sherry et al., 2006), lea e amanaʻia le filifiliga saoloto o le tagata taʻalo.
Suesue le 3
Mautu ma auala o taʻaloga typologies
O le faʻamoemoe o le suʻesuʻega 3 o le suʻesuʻeina o le tumau mautu o taʻaloga typologies, ma suiga o loʻo tupu i le va o ia typologies ma le 'eseʻese kulupu. O le tumau tumau o tagata ua fai ma vaisu mea totino na fuafuaina e 35% lea e i le ogatotonu o vaʻa lipotia e isi suʻesuʻega (<1-84%) (Gentile et al., 2011; van Rooij et al., 2011; Strittmatter et al., 2016; Rothmund et al., 2018). O le mea lea, mo le toʻatele o talavou ua fai ma vaisu i le taimi nei suʻesuʻega, o le ogaoga o taʻaloga faʻailoga na faʻaititia i luga o le taimi ile 2 tausaga. Faʻatusatusa atinaʻe suiga i le vaitaimi mai le 17 i le 19 tausaga (eg, faʻalauteleina tiutetauave, va fealofani ma tamaiti aʻoga gaioiga) (Rothmund et al., 2018) mafai ona faʻamatalaina lenei. I leisi itu, o le kulupu o le "maʻa taʻaalo" mautu o le 35%, lea e maitauina, faʻailoa mai ai mo le tele o vaega o taʻaloga, faʻailoga o le taʻaloga faʻaletonu e tumau pea i le 2 tausaga. E le gata i lea, o se maualuga maualuga o mea ua fai ma vaisu tagata taʻaʻalo na pasi atu i le faʻafitauli vaega taʻaloga (53%), lea e fesoʻotaʻi foʻi ma lagona ma faitioga faitioga (Brunborg et al., 2013).
O sailiga e faʻapea mai mo ituaiga uma o taʻaʻalo a taʻaloga, seʻi vagana ai vaisu taʻaloga, sa i ai le maualuga maualuga avanoa e tumau ai i le tutusa vaega i le taimi nai lo le tuʻua. E le gata i lea, leai se tasi mai le 'eseʻese vaega suia i soʻo se taʻaloga typologies, o loʻo faʻailoa mai ai o faʻailoga o faʻataʻitaʻiga taʻaloga e aliaʻe i le amataga o le atinaʻe talaʻaga. Lenei ono faʻamatalaina le leai o se fou suʻesuʻeina i totonu o kulupu o auai, faʻafitauli, ma fai ma vaisu tagata taʻaʻalo.
Talanoaga lautele ma aʻafiaga o mea na maua
O le pepa o loʻo iai nei na faʻaaogaina ai se auala lautele e suʻesuʻe ai le tulaga masani o amioga taʻaloga i le aluga o taimi, suʻesuʻeina faʻatonuga o faʻatasiga ma le soifua maloloina faalemafaufau, faʻapea foi ma auala savali i le va o taʻaloga eseese typologies. Faʻaogaina o se unidimensional ma a typological conceptualization o taʻaloga amioga i le tutusa faʻataʻitaʻiga faʻailoa mai o le unidimensional auala i taʻaloga faʻaletonu (pei ona faʻaaogaina i le suʻesuʻega 1) e aunoa ma nisi suʻesuʻega, ono mafua ai le le amanaiaina ono taua eseesega i le va o taʻaloga typologies. Mo se faʻataʻitaʻiga, o le itu i le va o le inu ava malosi ma le "faʻafitauli o taʻaloga" (le lelei) ma le "taʻalo faʻamalieina" (lelei) i le suʻesuʻega 2, sa faafeagai le tasi ma le isi, ae o le suʻesuʻega 1 e leʻi iloa ai se fesoʻotaʻiga i le va o le taumafa ava malosi ma faʻataʻitaʻiga faʻapitoa. O le mea lea, o le suʻesuʻega 2 na maua ai o loʻo i ai ni eseʻesega i le va o taʻaloga typologies e le mafai ona suʻesuʻeina i le suʻesuʻega 1, lea na fuaina ai pea taʻaloga faʻapitoa. O le feʻeseʻeseaʻiga i le va o vasega o tagata e aʻafia tele i latou e ono taua mo le faʻailoaina o talavou e manaʻomia se togafitiga, ma le atinaʻeina o faʻalavelave i le puipuia ma le togafitia.
Iʻuga o le suʻesuʻega 2 ma le 3 tuʻufaʻatasia maua ai le poto o le natura vasega o eseese taʻaloga typologies. O le asiasia o auala o le suʻesuʻega 3 o loʻo faʻailoa mai ai o le tele o tagata taʻalo ua fai ma vaisu (53%) e o atu i "tagata taʻavale faʻafitauli," pe tumau ai pea ona fai ma vaisu (35%). E manaia lenei mea e tusa ai ma mea na maua i le suʻesuʻega 2, e faʻasino i le tele o iʻuga le lelei o le "faʻafitauli o taʻaloga" ma le "taʻaloga ua fai ma vaisu." I le aotelega, o le mautu o tagata ua fai ma vaisu faʻafitauli ma tagata taaalo faʻafitauli sa fai lava si maualuga, ma e foliga mai e talafeagai le manatu o le tele o nei talavou o loʻo manaʻomia ni togafitiga poʻo isi ituaiga o lagolago.
E tusa ai ma mea na matou mauaina i le suʻesuʻega 1, o le lotomafatia ma le tuua toʻatasi e foliga mai e fesoʻotaʻi ma faʻailoga o faʻasologa o taʻaloga i totonu o le tuʻufaʻatasia o le tagata lava ia ma / poʻo le lagolagoina o taʻamilosaga Lenei na lagolagoina e le tele o mea na maua mai le suʻesuʻega 2, ma ni eseʻesega i le va o faʻailoga. O se faʻamatalaga faʻamatala o le faʻaogaina o le initaneti faʻaaogaina i talavou (Strittmatter et al., 2016) fuafuaina le faʻamalosia offline le faʻamalosia (eg, sola ese mai mea moni o le olaga, le lelei lagona, feteʻenaʻiga) e ala i le initaneti faʻaoga faʻaaoga taunuʻuga i sili atu pathological initaneti faʻaoga. E maua foʻi e talavou le faʻamalosia i luga ole laiga (faʻataʻitaʻi, faʻamautinoaina e oe lava, faʻamatalaga suʻesuʻe), lea e faʻafaigofie ai ona faʻaaogaina le tele o initaneti. Strittmatter et al. (2016) fautua mai o lenei taʻamilosaga e masani ona faʻagaoioia ma tausia e talavou e iai faʻafitauli tau i lagona nai lo i latou e aunoa ma ni faigata. E le gata i lea, "o le suiga o le talitonuga" (Gentile et al., 2017) faʻamatala faʻafefea ona suia e le faʻasalalauga mea taua gaioiga pei o le moe ma fegalegaleʻoaʻiga. I luga o lenei mea, matou te fautuaina ai se faʻataʻitaʻiga e faʻamatala ai le felagolagomaʻi o gaioiga o loʻo galulue i le va o le faʻanoanoaga, tuua toʻatasi, ma taʻaloga faʻapitoa i le tasi taʻamilosaga (vaʻai le Ata LeFigure3).3). Muamua, taʻaloga ono avea o se gaioiga e nofoia talavou i lagona faʻafitauli (Lemmens et al., 2011a). O taʻaloga e mafai ona maua ai se fesoasoani vave i se tulaga le lelei, pei o se faʻafitauli matuitui na mafua mai i le faʻanoanoa ma / poʻo le tuʻulafoaʻi (le faʻamalosia le lelei o taʻaloga) faʻatasi ai ma mea lelei i luga o le upega tafailagi (faʻamalosia lelei o taʻaloga). Faʻailoga o faʻataʻitaʻiga faʻataʻitaʻi ono siitia ma sapasapaia e, mo se faʻataʻitaʻiga, ia sili atu ona aliali mai i le talavou olaga, ma avea ma se taua taʻiala mo lagona suia. Lenei ono ono mafua ai le leiloa o moni mea moni poto masani ma faʻafesuiaʻiga o isi gaioiga (Gentile et al., 2017) ma isi faʻaiuga i le faʻateleina o faʻafitauli tau lagona. Faʻatasi, e ono faʻamatalaina pe faʻafefea ona tauivi le au talavou ma faʻataʻitaʻi faʻafitauli e sosola ese mai lenei faʻamalosi tino leaga. Ina ia manino, o le faʻataʻitaʻiga taumafai e faʻamatala le auala gaioiga i le va o faʻalagona faʻafitauli ma pathological taʻaloga maua i lenei suʻesuʻega, ae le o le tele o le faʻanoanoa. O le faʻataʻitaʻia le faʻataʻitaʻiga e le o faʻapea o le taʻaloga i se tulaga lautele o le a taitai atu ai i le atuatuvale po o le tuua toʻatasi, ae nai lo le faʻamatalaina o le fesoʻotaʻiga ma faʻasolosolo taʻaloga faʻamaonia i le taimi nei suʻesuʻega.
Faʻataʻitaʻiga o loʻo faʻailoa mai ai le faiga o faʻatinoga gaioiga i le va ole faʻanoanoaga, tuʻulafoaʻi, ma faʻamai taʻaloga.
O mea na maua i le suʻesuʻega 3 o loʻo faʻailoa mai ai o tagata faʻaaoga mea puʻe e sili atu nai lo isi faʻamaumauga e o atu i le vaega faʻatusatusa, ae o tamaʻi mea ua fai ma vaisu e le masani ona o atu i le vaega faʻatusatusa. E le gata i lea, e foliga mai e toeititi lava leai ni fesuiaiga i le va o "tagata taaalo auai" ma "tagata taaalo ua fai ma vaisu." Lenei taʻu mai o le ono avea ma vaisu ona o le auai i taʻaloga e laʻititi. O mea na maua i le suʻesuʻega 2 o loʻo faʻaalia mai ai o loʻo avea foʻi ma au taʻalo faʻavasega ni vaega ma tele ni faʻaiuga le lelei nai lo isi tusitusiga. E aoga le maitauina pe a asiasia le aofaʻi o togi o tagata aʻafia (tagai i le faʻaopoopoga F) e foliga mai e masani ona maua maualalo togi togi i luga o uma taunuʻuga fua faʻatusatusa i vaisu tagata taʻaʻalo typology. Atonu e faʻaalia ai, o tagata taʻalo ua fai ma vaisu, atonu e tele atu ona faʻaaoga i totonu o le taʻamilosaga leaga, ma ua oʻo ai i le tele o iʻuga leaga o a latou taʻaloga, ma foliga mai e tele atu ni faʻafitauli e sosola ese ai nai lo tagata taʻalo.
O le fesili pe aisea e atiaʻe ai nisi faʻaletonu faʻaletonu ae o isi e atiaʻe amioga le lelei tele (faʻafitauli poʻo le faʻaaogaina o taʻaloga) o loʻo avea pea ma faʻafitauli mo nisi suʻesuʻega. E tusa ai ma suesuega muamua (Lemmens et al., 2011a), suesuega 1 maua ai o le tuʻulafoa o se amataga mo taʻaloga faʻapitoa. O le suʻesuʻega 2 na maua ai o le fesoʻotaʻiga ma le tuʻulafoaʻi e le gata na talafeagai mo le atinaʻeina o taʻaloga o vaisu, ae na faʻaaoga foi i faʻafitauli ma auai i taʻaloga. E faʻapena foi, osofaʻiga faʻaletino na maua e avea ma se faʻataʻitaʻiga o tusitusiga uma, e faʻailoa mai ai o nei suiga e lua e foliga mai o loʻo vaʻaia amioga mataga i taʻaloga lautele. Na matou maua ai foʻi le eseʻesega i le va o faʻamaumauga i le suʻesuʻega 2, o loʻo faʻailoa mai ai o le faʻanoanoaga na valoia le auai ma faʻafitauli o taʻaloga, ae le o le fai ma vaisu, ma le maualuga o le taumafaina o le 'ava malosi na valoia ai le fai ma vaisu, ae o le maualalo o le' ava malosi na valoia ai faʻafitauli o taʻaloga. Suʻesuʻega lumanaʻi i luga o eseesega ma mea tutusa i le va o typologies ono fesoasoani faʻatuina se sili atu tikeri o le saʻo luga o auala e aʻafia ai le atinaʻeina o eseese taʻaloga amioga.
Malosiaga ma tapulaa
O se malosiaga taua o le taimi nei suʻesuʻega o le lautele, auala faʻaumiumi lea e maua ai malamalamaʻaga i auala i le va o fesuiaʻiga o le mafaufau ma fesuiaʻiga faʻapitoa, ma faʻapitoa, mafai ai suʻesuʻega o le tolu typologies i le taimi. Isi malosiaga aofia ai le lapoʻa faʻataʻitaʻiga lapoʻa, soʻo faʻataʻitaʻiga mai le National Population Registry, ma maualuga muamua tali tali. O suʻesuʻega faʻaumiumi talu ai na faitioina i le le aveina o le tulaga muamua o fesuiaʻiga i le teugatupe (Scharkow et al., 2014), ae i lenei suʻesuʻega uma iloiloga faʻatonutonuina mo muamua tulaga o uma suiga, ma itupa.
Tasi tapulaʻa o le taimi nei suʻesuʻega o le mataupu o le lautele. O le faʻataʻitaʻiga e aofia ai talavou i le va o le 17.5–19.5 tausaga, o latou e sili ona lamatia tausaga o vaega mo amioga ua fai ma vaisu, ma o le mea lea e ono le lautele i isi tausaga kulupu. E le gata i lea, o le suʻega suʻesuʻega na maua ai le tele o tagata vavalo mo le pa'ū i T2 ma T3 (feusuaiga, inu 'ava malosi, ma vaisu taʻaloga), lea e ono faʻaalia ai se filifiliga filifilia. Atonu na aʻafia ai le malosiʻaga faʻafuainumera o a matou suʻesuʻega, ma ono aoga ai pe a iai se faʻataʻitaʻiga tele atu. Peitaʻi, o le faʻatonutonuina o feusuaiga, ma le tulaga muamua o fesuiaʻiga uma e ono faʻaititia ai le faʻaosoina o lagona.
O le isi faʻatapulaʻaina o le faʻataʻitaʻiga fetaui i le suʻesuʻega 1 e le sili ona lelei, faʻailoa mai o faʻaiuga mai le suʻesuʻega 1 e tatau ona faʻamatalaina ma se faʻaeteetega. Tasi faʻamatalaga mo le mediocre talafeagai atonu o le manatu faʻavae manatu faʻatagaina mo feusuaiga eseesega, ma le le tutusa i le tele o taimi i le le faʻatapulaʻaina faʻataʻitaʻiga na le aoga. E lagolagoina lenei mea e le iʻuga o le suʻega a le Satorra Bentler. E toaitiiti tikeri o le saolotoga e ono faʻatupuina ai foi le RMSEA, ma le teena o faʻataʻitaʻiga e le lelei le tino e le talafeagai ai ona fautuaina (Kenny et al., 2015).
Le isi faʻatapulaʻa aoga taua, o le faʻatuatuaina suʻesuʻega faʻaalia teisi maualalo totonu tumau (Nunnally, 1978) i le taumafaina o le 'ava mālosi (3 aitema) i le Galu 3, ma luga o le vevesi upu (3 aitema). Peitai, alpha lalo o le cutoff criterion o 0.70 e le o lona uiga le maualalo faʻatuatuaina (Cho ma Kim, 2015), ma le alpha o le 0.60 mafai ona avea ma taliaina peʻa faʻaaogaina ni fua pupuu (Loewenthal, 2001) o loʻo iai <10 aitema.
iʻuga
O le suʻesuʻega o loʻo faʻaalia ai o faʻafitauli o le soifua maloloina o le mafaufau e foliga mai e fesoʻotaʻi vavalalata ma taʻaloga o faʻamaʻi, e le gata o faʻamataʻuga ma iʻuga i le aluga o taimi. E tele mea e tutusa ai na iloa i le va o tagata taaalo, tagata taaalo faafitauli ma tagata taaalo ua fai ma vaisu, ma e foliga mai o loo i ai se suiga taua i le va o tala, ae le o le va o tagata taaalo ua fai ma vaisu. O le "Gamer gamage" e fesoʻotaʻi ma le laʻititi i le amanaʻia o iʻuga le lelei, ae o le avea ma mausa o tagata taʻaʻalo e fesoʻotaʻi ma sili atu ogaoga psychopathology. O le matamata i faʻafitauli tau taʻaloga mai se vaaiga masani e ono aoga ile toe suʻesuʻeina ma le faʻatulagaina o vaisu o ata vitio, e le gata ile suʻesuʻega male tulaga ile falemaʻi. E le gata i lea, o iʻuga e taʻu mai ai o le faʻaletonu o le taʻaloga o loʻo i ai se tulaga mautu maualuga, e faʻailoa mai ai mo se vaega tele o tagata ua fai ma vaisu, o latou faʻailoga e foliga mai e le teuteuina faʻafuaseʻi, e faʻailoa mai ai le manaʻomia o se fesoasoani poʻo se pulega faʻafomaʻi.
Fesoasoani tusitala
SP, RM, TT, HM, ma le DK na tu mo le fuafuaina ma le ata o le galuega. O tusitala uma na fesoasoani i le mauaina, auiliiliga, ma le faʻauigaina o faʻamatalaga. Na tusia e le EK le galuega. O tusitala uma na toe iloiloina le galuega faitio i le itu taua o mataupu taua o le atamai. O tusitala uma na faamaonia le vaega mulimuli ma e tali atu mo itu uma o le galuega i le tulaga o le mautinoaina o fesili e fesoʻotaʻi ma le saʻo poʻo le faʻamaoni o soʻo se vaega o le galuega na suʻesuʻeina lelei ma foia.
Feteenaʻiga o tului
Fai mai tusitala o le suʻesuʻega sa faia i le leai o soʻo se fefaʻatauaʻiga faʻapisinisi pe tau tupe e mafai ona avea o se feteenaʻiga e ono aʻafia ai.
Faamatalaga Faʻamatalaga
Faatupeina. O le poloketi na faʻatupeina e le Norwegian Research Council (no 173551, 240053).
Faʻaopoopoga mea
O le Faʻaopoopo Faʻaopoopo mo lenei tusiga e mafai ona maua i le initaneti i le: https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fpsyg.2018.02239/full#supplementary-material
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