Fesoʻotaʻiga Faʻateʻaina o le Brain Function i le Initaneti Faʻaleagaina o le Initaneti: Suesuega Faʻataʻi Mataʻituina Faʻataʻitaʻi Faʻatonu (2014)

Chong-Yaw Wee faimea tutusa, Zhimin Zhao faimea tutusa,  Pew-Thian Yap, Guorong Wu, Feng Shi, Tau moni, Yasong Du, Jianrong Xu, Yan Zhou meli, Dinggang Shen meli

Lomia: Setema 16, 2014

FAIA: 10.1371 / journal.pone.0107306

lē faʻatino

O le faaletonu o vaisu i luga ole Initaneti (IAD) ua faʻateleina le faʻaalia o se faʻafitauli o le soifua maloloina o le mafaufau, aemaise lava i tupulaga talavou. O le pathogenesis e fesoʻotaʻi ma le IAD, peitaʻi, e le o manino. I lenei suʻesuʻega, matou te faʻamoemoe e suʻesuʻe uiga faʻaogaina o le IAD talavou o loʻo malolo e faʻaaoga ai faʻamatalaga faʻataʻitaʻiga faʻamaneta. Na matou faʻaaogaina se faʻataʻitaʻiga faʻataʻitaʻiga e suʻesuʻe ai faʻalavelave faʻalavelave o fesoʻotaʻiga fesoʻotaʻiga i tulaga o mea tau fesoʻotaʻiga e aofia ai le laʻititi-lalolagi, lelei, ma le ogatotonu o le 17 talavou ma le IAD ma le 16 socio-demographically matched health controls. O su'ega fa'asa'o fa'asa'o fa'asese na faia e iloilo ai le taua fa'afuainumera o va'aiga topological feso'ota'iga vaega-tulaga. E le gata i lea, na faia se suʻesuʻega faʻatasi e iloilo ai sootaga i le va o fesoʻotaʻiga faʻaogaina ma faʻataʻitaʻiga faʻapitoa i le vaega IAD. O a matou taunuʻuga o loʻo faʻaalia ai o loʻo i ai se faʻalavelave tele i le fesoʻotaʻiga faʻaogaina o tagata maʻi IAD, aemaise lava i le va o itulagi o loʻo i luma, occipital, ma parietal lobes. O feso'ota'iga ua a'afia o feso'ota'iga umi ma va'ava'ai. E ui lava o suiga taua o loʻo matauina mo fua faʻaitulagi faʻaitulagi, e leai se eseesega i luga ole fesoʻotaiga i luga ole lalolagi i le va o le IAD ma vaega maloloina. E le gata i lea, o suʻesuʻega faʻatasi e faʻaalia ai o faʻalavelave faʻaitulagi mataʻutia e fesoʻotaʻi ma le ogaoga o le IAD ma suʻesuʻega a le falemaʻi. O a matou suʻesuʻega, e tutusa lelei i le va o atlases faʻapitoa ma faʻatinoina, faʻapea o le IAD e mafua ai le faʻalavelaveina o fesoʻotaʻiga galue ma, e taua, o ia faʻalavelave e mafai ona fesoʻotaʻi atu i faʻafitauli faʻaletonu.

Fuainumera

Fuaiupu: Wee CY, Zhao Z, Yap PT, Wu G, Shi F, ma isi. (2014) Disrupted Brain Functional Network in Internet Addiction Disorder: A Resting-State Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging Study. PLoS TASI 9(9): e107306. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0107306

Faatonutonu: Satoru Hayasaka, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Iunaite Setete o Amerika

Maua: Ianuari 20, 2014; Talia: Aokuso 11, 2014; Lomia: Setema 16, 2014

Puletaofia: © 2014 Wee et al. Ole tala lea ole avanoa avanoa e tufatufa atu ile aiaiga ole Laisene Creative Commons Attribution, lea e faatagaina ai le le faʻaaogaina o le faʻaaogaina, tufatufaina atu, ma le toe gaosia i soʻo se auala, pe'ā tuʻuina atu le tusitala muamua ma le punaʻoa.

Faatupeina: O lenei galuega na lagolagoina i se vaega e National Institutes of Health (NIH) foaʻi EB006733, EB008374, EB009634, AG041721, ma CA140413, faʻapea foʻi ma le National Natural Science Foundation of China (81171325) ma le National Key Technology R&D Programme 2007BAI17BA. E leai se sao a le au faʻatupeina i suʻesuʻega suʻesuʻega, aoina o faʻamaumauga ma auʻiliʻiliga, faʻaiuga e lolomi, poʻo le sauniaina o tusitusiga.

Tauvaga malie: Ua faailoa mai e tusitala e leai ni aia tauva.

faʻatomuaga

Ua lipotia mai o le soona faʻaogaina o le initaneti e mafai ona oʻo atu ai i le suia o uiga faʻaagafesootai-amio e tutusa ma mea o loʻo maua i vaisu o vailaʻau ma taaloga faitupe. [1], [2]. Faatasi ai ma le faateleina o le numera o tagata faʻaoga initaneti i le tele o tausaga ua tuanaʻi, o lenei faʻafitauli ua faʻateleina le manatu o se faʻafitauli ogaoga o le soifua maloloina lautele. [3]. O vaisu i luga ole Initaneti, ma vaisu e fesoʻotaʻi i komepiuta i se tulaga lautele, e foliga mai o se faʻasalalauga lautele, e aʻafia ai le faitau miliona o tagata taʻitoʻatasi i le Iunaite Setete ma fafo, ma le maualuga maualuga o faʻalavelave e tupu i tupulaga talavou ma tamaiti aʻoga kolisi i atinaʻe itulagi o Asia. [3]-[7]. O aʻafiaga o luga ole initaneti i le taimi o talavou matua e taua tele ile falemaʻi ma faʻalapotopotoga, aua o le talavou o se vaitau o suiga taua i le neurobiology e fesoʻotaʻi ma le faia o filifiliga. [8] ma fa'apea e fa'aalia ai le maualuga atu o le a'afia i fa'afitauli fa'aletonu ma vaisu [9]-[11]. Talu mai le galuega seminal a Young [2], o vaisu i luga ole laiga ua tosina mai ai le gauai tele mai sociologists, psychologists, psychiatrists, ma faiaoga.

O faʻataʻitaʻiga faʻapitoa o faʻafitauli tau amio e fesoʻotaʻi ma le faʻaogaina o le initaneti ua faʻamatalaina i lalo o tulaga faʻamaonia eseese, e aofia ai le initaneti o vaisu maʻi (IAD) [12], fa'aoga initaneti pathological [13], ma fa'afitauli fa'aoga initaneti [14]. IAD ua faʻavasegaina o se faʻalavelave faʻalavelave, talu ai e aʻafia ai le faʻaogaina o le initaneti e aunoa ma se mea inu, pei o taaloga faitupe. O loʻo faʻaalia e le IAD uiga tutusa o isi vaisu, e aofia ai le atinaʻeina o faʻafitauli tau aʻoaʻoga, tupe, ma galuega ona o se taunuuga o amioga ma vaisu ma faʻafitauli i le atinaʻeina ma le tausia o sootaga patino ma aiga. O tagata taʻitoʻatasi o loʻo mafatia i le IAD o le a faʻaalu le tele o taimi i le nofo toʻatasi, lea e aʻafia ai a latou gaioiga masani. I tulaga sili ona leaga, e mafai e tagata maʻi ona oʻo i le faʻalavelave faʻaletino poʻo faʻafitauli faʻafomaʻi e pei o le carpal tunnel syndrome, mata mago, tiga tua, tiga tele o le ulu, 'ai faʻaletonu, ma faʻalavelave moe. [15], [16]. E le gata i lea, o tagata gasegase e masani ona teteʻe i togafitiga o le IAD ma maua ai le maualuga o le toe faʻafoʻi [17], ma o le toatele o i latou e mafatia foi i isi vaisu, e pei o le tagofia o fualaau faasaina, ava malosi, taaloga faitupe, po o feusuaiga. [18].

A o le IAD e leʻi mafaufauina o se vaisu poʻo se maʻi mafaufau ile DSM-5 [19], o loʻo i ai le tele o suʻesuʻega, faʻavae faʻavae i luga o suʻesuʻega faʻapitoa a le tagata lava ia, e faʻaalia ai aʻafiaga leaga i le olaga i aso taʻitasi e tusa ai ma vaega o amioga, aʻafiaga o le mafaufau, faʻataʻitaʻiga o faʻamaʻi, faʻamaʻi faʻamaʻi, faʻamaʻi faʻamaʻi, ma taunuuga o togafitiga. [6], [20]-[23]. E ese mai i nei su'esu'ega fa'atatau i amioga, ua fa'aaogaina talu ai nei metotia o le neuroimaging e su'esu'e ai le a'afiaga o le fa'aogaina tele o le initaneti i luga o le fausaga ma uiga fa'atino o le fai'ai o le tagata. [7], [24]-[29]. Fa'ata'ita'iga fa'amaneta fa'agatama (R-fMRI), ose mea aoga i vivo meafaigaluega mo le suʻesuʻeina o gaioiga neuronal o le faiʻai, na faʻaaogaina muamua e iloa ai faʻalavelave faʻalavelave o uiga faʻaogaina o le encephalic i le IAD [24], [26], [27], [30], i [27], su'esu'ega o le homogeneity fa'aitulagi (ReHo), lea e fuaina ai le tutusa o fesuiaiga fa'aitulagi maualalo taimi (LFF) i totonu o feso'ota'iga fai'ai, fa'aalia ai le fa'aleleia atili o le feso'ota'iga i le va o le fai'ai e feso'ota'i ma ala o taui i tagata ma'i IAD. O se suʻesuʻega tutusa o tagata taʻitoʻatasi o loʻo i ai le vaisu i luga ole laiga (OGA) ua faʻatulagaina e faʻaogaina ai le maualuga o le LFF i le itu tauagavale o le orbitofrontal cortex, o loʻo i ai fesoʻotaʻiga faʻapitoa i le tele o itulagi e fesoʻotaʻi ma le faia o filifiliga e faʻatatau i sini, o se biomarker mo le faʻamaʻi. [30]. Hong al iā. faʻaaogaina le fuainumera faʻavae fesoʻotaʻiga (NBS) e suʻesuʻe ai eseesega o kulupu i fesoʻotaʻiga faʻaitulagi i le va o le IAD ma vaega faʻatonutonu, ma le faʻaititia lautele o fesoʻotaʻiga faʻaogaina na matauina i le vaega IAD ma, aemaise lava, leai se faʻalavelave faʻavaomalo o le topology o fesoʻotaiga. [26]. I se isi suʻesuʻega faʻavae fesoʻotaʻiga, na suʻesuʻeina suiga i le fesoʻotaʻiga fesoʻotaʻiga le lelei e faʻaaoga ai le cingulate cortex (PCC) i tua o se vaega fatu. [24]. O fa'ai'uga na fa'aalia ai le fa'ateleina o feso'ota'iga i le va o le cerebellum pito i tua lobe ma le vaeluagalemu o le tino, fa'apea fo'i ma le fa'aitiitia o feso'ota'iga i le va o le lobule pito i lalo ma le gyrus tino i lalo.

I suʻesuʻega o loʻo i ai nei, matou te faʻaogaina le kalafi-faʻamatalaga faʻataʻitaʻiga e suʻesuʻe ai le IAD faʻavae i luga o faʻamaumauga R-fMRI. Matou te iloiloina muamua le taua o le faʻaogaina o fesoʻotaʻiga faʻalavelave faʻaaogaina su'ega parametric faatasi ai ma le tele o faasa'oga faatusatusa. O lenei mea e mafai ai ona tatou suʻesuʻeina atoatoa le mamanu atoatoa o fai'ai feso'ota'iga galue ma le mamanu o fesoʻotaʻiga i le va o fesoʻotaʻiga tetele [31]. Lona lua, matou te suʻesuʻeina faʻalavelave fesoʻotaʻiga e fesoʻotaʻi ma le IAD i tulaga o mea tau feso'ota'iga i le lalolagi, e aofia ai meatotino laiti-fa'alelalolagi (fa'ata'ita'iga, fa'aputuga fa'atasi ma uiga umi ala) ma feso'ota'iga lelei (fa'atusa, fa'alelalolagi ma fa'apitonu'u) i luga o se pulega laiti-lalolagi. Tolu, fa'atasi ai ma le feso'ota'iga fa'alavalava tutusa, matou te su'esu'eina le taua tele o se feso'ota'iga e ala i le amana'iaina o le so'oga o se itulagi ma le feso'ota'iga atoa. [32] fa'avae i fua fa'atatau o ROI ta'itasi. Ua fa'aosofia i matou e fa'aoga totonugalemu feso'ota'iga i sili atu le fa'asinomaga o itulagi fa'alavelave i se tulaga fa'apitonu'u. Mulimuli ane, matou suʻesuʻe sootaga i le va o metotia o fesoʻotaʻiga ma faʻailoga tau amio ma falemaʻi o tagata auai. O le suʻesuʻeina o le fesoʻotaʻiga i le va o fesoʻotaʻiga fesoʻotaʻiga ma taunuʻuga falemaʻi e faʻaleleia atili ai lo tatou malamalama i faʻamaʻi o mea ua fai ma vaisu ma maua ai faʻamatalaga taua mo le atinaʻeina o metotia faʻamaonia IAD e sili atu ona faʻatuatuaina.

Mea ma Metotia

Tagata e Auai

Tolusefulu-tolu tagata lima taumatau, e aofia ai le 17 talavou ma le IAD (15 tane ma le 2 fafine) ma le 16 faʻafeusuaiga, tausaga-, ma aʻoaʻoga e fetaui ma le soifua maloloina (HC) mataupu (14 tane ma 2 fafine), na auai i lenei suʻesuʻega . O maʻi na faʻafaigaluegaina mai le Matagaluega o Tamaiti ma Adolescent Psychiatry, Shanghai Mental Health Center, School of Medicine a Shanghai Jiao Tong University. O mata'upu fa'atonutonu na fa'afaigaluegaina mai le nu'u fa'apitonu'u e fa'aaoga ai fa'asalalauga. O le suʻesuʻega na faʻamaonia e le Komiti o Suʻesuʻega Faʻataʻitaʻi Faʻafomaʻi ma le Komiti Faʻatonu a le Shanghai Mental Health Center e tusa ai ma le Tautinoga a Helsinki, ma na maua mai le maliega tusitusia atoatoa mai matua / leoleo o tagata taʻitoʻatasi.

Ole umi ole IAD na fa'atatau ile su'esu'ega i tua. O mataupu uma na talosagaina e toe manatua o latou olaga i le taimi muamua na latou fai ma vaisu i luga ole initaneti. Ina ia faʻamaonia a latou vaisu i luga ole laiga, na toe suʻesuʻeina tagata mamaʻi e tusa ai ma le Suʻega Suʻega Suʻesuʻe a le Young's Diagnostic (YDQ) mo le faʻaogaina o le initaneti e Beard ma Wolf. [33], ma le faʻamaoni o le IAD na lipotia e le tagata lava ia na faʻamaonia e ala i faʻatalanoaga ma o latou matua. O tagata maʻi IAD na faʻaalu a itiiti ifo itula i le aso i luga ole initaneti po'o taaloga i luga ole laiga, ma aso i le vaiaso. Na matou faʻamaonia lenei faʻamatalaga mai le potu potu ma tamaiti aʻoga o gasegase e masani ona latou faʻamalosi i luga o le initaneti i le leva o le po, faʻalavelaveina olaga o isi e ui lava i taunuuga. Manatua o tagata gasegase uma na fai ma vaisu i luga ole initaneti a itiiti ifo pe sili atu ile 2 tausaga. O faʻamatalaga o le YDQ faʻaleleia mo tuʻutuʻuga o vaisu i luga ole initaneti o loʻo tuʻuina atu i totonu File S1.

Mulimuli i suʻesuʻega IAD talu ai [34], na'o latou HC na fa'aalu i lalo ifo o le 2 itula (itula fa'aalu = ) i le aso i luga ole initaneti na aofia i le suʻesuʻega o loʻo iai nei. Na faaalu e le vaega HC aso ile vaiaso ile initaneti. Sa fa'ata'ita'iina fo'i le HCs ma le fa'atonuga a le YDQ e fa'amautinoa latou te le o mafatia i le IAD. O tagata uma na fa'aulufaleina o ni tagata Samoa e tautatala i le gagana Saina ma e le'i fa'aaogaina lava ni mea fa'asolitulafono. Manatua o le YDQ ua suia na faaliliuina i le gagana Saina mo le faʻaogaina o tagata auai. Ina ia faʻamaonia atili iʻuga o suʻesuʻega, o le isi IAD faʻataʻitaʻiga fua, Young's Internet Addiction Scale (YIAS) [35], sa fa'atautaia mo sui ta'ito'atasi. O le YIAS o se fesili e 20-aitema na fausia e Dr. Kimberly Young e iloilo ai le maualuga o vaisu i luga ole initaneti. E fa'avasegaina tagata fa'aoga initaneti i ni tikeri se tolu o le mamafa e fa'avae i luga o se sikoa sikoa 100: tagata fa'aoga i luga ole laiga agamalu ( togi), feololo tagata fa'aoga i luga ole laiga ( togi), ma tagata fa'aoga i luga ole laiga ( manatu).

E ese mai i le suʻesuʻeina o le IAD e ala i le suiga o le YDQ ma le YIAS, na iloiloina foʻi tulaga o amioga a tagata maʻi IAD i le faʻaaogaina o fesili e fesoʻotaʻi ma amioga: Barratt Impulsiveness Scale-11 (BIS-11) [36], Faʻatulagaga o le Faʻatulagaina o Taimi (TMDS) [37], Malosiaga ma Faigata Fesili (SDQ) [38], ma McMaster Family Assessment Device (FAD) [39]. O le tamaititi ma matua o le SDQ na faʻaaogaina i le suʻesuʻega. O fa'amatalaga o nei fesili o lo'o tu'uina atu i le File S1.

Aʻo leʻi faʻatalanoaina mo talaʻaga faʻafomaʻi, na faia uma tagata auai i se suʻega faʻaletino faigofie (toto toto ma suʻega fatu fatu) e le aofia ai faʻafitauli o le tino e fesoʻotaʻi ma le gaioiga, digestive, popole, manava, taʻavale, endocrine, urinary, ma le faʻaleleia o le tino. O ta'iala e le aofia ai e aofia ai: 1) ose tala'aga o fa'alavelave fa'aletonu o le mafaufau ma le le mafaufau, e pei o le le mautonu, atuatuvale, fa'amalosi, schizophrenia, autism, po'o le ma'i pipili; 2) se tala'aga o le fa'aaogaina o vaila'au po'o le fa'alagolago; 3) ose tala'aga o fa'afitauli fa'aletino e feso'ota'i ma le gaio'i, fa'amamago, popolevale, manava, ta'amilosaga, endocrine, urinary, ma faiga fa'afana'o; ma 4) ma'itaga po'o le ma'i masina o fafine i le aso o le su'ega. O lenei faiga fa'ate'a e taua tele ina ia fa'amautinoa e le a'afia tagata o lo'o auai i lenei su'esu'ega i isi fa'afitauli fa'aletino, neurological po'o le neuropsychiatric ma o lea e fa'aitiitia ai fa'aituau e mafai ona maua i su'esu'ega. O lo'o tu'uina atu i totonu fa'amatalaga au'ili'ili fa'atatau o tagata ma togi fa'afoma'i Laulau 1.

ata vali

Laulau 1. Fa'amatalaga o tagata na auai i lenei su'esu'ega.

doi: 10.1371 / journal.pone.0107306.t001

Mauaina o Fa'amatalaga ma le Fa'agasolo

O le mauaina o faʻamatalaga na faia e faʻaaoga ai le 3.0 Tesla scanner (Philips Achieva). O ata galue o le setete malolo o tagata taʻitoʻatasi na maua i le taimi faʻalogo (TE) = 30 ms ma le toe fai taimi (TR) = 2000 ms. O le faʻailoga o le mauaina o le 64 × 64 faʻatasi ai ma le FOV rectangular o le 230 × 230 mm.2, ma voxel iugafono o le 3.59 × 3.59 × 4 mm3. O le suʻesuʻega na aofia ai le 220 voluma mo tagata taʻitoʻatasi. I le taimi o le mauaina o faʻamatalaga, na talosagaina tagata auai e taoto filemu i totonu o le scanner ma o latou mata ua tapunia. E ui lava e leai se isi metotia poʻo se masini na faʻaaogaina e fua ai pe na tapunia mata o mataʻupu, ae na faʻamaonia e mataupu na latou iloa ma na tapunia o latou mata i le taimi o le suʻega.

Sa fa'atinoina le fa'aogaina o fa'amaumauga i le fa'aaogaina o se paipa fa'ata'atia i totonu o pusa meafaigaluega fa'agaioi a le R-fMRI e lua, DPARSF. [40] ma MALOLOTO [41]. A'o le'i faia muamua, o le 10 R-fMRI volumes muamua o mataupu ta'itasi na lafoa'i ina ia maua le paleni fa'a magnetization. O voluma R-fMRI na faʻatulagaina i le avanoa MNI faʻatasi ai ma le iuga 3 × 3 × 3 mm3. Toe fa'afo'i fa'ailoga fa'alavelave e aofia ai ventricle, mea pa'epa'e, ma fa'ailoga o le lalolagi sa faia. E leai se tasi o tagata na auai na le faʻaaogaina e faʻavae i luga o le faʻataʻitaʻiga o le faʻaogaina o le sili atu i le 3 mm poʻo le faʻaogaina o le angular sili atu i le 3 tikeri i soʻo se itu. Ina ia faʻaititia atili aʻafiaga o le ulu, matou te faʻaogaina le Friston 24-parameter correction faʻapea foʻi ma le voxel-specific mean framewise displacement (FD) [42] fa'atasi ai ma le fa'ailoga FD o le 0.5. A'o le'i faia le fua fa'atatau o feso'ota'iga, o le fa'asologa o taimi R-fMRI o ROI ta'itasi sa fa'amama fa'aili (band-pass). Hz).

Fausiaina o Feso'ota'iga ma Su'esu'ega So'oga Ta'ito'atasi

Na faʻaaogaina le faʻataʻitaʻiga o le kalafi i lenei suʻesuʻega e suʻesuʻe ai suiga faʻaogaina o le faiʻai fesoʻotaʻiga e mafua mai i le IAD i totonu o se vaega o talavou Saina. O feso'ota'iga fai'ai sa fausia i se tulaga maualuga lea e fa'atusa ai nodes i vaega o fai'ai ma pito o lo'o fa'atusalia ai feso'ota'iga fa'aitulagi malolo-setete (RSFC). Ina ia fa'amatalaina nodes feso'ota'iga, matou fa'avasega le fai'ai i totonu itulagi-o-tului (ROIs) e ala i le fa'aogaina o ata fMRI i le Automated Anatomical Labeling (AAL) atlas [43]. Itulagi e fa'avae i luga ole AAL atlas o lo'o lisiina ile Siata S1 ile File S1. O le fa'asologa o taimi fa'atusa o ROI ta'itasi na maua mai e ala i le fa'atatauina o le fa'asologa o taimi fa'asolosolo i luga o voxels uma i ROI ta'itasi. Ina ia fuaina le RSFC faʻaitulagi, matou te fuafuaina le faʻatasiga Pearson faʻatasi mo mea uma e mafai (() = 4005) ROI paipa ma fausia se matrix fesoʻotaʻiga tutusa e fai ma sui o nei fesoʻotaʻiga. Na matou suʻesuʻeina le eseesega o vaega i le va o paga taʻitasi o ROI i tulaga o le malosi o fesoʻotaʻiga. O eseesega taua mo so'otaga fa'atino ta'itasi sa su'esu'eina e fa'aaoga ai le tele univariate (lua-tailed) -su'ega fa'atasi ma se fa'ailoga o ma fa'asa'oga fa'asa'oga sese (FDR).

Fuafuaga o Fesootaiga ma Su'esu'ega Uiga

O le Pearson correlation-based functional connectivity matrix e matua'i feso'ota'i, fa'atasi ai ma le tele o mea sese, maualalo le malosi. Ina ia sili atu le faʻataʻitaʻiga o fesoʻotaʻiga o faiʻai o tagata, o loʻo faʻaalia ai meatotino laiti-lalolagi, o matrix fesoʻotaʻiga galue a tagata taʻitoʻatasi na faʻatautaia atili ina ia maua ai se vaʻavaʻa e pa'ū i totonu o pulega laiti-lalolagi () [44]-[48]. O lenei pulega e faʻamautinoaina le tutusa o uiga laiti-lalolagi mo fesoʻotaʻiga faiʻai o 90 ROIs [44]. Aemaise lava, o le Pearson correlation matrix o mataupu taʻitasi na liua i matrices vavalalata faʻatasi, , e tusa ai ma le sparsity muai faauigaina, i le mea uma e muamua seti i le tasi, ona sosoo ai lea ma elemene e fetaui ma tau faamaopoopo pito i lalo e toe setiina pea lava pea i le zero seia oo ina ausia se tulaga faapitoa o le tau. Fa'avae i luga o nei feso'ota'iga, matou te fa'afaigaluegaina uma le lalolagi ma fa'aitulagi feso'ota'iga metrics e au'ili'ili ai le fausaga atoa ma le fa'aitumalo fa'aitumalo o feso'ota'iga fai'ai mo fa'atusatusaga o vaega. O fua fa'atatau o le lalolagi na fa'aaogaina e aofia ai ta'iala laiti-lalolagi, e ta'ua o le fa'aputuga fa'atasi () ma uiga umi o le ala () [49], [50], fa'apea fo'i ma le lelei o feso'otaiga i le lalolagi atoa () ma le lelei o feso'otaiga fa'apitonu'u (). E le gata i lea, na matou fuafuaina faʻasologa masani o nei fuataga e faʻaaoga ai fesoʻotaʻiga faʻafuaseʻi (, ma ) e faʻamautinoa ai meatotino laiti-lalolagi o fesoʻotaʻiga faiʻai ua fausia. Matou te faʻamatalaina se fesoʻotaʻiga o se lalolagi laʻititi pe afai e ausia tulaga nei e tolu: , , ma le fua faatatau o le lalolagi laiti, . E tolu fua fa'atatau ole fa'aautotonu - tikeri (), lelei (), ma le va () - o itulagi taʻitasi faiʻai na fuafuaina e suʻesuʻe uiga faʻapitonuʻu o le fesoʻotaʻiga galue [44], [46].

Ina ia suʻesuʻeina faʻamaumauga i le va o le eseesega o vaega, na matou faia le lua-tailed, lua-faʻataʻitaʻiga -su'ega fa'atasi ma se fa'ailoga o (FDR faʻasaʻo) i luga o metotia fesoʻotaʻiga taʻitasi (lalolagi ma faʻaitulagi) e faʻavae i luga o le vaega i lalo o le pupuni (AUC) o metric fesoʻotaʻiga taʻitasi na fausia mai le pulega laiti-lalolagi. [48]. AUC o loʻo tuʻuina atu se otootoga o uiga faʻapitoa o fesoʻotaʻiga faiʻai i luga o le pulega laiti-lalolagi atoa, nai lo le naʻo le iloiloina o le topology i le tasi le vaeluaga. [44], [51]. Aemaise lava, mo metotia fesoʻotaʻiga taʻitasi, na matou muai fuafuaina le tau AUC o mataupu taʻitasi i luga o fesoʻotaʻiga ma tulaga eseese o le sparsity ma faʻatino lua-faʻataʻitaʻiga -su'ega e fa'afuainumera fa'afuainumera so'o se eseesega tulaga fa'avae i le va o le IAD ma vaega soifua maloloina. E maitauina aʻo leʻi faia suʻega faʻafuainumera, matou te faʻaaogaina le tele o laina laina e aveese ai aʻafiaga o tausaga, itupa ma aʻoaʻoga, faʻapea foʻi ma a latou fegalegaleaiga. [31], [52]-[54].

Fa'atuatuaina ma Toe Fa'aaogāina Fa'aaoga Atlas Fa'atino

I le suʻesuʻega o loʻo i ai nei, o fesoʻotaʻiga fesoʻotaʻiga faʻaogaina na fausia i se tulaga faʻaitulagi e ala i le faʻapipiʻiina o le faiʻai atoa i le 90 ROI e faʻavae i luga o le AAL atlas. Peita'i, ua fa'ailoa mai fo'i o feso'ota'iga fai'ai e maua mai i polokalame fa'avasegaga eseese po'o le fa'aogaina o fua fa'amanino eseese e mafai ona fa'aalia ai ata fa'ata'oto ma'oti. [55]-[57]. Ina ia iloilo le faʻamaoni ma le toe faʻaleleia oa matou taunuʻuga, matou te toe faia suʻega e faʻaaoga ai le Dosenbach's functional atlas. [58], lea e vaeluaina ai le faiʻai o le tagata i le 160 ROI, e aofia ai le cerebellum. I lenei atlas, o ROI taʻitasi o loʻo faʻamatalaina o se sikuea 10 mm le lautele o loʻo siomia ai se fatu fatu filifilia, ma o le mamao i le va o nofoaga autu ROI uma e le itiiti ifo i le 10 mm e aunoa ma se faʻaogaina avanoa, o lona uiga o nisi o faiʻai e le o ufiufiina e le seti o ROI.

Fegalegaleaiga i le va o Fuafuaga Feso'ota'i ma Fa'ailoga o Amio

Mo na itulagi (faʻavae i luga o le AAL atlas) o loʻo faʻaalia ai le tele o le eseesega o vaega i le ogatotonu o le faʻaitulagi, matou te faʻaogaina le faʻatasiga a Pearson (, FDR fa'asa'o) e au'ili'ili ai sootaga i le va o mea tau feso'ota'iga a itulagi ta'itasi ma togi o amioga a le tagata. Aemaise lava, i le suʻesuʻega o fesoʻotaʻiga, o metotia o fesoʻotaʻiga na faʻatatauina e pei o fesuiaiga faʻalagolago, ae o togi o amioga, e pei o le BIS-11, TMDS, SDQ, ma le FAD, na faʻaogaina e avea ma fesuiaiga tutoatasi. Ina ia malamalama atili i le sootaga i le va o vaega o le faiʻai ua afaina ma le ogaoga o faʻamaʻi, matou te faʻatusatusaina le faʻatusatusaga o le Pearson i le va o fesoʻotaʻiga fesoʻotaʻiga ma le YIAS scores.

i'uga

Tulaga o Tagata ma le Falema'i

E leai se eseesega taua i tulaga o tausaga, itupa, ma tausaga o aʻoaʻoga (uma ma ) i le va o vaega IAD ma HC. Ae ui i lea, o loʻo i ai se eseesega tele i le faʻaogaina o le initaneti i tulaga o aso i le vaiaso () ma itula i le aso (). E ui e leai se eseesega tele i le va o vaega mo le BIS-11 ma le TMDS scores (uma ma ), le SDQ-P (), SDQ-C (), ma FAD () o togi e sili atu ona maualuga i le vaega IAD, e pei ona faʻaalia i Laulau 1 ma Ata 1. Ae maise, o le YIAS (), o le fua faʻataʻitaʻi faʻaaogaina e faʻavasega ai le IAD, o loʻo faʻaalia ai le eseesega pito sili ona taua o vaega.

ata vali

Ata 1. Va'aiga-vaega ese'esega ile tulaga ole falema'i ma amio.

(YIAS = Young's Internet Addiction Scale, BIS-11 = Barratt Impulsiveness Scale-11, TMDS = Time Management Disposition Scale, SDQ-P = Malosi ma Faigata Fa'amatalaga matua, SDQ-C = Malosi ma Faigata Fa'atatau fesili tamaiti, FAD = McMaster Masini Su'esu'ega a Aiga).

Pule: 10.1371 / journal.pone.0107306.g001

Feso'ota'iga Fa'atino Ta'ito'atasi

Fa'atusatusa i le vaega HC, e na'o le tolu feso'ota'iga fa'atino na maua se suiga tele ina ua mae'a fa'asa'oga FDR. E lua feso'ota'iga va'ava'ai, tasi i le va o le agavale angular gyrus (parietal lobe) ma le taumatau ogatotonu orbitofrontal cortex (frontal lobe) ma le isi i le va o le fusiform gyrus agavale (occipital lobe) ma le taumatau angular gyrus (parietal lobe), faʻaalia le faateleina o le malosi o fesoʻotaʻiga i totonu. gasegase IAD. E tasi le feso'ota'iga i totonu o le hemispheric, i le va o le caudate taumatau (subcortical cortex) ma le taumatau supramarginal gyrus (parietal lobe), o loʻo faʻaalia ai le faʻaitiitia o fesoʻotaʻiga i le vaega faʻamaʻi. O nei feso'ota'iga tele ua suia o lo'o fa'aalia i totonu Ata 2. O fesoʻotaʻiga lanu mumu ma le lanumoana o loʻo faʻaalia ai le faʻateleina ma le faʻaitiitia o fesoʻotaʻiga galue, i le faasologa, i le vaega IAD. Manatua o le tele o feso'ota'iga fa'atino ua a'afia e aofia ai itulagi o lo'o i le itu taumatau ma le parietal lobe.

ata vali

Ata 2. Suia tele fesoʻotaʻiga faʻaogaina i gasegase IAD (FDR faʻasaʻo).

Mumu: fa'ateleina feso'ota'iga fa'atino, Blue: fa'aitiitia feso'ota'iga fa'atino. (FRO: Frontal, INS: Insula, TEM: Temporal, PAR: Parietal, OCC: Occipital, LIM: Limbic, SBC: Subcortical). O lenei fa'aaliga na faia e fa'aaoga ai le BrainNet Viewer package (http://www.nitrc.org/projects/bnv) ma le Circos (http://circos.ca/).

Pule: 10.1371 / journal.pone.0107306.g002

Uiga fa'avaomalo o Feso'ota'iga Fa'atino

Na matou suʻesuʻeina mea faʻapitoa o fesoʻotaʻiga faiʻai faʻapitoa e ala i le faʻatusatusaina oa latou amio laiti-lalolagi ma fesoʻotaʻiga faʻatusatusa faʻatusatusa i luga o le tele o fesoʻotaʻiga sparsity tulaga, . Aemaise lava, sa matou su'esu'eina ta'iala laiti-lalolagi (fa'ata'ita'iga, fa'aputuga fa'atasi, fa'ata'ita'iga le umi o le ala, ma le la'ititi-lalolagi fua, ), faʻapea foʻi ma le faʻaogaina o le lalolagi ma le lotoifale. O fesoʻotaʻiga faʻafuaseʻi na faʻaogaina i le suʻesuʻega na faʻasaoina ai le numera o nodes ma pito, faʻapea foʻi ma le faʻasoaina o tikeri o fesoʻotaʻiga moni o faiʻai i popolega e ala i le faʻaogaina o auala o loʻo faʻamatalaina i totonu. [59]. Su'esu'ega fa'amaumauga e fa'aaoga ai fa'ata'ita'iga lua -tesega (, FDR faʻasaʻo) i luga o tau AUC i luga o le pulega laiti-lalolagi na faʻaalia ai le leai o se eseesega tele i le va o le IAD ma le HC vaega i tulaga o mea tau fesoʻotaiga i le lalolagi.

Ituaiga Nodal Fa'aitulagi o Feso'ota'iga Fa'atino

E ui lava i le tele o vaega laiti-lalolagi topology, sa i ai ni eseesega taua o vaega-tulaga na matauina i totonu o le nofoaga tutotonu faʻaitulagi. I lenei suʻesuʻega, matou te manatu o se vaega faiʻai e matua suia i le vaega IAD pe afai o se tasi o ana faʻaitulagi faʻaitulagi metrics e iai se -tau laʻititi nai lo le 0.05 (FDR faʻasaʻo) faʻavae i luga o ana tau AUC. Laulau 2 aoteleina itulagi e matua suia i gasegase IAD. Pe a faʻatusatusa i le vaega HC, o tagata maʻi IAD na faʻaalia le suiga o le ogatotonu o loʻo i ai i le agavale pito i lalo o le parietal lobule (IPL), agavale thalamus (THA), ma isi itulagi e pei o le limbic system, aemaise lava le taumatau cingulate gyrus (ACG) ma le taumatau. ogatotonu cingulate gyrus (MCG). Ae maise, o le IPL ma le ACG o vaega ia o le default-mode network (DMN), lea na fesoʻotaʻi muamua i le suia o fesoʻotaʻiga i vaisu. [60]-[62].

ata vali

Laulau 2. Itulagi o loʻo faʻaalia ai le faʻalavelave faʻafuaseʻi i totonu o maʻi IAD pe a faʻatusatusa i le soifua maloloina (HC) faʻavae i luga o le AAL atlas.

doi: 10.1371 / journal.pone.0107306.t002

Fa'atuatuaina ma Toe Fa'aaogāina Fa'aaoga Atlas Fa'atino

Pe a faʻaaogaina le Dosenbach's atlas e faʻamatala ai ROI, o eseesega taua o kulupu e matauina i le pito i luma ma le parietal sootaga i le cerebellem. O nei suʻesuʻega o loʻo aoteleina i Laulau 3. E ui lava o nei fesoʻotaʻiga e ese mai i latou na faʻamaonia e faʻavae i luga o le AAL atlas, o le tele o fesoʻotaʻiga faʻalavelave e aofia ai lobes tutusa o le faiʻai, sei vagana ai vaega o le cerebellum. I tulaga o fesoʻotaʻiga fesoʻotaiga i le lalolagi, matou te leʻi maua se eseesega i le va o vaega IAD ma HC, e tutusa ma faʻaiʻuga e faʻavae i luga o le AAL atlas. Mo metotia o fesoʻotaʻiga i le lotoifale, na matou iloa ai o nisi o itulagi faʻaalia o loʻo tu i luga ole vaʻa lata ane i itulagi faʻamaonia e faʻavae i luga o le AAL atlas, pei ole ACG ma le THA e pei ona tuʻuina atu i totonu. Laulau 4.

ata vali

Laulau 3. Fesoʻotaʻiga faʻaoga i totonu o le IAD tagata taʻitoʻatasi na oʻo i suiga taua e faʻavae i luga o le Dosenbach atlas.

doi: 10.1371 / journal.pone.0107306.t003

ata vali

Laulau 4. Itulagi o loʻo faʻaalia ai le faʻalavelave faʻalavelave faʻapitoa i maʻi IAD pe a faʻatusatusa i le soifua maloloina (HC) faʻavae i luga o le Dosenbach's atlas.

doi: 10.1371 / journal.pone.0107306.t004

Fegalegaleaiga i le va o Fuafuaga o Fesootaiga ma Fuafuaga o Amio

E leai se mea taua (, FDR fa'asa'o) fa'amaopoopo i le va o fua o feso'otaiga i le lalolagi (, , , ma ) ma togi o amioga ma falema'i. Ae ui i lea, o fua fa'aitulagi nodal metric o le tele o itulagi e matua'i (, FDR fa'asa'o) fa'atasi ma fa'ailoga tau amio ma falema'i. O le ACG sa'o e fetaui lelei ma le sikoa a le YIAS. O le MCG sa'o e fetaui lelei ma le sikoa a le YIAS. O le agavale THA e fetaui lelei ma le YIAS ma le SDQ-P sikoa. Ae ui i lea, o le IPL agavale e leʻo faʻatusatusa tele i soʻo se amio poʻo sikoa faʻapitoa. O vaega ole fai'ai e matua'i feso'ota'i ma fa'ailoga tau amio ma falema'i o lo'o fa'aalia i totonu Ata 3.

ata vali

Ata 3. O vaega ole fai'ai e matua'i feso'ota'i fa'atasi ma fa'ailoga tau amio ma falema'i ile vaega IAD (FDR fa'asa'o).

O lenei faʻataʻitaʻiga na faia e faʻaaoga ai le BrainNet Viewer package (http://www.nitrc.org/projects/bnv). (YIAS = Young's Internet Addiction Score, BIS-11 = Barratt Impulsiveness Scale-11, TMDS = Time Management Disposition Scale, SDQ-P = Malosi ma Faigata Questionnaire parent version, SDQ-C = Malosi ma Faigata Questionnaire tamaiti version.).

Pule: 10.1371 / journal.pone.0107306.g003

Talanoaga

Suiga o Feso'ota'iga Galuega Ta'ito'atasi

O fa'amatalaga ile faiga ole fa'atupuina ole fai'ai o le tagata e taua tele mo le malamalama atili i fa'avae fa'ama'i o fa'aletonu e a'afia ai tamaiti ma tupulaga talavou, e mafua ai ona vave togafitiga. Faʻavae i luga o le kalafi faʻataʻitaʻiga o faʻamaumauga a le R-fMRI, ua fautuaina ai o le faʻatulagaina o galuega a le faiʻai o le tagata e matua ma faʻasolosolo mai le laʻititi i le talavou i le matua e ala i le mulimuli i se tulaga tulaga ese - sili atu le vavaeeseina o tamaiti ma sili atu le faʻaogaina o galuega i tagata matutua i le tulaga o le fai'ai atoa [63]-[66]. Aemaise lava, o le faʻatulagaina o fesoʻotaʻiga faiʻai e sui mai le fesoʻotaʻiga faʻapitonuʻu i se fausaga sili atu ona tufatufaina atu ma atinaʻe [63], [66], lea e matele atu ai tagata matutua e vaivai le feso'ota'iga pu'upu'u ma sili atu le malosi o feso'ota'iga mamao mamao nai lo tamaiti. [65].

O a matou suʻesuʻega o loʻo faʻaalia ai o fesoʻotaʻiga faʻalavelave o loʻo matauina i le IAD, e ui lava e na o sina lima pe a uma le FDR faʻasaʻoga, o fesoʻotaʻiga umi ma vaeluagalemu e taua mo fesoʻotaʻiga mamao i le faiʻai o le tagata. O le faʻalavelaveina o fesoʻotaʻiga umi ma le vaeluagalemu o se faʻailoga masani i le tele o faʻalavelave faʻaletonu, e aofia ai autism. [67]-[70], schizophrenia [71], vaisu opioid [72], [73], ma vaisu cocaine [74]. O le faʻaleagaina o fesoʻotaʻiga umi e mafai ona vaʻaia o se toilalo o le faʻagasologa o le tuʻufaʻatasia i totonu o se fesoʻotaʻiga tuʻufaʻatasia o le faiʻai o le tagata. [63], [64], [75], o se 'ese'ese mai le ala masani o le neurodevelopmental. O le mea lea, matou te manatu o le le masani ai o le atinaʻeina o fesoʻotaʻiga umi-ma-hemispheric i le IAD talavou o loʻo matauina i lenei suʻesuʻega o se tasi lea o mafuaʻaga talafeagai mo a latou amioga ua fai ma vaisu.

Suiga ile Global Network Properties

O le fai'ai o le tagata e manatu o se faiga fa'alavelave lavelave ma tele feso'ota'i fa'atasi ma le tele o mea taua o le topological, e pei o le la'ititi-lalolagi, maualuga le lelei i le tau maualalo o uaea, ma feso'ota'iga tele. [46], [76]-[79]. I se feso'ota'iga la'ititi o le lalolagi, o lo'o fa'aputuina fa'apitonu'u e fiafia i le fa'aogaina o fa'amatalaga fa'apitoa ma e feso'ota'i mamao e ala i se numera la'ititi o feso'ota'iga mamao mo le lelei o le ta'avale atoa. [50]. O vaega uma o le IAD ma le HC na faʻaalia meatotino laiti-lalolagi, e pei o, maualuga faʻapipiʻi faʻatasi () ma uiga tutusa umi o ala (), pe a faʻatusatusa i fesoʻotaʻiga faʻatusatusa faʻatusatusa. Ae ui i lea, na matou matauina le tele o faʻasologa faʻapipiʻi faʻapipiʻiina ma tutusa tutusa le umi o le auala i le vaega IAD pe a faʻatusatusa i le vaega HC i luga o le tele o fesoʻotaʻiga, e tusa ai ma suʻesuʻega R-fMRI talu ai. [26]. Ole aofa'i tele ole fa'aputuga o lo'o fa'aalia ai le fa'alavelaveina o feso'ota'iga o le neuronal i le va o itulagi mamao, lea e fa'aalia ai ni feso'ota'iga mamao-mamao ma le mafiafia i vaega IAD ma HC. O le alualu i luma o vaega ole falema'i, mai le la'ititi i le ogaoga, e ono mafua ai le fa'aletonu po'o le motusia o feso'ota'iga mamao-mamao, ma fa'apea ona fa'amalosia ai le fa'atuina o feso'ota'iga pupuu-mamao i totonu ole fuifui e fai ma isi auala e fa'asaoina ai fa'amatalaga i le va o itulagi mamao e lua. Ae ui i lea, o le faʻavaeina o fesoʻotaʻiga vavalalata e mafai ona faʻaalia ai fuifui faʻalavelave e faʻateleina ai le lamatiaga o le faʻatupuina o se faʻamatalaga le pulea pe faʻafuaseʻi i le fesoʻotaʻiga atoa. I le isi itu, o fesoʻotaʻiga uma o faiʻai na faʻaalia tutusa tutusa faʻamatalaga faʻamatalaga o le lalolagi ma le faʻapitonuʻu lelei faʻatusatusa i fesoʻotaʻiga faʻatusatusa tutusa. [80]. O nei suʻesuʻega e lagolagoina ai le manatu o se faʻataʻitaʻiga laʻititi-lalolagi o le faiʻai o le tagata lea e maua ai se tuʻufaʻatasiga paleni o faʻapitoa faʻapitonuʻu ma le tuʻufaʻatasia o le lalolagi. [81]. O la matou matauina le leai o se eseesega tele i le va o vaega IAD ma HC i tulaga o mea tau fesoʻotaʻiga i le lalolagi e mafai ona faʻaalia ai o suiga o le fausaga o fesoʻotaʻiga i le IAD e faʻapitoa. O le mea lea, o nisi suʻesuʻega i faʻalapotopotoga faʻapitoa IAD e mafai ona faʻaalia faʻamatalaga taua e uiga i faʻamaʻi o le faʻamaʻi, ma vaisu, i se tulaga lautele.

Ituaiga Nodal Fa'aitulagi o Feso'ota'iga Fa'atino

Ole suiga ole IAD ole fa'atotonugalemu ole nodal e tele lava ina maua ile vaega ole limbic system e aofia ai le ACG ma le MCG, IPL, ma le THA. O fa'alavelave o nei itulagi fa'apea ma a latou feso'ota'iga feso'ota'iga e mafai ona fa'amatalaina e atagia ai le fa'aitiitia o le fa'aogaina o fa'amatalaga lelei, atonu e fa'atusalia fa'alavelave fa'atino ile IAD.

O le cingulate gyrus (CG), o se vaega taua o le limbic system, e aʻafia i le faʻavaeina ma le gaioiga o lagona, aʻoaʻoga ma manatua, galuega faʻapitoa, ma le faʻaogaina o le manava. [82]. Na te mauaina mea faʻaoga mai le THA ma le neocortex ma poloketi i le cortex entorhinal e ala i le cingulum. O lenei ala e taulaʻi i mea faʻalagona faʻapitoa ma faʻatonutonu amioga faʻamalosi [29]. O le fa'alavelaveina o galuega e feso'ota'i ma le CG e mafai ona fa'aleagaina ai le agava'a o se tagata e mata'ituina ma pulea ana amio, aemaise lava amioga e feso'ota'i ma lagona. [83]. O le tele o su'esu'ega o vaisu ma amioga ua fa'aalia ai suiga tetele i pito i luma ma pito i tua o le CG (ACG ma le PCG), e aofia ai vaisu ava malosi. [84], pathological taaloga faitupe [85], ma le IAD [27], [29]. I tagata fa'atauva'a cocaine, fa'apena, fa'aopoopo suiga i le MCG ua lipotia mai fo'i [86]. I suʻesuʻega muamua a le fMRI, ua faʻaalia ai foi o le CG i luma, ogatotonu, ma tua o loʻo aʻafia uma i taui ma faʻasalaga tulaga. [87]. Ona o le matafaioi a le MCG i le gaosia o lagona lelei ma le le lelei, e le o se mea e ofo ai le faʻaalia e le itulagi o faʻalavelave fesoʻotaʻiga taua i tagata maʻi IAD.

O le THA o se laupapa faʻamatalaga o faʻamatalaga faiʻai ma o loʻo aʻafia i le tele o galuega faiʻai e aofia ai le faʻaogaina o taui [88], amio e fa'atatau i sini, ma galuega fa'alemafaufau ma le fa'aa'ai [89]. E fa'asalalauina fa'ailoga fa'alogona ma afi mai vaega pito i lalo i le cerebral cortex [90]. E ala i le THA, o le orbitofrontal cortex e maua ai faʻamatalaga tuusaʻo ma le le tuusao mai isi vaega o le faiʻai limbic o loʻo aʻafia i le faʻamalosia o vailaʻau, e pei o le amygdala, CG, ma le hippocampus. [91], ia pulea ma faasa'o amioga e faatatau i taui ma faasalaga [92]. O ta'aloga e le masani ai thalamo-cortical e maua i vaisu taaloga i luga ole laiga [93] e ono fa'ailoa mai se fa'aletonu o le THA o lo'o galue e feso'ota'i ma fa'asologa masani o le le lelei o le moe [94] ma le lofituina o le taulai atu i komepiuta. E le gata i lea, o le THA e fesoʻotaʻi faʻatasi i le hippocampus [95] e avea o se vaega o le faʻalauteleina o le hippocampal system, lea e taua tele mo galuega faʻapitoa e pei o le vaʻaia faʻafanua ma le tuʻufaʻatasia o faʻamatalaga mai le mafaufau puupuu i le mafaufau umi. [96], [97].

Na matou matauina suiga tetele o nofoaga tutotonu i le IPL, e tusa ai ma taunuʻuga na lipotia i suʻesuʻega IAD lata mai R-fMRI. [24], [93]. E tutusa ma le THA, o le IPL e fesoʻotaʻi tele i le suʻega suʻega, vaʻaia, ma somatosensory cortexes, ma e mafai ona faʻaogaina ituaiga eseese o faʻamalosi i le taimi e tasi. I le avea ai ma se tasi o fausaga mulimuli na atiaʻe o le faiʻai o le tagata i le faagasologa o le atinaʻe, o le IPL atonu e sili atu ona afaina i le faʻaalia tele o suʻega suʻega ma vaʻaia, aemaise lava i le taimi o tamaiti. O le faaletonu o le IPL e mafua mai i luga ole initaneti e mafai ona taofia ai le malosi o se tagata e faʻatalanoaina lelei le tali atu i le taofiofia o tulafono faatonutonu. [98], [99], fa'aleagaina lo latou gafatia e tete'e ai tu'inanau i luga o le initaneti, lea e ono fa'aleagaina atili ai le IPL. O ia ituaiga fa'ata'amilosaga e masani ona va'aia i vaisu ma amioga.

Itulagi o le DMN e masani ona sili atu le malosi i le malologa nai lo le faʻatinoina o galuega faʻatonu [62]. O nei itulagi o loʻo iloa e aʻafia i le faʻaogaina o lagona ma gaoioiga faʻapitoa, e aofia ai le iloiloina o le faʻamaonia o faʻamatalaga i totonu ma fafo, manatua o le taimi ua tuanaʻi, ma le fuafuaina o le lumanaʻi. [60], [62], o tulaga taua ia i le suʻesuʻeina o le IAD. Sa fautuaina muamua o le suia o fesoʻotaʻiga e aofia ai le DMN itulagi e saofagā i uiga faʻaalia i faʻamaʻi. [100], e aofia ai vaisu [101], [102] ma vaisu tau amio [24], [103]. O a matou suʻesuʻega o le suia o fesoʻotaʻiga faʻaogaina e aofia ai le tele o itulagi o le DMN o loʻo ogatasi ma faʻamatalaga talu ai, lea e taʻu mai ai o le DMN e mafai ona avea o se biomarker mo le iloa o tagata IAD.

Fa'atuatuaina ma Toe Fa'aaogāina Fa'aaoga Atlas Fa'atino

O nisi o vaega o le faiʻai e le masani ai na faʻaalia e faʻavae i luga o le AAL atlas na faʻaalia foi i le faʻaaogaina o le atlas galue, lagolagoina le faʻamaoni ma le toe faʻaaogaina oa tatou taunuuga. O se tasi o mafua'aga o fa'ai'uga 'ese'ese teisi o le faiga o faʻaaogaina i lenei suʻesuʻega. O uiga laiti-lalolagi o fesoʻotaʻiga fesoʻotaʻiga fausia e faʻavae i luga o le AAL atlas o 90 ROIs e sili ona ogatasi i totonu o lenei vaega. [44]. Ae ui i lea, o lenei vaʻavaʻa avanoa atonu e le sili ona lelei mo atlases ma numera eseese o ROI. E le gata i lea, o ROI e maua mai i le Dosenbach atlas o loʻo faʻamatalaina faʻatino ma e le ufiufi atoa le faiʻai [58]. I totonu o lenei atlas, o nofoaga autu o 160 ROIs e muamua ona iloa ma o se si'osi'omaga ma le radius o le 5 mm e tupu mai i totonugalemu ta'itasi, e maua ai le 10 mm spherical ROI. O le totonugalemu o ROI taʻitasi ua faʻatulagaina foi ia le itiiti ifo i le 10 mm ese mai le ogatotonu o isi ROI, e taʻitaʻia ai avanoa e le faʻapipiʻiina atlas. I le isi itu, o le AAL atlas e ufiufi ai le mea lanu efuefu o le cerebrum atoa. O nei eseesega i le fa'auigaina o le ROI ma le vaega atoa o lo'o ufiufi e mafai ona saofagā i fesuiaiga o fa'ai'uga. O le mea lea, e mana'omia nisi su'esu'ega e fa'aaoga ai se vaega tele e iloa ai le tele o le filifiliga o le fai'ai parcellation polokalame e a'afia ai le fa'avasegaina o feso'ota'iga topology.

Fa'atasiga i le va o Fuafuaga o Feso'otaiga ma Fua Fa'atatau

I lenei suʻesuʻega, matou te leʻi matauina soʻo se fesoʻotaʻiga i le va o fesoʻotaʻiga fesoʻotaʻiga i le lalolagi atoa ma faʻataʻitaʻiga o amioga, e faʻaalia ai le leai o ni suiga i le topology network network atoa. O lenei su'esu'ega e ono fa'ailoa mai ai fo'i e fa'apea o suiga o feso'ota'iga fai'ai e fa'apitoa ona o le palasitika o le fai'ai o le tagata (neuroplasticity) [104], [105] i le toe fa'aleleia o le tele o ana galuega i aso uma e ala i isi auala (neural circuitry). O le palasitika faiʻai e aofia ai le toe faʻatulagaina o fesoʻotaʻiga i le va o sela neura poʻo neu ma e mafai ona aʻafia i le tele o mea taua. [106]-[108]. E tupu i se tausaga e faʻatatau i tausaga ma sili atu ona taatele i le taimi o le laʻititi ma le talavou nai lo le matua, e fautua mai ai se toe faʻaleleia atili o fesoʻotaʻiga faʻaletonu i tupulaga talavou ma le IAD. E le gata i lea, ua faʻaalia o le tele o tulaga o amioga, e amata mai i vaisu i faʻafitauli o le neurological ma le mafaufau, e fesoʻotaʻi ma suiga faʻapitonuʻu i neural circuits. [106]. O lea e le o se mea e ofo ai le maualuga o fesoʻotaʻiga i le lalolagi atoa e pei o le aofaʻi o le aofaʻi o le aofaʻi, o le umi o le auala, ma le lelei o fesoʻotaʻiga e itiiti le maaleale i le suʻeina o suiga o le faiʻai i le vaega IAD.

Ae ui i lea, o fua fa'aitulagi nodal metrics o le tele o itulagi fai'ai e fa'amaopoopoina ma nisi o fua fa'atatau. Aemaise lava, o le matua o le SDQ (SDQ-P), lea e fuaina uma le gafatia o se tagata e taulimaina lelei le faʻalavelave ma le ogaoga o lagona ma faʻafitauli faʻale-aganuʻu e faʻavae i luga o faʻamatalaga na tuʻuina atu e matua o le au talavou suʻesuʻe, e lelei. faʻatasi ma vaega o loʻo aʻafia ai le faiʻai o loʻo maua i le IAD. O le le mafai ona pulea amioga faʻamalosi ma lagona o se tasi lea o faʻamaoniga autu o amioga. E masani lava e le o iloa e tagata gasegase suiga i o latou lagona ma amioga e ui o nei suiga e matua manino lava i tagata o loʻo siomia ai i latou. Atonu o le mafua'aga autu lea e leai ai se feso'ota'iga feso'ota'iga e feso'ota'i ma le fa'asologa o tamaiti o le SDQ (SDQ-C) ona o lona natura iloiloga a le tagata lava ia. I le isi itu, e leai se feso'ota'iga taua i le va o feso'ota'iga fa'aitulagi ma isi faiga fa'atatau e aofia ai le BIS-11, FAD, ma le TMDS. O lenei sailiga e lagolagoina e le tele -taua mo nei faiga i le va o le IAD ma vaega soifua maloloina (Laulau 1). O nei suʻesuʻega e ono fautua mai ai o nisi o nei amioga e aoga e fuafua ai itu e aʻafia ma o lea e fesoasoani ai i le suʻesuʻeina o le IAD, e ui lava o loʻo manaʻomia pea le tele o galuega e malamalama atili ai i matafaioi o nei faiga i amioga ua fai ma vaisu poʻo faʻafitauli.

Fa'amatalaga Fa'atonu/Tagata

E tele tapula'a e tatau ona fa'amamafaina i lenei su'esu'ega. Muamua, o le suʻesuʻeina o le IAD na faʻavae i luga o faʻaiuga mai suʻesuʻega a le tagata lava ia, e ono aʻafia ai le faʻamaoni o suʻesuʻega. I le lumanaʻi, e tatau ona atiaʻe meafaigaluega faʻamaonia faʻamaonia mo le IAD e faʻaleleia ai le faʻamaoni ma le faʻamaonia o suʻesuʻega IAD. Lona lua, o la matou suʻesuʻega e faʻatapulaʻaina i le laʻititi laʻititi o le faʻataʻitaʻiga ma le le paleni o le itupa o tagata auai (31 tane ma 4 fafine), lea e ono faʻaitiitia ai le malosi faʻafuainumera ma le faʻalauteleina o suʻesuʻega, e ui lava o nei mea na faʻatonutonuina i le auiliiliga. Ole a'afiaga ole itupa ile fa'ateleina ole IAD ose mataupu finauina. E faavae i luga o sailiiliga a Young [35], ose numera maualuga o tama'ita'i fa'aalia le fa'alagolago ile initaneti. I se faʻatusatusaga, o se tasi suʻesuʻega talu ai nei na lipotia mai e faʻaalia e tane le maualuga o le lamatiaga o amioga IAD [109]. Ae ui i lea, ua lipotia mai foi e leai se sootaga i le va o le itupa ma le IAD [110], [111]. O suʻesuʻega i le lumanaʻi e faʻaaoga ai se vaega tele ma se fua faʻatatau o alii ma tamaitai e manaʻomia ina ia sili atu le suʻesuʻeina o le va o le itupa ma le IAD.

Lagolagoina o Faamatalaga

faila S1.

Mea Faaopoopo.

doi: 10.1371 / journal.pone.0107306.s001

(PDF)

tautinoga

O lenei galuega na lagolagoina i se vaega e National Institutes of Health (NIH) foaʻi EB006733, EB008374, EB009634, AG041721, ma CA140413, faʻapea foʻi ma le National Natural Science Foundation of China (81171325) ma le National Key Technology R&D Programme 2007BAI17BA.

Tusitala Tusitala

Faia ma mamanuina faʻataʻitaʻiga: CYW ZZ PTY GW FS TP YD JX YZ DS. Faia su'ega: CYW ZZ YD JX YZ DS. Iloilo fa'amaumauga: CYW PTY DS. Reagents saofa'i/mea/mea faigaluega su'esu'e: ZZ YD JX YZ. Tusia le pepa: CYW PTY TP DS.

mau faasino

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