O le le lelei o le le mautonu o le filifiliga i totonu o vailaau vailaau leaga (2013)

PLoS se tasi. 2013 Oketopa 16; 8 (10): e75914. faia: 10.1371 / tusi talaaga.pone.0075914.

Irvine MA, Sili le leaga Y, Bolton S., Harrison NA, Bullmore ET, Voon V.

puna

Matagaluega o le mafaufau, Iunivesite o Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom

lē faʻatino

tua

Pathological taʻaloga o se tulaʻi mai ma le malamalama lelei i faʻafitauli. O le le mautonu e masani lava ona faʻaletonu i faaletonu o amioga ma vailaʻau fai ma vaisu, o le mea lea na matou saili ai e suʻesuʻe suʻesuʻe le eseesega subtypes o filifiliga ma afi impulsivity i totonu o se lelei faʻamalamalamaina kulupu taʻaloga kulupu.

Metotia

Limasefulu-lua pathological taʻaloga mataupu ma tausaga-, itupa- ma IQ-faʻafetaui soifua maloloina volenitia na tofotofoina i le tuʻinanau impulsivity (Faʻamatalaga Sampling Task tofotofoga atagia le le mautonu ma tuai tolopoina fesili fesili suʻesuʻe filifiliga le lelei), ma afi impulsivity (Taofi Faʻailoga Galue tofotofoina afi tali tali atu , ma le vave tali atu galuega). Sa matou faʻaaogaina ni metotia faʻapitoa faʻapitoa e faʻailoaina ai le faʻaletonu o le tino.

i'uga

I totonu o le Information Sampling Task, o faʻataʻitaʻi taʻaloga o le aufaʻataʻitaʻi na faʻataʻitaʻia le tele o faʻamaoniga ao le i faia se faʻaiuga ma maua ni togi laiti pe a faʻatusatusa i tagata soifua maloloina. O le ogaoga o taʻaloga sa faʻafetaui lelei foi ma faʻamaoniga ua aoina ma faʻalelei fesoʻotaʻiga ma mea sese faʻataʻitaʻi ma togi maua. I le tuai tolopoina galuega, pathological tagata taaalo faia sili atu le taua filifiliga, sili atu laiti laʻititi nai lo tele tuai tuai taui. Pathological tagata taaalo faia tele vave tali tali e faʻatatau i comorbid nikotini faaaogaina. Tele numera o itula taʻalo na faʻafesoʻotaʻi foʻi ma le Motivational Index. Tele taimi o taʻalo taʻaloga na fesoʻotaʻi ma le faʻaletonu o le tali atu o le afi ma taʻaloga taʻaloga ma le vave alu i le taimi o tali.

faaiuga

Matou te faʻaalia o faʻasolosolo taʻaloga e fesoʻotaʻi ma faʻaletonu le tumau le faʻavaivaia ma leaga taunuuga i le galuega faʻagaioiga. Faʻatonutonu le faʻamalosi atonu o se ono ono ausia i togafitiga togafitiga.

Fuaiupu: Irvine MA, Worbe Y, Bolton S, Harrison NA, Bullmore ET, et al. (2013) Faʻaletonu Filifili Faʻaletonu i Pathological Videogamers. PLoS TASI 8 (10): e75914. faia: 10.1371 / tusi talaaga.pone.0075914

Faatonutonu: Leonardo Fontenelle, Institute of Psychiatry i le Federal University o Rio de Janeiro, Pasila

Maua: Me 9, 2013; Talia: Aokuso 19, 2013; Lomia: Oketopa 16, 2013

Puletaofia: © 2013 Irvine et al. Lenei o se tatala-avanoa tusitusiga tufatufaina i lalo o tuutuuga o le Creative Commons Attribution Laisene, lea e faʻatagaina le faʻatapulaaina le faʻaogaina, tufatufaina, ma toe gaosia i soʻo se auala, pe a fai o le uluaʻi tusitala ma faʻavae e talitonuina.

Faatupeina: O le suʻesuʻega na lagolagoina e le fesoasoani fesoasoani mai le Wellcome Trust (WT093705MA; wellcome.ac.uk). E leai se sao a le au faʻatupe i le suʻesuʻeina o tusitusiga, aoina o faʻamatalaga ma le auiliiliga, filifiliga e lomia, poʻo le sauniuni o tusitusiga.

Tauvaga malie: VV o le Wellcome Trust Intermediate Fellow. NAH o le Wellcome Trust Intermediate Fellow. YW e lagolagoina e le Fyssen Foundation. ETB o loʻo faigaluega faʻavaitaimi e le Iunivesite o Cambridge ma taimi-taimi e GSK PLC ma o se tagata e faʻasoa i le GSK. Lipotia e MI ma SB leai ni feteʻenaʻiga; e le suia ai le usitaʻia e tusitala o tulafono uma a le PLOS ONE i le tufatufaina o faʻamatalaga ma mea.

faʻatomuaga

Pathological gaming i talavou ma talavou matutua o se tulaʻi mai faʻafitauli i atinaʻe sosaiete ma le televave faʻateleina o tekinolosi alualu i luma. O le masani na lipotia mai i le va o le 7.5% i le 11.9% i isi atunuʻu (toe iloilo i totonu [1]). O se lata mai meta-auiliiliga o lolomiina suʻesuʻega taulaʻi i luga o le maʻaʻa fuaitau o le faʻalavelaveina o le faʻagaioiga faʻamaonia le tele o le 3.1% [2] fautua mai o le faafitauli e taatele. O le pathological ituaiga o le amioga valoʻiaina le lelei gaioiga ma e fesoʻotaʻi ma sili atu faʻanoanoaga ma le popole, le lelei aʻoga aʻoga ma faʻaletonu fegalegaleaiga lautele [1], [2]. O le toe iloiloina fuafuaina o le Diagnostic ma Fuainumera Tusi Lesona o Mental Disorder (DSM), Version 5, ono ono aofia ai le initaneti faʻaoga le atoatoa i le Vaega III o se tuutuuga manaʻomia nisi suʻesuʻega, o nei pathological taʻaloga o se vaega. [3]. Ole tele o suʻesuʻega e faʻaaogaina meafaigaluega suʻesuʻe na fetuʻunaʻiina mai le DSM IV-TR faʻataʻitaʻiga faʻapitoa mai le faʻavaeina o vailaʻau poʻo amioga ua fai ma vaisu e pei o faʻataʻitaʻi faʻamalositino e iloilo ai le mamafa o taʻaloga [1], [4]-[11].

E i ai ni faʻamaoniga e faʻapea o faʻataʻitaʻi taʻaloga atonu e soʻona faʻatasi ma isi amioga ma vailaʻau oona.

  • Mo se faʻataʻitaʻiga, taʻalo i se taʻaloga vitio i tagata soifua maloloina volenitia e fesoʻotaʻi ma sili atu ventral striatal presynaptic dopamine faʻamalolo faʻailoa mai o le gaioiga o vitio taʻaloga-taʻaloga e ono tauia pe faʻaosofia ia lava. [12].
  • Tamaiti soifua maloloina ma masani ona taaalo vitio taaalo sa sili atu tauagavale striatal efuefu mea voluma, o se itulagi sa i ai foi sili atu gaioiga i le taimi o leiloloa manatu faaalia ma fesoʻotaʻiga le lelei ma le feutanaiga taimi i luga o le Cambridge Gamble Task. [13].
  • I le maeʻa ai o le 6 vaiaso faʻalauteleina le taʻaloga i soifua maloloina tagata volenitia, taʻaloga faʻaaliga faʻaopopoina orbitofrontal ma muamua cingulate gaioiga faʻapea mai o le gaioiga o vitio taʻaloga-taʻaloga mafai ona faʻamalosia ma fesoʻotaʻiga faʻaaliga mafai ona avea ma tagata faʻamalosia [14].
  • E faʻapena foi, matāʻupu ma taʻaloga faʻapitoa e sili atu le faʻaituau faʻapitoa ma faʻaalia le tali atu i ata e fesoʻotaʻi ma sili atu medial prefrontal ma luma cingulate cortex gaioiga [11], [15], [16].
  • I mataupu ma faʻataʻitaʻiga faʻafitauli, o le 18FDG PET imaging study faʻateleina glucose suka i le orbitofrontal cortex, caudate ma insula ma faʻaititia metabolism i sensorimotor ma occipital cortices [17].
  • O taʻaloga faʻaleaganuʻu e fesoʻotaʻi foʻi ma le tele o le le gaioi i luga o le Barratt's Impulsiveness Scale ma le tele o le finafinau i le Wisconsin Card Sorting Test faʻatasi ai ma le faʻateleina o le voluma thalamus ma inferior temporal ma occipital gyri [18].
  • Faʻataʻitaʻiga faʻataʻavalevale atili faʻaalia le faʻaleagaina o le tali atu a le afi i luga o le afi tali tali atu galuega, le Go / Leai Go galuega, faʻatasi ai ma le faʻaititia o le sese-fesoʻotaʻi le lelei [19].

Faʻatasi nei suʻesuʻega fautua mai ono fesuiaʻi auala ma isi amioga ma vailaʻau vailaʻau.

O le le mautonu e feteʻenaʻi, vaevaeina i faʻaiuga ma le taʻavale afi, ma e masani ona faʻaletonu i vailaʻau ma amioga ua fai ma vaisu. [20], [21]. Faʻatonutonu le faʻamalosi e aofia ai filifiliga osooso, poʻo se fiafia i ai mo se vave laʻititi taui luga o se lapoʻa tuai tuai, lea e mafai ona faʻataʻitaʻia e faʻaaoga ai le tuai tuʻuina atu o galuega. [22], ma atagia mai le le mautonu poʻo le faʻaosofia e faʻaputuputu ma iloilo faʻamatalaga ao leʻi faia se faʻaiuga [23], lea e mafai ona faʻataʻitaʻia e faʻaaogaina ai le Information Sampling Task. O le le malosi o le afi e aofia ai le taofiofia o le afi e mafai ona faʻataʻitaʻia e faʻaaoga ai le Stop Signal Task (SST) [24] e iloilo ai le faʻaleaogaina o gaioiga ma le Go / No Go galuega e iloilo ai gaioiga taofiofi. O le le faʻaaogaina o le afi e aofia ai foi ma le vave tali atu, poʻo le tali atu faʻasolitulafono lea e mafai ona faʻataʻitaʻia e faʻaaoga ai se galuega faʻamatala i tagata. [25]. I rodent suesuega, impulsivity faʻaalia e vave vave tali atu ma tuai tolopoina o endophenotypic vavalo o le atinaʻeina o vailaʻau faʻaaogaina faʻafitauli. [20], [26], [27].

O iinei na matou suʻesuʻe ai faʻafuaseʻi ma le taʻavale afi faʻaaogaina le fa o fuataga o le le gaioi i mataupu ma faʻataʻitaʻiga ata vitio faʻaaogaina (VG). Sa matou taulaʻi i le suʻega o le VG nai lo le lautele lautele o mataupu i le initaneti. Na matou faʻapea o le VG o le a fesoʻotaʻi ma le tele o faʻaiuga e le gaioi, e le gata i le faʻatuai ona faʻaititia ma le atagia mai o le le mautonu. E ui lava o se suʻesuʻega talu ai na faʻaalia ai se faʻaletonu i le tali atu a le motor i le Go / Leai le Go galuega e aofia uma ai gaioiga filifilia ma gaioiga taofiofi, na matou taulaʻi i le SST, lea e fua ai le faʻaleaogaina o gaioiga. O le faʻaaogaina o ata vitio e mafai ona i ai ni faʻamanuiaga aoga i tagata soifua maloloina volenitia ma lipoti o sili atu vaʻaiga vaʻaiga pei ona faʻasinoina e le eseesega lagona [28], faʻaleleia atili le fetuutuunaʻi [29], ma faʻaleleia taimi tali atu [30]. I se suʻesuʻega o mea ua fai ma vaisu i le initaneti lea na aafia ai 71% i taʻaloga i luga o le upega tafailagi, o i latou na maua ma vaisu i luga o le initaneti na faʻaleleia atili filifiliga i luga o le Iowa petipetiga gaioiga, ma leai ni faʻaletonu i le Balloon Analogue Risk Test (BART) o le ono aʻafia [31]. E ui lava na matou vavalo i se faʻaletonu i le le fuafuaina o le malosi, matou te leʻi vaʻaia se faʻaletonu i fua o le taʻavale afi ona o latou gaioiga ono faʻaititia e faʻataʻitaʻiga aafiaga mai le faʻaaogaina o vitio. I laina nei, na matou suʻesuʻe atili ai i le va o le taʻaloga subtypes ma galuega faʻaiuga.

Mea ma Metotia

Talosaga Tetele

O le suʻesuʻega na faʻamaonia e le Iunivesite o Cambridge Research Ethics Committee. O mataupu uma lava na tuʻuina mai iai faʻatagaga tusitusia.

faafaigaluegaina

O mataupu sa faʻafaigaluegaina e ala i faʻasalalauga i totonu o nuʻu ma iunivesite i Cambridge. Mataupu na faʻaopopoina pe a fai e 18 pe sili atu. I le ogatasi ai ma isi lolomiina suʻesuʻega, VG na faʻamaonia faʻavae i luga o le 10 aitema fetuʻutuʻunaʻi o le DSM IV faʻataʻitaʻi petipetiga aiaiga [1], [4]-[6], [8], [32]-[37]. O le faʻasolosolo taimi na faia ai lenei auala o loʻo faʻamatalaina e se iloiloga talu ai nei o meafaigaluega e faʻavasega ai le mafaufau [38].

O mataupu na faʻateʻaina pe a fai o loʻo iai nei se vaega tele o le faʻanoanoaga poʻo se talaʻaga o se faʻamaʻi o le mafaufau poʻo se faʻafitauli ogaoga o le mafaufau (bipolar affective disorder poʻo le schizophrenia) poʻo se mea o loʻo i ai le faʻaogaina o vailaʻau e aofia ai le masani ai le faʻaaogaina o le cannabis. O faʻamaoniga uma lava sa iloiloina e se fomaʻi o mafaufau. O tagata soifua maloloina ofo fua na tuʻuʻesea pe a fai o latou e masani ona faʻaaogaina le nikotini. O mataupu sa faʻateʻaina pe a fai na latou suʻesuʻe lelei mo le vailaʻau mimi vailaʻau (e aofia ai le cannabis) poʻo le ava malosi respiratoryalyzer suʻega i le aso o le suʻega.

taualumaga

Ina ua maeʻa ona tuʻuina atu faʻatagaga tusitusia uma mataʻupu suʻesuʻe vailaʻau vailaʻau ma se ava malosi breathalyzer suʻega i le aso o le suʻega. O mataupu na faʻamaeʻaina le Beck Depression Inventory-II [39] e iloilo ai faʻanoanoaga faʻailoga ma le UPPS Impulsive Amioga Fua e fua ai le le gafatia [40]. VG ogaoga na suʻesuʻeina foi ma le mausali lelei Taʻaloga o Mausa Fua (GAS; 7-aitema faʻamatalaga) [10]. O se vaega o le Yale-Brown Obsessive Compulsive Scale (YBOCS) [41]) na fetuʻunaʻi faʻapitoa lava mo videogaming e iloilo ai le ogaoga o le VG e tutusa ma le fetuutuunai a le YBOCS mo taʻaloga tupe [42]. Na matou faʻatusatusaina foʻi le tele poʻo le aofai o aso na taʻalo ai i taʻaloga (multiplayer online role-playing games and single player role playing games), rautaki-type games (fuafuaga, paso) ma le tali atu i taimi o taʻaloga (taʻaloga, tagata muamua na fanaina, tulaga ma taʻaloga tuʻuga) (Faʻailogaina: 6 = Toeitiiti o aso uma; 5 = 3-5 aso / vaiaso; 4 = 1-2 aso / vaiaso; 3 = 2/3 aso ile masina; 2 = itiiti ifo le masani ai; 1 = leai) . O togi na averesi mo le matafaioi taalo, auala-ituaiga ma tali tali atu taʻaloga. O matāʻupu na suʻesuʻeina mo faʻalavelave faʻafitauli o le mafaufau ma le Mini International Neuropsychiatric Inventory (MINI; [43]). Le Suʻega ole Faitauga mo Matutua a le Atunuʻu (NART; [44]) na faʻaaogaina e maua ai faʻasino o le IQ muamua. O mataupu sa totogiina i le tau e £ 7.50 i le itula e aofia ai ma femalagaiga, faʻatasi ai ma le faʻaopoopoga e $ 5 e faʻatatau i galuega faatino.

Faʻamatalaga Sampling Task (IST)

O le IST o se galuega mai le Cambridge Neuropsychological Test Automated Battery (CANTAB) [23]. Mataupu na vaʻai i le 5 × 5 matrix o efuefu pusa i luga o le tago mata monitor. Ina ua paʻi i ai, sa matala pusa e faʻaalia ai se tasi o lua lanu. O le faʻamoemoe o le filifili poʻo fea o lanu e lua na sili i le matrix, e ala i le tatalaina o se aofaʻi lava o pusa ina ia mafai ai ona faia lena filifiliga. I le Leai se tau, mataupu mafai ona manumalo 100 togi mo saʻo filifiliga pe leiloa 100 togi mo filifiliga le saʻo tusa lava po o le a le numera o atigipusa matala. I le Tau o tulaga, o le ono numera o togi mo se saʻo tali na amata i le 250, ma faʻaititia e 10 ma tatalaina uma atigipusa. I lea mataupu mataupu ono manumalo nisi togi mo muamua filifiliga. O le faʻasalaga mo se tali sese na tumau pea i le 100 togi. Na maeʻa loa ona faia se filifiliga a mataupu, ona latou tago lea i le vaega lanu e tutusa i lalo ifo o le matrix. Na aliaʻe mai se feʻau mo le 2 sekone - “Saʻo! Ua e malo [x] 'ai "pe" Sese! Ua leiloa lau 100 ''. E 10 faʻataʻitaʻiga na suʻea e le tagata lava ia ia tulaga. O se va-faʻavaitaimi vavaega (maualalo 1 sekone) na faʻaleleia ina ia faʻataʻitaʻi le umi o le 30 sekone e faʻafetaui ai le tuai-averse tali. O le fua muamua o le aofaʻi o aofaʻi o pusa na tatalaina. Laʻasaga lona lua aofia ai aofaʻiga manatu, sampling mea sese (filifiliga le saʻo) ma le ono sao (ono mafai e le mataupu saʻo i le taimi o faʻaiuga).

Totogi o le Discounting Task

O le faʻatuai ona faʻaititia e faʻasino i le faʻaititia o le tolopoina o faʻatuai ma e masani ona fuaina i le faʻaaogaina o le Moneter Choice Questionnaire [22]. O le fesili fesili o le 27-aitema, a oe lava fesili fesili, o loʻo filifilia ai sui auai i le va o sina taui vave, ma se taui faʻatuai tele atu (eg E te manaʻo i le £ 14 aso nei, poʻo le 25 i le 19 aso?). O le fua muamua o le faatosinaga (k) o le paʻu o le paʻu ua fuafuaina e pei ona taua i lalo: V = A / (1+ kD) lea o le V o le taimi nei aoga o tuai tolopo A i le tolopo D. O le maualuga o le k aoga, o le steeper o le slope ma le sili atu le paʻuʻu pe faʻasolosolo filifiliga. O le tau o filifiliga laʻititi, feololo ma lapoʻa na filifilia e averesi mo le tau mulimuli ole k.

Galue vave tali atu galuega

O le vave tali atu gaioiga o se tala faʻaliliuga o le rodent 5-filifiliga serial tali taimi gaioiga [25]. O mataupu na oomiina ma taofi i lalo le avanoa avanoa ma le latou pito sili ona taua o le tamailima lima i le taimi na aliali mai ai ni pusa se 4 i luga o le touch screen monitor. O le space bar press na faʻailoa mai le 'cue onset' taimi. O se lanumeamata lapoʻa sikoa na aliali mai puupuu (32 i le 64 ms) ma faasolosolo malie i se tasi o atigipusa ina ua maeʻa le taimi atofaina (cue-target interval: 2 i le 10 sekone). O mataupu na faʻamatuʻuina le avanoa avanoa ma paʻi atu i le atigipusa i luga o le laupepa na faʻaalia ai le sini autu, ma na taʻu atu i ai o le aofaʻi o tupe e maua e faʻamoemoeina lea i le vave na latou tali mai. Na i ai le 2 Polokalama poloka poloka e aunoa ma tupe tali ma 4 Tofotofoga poloka ma tupe tali mai. Le uiga o le tali atu o le taimi (RT) i poloka o le Baseline sa faʻaaogaina ina ia mafai ai ona setiina a latou lava tali tupe (20 faʻataʻitaʻiga i le poloka; i le amataga ma le maeʻa ai o le poloka Suʻega muamua) e unaʻi ai le vave tali atu. I poloka Tofotofoga, na manumalo ai mataupu i ni tupe se tele mo ni tali vave ma leiloa ai tupe mo tuai tali. Ina ua maeʻa vave pe le saʻo tali, sa tago mataupu i le laupepa e faʻamaeʻa ai le faʻamasinoga, ona sosoʻo ai lea ma le 'Tumau pea'. O le Suʻesuʻega poloka na fesuiaʻi i le faʻatulagaina o le umi, faʻailo o le taʻi-faʻatulagaina ma le i ai o mea faʻalavelave. O fua muamua na faia, o le vave faamatuu atu o le avanoa avanoa ae lei amataina le taulaiga ma le Motivation Index = (Baseline RT1 - Baseline RT2) / (Baseline RT1 + Baseline RT2). O le Motivation Index na fuaina le RT i le faʻaumatia e aunoa ma ni manatu faʻaalia mulimuli i mea faigaluega aoga ma ni manatu faaalia ma se togi maualuga faʻatusalia sili faʻaosofia [25].

Taofi Galuega Faʻailo (SST)

O le SST o se galuega foi mai le CANTAB [24]. O matāʻupu na vaʻaia le laupepa komepiuta ma tali i luga o le pusa faʻamau tali e lua faʻaaogaina uma tamatamai lima. O mataupu na oomiina le taumatau poʻo le agavale taumatau mo le "Alu" faʻaosofia (aū o loʻo aliali mai i totonu o se liʻo faʻasino atu i le agavale poʻo le taumatau) lea na tuʻu pea i luga o le lau seʻia tali mai le mataupu. I le 20% o faʻataʻitaʻiga, e manaʻomia le taofiofia o soʻo se tali atu pe a ilia se leo "beep" (Taofi faailo) O le faailo taofi taofi 250 milliseconds ina ua maeʻa le Go signal (Stop Signal Delay, SSD). O le SSD na fesuisuiaʻi i se auala poto e faʻalagolago i le tali muamua, faʻaititia e 50 milliseconds mo se manuia taofi ma faʻateleina e 50 milliseconds mo le manuia le taofi. O le mea lea, o le manuia taofi na tupu pe tusa o le 50% o faʻamasinoga. O le galuega sa i ai 5 poloka o 80 tofotofoga. O le fua muamua o le taofi o le taofi faʻatonutonu tali taimi (SSRT), lea na fuafuaina e pei ona taʻua i lalo: SSRT = median Go tali atu taimi - SSD [45] i se togi maualuga faʻailoa mai sili atu faaletonu i tali tali atu.

sitatisika

O nei faʻamatalaga na asiasia mo fafo atu ma masani ai o tufatufaina na faʻataʻitaʻia e faʻaaoga ai le suʻega a Shapiro-Wilkes. O le autu uiga ma le 4 muamua taunuʻuga fua (IST pusa tatalaina, DDT, SSRT, vave tali mai) na auiliiliina faʻaaogaina se tutoatasi t-suʻega. Mo le IST, o suʻesuʻega lona lua na faia e iloilo ai le aofaʻi o togi ma mea sese ma aʻafiaga o le tau. O le faʻafefiloi model ANOVA na faʻaaogaina e fua ai le muamua taunuʻuga fua o molimau faʻataʻitaʻia (pusa tatalaina) ma le Vaega (VG, soifua maloloina volenitia) o se va i le va o mataupu mataupu ma Tau (Leai se tau, tau) o se totonu-mataupu vaega. O faʻataʻitaʻiga fefiloi tutusa ANOVAs na faʻaaogaina foi e iloilo ai le aofaʻi o togi ma faʻataʻitaʻiga sese. Ina ia mafai ona faʻatonutonu mo aʻafiaga o le faʻaaogaina o le nikotini, o iloiloga uma sa toe faia faʻatasi ma le faʻaaogaina o le nikotini e avea o se covariate. Sa faʻatulagaina suʻesuʻega i le va o le mamafa o le VG ma faʻaiuga o gaioiga i le faʻaaogaina o le faʻatasiga a Pearson. Linear regression faʻaaogaina le auala i luma e iloilo ai mo tutoatasi fesuiaʻiga ma le faʻatonutonuina mo tele faʻatusatusaga na faʻaaogaina e iloilo ai le va i le va o ituaiga o taʻaloga ma taʻaloga o taunuʻuga. O fesuiaʻiga o pusa IST na tatalaina, DDT, GoRT, SSRT, vave tali atu ma Motivational Index na tusia i totonu o le faʻataʻitaʻiga. P <0.05 na manatu taua.

i'uga

Luasefuluono VG mataupu (23 tama, uiga matua 24.69 (SD 5.90) ​​tausaga, Verbal IQ 119.80 (SD 4.33)) na faʻatusatusa ma le luasefulu ono tausaga-, itupa- ma IQ-faʻafetaui soifua maloloina volenitia (23 tama, uiga 25.61 tausaga (SD 5.87) tausaga, Verbal IQ 118.13 (SD 4.58)) E leai ni eseesega i le averesi o tausaga (df = 50, t = 0.56, p = 0.57) poʻo le IQ (df = 50, t = 1.35, p = 0.18). E fitu VG mataupu sa faʻaaogaina e le nikotini. O le ogaoga o pathological taʻaloga ua avatua i totonu Laulau 1. E leai ni eseʻesega i mataupu faʻavae, UPPS poʻo BDI togi (Laulau 2).

ata vali

Laulau 1. Videogame-taʻaloga fua.

doi: 10.1371 / journal.pone.0075914.t001

ata vali

Laulau 2. Fua faʻataunuʻuina (o faʻamatalaga e uiga i ai +/− SD).

doi: 10.1371 / journal.pone.0075914.t002

Mo le vaega muamua o iʻuga o le IST, o mataupu a le VG na faʻataʻitaʻia ai le tele o faʻamaoniga (pusa na tatalaina) i le Leai se tau faʻatusatusa i tagata soifua maloloina (p = 0.04; Ata 1). O suʻesuʻega lona lua na faʻaaogaina e iloilo ai aʻafiaga o le Tau ma fua o le aofaʻi o manatu ma mea sese. Sa i ai le aoga tele o Tau i molimau faʻamaonia (F (1,50) = 50.47, P <0.0001) ae leai se aoga taua a le Vaega (F (1,50) = 0.70, P = 0.41). Sa i ai le Vaega e ala i Fetuʻutuʻiga o tau (F (1,50) = 8.00, p = 0.007) lea na matala ai VG mataupu i ni nai pusa i le No Cost pe a faʻatusatusa i le HV (uiga eseesega = 3.26 (95% CI = 0.09-6.42) , F (1,50) = 4.27, p = 0.04) ma leai se eseʻesega i le Tau o le tau (uiga eseʻesega = -1.28 (95% CI = -3.81-1.25), F (1,50) = 1.03, p = 0.32 ) (Ata 1). O le kulupu e ala i fesuiaiga o tau na tumau pea le taua e aofia ai ma le faʻaaogaina o le nikotini e pei o le covariate (F (1,49) = 5.64, p = 0.02).

ata vali

Ata 1. Faʻamatalaga faʻataʻitaʻi galuega faʻatino taunuʻuga faiga.

Fua faʻafefiloi ANOVA o Faʻamatalaga Sampling Galuega gaioiga o se gaioiga o tau. Tauagavale: Ua matala Pusa; Taumatau: Manatu. Faapuupuuga: HV = soifua maloloina volenitia; VG = faʻapitoa taʻalo; YBOCS-G = fesuiaʻi Yale-Brown Obsessive Faʻamalosi Score mo taʻaloga.

Pule: 10.1371 / journal.pone.0075914.g001

I le aofaʻi atoa o togi a le IST, sa iai foʻi le aʻafiaga o le kulupu (F (1,50) = 6.98, p = 0.01) na maua ai e VG le aofaʻi o togi. E leai se aoga o le tau (F (1,50) = 0.15, p = 0.70) poʻo se aafiaga o fegalegaleaiga (F (1,50) = 0.04, p = 0.84. O le vaega autu aoga na tumau pea le taua i le faʻaaogaina o le nikotini e avea o se covariate (F (1,49) = 4.01, p <0.05) I mea sesē faʻataʻitaʻi a le IST, sa i ai le aʻafiaga o le Cost (F (1,50) = 16.73, p <0.0001) ae leai ni aafiaga o le Vaega (F (1,50 , 0.0001) <0.99, p = 1,50) poʻo fegalegaleaiga (F (2.22) = 0.14, p = 1,50). I le saʻo saʻo IST, sa i ai le aʻafiaga o le Cost (F (28.48) = 0.001, p <1,50) ae leai ni aʻafiaga o le Vaega (F (0.46) = 0.50, p = 1,50) poʻo le aafiaga o fegalegaleaiga (F (2.40) = 0.13, p = XNUMX).

Mo le DDT, 1 volenitia soifua maloloina ma 3 VG mataupu na tuʻuʻesea mai le auiliiliga o fafo (> 3 SD i luga atu uiga). VG mataupu faia sili atu filogia filifiliga faʻatatau i le HV (Laulau 2 ma Ata 2) (p = 0.006). Faʻatasi ai ma le faʻaaogaina o le nikotini e aofia ai o se mea e faʻaaoga, o le eseʻesega i le va o vaega na tumau pea le taua (F = 3.38, p <0.05).

ata vali

Ata 2. Faʻatuai le faʻaititia ma faʻamatalaga o galuega fai.

K-aoga o le tuai fai galuega faʻaititia.

Pule: 10.1371 / journal.pone.0075914.g002

Sa i ai se aga agaʻi atu i sili atu vave vave tali atu i le VG faʻatusatusa i soifua maloloina volenitia (p = 0.09) (Laulau 2). Ae ui i lea, o le vaega eseʻesega e le taua ma le nikotini o se covariate (F (1,49) = 2.10, p = 0.15). E leai ni eseesega o vaega i le SSRT (p = 0.60) (Laulau 2).

Sa i ai se faʻamaoniga le lelei i le va o le ogaoga o taʻaloga e pei ona fuaina i le faʻaaogaina o le YBOCS-VG ma atigipusa na tatalaina i le No Cost (lipotia mai o le Pearson faʻatasi fesoʻotaʻiga: r = -0.41, p <0.05) (Ata 3) ma togi togi (r = −0.57, p = 0.004) faʻatasi ai ma se faʻamaoniga lelei ma faʻataʻitaʻiga sese (r = 0.58, p = 0.003). O le aofaʻi o itula e taʻalo i le vaiaso na faʻamautinoa lelei ma Motivational Index (r = 0.40, p <0.05) (Ata 3). E leai ni faʻafetauiina ma le togi GAS (p> 0.05).

ata vali

Ata 3. Faʻafesoʻotaʻiga o faiga ogaoga ma taunuʻuga o galuega.

A. Faʻamaumauga auiliiliina o le faigata o taʻaloga vitio faʻavae i luga o suiga Yale Brown Obsessive Compulsive Scale togi faʻafetauiina mo petipetiga ma Faʻamatalaga Sampling Task taunuʻuga fua. B. Faʻamaonia faʻavasegaina o vitio taʻaloga itula taʻalo i le vaiaso ma Motivation Faʻamatalaga mai le vave taliina galuega.

Pule: 10.1371 / journal.pone.0075914.g003

Faʻaogaina laina faʻavasega iloiloga, sili atu taimi tele o matafaioi taʻaloga taʻaloga na fesoʻotaʻi ma faʻaletonu afi tali taofi (maualuga SSRT) (R2 = 0.31, p = 0.01) ma le SSRT o se tutoʻatasi vaega faʻamaonia i le faʻataʻitaʻiga (t = -2.85, p = 0.01) (Ata 4). O le tele o taimi o taʻaloga taʻaloga na fesoʻotaʻi ma le vave GoRT i luga o le SST galuega ma faʻaititia le faʻaititia o le gaioi (sili atu pusa tatalaina i luga o le IST) (R2 = 0.39, p = 0.02) ma televave GoRT (t = 2.58, p = 0.02) ma atigipusa matala (t = ,2.10, p = 0.051) faʻamaoniaina o tutoʻatasi itu i le faʻataʻitaʻiga (Ata 4). Tele taimi o tali atu taimi taʻaloga e le fesoʻotaʻi ma ni taua tele suiga ile faʻataʻitaʻiga.

ata vali

Ata 4. Linear regression o taʻaloga ituaiga ma galuega taunuʻuga.

A. Linear regression analysis o le tele o taimi o taʻaloga taʻaloga na taʻalo (p = 0.02) ma le Go Reaction Time (GoRT) mai le Stop Signal Task ma pusa na tatalaina mai le Information Sampling Task o loʻo totoe i le faʻataʻitaʻiga. B. Linear regression analysis o le tele o taimi na taʻalo ai taʻaloga na taʻalo (p = 0.01) ma le Stop Signal Reaction Time (SSRT) o loʻo totoe i le faʻataʻitaʻiga.

Pule: 10.1371 / journal.pone.0075914.g004

I vaega uma e lua ma vaega taʻitasi eseʻese, e leai se fesoʻotaʻiga i le va o iʻuga o fesuiaʻiga o pusa IST tatala, SSRT, DDT, poʻo vave tali atu (Pearson faʻatasi fesoʻotaʻiga r = -0.18-0.29, p <0.05).

Talanoaga

Matou te faʻaalia o faʻapitoa taʻaloga e fesoʻotaʻi ma sili atu faʻasolosolo filifiliga, ma le itiiti ifo faʻamaoniga faʻataʻitaʻia i luma o se faʻaiuga ma sili atu faʻasolosolo filifiliga. Sili atu le mafaufau loloto lagona gaioiga (ie faʻataʻitaʻiga laititi molimau poʻo le tatalaina o ni nai pusa ae leʻi faia se faʻaiuga), na i ai le leaga faʻaiuga ma pathological tagata taaalo mauaina tele sili atu togi, ono faʻalauteleina ala i le numera faʻateleina o numera o faʻataʻitaʻiga sese. Lenei aʻafiaga ono unaia e mataupu ma sili atu faigata taʻaloga o sili atu YBOCS-VG togi na faʻamaopoopo faʻalelei ma le itiiti ifo faʻamaoniga faʻataʻitaʻiga, sili atu faʻataʻitaʻiga mea sese ma le itiiti ifo togi maua.

Matou te faʻaalia atili foi o le faʻaofiina o se tau poʻo se faʻasalaga i le aofaʻi o molimau faʻataʻitaʻia e fesoʻotaʻi ma le laʻititi ifo o le faʻaititia o faʻamaoniga faʻataʻitaʻi i pathological tagata taaalo e faʻatatau i pulega. E ui o vaega uma e lua e faʻaititia le aofaʻi o molimau ua faʻataʻitaʻia ma le tau e pei ona fuafuaina, o tagata taʻalo faʻasolosolo e matua faʻaititia lava le paʻu. I le Leai se tau, o le sili ona lelei auala e faʻatele ai manatu o le faʻataʻitaʻia o le tele o faʻamaoniga pe a mafai. I se eseesega, i le Tau faʻatulagaina, o faʻaopoopoga taʻitasi o molimau faʻataʻitaʻia e fesoʻotaʻi ma le leiloa o togi. E ui lava i le alualu i luma o mafaufauga le mautonu i le Tau tulaga i le pathological tagata taaalo, talu ai o le tele o faʻamaoniga faʻataʻitaʻiga na fesoʻotaʻi ma sili atu faʻasalaga, aotelega pathological tagata taaalo mauaina pea nai togi faʻatusatusa i le soifua maloloina volenitia. E leai ni vaega taua pe eseʻesega feʻeseʻeseaʻiga i mea sese faʻataʻitaʻi (filifiliga le saʻo) pe ono saʻo le mea e ono tupu (foliga mai e saʻo le mataupu i le taimi o faʻaiuga) fai mai o le leiloa o togi e leʻi unaʻia e mea sese ae o togi na leiloa ona o le tele o faʻamaoniga faʻaiuga. I le aotelega o matou sailiga e fautua mai ai o tagata taʻaʻalo faʻapitoa atonu e le o nofouta i le faʻaofiina o tau poʻo faʻasalaga pe ono sili atu le faʻaletonu i le tuʻufaʻatasia o faʻaiuga tau i le faʻamautuina o taunuʻuga mulimuli.

I se faʻatusatusaga, o le aofaʻi o itula na taʻalo na faʻamautinoa lelei faʻatasi ma le Faʻaosofiaina faʻasino igoa i le vave taliina gaioiga. Lenei fuataga o le faʻaosofia iloiloina taimi tali atu i le faʻaumatia mulimuli i mea faigaluega faʻatulagaina ma tala tupe (24) faʻailoa mai o le faʻaosofia i patological tagata taʻalo ono ono aʻafia e ala i meafaʻatumu tali lelei. O le mea lea, o mataupu tau taʻaloga faʻaleoleo na vave tali atu i le faʻamoemoe pe a faʻataʻitaʻia i le faʻaumatia e aunoa ma ni manatu, pe a maeʻa ona iloa e mataupu o le tali atu i le sini e mafai ona taitai atu ai i se taui tali. Lenei faʻamaumauga faʻatasi ai ma le Faʻataʻitaʻiga Faʻataʻitaʻiga Galue faʻamaumauga faʻaalia ai o le le lelei tau i filifiliga filifiliga ono sili atu le aoga nai lo le tauia manatu faaalia e suia amioga i pathological tagata taʻalo.

Ole tele ole faʻamalosi e masani ona maitauina ile faʻaogaina o vailaʻau ole faʻafitauli ma mea e fai ma vaisu e pei ole faʻamaliega o taʻaloga. Filifiliga le mautonu, e pei o le le mautonu filifiliga, ma mafaufauga le mautonu, e pei ona fuaina i lenei taimi nei suʻesuʻega, e masani ona faʻaletonu i le tele o vailaʻau faʻaogaina vailaʻau. O se lautele tusitusiga faatatau i se fesoʻotaʻiga i le va maualuga maualuga atagia mai le le mautonu ma le le mautonu filifiliga ma eseese vailaʻau faʻaaoga le lelei, e aofia ai opiates [23], mea faʻaosofia [46] ma le ava malosi [47], [48]. E faʻapena foi, faʻalavelave tau tupe e fesoʻotaʻi foʻi ma le maualuga o le le mautonu [47]. I le suʻesuʻega o loʻo faia nei, na matou tuʻuina eseina mataupu ma le faʻaaogaina o vailaʻau (e aofia ai le cannabis) ma faʻatonutonuina mo le faʻaaogaina o le nikotini faʻapea o iʻuga e le fesoʻotaʻi ma le faʻaaogaina o vailaʻau.

Pe o nei faaletonu o vaʻaiga vavalo ma suia se tagata agaʻi i amioga faʻasolosolo pe o setete-faʻapitoa ma fesoʻotaʻi ma sili atu taʻaloga e le o iloa. Na matou maitauina le vavaeʻesega i le va o faʻaiuga o vaega i le taʻavale ma faʻaiuga le mautinoa. E le pei o faʻaletonu i le taʻavale manaʻomia masani ona maitauina i vailaʻau faʻaaogaina faʻaletonu i fua o tali tali faʻamalosi e pei ona fuaina faʻaaogaina le SST [49] ma vave ona tali atu [25], leai ni eseʻesega i le taʻavale faʻamalosi na matauina i mataupu VG. O nei faiga e masani lava ona faʻaletonu i vailaʻau faʻaaogaina faʻaletonu uma o se tulaga setete ma aʻafiaga. E eseʻesega ma le lipoti o sili atu faaletonu i le taofiofia o le afi i mataupu VG o loʻo faʻaaogaina le Go / No Go task [19] lea e iloiloina uma ai le filifiliga o se gaioiga ma gaioiga taofiofi nai lo le faʻaleaogaina gaioiga iloiloina faʻaogaina le SST. O le sili atu o le auai i le taʻalo i taʻaloga e fesoʻotaʻi ma faʻaletonu i le SST o loʻo faʻailoa mai ai o le taofiofia o le tali atu i le afi e ono faʻaletonu i latou o loʻo taulaʻi i le faʻatinoina o taʻaloga. O le mea lea, matou te leʻi mauaina ni tali faʻatapulaʻa eseesega i le SST pe a faʻatusatusa i le maitauina o faʻaletonu i le Go / NoGo galuega e ono atagia mai ai le eseesega o galuega poʻo le faitau aofaʻi o tagata i ituaiga o taʻaloga na taʻalo ai. O mataupu tau taʻaloga faʻaleaganuʻu sa i ai se aga agaʻi i luma vave tali atu, lea na faʻamatalaina e ala i le faʻaaogaina o le nikotini. Lenei le leai o le kulupu 'eseʻese i le taʻavale manaʻomia ono faʻapea foi ono fautua mai a le o le tele o taʻaloga e le faʻateteleina le puleaina o le afi pe ono faʻaleleia atili ai le faʻatonutonuina o le afi peʻa iai se faʻaletonu laina. O le leai o se aʻafiaga ono ono fautuaina ono eseesega i le va pathological taʻaloga ma faʻaletonu o vailaʻau faʻaaogaina.

Na matou suʻesuʻeina foʻi le aʻafiaga o ituaiga taʻaloga na taʻalo i le tuʻuʻeseʻeseina o taimi e tali atu ai ('fast twitch') taʻaloga, taʻaloga faʻataʻitaʻi ma taʻaloga faʻataʻitaʻi, o lona lua e ono iai ni elemeni o taʻiala e lua (character development and statistics) ma faʻasologa o gaioiga Na matou faʻaalia o le tele o taimi o taʻaloga taʻalo na fesoʻotaʻi ma le faʻaletonu o le tali atu o le afi ma le tele o taimi o taʻiala taʻaloga ma le faʻaititia o le mafaufau (sili atu molimau faʻataʻitaʻi i le IST) ma vave GoRT i le SST. Matou te leʻi maitauina ni fesoʻotaʻiga taua ma taimi na faia ai tali. Lenei faʻamatalaga finau faasaga i se matafaioi mo tele vitio taʻaloga i le faʻaleleia o le taʻavale faʻatonutonu i pathological tagata taaalo lea e ono manatu ai o taʻaloga taulaʻi i le tali atu taimi ma le faʻatonutonuina o le afi ma le itiiti ifo i le taʻiala ono fesoʻotaʻi ma le vave tali atu taimi ma faʻaleleia afi tali taofia.

E i ai ni tapulaʻa i le taimi nei suʻesuʻega. O le numera o mataupu atonu e le lava tele e faʻamaeʻaina atoa ai vaega eseesega. Ae ui i lea, o le tele lava lenei o se mataupu mo aga masani poʻo le le lelei sailiga. E ui lava e leai se finagalo autasi i tulaga faʻataʻitaʻi mo taʻaloga faʻafitauli, na matou faʻaaogaina lelei tuutuuga e faʻatatau i le faʻaleagaina o galuega ma faʻavae faʻavae i luga o faʻagatama faʻamalositino, o se lelei-faʻamaonia amioga vaisu o ana faʻataʻitaʻiga aiaiga na maeʻa faʻaleleia mo lenei faamoemoe [9], [10]. Sa matou puleaina foʻi ma le faʻaeteete le faʻaaogaina o vailaʻau oona e ui lava o eseesega ona o le faʻaaogaina o vailaʻau oona e mafai foi ona matua aʻoaʻoina. Na matou suʻesuʻeina mataupu e leʻi oʻo mai ile taimi nei-sailiga togafitiga faʻapea e ono sili atu le paleni. Ae ui i lea, matou te faʻaalia pea le le manino o mea le masani ai. O suʻesuʻega i le lumanaʻi atonu e ono suʻesuʻeina ituaiga o taʻaloga e taʻalo ai. Lenei o le a faʻatagaina ai mo masalosaloga e uiga i le va o le taʻavale impulsivity, tali atu taimi ma faʻataʻitaʻiga aʻafiaga.

Matou te faʻaalia o faʻasolosolo tagata taʻavale na faʻaletonu le tuʻufaʻatasia ituaiga o le le mautonu. E le pei o suʻesuʻega i le au volenitia soifua maloloina ma le tele o mea e le o ni faʻataʻitaʻiga, matou te leʻi faʻaalia ni mea e faʻaleleia atili i le mafaufau poʻo le afi. Lenei suʻesuʻega atili fesoasoani i lo tatou malamalamaʻaga o lenei amioga ma faʻapitoa faʻapitoa vaʻaia le le atoatoa i le le mautonu i le pathological ituaiga o vitio taʻaloga. O a matou faʻamatalaga e faʻailoa mai ai o tagata taʻaʻalo faʻapitoa e ono tali atu i ni tufatufaina atu o tufatufaina o meafaitino ma e laʻititi ifo le tau le lelei i le faiga o filifiliga. O nei faʻaletonu e mafai foi ona avea ma sui ono togafitiga togafitiga mo mafaufau faʻapitoa togafitiga i le puleaina o faʻapitoa taʻaloga.

tautinoga

VV o le Wellcome Trust Intermediate Fellow. NAH o le Wellcome Trust Intermediate Fellow. ETB o loʻo faʻa faigaluega faʻavaitaimi e le Iunivesite o Cambridge ma faʻavaitaimi e GSK PLC.

Tusitala Tusitala

Mafaufauina ma fuafuaina ia faataʻitaʻiga: VV MAI. Faʻataʻitaʻia le faʻataʻitaʻiga: MAI SB. Iloilo le faʻamatalaga: VV YW MAI SB ETB NAH. Tusia le pepa: MAI VV. Faʻatonutonu: MAI VV SB YW ETB NAH.

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