Faʻataʻitaʻiga faʻapitoa o le initaneti i le talavou matutua (2016)

 

lē faʻatino

AIM: Le lipotia o taunuʻuga o le faʻataʻitaʻiina o ata resonance maneta (fMRI) suʻesuʻega e faʻatatau i le initaneti o le tagofia o mea ua fai ma vaisu (IAD) i talavou matutua.

METHODS: Na matou faʻatautaia se iloiloga faʻatonutonu i luga o le PubMed, ma taulaʻi atu o matou mafaufau i suʻesuʻega a le fMRI e aʻafia ai tagata matutua IAD, e aunoa ma se tulaga faʻapitoa i le mafaufau. O upu suʻesuʻe nei na faʻaaogaina, naʻo latou ma le tuʻufaʻatasia: fMRI, initaneti o mea ua fai ma vaisu, faalagolago i le initaneti, faʻaaogaina o neuroimaging. O le sailiga na faia ia Aperila 20th, 2015 ma maua ai 58 faʻamaumauga. O vaega ia na aofia ai: Tusitusiga na tusia i le Igilisi, tausaga o tagata mamaʻi ≥ 18 tausaga, tagata mamaʻi na aʻafia e le IAD, suʻesuʻega na maua ai fMRI i taimi o malologa poʻo mafaufauga / faʻafitauli o lagona. Faʻataʻitaʻiga MRI suʻesuʻega, aoga faʻataʻitaʻi metotia ese mai fMRI, suʻesuʻega aofia ai talavou, tagata mamaʻi ma comorbid psychiatric, neurological poʻo faʻafitauli tulaga na le aofia ai. E ala i le faitauina o ulutala ma faʻaupuga, na matou tuʻuina ese 30 faʻamaumauga. I le faitauina o tusitusiga atoa o tala e 28 o loʻo totoe, na matou faʻailoa ai pepa e 18 e faʻafetaui a matou tuʻutuʻuga ma o lea e aofia ai i le faʻamatalaga lelei.

Iʻuga: Na matou mauaina ni suʻesuʻega se 18 e faʻatumuina ai le matou tuʻufaʻatasiga, 17 o ia faʻataʻitaʻiga na faia i Asia, ma aofia ai le aofaʻi o 666 mataupu suʻesuʻe. O loʻo iai ma suʻesuʻega lipoti lipotia faʻamatalaga maua i le taimi malolo tulaga poʻo eseʻese faʻataʻitaʻiga, e pei o le faʻaaogaina o gaioiga, mate poʻo le mafaufau faʻatonutonu galuega. O gasegase na lesitalaina e masani lava o tama tane (95.4%) ma e laiti tele (21-25 tausaga). O le subtype IAD sili ona faʻatusalia, lipotia i le sili atu ma le 85% o tagata mamaʻi, o le initaneti taʻaloga leaga, poʻo videogame vaisu. I le malologa tulaga suʻesuʻega, o le sili talafeagai talafeagai abnormalities na localized i le sili atu temporal gyrus, limbic, medial frontal ma parietal itulagi. Ina ua suʻesuʻeina le galuega e fesoʻotaʻi ma fmri suʻesuʻega, na matou iloa ai e itiiti ifo ma le afa o pepa na lipotia mai le eseʻesega o amioga i le va o tagata mamaʻi ma le masani ai, ae o latou uma na mauaina ni eseesega taua i vaega o le faiʻai ma subcortical faiai e aofia ai le faʻatonutonuina o le mafaufau ma le faʻagaioiga o taui: Orbitofrontal Cortex, insula, pito i luma ma tua cingulate cortex, italoto ma parietal itulagi, faiaʻoga mafuaʻaga ma caudate nati.

FAAIUGA: IAD ono afaina ai le matua matutua 'faiai faiai. E manaʻomia le suʻesuʻeina atili ile loloto e maua ai se faʻamaoniga manino ma se togafitiga talafeagai.

uputatala: Initaneti ua fai ma vaisu, Pathologic initaneti faʻaaogaina, Faʻaaogaina ata resonance maneta, Initaneti faʻaletonu le atoatoa, Faʻaaogaina neuroimaging

Faʻatonu: Na matou iloiloina faʻasolosolo lelei le aoga o faʻataʻitaʻiga o ata resonance faʻataʻitaʻi i tagata matutua aʻafia i le initaneti o mea ua fai ma vaisu (IAD), e aunoa ma seisi mafaufau. Na matou mauaina 18 suʻesuʻega, tele na faʻatautaia i Sasaʻe Asia ma lesitalaina tama talavou ma le initaneti taʻaloga le atoatoa. Initaneti mea taua na faʻaalia suiga i itulagi e aʻafia i le faʻatonutonu mafaufau ma taui / faʻasalaga lagona lelei (orbitofrontal cortex, pito i luma ma tua cingulate, insula, dorsolateral prefrontal cortex, temporoparietal itulagi, faiaʻoga mafuaʻaga ma caudate nusipepa) e tutusa ma na maitauina i vailaʻau faʻaaogaina le lelei . O le IAD ose tuʻutuʻuga manaʻoga manaʻomia le faʻaeteete iloiloga ona o lona ogaoga aʻafiaga i tagata talavou faiʻai faia.

FAATOMUAGA

O le gasegase o le Initaneti (IAD), e taʻua foi o le pathologic / problematic internet use (PIU), e mafai ona faauigaina o se faaletonu o le malosi o le mafaufau e faʻaaogaina e se le pulea i luga o le Initaneti, e fesoʻotaʻi ma le taua o le faʻafitauli o le tino poʻo le mafatiaga o le falemaʻi []. IAD e le faʻavasegaina o se faʻaletonu le mafaufau i le Diagnostic ma Fuainumera Tusi Lesona o Faʻafitauli o le Mafaufau-lima lomiga, ae o se subtype o IAD, le initaneti taʻaloga faʻafitauli (IGD) (taʻua foi videogame vaisu), o loʻo aofia i le vaega 3 o se autu aoga mo lumanaʻi suʻesuʻega []. Talu ai nei-faʻataʻitaʻiga meta luga IAD [] aofia ai sili atu 89000 tagata auai mai 31 atunuʻu lipotia le lautele lautele faʻatusatusaina o le 6%, ma le maualuga faʻateleina i Sasaʻe Tutotonu (10.9%) ma le maualalo faʻateleina i Matu ma Sisifo Europa (2.6%). O le maualuga maualuga o le IAD na fesoʻotaʻi faʻatasi ma le maualalo o mataupu ma tulaga o le siosiomaga. O se suesuega talu ai nei na faia i Initia kolisi tamaiti aʻoga [] lipotia 8% o feololo IAD ma faailoaina nei suiga e avea ma tulaga lamatia: Tane itupa, faʻaauau maua avanoa luga o le initoneti, faʻaaogaina o le initaneti sili atu mo le faia o ni faigauo fou / vavalalata ma laʻititi mo vasega / galuega. Ona o le maualuga o latou tomai faakomepiuta ma faigofie ai ona maua le Initaneti, talavou matutua ua i le faʻateleina tulaga lamatia mo IAD [].

Nisi o uiga faʻapitoa o le IAD e tai tutusa ma mea e maitauina i amioga poʻo vailaʻau le faʻaoga sese (leiloa o le puleaina, manaʻoga, faʻaui i tua faʻailoga), Obsessive Compulsive Disorder, poʻo le Bipolar Disorder o lona uiga o le IAD (primary psychiatric disorder poʻo le "online variant" o isi mataupu tau le mafaufau) o loʻo finauina pea.-].

Faʻataʻitaʻiga faʻataʻitaʻi metotia faʻateleina ai le avanoa e suʻesuʻe ai le neural faavae o le IAD, faʻalauteleina le lagona ma le fuainumera mana o faʻamaumauga faʻamaumauga. Faʻataʻitaʻiga maneta resonance faʻataʻitaʻiga (fMRI), aemaise lava, o se lalolagi atoa faʻaaogaina le-osofaʻia metotia e suʻesuʻe ai neural laloʻaga o psychiatric faʻaletonu [-]. E ala ile fMRI, e mafai ona suʻesuʻe suiga ole faiʻai ile tulaga o fesuiaiga o galuega e tusa o le "laina faʻavae" (activations / deactivations analysis) poʻo le tuʻufaʻatasia o fesoʻotaʻiga i vaega eseese ole faiʻai (network analysis). Metabolic gaioiga suiga i le faiʻai mafai ona mataʻituina i le taimi o le faʻatinoina o paradigms (galuega fesoʻotaʻi fMRI) poʻo i le taimi o le tupu fua cerebral gaioiga (malolo tulaga fMRI) [-].

O le faʻamoemoe o lenei suʻesuʻega o le iloiloina faʻasolosolo lelei o le malologa tulaga ma gaioiga faʻatino fMRI suʻesuʻega faia i tagata matutua mataupu faʻatasi ai ma le IAD, saili mo talitonuina biomarkers o lenei luʻitau mafaufau tulaga.

MATAGALUEGA MA FUAFUAGA

Na matou suʻeina PubMed e faʻailoa ai suʻesuʻega a le fMRI suʻesuʻe IAD i tagata matutua mataupu. O upu suʻesuʻe nei na faʻaaogaina, naʻo latou ma le tuʻufaʻatasia: fMRI, Initaneti o mea ua fai ma vaisu, faʻalagolago i le Initaneti, faʻaaogaina o neuroimaging. O le sailiga na faia ia Aperila 20th, 2015 ma maua ai 58 faʻamaumauga.

O vaega ia na aofia ai: Tusitusiga na tusia i le Igilisi, tausaga o tagata mamaʻi ≥ 18 tausaga, tagata mamaʻi na aʻafia e le IAD, suʻesuʻega na maua ai fMRI i taimi o malologa poʻo mafaufauga / faʻafitauli faʻalemafaufau. Faʻataʻitaʻiga MRI suʻesuʻega, aoga faʻataʻitaʻi metotia ese mai fMRI, suʻesuʻega aofia ai talavou, tagata mamaʻi ma comorbid psychiatric, neurological poʻo faʻafitauli tulaga na le aofia ai.

E ala i le faitauina o ulutala ma faʻaupuga, na matou tuʻuina ese 30 faʻamaumauga. I le faitauina o tusitusiga atoa o tala e 28 o loʻo totoe, na matou faʻailoa ai pepa e 18 e faʻafetauia a matou tuʻufaʻatasiga o mea e aofia ai ma o lea e aofia ai i le faʻamatalaga lelei (Ata. (Figure11).

Ata 1   

Tafe ata o le toe iloiloga faʻavasega.

Biostatistics

O faʻamaumauga na faʻatinoina e Dr.Gianna Sepede, o le ua i ai se poto masani faʻamaonia i Biomedical Statistics, Systematic Reviews ma Meta-analysis. I le pepa o loʻo iai nei, PRISMA 2009 lisi lisi (http://www.prisma-statement.org/) na faʻaaogaina e faʻamatala ai agavaʻa aiaiga, faʻatautaia le sailiga, filifilia suʻesuʻega ma lipoti atu le faʻapitoa o faʻamatalaga o tali. O metotia faʻafuainumera na lava faʻamatalaina, saʻo ma faʻatautaia luga homogeneous faʻamaumauga. Aofaʻi o mataupu ma faʻateʻa na tuʻuina atu. A talafeagai, talitonuina tapulaʻa ma taua P aofaʻi na fuafuaina ma lipotia.

TULAFONO

Na matou mauaina ni pepa se 18 e faʻamalieina ai matou tuʻutuʻuga, aofia uma mai le 2009 i le 2015 [-]. O suʻesuʻega sa faia uma i le konitineta o Asia (Saina, Korea i Saute, Taiwan), seʻi vagana ai le pepa na lomia e Lorenz et al [], lea sa faʻatautaia i Siamani.

I le aotelega, e 666 mataʻupu na suʻesuʻeina e le 18 suʻesuʻega na aofia ai i le faʻamatalaga tuʻufaʻatasia: 347 tagata mamaʻi ma le IAD (IADp), 304 faʻatusatusaga masani (NC) ma le 15 mataupu faʻatasi ai ma le Alcohol Use Disorder (AUDp) O le tele o le IADp o tama tane (n = 331, 95.4%) ma laiti tele (o lona uiga o tausaga mai le 21 i le 25 tausaga). O le numera o gasegase na aʻafia i suʻesuʻega taʻitasi mai le 8 i le 74. Mo le a le mea e uiga i subtypes o le IAD, 15 mai le 18 suʻesuʻega taulaʻi i le IGD [-,-], sili atu ma le 85% o IADp uma (n = 297) sa gasegase IGD (IGDp). Eseese taiala faʻataʻitaʻi na faʻaaogaina e iloilo ai le IAD, pei o Beard's Diagnostic taʻiala mo Initaneti vailaʻau [], Ko's diagnostic aiaiga o Initaneti fai ma vaisu mo tamaiti kolisi [], Suʻega Saina Initaneti suʻega (C-IAT) [] ma Grüsser ma Thalemann's komipiuta taʻaloga taʻaloga aiaiga [].

O le fesili tele na faʻaaoga e iloilo ai le ogaoga o le IAD o le Young's IAT [], ma eseʻesega vavaeʻese (masani> 80, i ni nai suʻesuʻega> 50). Ina ia faʻamaonia le IGD, o taʻaloga i luga ole laiga sa manaʻomia foi e avea ma autu Initaneti gaioiga (sili atu ile 80% o le taimi faʻaalu i luga ole laiga pe sili atu ile 30 h / wk).

Ina ia le tuʻuina ese mataupu ma comorbid psychiatric tuʻutuʻuga poʻo vailaʻau le faʻaogaina o faʻaletonu, faʻatulagaina faʻatalanoaga ma psychometric fua e faʻatatau ai le faʻanoanoaga, popole, le mautonu, vailaʻau vailaʻau masani na saunia.

MRI faʻamaumauga na mauaina ma le 3 T scanner i 17 suʻesuʻega, ma le 1.5 T scanner i le tasi suʻesuʻega []. I tusitusiga e 4, naʻo le malo malolo fMRI na faʻamauina, ae 13 tusitusiga na lipotia galuega e fesoʻotaʻi ma faʻamaumauga a le fMRI, ma le tasi pepa na mauaina uma tulaga malolo ma galuega e faʻatatau i le faʻagaioiga o galuega.]. E sefulufitu suʻesuʻega na avea ma lipoti o le maitauina o suiga o mea, ae o le pepa na tusia e Han et al [] o le 6-wk umiʻoga suʻesuʻega.

O i latou na auai i le 18 filifilia suʻesuʻega na saoloto uma mai soʻo se psychopharmacological togafitiga i le taimi o le suʻesuʻega (ma i le ulufale ulufale mo le umi taʻuaina umi suesuega).

Faʻamatalaga malolo fMRI suʻesuʻega ile IAD

A aofaʻi numera o lima suʻesuʻega na filifilia [,,,,]. O uiga o vaega ma iʻuga o suʻesuʻega o loʻo lipotia mai i le Laulau Table1.1. Taumatau-lima o se tuʻufaʻatasiga faʻavae aiaiga i le 4 suesuega [,,,], faʻapena foi male itupa [,,,]. Aofaʻi numera o 298 mataupu (Males n = 280, 94%), o vailaʻau uma e leai se tau, na aofia ai: 159 IADp (140 IGDp), 124 NC ma le 15 AUDp. O tagata maʻi sa masani ona laiti lava (o lona uiga o tausaga mai le 21 i le 24 tausaga).

Laulau 1   

Malologa setete aoga maneta resonance imaging suʻesuʻega i initaneti mea ua fai ma vaisu

I suʻesuʻega filifilia e lima, na maua ai ata fMRI e faʻaaoga ai le scanner 3 T ma o le umi o le faitauga mai le 7 i le 9 min. Malologa tulaga fesoʻotaʻiga fesoʻotaʻiga (RsFc) ma / poʻo le Itulagi Homogeneity (ReHo) na fuafuaina e iloiloina i le va o vasega eseesega. O lona iʻuga, o suʻesuʻega filifilia uma na faʻaalia ai le tele o eseʻesega i le va o tagata mamaʻi ma faʻatonutonu.

Liu et al [], i a latou suʻesuʻega i le 19 IAD tagata mamaʻi, na lipotia mai le faʻateleina o le tuʻufaʻatasia o luma o vaega, cingulate gyrus, temporal ma occipital itulagi, cerebellum ma faiʻai punavai, e tusa ai ma faʻatusatusaga masani faʻatusatusaga. Ma na fautuaina e tusitala le suia o fesoʻotaiga fesoʻotaʻiga i itulagi aofia ai i le taui taui o le faiʻai. O pepa uma e fa na taulaʻi i tagata IGD [,,,] lipotia taua i le va o aafiaga vaega. Dong et al [] maitauina, pe a faʻatusatusa i faʻatonutonu, na faʻaalia e tagata mamaʻi o le IGD le faʻaleleia atili o le ReHo i nofoaga faʻamaopoopo o le sensorimotor (brainstem, cerebellum, bilateral inferior parietal lobule, ma le left left frontal gyrus), ma le faʻaititia o le ReHO i le itu tauagavale vaʻaia ma faʻalogo leo. I se vaega tele o tagata mamaʻi IGD, Dong ma paʻaga [] maitauina le faʻaititia o le faʻaaogaina o fesoʻotaʻiga i eria e aofia ai le Executive Control Network, aemaise i le itu tauagavale: Ventromedial prefrontal cortex, dorsolateral prefrontal cortex ma parietal cortex.

I se suʻesuʻega talu ai nei, Kim et al [] faʻatusatusa le malologa setete faiai o IGD tagata mamaʻi e le gata i soifua maloloina mataupu, ae faʻapea foi ma se vaega o AUD tagata mamaʻi, saili mo mea e tutusa ai ma eseʻesega i le va o nei lua "tulaga faʻatamaʻi". O lona iʻuga, na latou mauaina o le IGD ma le AUD na tufatufaina se ReHo faʻateleina i le pito i tua cingulate cortex e tusa ai ma le soifua maloloina, ae o le faʻaititia o le ReHo i le saʻo sili atu o le temporal gyrus na matauina i naʻo tagata IGD. Na lipotia foi e tusitala le tuʻufaʻatasiga le lelei i le va o le agavale maualalo o le tino ma le tulaga o le faʻamalosi.

Le suʻesuʻeina o le vaega o le faʻamatalaga o loʻo tupu i le IGD, Zhang et al [] faʻatautaia se suʻesuʻega-faʻavae malologa faʻafesoʻotaʻiga suʻesuʻega i 74 tagata mamaʻi ma le IGD ma faʻatusatusa i latou ma 41 masani pulea. O tagata gasegase IGD na faʻaalia le faʻateleina o le rsFC i le va o le anula i luma ma le pito i luma cingulate cortex, precuneus, angular gyrus ma basal ganglia (o vaega uma e aofia ai le faʻatonutonuina o le mafaufau, malamalama lelei, mafaufau ma le manaʻo tele). Ina ua auʻiliʻiliina le pito i tua o le insula, na latou mauaina se faʻaopoopoga o le rsFC i vaega o loʻo avea ai ma vaega taua i le faʻaaogaina o le afi, e pei o le pou tutotonu ma le pito i luma gyrus, o le faʻaopopoga o le vaega o le afi ma le sili atu o taimi. E le gata i lea, na latou maitauina se faʻamaopoopoga lelei i le va o le insula-sili atu o le fesoʻotaʻiga i le taimi nei ma le maualuga o le mamafa o le IGD.

O le aotelega o suʻesuʻega a le rsfMRI, o faʻamatalaga e le talafeagai na maitauina i le IGD, na faʻatulagaina i totonu o le pule sili o taimi. O isi suiga taua na maitauina i vaega o le limbic, itulagi pito i luma o le pito i luma (pito i luma cingulate cortex, vaega faʻaopoopo afi) ma pitonuʻu parietal. Faʻaiuga i le le taʻalo IAD na faʻatapulaʻaina ona o le laʻititi numera o gasegase aʻafia (n = 19) ma lipotia suia suiga o gaioiga i taui-fesoʻotaʻi faiʻai vaega (frontal, parietal, temporal itulagi, cingulated gyrus, faiʻai poʻo ma cerebellum).

Suesuega fMRI e faatatau i le galuega i le IAD

Na matou mauaina ni suʻesuʻega se 14 e faʻailoa ai galuega e faʻatatau i le IAD [,,,-,]. O uiga o vaega ma iʻuga o suʻesuʻega o loʻo lipotia mai i le Laulau Table2.2. O le lima taumatau o se tuʻufaʻatasiga o mea taua i totonu o suʻesuʻega uma ae lua.,]. Naʻo aliʻi sui na faʻaofia i 13 suʻesuʻega, aʻo le faʻafefiloi o kenera faʻailoga na lesitalaina e Liu et al [] (2015).

Laulau 2   

Galuega faʻatatau i le faʻatinoina o le magnetic resonance imaging Studies i luga o le initaneti mea ua fai ma vaisu

Aofai numera o 368 mataupu (tane n = 352, 95.6%: Ole aofai o tausaga mai le 21 i le 25 tausaga) na aofia ai: 188 IADs (IGDs n = 157) ma le 180 NC. O tagata na auai sa leai ni vailaʻau na maua i le taimi na suʻesuʻeina ai ma suʻesuʻe ulufale mo le suʻesuʻe umi e Han et al []. O ata FMRI na maua mai i le faʻaaogaina o le 3 T scanner ma o le umi o le faitauga mai le 5 i le 30 min.

O faʻataʻitaʻiga na faʻatonuina i latou na auai o: gaioiga-faʻaalia o galuega (tolu suʻesuʻega) [,,], mateina o galuega (tolu suʻesuʻega) [,,] poʻo gaioiga faʻatonutonu galuega o ituaiga eseese (valu suʻesuʻega) [-,-]. I le sili atu ma le afa o suʻesuʻega [,,,,,,,] leai ni eseesega amio na maua i le va o mataupu ma faʻatonutonu, ae o latou uma na lipotia taua vaega aafiaga i gaioiga faʻagaoioia o le tele o faiʻai itulagi, aemaise lava orbitofrontal gyrus, pito i luma cingulate cortex, insula, dorsolateral muamua muamua cortex, precuneus, posterior cingulate cortex ma sili atu temporal gyrus .

I faʻataʻitaʻiga e faʻaaoga ai le tali atu, o mataupu ua fai ma vaisu e aliali mai i mea faaosofia na fuafuaina e faaosofia ai le naunau i vailaʻau poʻo amioga: I le tulaga o le IAD, ie., maimoaina o ata poʻo ata vitio e fesoʻotaʻi i videogames poʻo ata i luga ole Initaneti [,,].

I mea e mate ai masalosalo, e manaʻomia e sui auai le peti i luga o taunuuga eseese (ie., i pepa, dices, lanu) ma latou faiʻai tali atu i le manumalo poʻo leiloa tulaga mafai ona auʻiliʻiliina, e iloilo ai taui ma faʻasalaga neural system [].

I gaioiga faʻatonutonu gaioiga, tagata auai e tatau ona filifili i le va o eseese feteʻenaʻiga tali. E mafai ona faʻaosofia lagona faʻaosooso e faʻatele ai le faigata ma ia fuaina ai faʻapitoa tomai faʻapitoa, pei o le tumau o le mafaufau, tali atu ile taofiofia, faʻaletonu, gaioiga fesuiaʻi o gaioiga ma faʻagasologa o mea sese. E masani ona faʻaaoga gaioiga faʻatonutonu mafaufau o le Stroop galuega: Tagata manaʻomia e manaʻomia naʻo le ilia mai o se uiga faʻaosofia, le amanaʻia isi (ie., lanu upu lolomiina i vaitusi lanu eseese ma tagata auai e tatau ona le amanaʻiaina le upu ma faaigoa lona lanu) []. A o le eseʻese foliga o le stimulus e le ogatasi, o le galuega faigata faʻateleina ma aʻafia ai le faʻatinoina (Stroop aafiaga) []. O le isi vaega taua o le faʻatonutonuina o galuega o le "go no-go paradigm": Faʻaosofia (ie., numera, mataitusi, foliga) o loʻo tuʻuina mai i se faʻaauau vaitafe ma tagata auai faia se filifiliga binary i mea faʻamalosiʻau taʻitasi. O se tasi o taunuʻuga e manaʻomia ai sui e faia se tali afi (alu), ae o le isi e manaʻomia e tagata auai taofi le tali (leai-alu) [].

A o le suʻesuʻega e taulaʻi i le aafiaga o lagona po o le malamalama i le filifiliga filifilia, e masani ona faʻaaoga dot prob paradigms: Tagata auai vaʻai le faʻaituau pe iloa gaioiga faʻaali soʻosoʻo i itu uma o le pupuni, ona o se togi e tuʻuina mai i le nofoaga o le tasi muamua stimulus ma tagata auai e tatau ona faʻailoa mai le saʻo nofoaga o le togitogi, ina ia mafai ona iloa se faʻaituau faʻaituau agaʻi i mea faʻaosofia [,].

Cue-reactivity galuega fMRI suʻesuʻega i IAD

I le latou suʻesuʻega i le 10 IGDp ua fai ma vaisu i le videogame Lalolagi o Warcraft (WOW) Ko et al [] maua ai na lipotia e le IGDp se naunautaʻiga maualuga o taʻaloga pe a vaʻai pasi ata WOW e tusa ma NC. E le gata i lea, o se taua maualuga faʻamalosia na matauina i le taumatau orbitofrontal cortex, taumatau basal ganglia (caudatum ma accumbens), faʻaletonu lua pito i luma cingulate cortex, faʻaletonuiga medial prefrontal cortex muamua, taumatau dorsolateral muamua frontal cortex.

Han et al [] faʻatautaia se ono vaiaso matala suʻesuʻega falemaʻi falemaʻi faʻamoemoe e iloilo lelei malosiaga faʻaititia i le faʻaititia o le manaʻoga taʻaloga ma faʻafouina faiai gaioiga i le 11 IGDp vaisu i le videogame Starcraft. I le laina amata, o tagata uma na auai e leai ni vailaʻau ma na matauina e tusitala le maualuga o le taʻaloga ma unaʻi ma le faʻateleina o le tauagavale i le itu tauagavale muamua, L parahippocampus, tauagavale ma isi cuneus i le IGDp, e tusa ai ma NC i le taimi o le Starcraft cue faʻaaliga. Ina ua maeʻa togafitiga bupropion, o se taua tele faʻaititia le faʻaaogaina o le tauagavale dorsolateral muamua muamua cortex na maitauina i le IGDp. Bupropion, o le antidepressant agents modulate dopamine ma norepinephrine reuptake, na lipotia na aoga i tagata mamaʻi ma vailaʻau o loʻo faʻaaoga le le atoatoa, pe leai foi ni faʻafitauli o lagona [,] ma i faʻagatama petipetiga []. Ma na manatu tusitala e faʻapea, o le faʻamalosi e faʻaititia ai le manaʻo tele i le IGD e ala i le faʻataʻitaʻiina o le dorsolateral prefrontal cortex.

I se suʻesuʻega talu ai nei na faʻaaoga ai videogame stimulus, Liu et al [] (2015) lesitalaina se faʻafefiloi-itupa faʻataʻitaʻiga o le 19 IGDp (aliʻi 58%) ma lipotia le taua tele o le frontal cortex, ma faʻateleina faʻagaoioia i le itu taumatau temporo-parietal ma limbic itulagi: Superior parietal lobe, insula, cingulate gyrus ma sili sili atu faaletino gyrus.

O le mateina o galuega fMRI suʻesuʻega i IAD

Le iloiloina o faʻamanuiaga ma faʻasalaga malamalama ile IGDp, Dong et al [] faʻataʻitaʻia se tupe maua / leiloa tulaga: Tagata auai sa tatau ona filifili i le va o lua ufiufi taaalo pepa ma i le faaiuga o le fMRI scan sauniga na latou mauaina se tupe aofaʻiga faʻavae luga o latou manumalo ma faiaʻina. O le suʻesuʻega o faʻamaumauga a le fMRI na faʻaalia ai, i le taimi na manumalo ai, na faʻaalia ai e le IGDs le maualuga o le faʻagaoioiga o le tauagavale poʻo le liʻo (BA11) e faʻatatau i le NC, ae o le tulaga leiloa, o le faʻafeagai na moni mo le faʻamalosia muamua o le cingulate cortex. O lea na faʻamaeʻaina e tusitala o le faʻaititia o lagona i mea le lelei (tupe ua leiloa) ma le faʻateleina o lagona malamalama i mea lelei na tutupu (tupe maua) i le taimi atoa o le suia o le faʻataʻamilosaga o le liʻo ma le pito i luma e mafai ona faʻamatalaina le mafuaʻaga na tumau ai pea le IADp i a latou amioga e ui i le leaga o aʻafiaga o o latou olaga i aso uma.

Faʻaaogaina o se tutusa matematega galuega, Dong et al [] maua ai o le IGDp na telegese lemu nai lo NC pe a aliali mai i le faʻaauau leiloa, ae leai ni amioga faʻavasega aafiaga na maitauina ina ua maeʻa manumalo. I le tulaga o le faiai o faiʻai, na faʻaalia ai e le IGDs le faʻaititia o le posterior cingulate cortex ma le faʻateleina o le faʻatupulaia o le pito i lalo o le gyrus i le taimi o le manumalo ma le faiaina, ae o le faʻateleina o le faʻamalosia o le pito i luma o le cingulate cortex ma le insula na maitauina i le taimi e manumalo ai. O nei taunuʻuga na fautua mai ai o le faia o filifiliga gafatia na faaletonu i le IGDp, ona o le le atoatoa gaioiga i le maualalo pito i luma gyrus (maualuga gaioiga ae maualalo amio amio) ma le faaitiitia aafia o mulimuli cingulate cortex ma caudate. I le faʻataʻitaʻiga lava e tasi o suʻesuʻega, faatasi ai ma se faʻataʻitaʻiga o mate mate (o se eseʻese tulaga faʻatonutonu na faʻaopopoina i manumalo ma faiaʻina) Dong et al [] fesili i le au auai e faʻamatala a latou poto masani poto pe a maeʻa le vaʻavaʻaia vaega: IGDp lipotia maualuga manaʻoga mo le manumalo i uma uma manumalo ma leiloa tulaga ma faʻaititia le lelei lagona i taimi o leiloa tulaga. E tusa ai ma faʻagaioiga o gaioiga, o iʻuga na tali tutusa, ae le tutusa ma mea na lipotia muamua.] (atonu ona o le eseʻese tulaga faʻatonutonu): IGDp hyperactivated le tauagavale sili frontal gyrus i uma manumalo ma faiaina (ae o le tulaga o le faʻagaoioia na maualuga i le taimi o manumalo) ma hypoactivated le posterior cingulate cortex i taimi o faiaʻina. Na faʻamaeʻaina e tusitala o le sili atu o frontal gyrus i le IGDp sa le ano lelei i tulaga le lelei ma o le postering cingulate cortex ua le mafai ona faʻatonuina lona mafaufau i suiga o le siosiomaga.

Cognitive control task fMRI suʻesuʻega i IAD

I le valu mafaufau faʻatonutonu fMRI suʻesuʻega na matou filifilia, Stroop galuega na faʻaaogaina i le fa suʻesuʻega [,,,], alu / leai-alu faʻataʻitaʻiga i le tolu suʻesuʻega [-] ma le togi / faʻailoga faʻatusa i le tasi suʻesuʻega [].

Dong et al [] lesitala 12 tama, fualaʻau saoloto ma leai-ulaula IGDp ma faʻatusatusa latou ma soifua maloloina uo i le taimi o le tolu-filifiliga lanu-upu Stroop galuega. E leʻi eseʻese vaega i le faʻatinoga o amioga, ae i le taimi o le Stroop effect (incongruent - congruent stimuli 'eseʻese) na faʻaalia e le IGDp se taua tele i le pito i luma o le cingulate cortex, posterior cingulate cortex, left insula, middle frontal gyrus, medial frontal gyrus, left thalamus, taumatau maualalo pito i luma gyrus, taumatau sili frontal gyrus.

Na manatu le au tusitala o le sili atu o le faʻagaoioia o le posterior cingulate cortex i le kulupu a le IGD e mafai ona taʻu mai ai le le mafai ona faʻaleleia le galuega e faʻatatau i mea e manaʻomia ona o le le maeʻa o le Default Mode Network. E le gata i lea, o le hyperactivation o le pito i luma cingulate cortex, insula ma prefrontal itulagi ono atagia mai ai le le lelei o le mafaufau lelei o fronto-limbic itulagi o lo o faia se sao taua i feteʻenaʻi mataʻituina ma "luga lalo" taofiofi taofi.

I se vaega tele atu, Dong et al [] faʻatautaia le tutusa Stroop faʻataʻitaʻiga ma le mea na tupu-fesoʻotaʻi mamanu ma eseʻese suʻesuʻeina le gaioiga faʻafesoʻotaʻiga o le saʻo ma le sese tali i mea faʻaosofia. Na faapena foi ona faatino e le IGDp ma le NC, ae o eseesega na aliali mai i le faʻagaioiga o faʻataʻitaʻiga: i taimi saʻo tali sa le mafai e le IGDp ona faʻagaoioia le pito i luma o le pito i luma ma le orbitofrontal cortex, aʻo le le faʻagaoioia o le pito i luma o le cingulate cortex na maitauina i taimi o mea sese, ma faʻapea ai ona faʻailoa mai le le lava o le vaʻai gafatia gafatia.

Talu ai nei, Dong et al [] auʻiliʻili le fetuʻunaʻiga malamalama o se kulupu o le IGD i le taimi o le toe teuteuga o le Stroop galuega, faʻaopopoina se tau tupe mo saʻo tali ma fausiaina faigofie ma faigata tulaga galuega. O le lua vaega e leʻi matua eseʻese amio. I leisi itu, pe a o le galuega suia mai faigata i le faigofie tulaga IGDp faʻagaoioia le lua vaʻalele insula ma taumatau sili atu le tumau gyrus sili atu nai lo NC; ina ua suia le galuega mai le faigofie i le faigata tulaga, latou hyperactivated le lua mea muamua, tuua sili temporal gyrus ma tuua angular gyrus. Na manatu le au tusitala o le maualuga (ma o le mea lea e le lelei tele) faʻagaoioiga o limbic ma temporoparietal itulagi o loʻo avea ma sao taua i le taofiofia o le taofiofia ma le faʻaletonu o le mafaufau o se meaola o le IGD.

O le tutusa taofiofi taofiofi faʻaletonu na maua i se isi suʻesuʻega e Dong et al []. I le avea ai o se vaega o le tele malolo tulaga fesoʻotaʻiga suʻesuʻega, o se faʻavae o IGDs faia se Stroop gaioiga i le taimi o le gaioiga fesoʻotaʻi fesoʻotaʻi fMRI. Na matauina e tusitala o le taimi o tofotofoga le talafeagai, na faʻaalia ai e le IGDs le faʻateleina o le malosi o le frontal gyrus, ma le faʻaititia o le pito i luma o le pito i luma o le pito i luma, o le tauagavale poʻo le pito i luma, o itulagi uma o loʻo aʻafia i le pulega faʻatonutonu.

Ko et al [] faʻaaoga le alu / leai-alu faʻataʻitaʻiga ma numera faʻaosofia e iloilo ai tali taofiofia ma mea sese gaioiga i le 26 tane IGDp. E leʻi maua e tusitala se tulaga taua i le IGDp, e faʻatatau i le NC. I se isi itu, pe a auʻiliʻiliina faʻamaumauga fMRI, na latou lipotia taua tele faʻatasiga vaega: I le taimi o le lelei tali taofiofi, IGDp faʻagaoioia le vaelua caudate ma tauagavale orbitofrontal gyrus sili atu nai lo NC; i le taimi o mea sese faia ua latou le mafai ona faʻagaoioia le saʻo insula. O le Orbitofrontal gyrus ma le insula o vaega taua ia i le faʻatonutonuina o le taofiofia o le taofiofia ma le faʻasologa o mea sese, o lea na fautuaina ai e tusitala e manaʻomia le IGDp e faʻagaoioi le orbitofrontal gyrus e faʻataunuʻuina lelei le galuega ma totogi mo le insular hypofunction.

I se tala lata mai, Chen et al [] faʻaaogaina se poloka mamanu e auiliili ai le aoga faʻafesoʻotaʻiga o le mafaufau faʻatonutonu i le IGDp e ala i se puʻupuʻu alu / leai-alu galuega. E ui lava e le gaoia amioga, ae na faʻaalia e le IGDp le faʻaititia o le faʻaopopoga o le vaega o le afi / o le vaega o le afi, o se vaega taua i le filifilia o amioga talafeagai, ma le taofiofia o ni tali sese.

Liu et al [] lesitalaina se faʻafefiloi itupa faʻataʻitaʻi o le IGDp ma faʻaaoga le toe teuteuina le alu / leai-alu faʻataʻitaʻiga, ulufale i taʻaloga ata o talaaga faʻasolosolo. Na latou maitauina le tutusa o gaioiga a kulupu i le faʻataʻitaʻiga muamua, ae o le tele o mea sese a le komisi i le taimi o le faʻalavelave faʻalavelave i le vaega a le IGD. E le gata i lea, i le taimi o le uluaʻi galuega, IGDp hyperactivated le sao sili parietal lobe, ae i le taimi o le taʻaloga faʻalavelave tulaga na latou hypoactivated taumatau dorsolateral muamua frau, taumatau sili parietal lobe ma cerebellum. O se suʻesuʻega a le itulagi faʻaosofia na faʻaalia mai i le IGDp, o le fua faatatau o mea sese a le komisi na fesoʻotaʻi lelei ma le itu saʻo o le pito i luma ma le faʻatagaina o le loaloa maualuga. O le mea lea na fautuaina ai e tusitala e faʻapea, o faʻailoga tau taʻaloga na matua afaina ai le taofiofia o le taofiofia i le IGDp, i le taimi atoa o le le pasi o le dorsolateral prefrontal cortex ma le sili atu o le perietal lobe function.

O se gaioiga faʻapitoa e aofia ai lagona ma faʻailo uiga sa faʻaaoga foi e Lorenz et al [] i se vaega toʻaitiiti o le IGDp: Na latou faʻatautaia se faʻataʻitaʻiga e lua filifiliga i taimi o puʻupuʻu (SP) ma faʻataʻitaʻiga umi (LP) faʻataʻitaʻiga ina ia maua ai le faʻaituau ma le faʻaalia o le gaioiga. O faʻamalosiʻau na International Affective Picture System faʻavae ata faʻalemafaufau (ma le le faʻaituʻau pe lelei valence) ma komipiuta fausia ata (le faʻaituʻau ata poʻo ata faʻavae i luga o le Lalolagi o Warcraft videogame). Na faʻaalia e le IGDp se faʻaituau taua vs taʻaloga uma fesoʻotaʻi ma afaina ata ma valence lelei. Faʻatusatusa i le NC, IGDp faʻaalia se faʻagaoioiga le masani ai o le medial prefrontal cortex, pito i luma cingulate cortex, agavale orbitofrontal cortex ma amygdala i le taimi o SP faʻataʻitaʻiga ma o occipital itulagi, taumatau maualalo pito i luma gippus ma taumatau hippocampus i taimi o suʻega LP. I manatu o tusitala, na faʻaalia e tagata gasegase IGDp se amio ma se tali atu ile tali tutusa ma mea na matauina i tagata mamaʻi e iai vailaʻau e faʻaaoga ai vailaʻau, ma atili ai ona uaʻi atu i mea lelei na faʻaosofia ai.

TALANOAGA

I lenei pepa sa matou iloiloina faʻasolosolo lelei le malologa tulaga ma galuega faʻatatau fMRI suʻesuʻega i tagata matutua tagata mamaʻi ma IAD. Naʻo le tasi lava o pepa na aofia i la matou faʻamatalaga tuʻufaʻatasia na faia i le konetineta o Asia, ma faʻamaonia ai le matuaʻi uaʻi atu i lenei tulaga ono lamatia e malo i Sasaʻe.].

O le tele o suʻesuʻega na faia i tama talavou IGDp (o lona uiga tausaga ≤ 25 tausaga), ma naʻo nai tamaʻitaʻi ma tamaʻitaʻi e leai ni taʻaloga Initaneti ua fai ma vaisu. Ina ia aloese mai soʻoga maasiasi faʻafitauli o isi tulaga, matou aofia ai na o suʻesuʻega faia i mataupu saoloto mai soʻo se comorbid psychiatric poʻo vailaʻau faʻaaogaina le atoatoa.

I le otootoina o tusitusiga, na matou faʻamalamalamaina ai o le IGDp e ese mai le soifua maloloina faʻatusatusaga i le faʻagaioiga o le tele o faiʻai vaega e aʻafia i taui ma faʻatonutonu pulega / faʻagaioiga faʻagaioiga, tusa lava pe latou te le amio lelei.

Ae maise lava, o le sili ona lipotia cortical disfunction na tu i orbitofrontal gyrus, pito i luma cingulate cortex, insula, dorsolateral muamua muamua cortex, sili atu temporal gyrus, maualalo pito i luma gyrus, precuneus ma postering cingulate cortex, ae mo subcortical itulagi, o fesuiaiga o gaioiga na masani ona maua i le tino ma faʻapipiʻi.

Orbitofrontal cortex e aofia ai i filifiliga-faia, taua-taʻitaʻia amioga ma taui / faʻasalaga maʻaleʻale [,]: E ala i ona tele fesoʻotaʻiga ma muamua, limbic ma sensorial itulagi, na fuafuaina le ono taui o se faʻamalosia faʻamalosia ma le talafeagai amioga ina ia mafai ai ona maua se lelei taunuʻuga. I tagata mamaʻi ma vailaʻau oona, o le suia o gaioiga o le orbitofrontal cortex ua fesoʻotaʻi ma le manaʻo tele ma le faʻaletonu o filifiliga.]. O anterior cingulate cortex ma insular cortex e aoga uma i le taofiofia o manatu, feteʻenaʻi mataʻituina, mea sese faʻailo [] ma faʻagaioiga o mea e faʻaosofia ai le manaia []. Latou te saunia se nofoaga tutotonu i le va o eseʻesega o le cerebral system, fusia ai lagona i le mafaufau loloto [,]. Ua maua le fesuiaiga o gaioiga o le cingulate pito i luma ma le inisula i le tagofia o le ava malosi ma fualaau faasaina [,].

O le Dorsolateral prefrontal cortex o se itulagi e aofia ai i galuega eseese o le mafaufau, e pei o le manatuaina o galuega [] ma le aʻoaʻoina o matata eseese]. O se faʻagaoioiga le talafeagai o dorsolateral prefrontal cortex na maua i tagata inu 'ava malosi e tusa ai ma tagata inu mama i le taimi o le alu / leai alu galuega [] ma i taʻaloga tau tupe i le taimi o se faʻaaliga faʻaaogaina].

Superior temporal gyrus na maua faʻagaoioia i le gaioiga o audiovisual stimulus ma se lagona faʻapitoa [] ma i le taimi o fesuiaiga o galuega []. O le faʻaititia o le faʻaaogaina o le tino sili gyrus na lipotia mai i fualaʻau oona i le taimi o le Stroop galuega [].

O le maualalo o le frontal gyrus e iai sona sao i le taofiofia o le mafaufau [], faʻamoemoe faʻailoaina [], faia o filifiliga [] ma faʻagaioiga lagona []. I le tali atu i le faia o faaiuga e aofia ai le le mautonu ma le taimi aversive interoceptive gaioiga, talavou matutua ma le faʻaaogaina faʻafitauli o le cocaine ma le amphetamine faʻaalia se faʻaititia maualalo maualalo frontal gyrus faʻagaoioia e tusa ma uma muamua faʻaosofia tagata faʻaaoga ma maloloina soifua maloloina []. O le precuneus e i ai sona taua tele i le manatu o le tagata ia ia lava, ata faʻapitoa o le vasa-spatial, episodic memory retrieval [] ma faʻamoemoe faʻamaoniga i le taimi o galuega faigata tele []. I le latou galuega i luga o initaneti faʻafitauli ma comorbid nikotini faalagolago, Ko et al [] lipotia le faʻateleina faʻagaoioia o precuneus i le taimi o taʻaloga faʻailo faʻaaliga i le tigaina lava IGDp, ae le i IGD tuʻuina atu.

O le posterior cingulate cortex e taʻua o se vaega o le faiʻai masani [] ma lona faʻateʻaina i le taimi o galuega faigata tele o loʻo vaʻaia o se faʻaaliga o le toe tuʻuina atu o gaosiga o mea taua []. O le fesuiaiga o gaioiga o posterior cingulate cortex ma isi vaega o le Default Mode Network na lipotia mai i fualaʻau oona, aemaise ia i latou e masani ona faʻaaoga [].

O le taua o le faiʻai i le faʻaavanoaina o auala e alu aʻe ai ma ifo i lalo i le va o le faiʻai ma le tino ua faʻamaonia lelei []. A faʻapitoa lava, o muaʻi itulagi ma pito i luma cingulate cortex e loloto fesoʻotaʻi i le faiʻai, o lea o le le aoga o lenei subcortical fausaga e tau atu i le faʻalogo ma pulega faʻaletonu.].

Caudate nucleus o loʻo aʻafia i le tulaga o le tagata, faʻatonutonuina o le afi ma le faʻataʻitaʻiga o le auala e faʻaaoga ai / faʻapipiʻi amioga]. I tali atu i faʻamatalaga o le 'ava mālosi, o tagata soʻona inu' ava mālosi na faʻaalia le faʻaopoopoina o le faʻamalosia o le faʻaaogaina e tusa ai ma tagata faʻaaoga lelei.].

Ole faʻataʻitaʻiga ole leitio ose metotia aoga ole suʻesuʻega ile vaega ole mafaufau ma le mafaufau, ma e ono avea ole ituaiga ole "molekular pathological epidemiology" [,], o se vaega interdisciplinary suʻesuʻega faʻamoemoe e suʻesuʻeina le faigata faʻafitauli i le va o genes, siʻosiʻomaga, mole fesuiaʻiga ma taimi umi taunuʻuga o falemaʻi faʻaletonu [].

I le tuʻufaʻatasia ai, o iʻuga o le matou iloiloga faʻasolosolo fai mai o talavou matutua ma IGD, e aunoa ma seisi faʻaletonu o le mafaufau, na faʻaalia se faʻataʻitaʻiga o le faiai o suiga faiai e pei o na maitauina i vailaʻau vaisu.

Suiga o gaioiga o pito i luma ma tua cingulate cortex, muamua ma parietal itulagi, limbic eria ma subcortical fausaga e mafua ai le le lelei tali tali atu ma le masani lelei lagona i taui ma faʻasalaga. E pei ona maitauina i vailaʻau le faʻaogaina o faʻafitauli, gasegase ma le IAD faʻaalia ai le faʻaititia o le mafaufau fetuʻutuʻunaʻi, sili atu stereotyped tali ma amioga le talafeagai, ma leaga faʻaletonu i agafesootai ma galue olaga [-].

Tapulaʻa o le suʻesuʻega

Ole toʻatele o gasegase na lesitalaina i suʻesuʻega suʻesuʻe o tama tane IGDp, o lona uiga e le mafai ona faʻalauteleina faʻaiʻuga i isi tamaʻi subtypes o le IAD poʻo fafine maʻi. Taulaʻi la matou iloiloga i mataupu matutua, matou aveʻesea fMRI suʻesuʻega faia i tamaiti ma tamaiti faitau aofaʻi.

FAAMATALAGA

tua

Initaneti faʻafitauli o mea ua fai ma vaisu (IAD) o se faʻatonutonu le faʻafitauli o le mafaufau e faʻailoa mai e le le taofiofia le faʻaaogaina o le Initaneti, e fesoʻotaʻi ma le taua o le faʻafitauli o le tino poʻo le mafatiaga o le falemaʻi. Tusa lava pe le faʻavasegaina o se faʻaletonu o le mafaufau i le taimi nei lomiga o le Diagnostic ma Fuainumera Tusi Lesona o Faʻafitauli o le Mafaufau (DSM-5), o se matua finauina tulaga, ona o lona talafeagai salalau i talavou ma talavou matutua.

Nofoaga o saʻiliʻiliga

O nisi o uiga faʻapitoa o le IAD, e pei o le le toe faʻatonutonu, manaʻo ma le toʻesea o faʻailoga pe a faʻatagaina tagata mamaʻi e faʻaaoga le Initaneti e tali tutusa ma mea o loʻo maitauina i amioga poʻo vailaʻau faʻaaoga faʻaletonu. O le mea lea, i tausaga talu ai na faʻatautaia ai ni suʻesuʻega faʻapitoa e suʻesuʻe ai le fesoʻotaʻiga i le va o le faʻataʻitaʻiina o le IAD ma le faʻagaioiga o itulagi faʻasolosolo ma vaega laiti o loʻo aʻafia i le faʻagaioiga o taui ma le faʻatonutonuina o le mafaufau.

Fou ma mea taua ua ausia

Neuroimaging research o aso nei o se auala faʻamaoni e faʻatumu ai le avanoa i le va o le mole molemoli faʻavae o le mafaufau ma faʻafitauli o le mafaufau. O tusitusiga faasaienitisi i luga o finauga finauina pei o IAD o loʻo tuputupu aʻe vave, o lea e maua ai se toe faʻafouina iloiloga o le mulimuli lolomiina faʻamaumauga atonu e fiafia i ai le aufaitau. Taulaʻi le auiliiliga a tusitala i faʻavasegaga suʻesuʻe faʻataʻitaʻiga (naʻo tagata matutua tagata mamaʻi, leai faʻapitoa i tulaga faʻafitauli o le mafaufau faʻatagaina) faʻaiuga o suʻesuʻega eseese e mafai ona faʻatusatusa faigofie e suʻe ni mea e tutusa ai ma ni feeseeseaʻiga.

talosaga

I nofoaga faʻafomaʻi, o tagata mamaʻi lava i le tulaga o le mafaufau e masani lava ona eseese mai le tasi i le isi e uiga i faʻailoga o le falemaʻi, tali atu i togafitiga faʻafomaʻi ma taimi umi. O le suʻesuʻeina o latou faiʻai ma amioga i auiliiliga e mafai ona fesoasoani e maua ai ni faʻamatalaga saʻo ma ni togafitiga saʻo.

Faʻamatalaga

IAD: O se faʻatonutonu le faʻafitauli o le mafaufau e faʻailoa mai e le le taofiofia le faʻaaogaina o le Initaneti, e fesoʻotaʻi ma le taua o le faʻafitauli o le tino poʻo le mafaufau faʻafitauli; IGD: O se subtype o IAD, taʻua foi vaisu videogame, faʻailoa mai e le tele o taʻaloga i luga ole laiga o le autu Initaneti gaioiga.

Toe iloiloga a tupulaga

O se tala manaia tele lea.

Faamatalaga Faʻamatalaga

 

Lagolagoina e le Matagaluega o Neuroscience, Imaging, ma Clinical Saienisi, Iunivesite "G.dʻAnnunzio", Chieti, Italia; O le foaʻi faʻatupeina e Dr. Sepede ua faʻatupeina e le European Union's Seventh Framework Program mo suʻesuʻega, atinaʻe faʻatekonolosi ma faʻataʻitaʻiga i lalo o le maliega faʻameaalofa, Nu 602450.

 

 

Faʻamatalaga feteʻenaʻi: O tusitala uma e le lipotia ni feteʻenaʻiga. O lenei pepa e atagia mai ai na o manatu o tusitala ma le Iuni a Europa e le o noatia mo soʻo se faʻaaogaina e ono faia i luga o faʻamatalaga o loʻo i totonu.

 

 

Faʻamatalaga faʻasoa faʻamatalaga: Leai faʻaopopo faʻamatalaga e avanoa.

 

 

Tatala-Avanoa: O lenei tusitusiga o se matala-avanoa tusitusiga na filifilia e se faatonu i totonu o le fale ma maeʻa iloiloina e tagata iloiloina i fafo. E tufatufaina e tusa ai ma le laisene Creative Commons Attribution Non Commercial (CC BY-NC 4.0) laisene, e faʻatagaina isi e tufatufa, toefaʻatasi, fetuʻunaʻi, fausia i luga o lenei galuega e le faʻapisinisi, ma laiseneina a latou galuega maua i luga o tuutuuga eseese, aiaia le O le uluaʻi galuega e taua ma o le faʻaaogaina e le faʻapisinisi. Vaʻai: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/

 

 

Amataina iloiloga a le tupulaga: Iulai 30, 2015

 

 

Faʻaiuga muamua: Oketopa 30, 2015

 

 

Tusitusiga i le lomitusi: Tesema 21, 2015

 

 

P- Iloilo: Gumustas OG, Matsumoto S S- Faʻatonu: Ji FF L- Faʻatonu: O E- Faʻatonu: Liu SQ

 

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