Iloiloina o le eseesega o aʻafiaga o faʻafitauli i luga o le 'upega tafaʻilagi faʻasalalauga ma mea faʻaletonu i luga ole Initaneti i le mafaufau maloloina (2017)

J Behav Addict. 2017 Nov 13: 1-10. Pule: 10.1556 / 2006.6.2017.075.

Pontes HM1.

lē faʻatino

Faʻamatalaga ma sini

O suʻesuʻega muamua na taulai atu i le suʻesuʻeina o feʻeseʻeseaʻiga i le va o fesoʻotaiga vavave faʻaneionapo ma le Initaneti (IGD) i le vavae ese. E le gata i lea, e itiiti se mea e iloa ai e uiga i aʻafiaga eseese o measina tutusa ma le SNS ma le IGD i le soifua maloloina o le mafaufau. O lenei suʻesuʻega sa suʻesuʻeina ai le fesoʻotaʻiga i nei vailaʻau faʻamalosi e lua ma faʻamautinoa ai le auala e mafai ai ona latou fesoasoani ma le malosi i le faʻalauteleina o le faʻalauiloaina o le mafaufau i le taimi o faʻamaumauga mo aʻafiaga e mafua mai i suiga o le sociodemographic ma tekinolosi.

Metotia

O se faʻataʻitaʻiga o 509 talavou (53.5% aliʻi) tausaga 10-18 tausaga (uiga = 13.02, SD = 1.64) na faʻafaigaluegaina.

i'uga

Na maua ai o ki autu o fesuiaʻiga o tagata e mafai ona faia se eseesega vaega i le faʻamatalaina o le SNS vaisu ma IGD. E le gata i lea, na maua o le SNS mausa ma le IGD mafai faʻateleina auga o le tasi, ma i le taimi e tasi fesoasoani i le faʻaleagaina o le atoa mafaufau maloloina i se faiga tutusa, atili faʻamalamalamaina ono masani ai masani masani ma togafitiga vasega i le va o nei vaʻaiga lua. I le iuga, o le leaga aʻafiaga o le IGD i le mafaufau maloloina na maua e sili atu ona manino nai lo i latou na gaosia e le SNS vaisu, o se sailiga e tatau ai faʻaopopo faʻasaienisi suʻesuʻega.

Talanoaga ma le faaiuga

O aʻafiaga o nei taunuʻuga o loʻo talanoaina atili e tusa ma molimau o loʻo iai ma felafolafoaʻiga e faʻatatau i le tulaga o mea ua fai ma vaisu faʻatonutonu ole tulaga muamua ma faʻalavelave lona lua.

FUAFUAGA: Faaletonu taʻaloga Initaneti; amioga ua fai ma vaisu; soifua maloloina o le mafaufau; upega tafaʻilagi fesoʻotaʻiga vaisu; vaisu tekinolosi

PMID: 29130329

FAIA: 10.1556/2006.6.2017.075

faʻatomuaga

 

O tekinolosi talu ai nei na alualu i luma na avea ma sao taua i le suia o le auala e iloa ai e tagata taʻitoʻatasi upega tafailagi fesoʻotaʻiga (SNS) ma vitio taʻaloga. E ui lava o nei atinaʻe faʻalauteleina faʻalauteleina mea e faʻaaoga e le au faʻaoga i gaioiga uma e lua, na latou saofaga foʻi i le faʻateleina o le laina vaeluaina i le va o le SNS faʻaaoga ma le taʻaloga o taʻaloga vitio (Rikkers, Lawrence, Hafekost, & Zubrick, 2016; Starcevic & Aboujaoude, 2016).

O tafaoga masani a le va fealoai ma fesoʻotaʻiga faʻasologa e matua ofi i soʻo se ituaiga taʻaloga, aemaise lava i taʻaloga tetele i luga o le upega tafailagi (MMORPGs), e mafai ai ona faʻataʻalo ai tagata i soʻo se lalolagi. O se tele tele suʻesuʻega o 912 MMORPG tagata taʻalo mai 45 atunuʻu na mauaina o fegalegaleaiga lautele i totonu o taʻaloga siʻosiʻomaga fausiaina se elemene tele i le fiafia o le taʻalo o tagata taʻalo e mafai ona faia uo i le olaga atoa ma paʻaga i a latou taʻaloga taʻaloga (Cole & Griffiths, 2007). O le mea e mataʻina ai, o agafesoʻotaʻi poto masani i le vaitaimi o le Upega Tafaʻilagi 2.0 aofia ai lauiloa lauiloa ala o faʻasalalauga taʻaloga o loʻo siʻitia i luga lauiloa (Bright, Kleiser, & Grau, 2015), faatasi ai ma fuainumera lata mai mai le Facebook o loʻo fautua mai ai e faapea, i le 2014, e tusa ma le 375 miliona tagata na taʻalo i le Facebook e fesoʻotaʻi ma taʻaloga i masina taʻitasi, ma o telefoni feaveaʻi na lafoina le averesi o le 735 miliona faʻasino i taʻaloga i aso uma (Facebook, 2014).

E ui lava i le lautele lipotia lelei ma aoga aafiaga o uma SNS ma vitio taʻaloga i le tele o tulaga (eg, faʻalauiloa gaioiga, soifua maloloina, ma isi) (eg, Chopik, 2016; Heo, Chun, Lee, Lee, & Kim, 2015; Howard, Wilding, & Tagata asiasi, 2016; Stroud & Whitbourne, 2015), o loʻo iai foʻi faʻamatalaga molimau mai le tele o suʻesuʻega a le atunuʻu e faʻaalia ai o SNS ma taʻaloga vitio e mafai ona faʻatupulaia i le le atoatoa o le mafaufau ma amioga le lelei i se vaega toʻaitiiti o tagata e faʻaaogaina, e aofia ai ma talavou talavou e ono faʻaaoga soʻo ma le le maloloina nei tekonolosi i le taimi nei.Andreassen, 2015; Bányai et al., 2017; Cock et al., 2014; Morioka et al., 2016; Pápay et al., 2013). Talu ai nei, Sioni, Burleson, ma Bekerian (2017) faʻatautaia se suʻesuʻega faʻapitoa i se faʻataʻitaʻiga o le 595 MMORPG tagata taʻalo mai le Iunaite Setete ma iloa ai o le avea ma vaʻaia taʻaloga vitio taʻaloga na fesoʻotaʻi lelei ma faʻailoga o agafesoʻotaʻi e tusa lava pe a maeʻa ona faʻatonutonuina mo le fefaʻasoaaʻi o faatosinaga o vaiaso taʻaloga itula, atili faʻamatalaina o tagata lautele fobia tagata fiafia Ituaiga i luga ole laiga o fegalegaleaiga lautele (Lee & Stapinski, 2012) a o latou tuʻuina atu i tagata faʻaoga le avanoa tulaga ese e faʻamalieina ai a latou fesoʻotaʻiga manaʻoga manaʻoga, ae o le taimi e tasi e faʻatagaina ai latou e tuʻua ni tulaga faʻafesoʻotaʻi latou te lagona ai le le lelei (eg, e ala i le o ese mai le taʻaloga). E tusa ai ma le faʻaaoga tele o le SNS, o se suesuega talu ai nei na faia e Xanidis ma Brignell (2016) i se faʻataʻitaʻiga o le 324 sosaiete faʻaaoga tagata faʻaaoga na iloa ai o le SNS vaisu o se autu vaʻaia o le faʻaititia o le lelei moe ma faʻateleina le aʻafia o le mafaufau faʻaletonu. Ma le isi, Xanidis ma Brignell (2016) maitauina o le SNS vaisu e mafai ona faʻatupuina ai le le lava o le mafaufau ona o ona le lelei aʻafiaga o le lelei o le moe, faʻamatala atili ai le taua o le falemaʻi ma le taua o le taua o suʻesuʻega e faʻatatau i tekonolosi mea ua fai ma vaʻaiga faʻaleaʻoaʻoga e pei o le tele ma le faʻaleagaina o le SNS ma le faʻaaogaina o ata vitio e mafai ona faʻaleagaina ai le tino ma le mafaufau. soifua maloloina i soʻo se ituaiga siosiomaga ma vaitausaga.

I le tulaga masani, o vaisu i ata vitio [ua lauiloa foi o le Initaneti o le le atoatoa (IGD)] o se tulaga o le falemaʻi e aofia ai se amioga amio e aofia ai le faifai pea ma faifai pea o le faaaogaina o vitio taʻaloga, e tau atu ai i le tele faʻaleagaina poʻo le faʻanoanoa i se vaitaimi o le 12 masina e pei o Faʻailoa i le lagolagoina o le lima (poʻo le sili atu) o mea taua nei e iva: (i) naunautaʻiga ma taʻaloga; (ii) toso ese auga pe a aveina le taʻaloga; (iii) faapalepale, ma iʻu ai i le manaʻoga e faʻaalu le aofaʻi tele o taimi e auai ai i taʻaloga; (iv) le manuia taumafaiga e pulea le auai i taʻaloga; (v) leiloa o le fiafia i mea sa fiafia i ai muamua ma faafiafiaga o se taunuuga o, ma vagana ai, o taaloga; (vi) faʻaauau pea le soʻoga o taʻaloga e ui lava i le malamalama i faʻafitauli tau le mafaufau; (vii) olegia tagata o lona aiga, fomaʻi, poʻo isi e faatatau i le aofaʻi o taʻaloga; (viii) faʻaaogaina o taʻaloga e sola ese ai pe faʻamalieina ai lagona le lelei; ma (ix) lamatia pe leiloa se taua vavalalata, galuega, poʻo aʻoga poʻo avanoa faigaluega ona o le auai i taʻaloga (American Psychiatric Association [APA], 2013). Ae mo le vaisu a le SNS, o lenei fausiaina ua faʻamatalaina lautele o le "soʻona popole tele i le SNS, ina ia unaʻia e se malosi faʻaosofia e log on i pe faʻaaoga SNSs, ma faʻaalu le tele o taimi ma taumafaiga i le SNSs e faʻaleagaina ai isi gaioiga lautele, suʻesuʻega / galuega, vavalalata fesoʻotaʻiga, ma / poʻo le mafaufau maloloina ma le manuia "(Andreassen & Pallesen, 2014, i. 4054).

Talu mai le uluaʻi talosaga a le IGD o se tentative faʻaletonu e le APA i le lona lima lomiga o le Fuainumera Faʻailoga ma Fuainumera Faʻamaumauga o Manatu o Mafaufauga (DSM-5; APA, 2013), ni felafolafoaʻiga a le au atamamai o loʻo faʻaalia ai ni manatu feteʻenaʻi ma feteʻenaʻi e uiga i le mafai ma le tulaga o le IGD o se faʻaletonu ua faʻasalalau (Aarseth et al., 2016; Griffiths, Van Rooij, et al., 2016; Lee, Choo, & Lee, 2017; Petry et al., 2014, 2015; Saunders et al., 2017). O nisi o nei atugaluga na aliaʻe mai ona o le mea moni o le diagnosticiteria mo le IGD na tele na mafua mai i le tuʻufaʻatasia o iai nei falemaʻi ma tulaga le aloaia e pei o: pathological petipeti, vailaʻau faʻaoga vailaʻau, ma lautele Initaneti vaisu (Kuss, Griffiths, & Pontes, 2017). E ui lava i le mea moni o le IGD ma le SNS vaisu e le aloaia aloaʻia faʻaletonu o le mafaufau, le World Health Organization (2016) faʻateleina le felafolafoaʻiga o loʻo fai ma vaisu i ata vitio ona o lana faʻaiuga e aofia ai faʻaletonu faʻaletonu (GD) o se faʻamaonia aloaia i le isi toe iloiloga o le International Classification of Diseases. O leisi mataupu o loʻo aʻafia i vaisu o amioga, pei o vaisu a le SNS ma le IGD, e fesoʻotaʻi ma le mea moni e faapea o le faʻamagaloina faʻavaea e mafai ona tupu i le tele o mataupu. Suesuega suʻesuʻe le toe faʻamamaina fua faatatau i IGD lipotia o le tupu fua le mafai ona tupu i le oʻo i le 50% o mataupu (eg, Gentile et al., 2011; Scharkow, Festl, & Quandt, 2014; Van Rooij, Schoenmakers, Vermulst, Van den Eijnden, & Van de Mheen, 2011).

E ui lava o le faʻateleina o fua o mea ua fai ma vaisu a le SNS ma le IGD e mafai ona aʻafia tele i mea taua e pei o faʻatonuga ma mataupu faʻavae e pei ona fautuaina muamua (Griffiths, Király, Pontes, & Demetrovics, 2015; Griffiths, Kuss, & Pontes, 2016; Griffiths & Pontes, 2015), malosi aʻoaʻoga (ie, suʻesuʻega a le atunuʻu) lipotia le faʻateleina o fua o mea ua fai ma vaisu i le SNS mai le 2.9% i le faitau aofai o tagata matutua o Peleseuma.Cock et al., 2014) i le 4.5% i tamaiti Hanikeri (Bányai et al., 2017). E ui lava o le faʻateleina o le IGD mai faʻamalolosi o suʻesuʻega na maua fua faatatau mai le 2.5% i talavou Slovenia (Pontes, Macur, & Griffiths, 2016) i le 5.8% i le va o talavou Dutch ma tagata matutua (Lemmens & Hendriks, 2016), o isi faʻataʻitaʻiga suʻesuʻega lipotia fua faatatau masani maualalo ifo i le 0.3% (Scharkow et al., 2014). E ui lava o sailiiliga i luga o le salalau foliga mai e fai lava mausali i le mausali o suʻesuʻega, o nisi o mea e ono fesoasoani i le siʻitia o tau. Mo se faʻataʻitaʻiga, ua maua o amio le taupulea ma ogaoga o le tali atu e mafai ona faʻatupuina ai fua faatatau o fua faatatau masani (Przybylski, 2017). E faʻapena foi, le ituaiga suʻesuʻega o le mafaufau faʻaaogaina ua faʻaalia e fesoasoani ai i le soʻona faʻatauaina o fua o faʻatele o faʻalavelave e seasea tupu, pei o le IGD (Maraz, Király, & Demetrovics, 2015).

Talu ai o le tele o malamalamaaga faʻavae i luga o aʻafiaga o le SNS ma taʻaloga taʻaloga i luga o le mafaufau i talavou talavou e faigata tele, o suʻesuʻega i le ono eseesega o aʻafiaga o vaisu a le SNS ma le IGD i luga o le mafaufau o le mafaufau e sili ona taua talu ai o nei mea taua e lua e fefaasoaaʻi i le masani ai o le amio masani ma isi vailaʻau e fesoʻotaʻi ma amio (Griffiths, 2015; Griffiths & Pontes, 2015; Shaffer et al., 2004), ma o le faʻateleina o taʻaloga lautele e faʻaleagaina ai le tulaga lelei o fegalegaleaiga i le va o tagata i talavou e ala i le faʻalavelaveina o lagona Lagolago (Kowert, Domahidi, Festl, & Quandt, 2014).

Le suʻesuʻega oi ai nei

Suesuega muamua (eg, Andreassen et al., 2016; Cock et al., 2014; Pontes & Griffiths, 2015b; Yu, Li, & Zhang, 2015) maua o itupa ma tausaga mafai faʻateleina vaivai i uma SNS vaisu ma IGD. O le mea lea, talu ai o tama tane itupa na fesoʻotaʻi faʻafesoʻotaʻi ma IGD ma fafine itupa ma SNS vaisu (Andreassen et al., 2016), o lenei suʻesuʻega faʻataʻitaʻi itupa ma tausaga o le a vavalo sili atu maualuga o le SNS vaisu ma IGD faʻailoga (H1). I se faʻaopopoga, tele o suʻesuʻega (eg, Andreassen et al., 2013, 2016; Sussman et al., 2014) ua lipotia lelei fegalegaleaiga i le va o ituaiga eseese o tekonolosi vaisu, fautuaina masani masani faavae felagolagomai. O le mea lea, e faʻapea e SNS vaisu ma IGD o le a fesoʻotaʻi lelei ma le tasi ma le isi (H2). E ui lava o le sootaga i le va o vaisu SNS, IGD, ma le mafaufau maloloina e faigata ma tumau finauga i le sili (Pantic, 2014), o se lapoʻa tino o faʻamaoniga lipotia autu tuʻufaʻatasia o tekonolosi vaisu, pei o le faʻanoanoa, popole, ma le popole (eg,  Király et al., 2014; Lehenbauer-Baum et al., 2015; Ostovar et al., 2016; Pontes & Griffiths, 2016). I lea, ua faʻapea e SNS vaisu ma IGD o le a tofu sao faʻapitoa ma eseʻese i le faʻateleina atoa tulaga o le mafaufau faʻanoanoa (H3). O suʻesuʻega uma e tolu o loʻo taʻua i luga o le a suʻesuʻeina mo le ono aʻafia o aʻafiaga e mafua mai i le tele o taimi e faʻaaoga ai Initaneti ma taʻaloga taʻaloga vitio a o faʻaalu taimi i nei gaioiga e masani ona fesoʻotaʻi ma amioga faʻanana (Pontes & Griffiths, 2015a; Pontes, Király, Demetrovics, & Griffiths, 2014; Stubblefield et al., 2017; Wu, Cheung, Ku, & Hung, 2013).

Metotia

Tagata auai ma taualumaga

Tagata auai gafatia mo lenei suesuega o tamaiti aʻoga uma (N = 700) lesitala i le ono, fitu, valu, ma le iva vasega o se tele ogatotonu aoga o loʻo i le Algarve (Potukale). Faʻatagaina mai le pule aʻoga ma matua na maua, ma tamaiti aʻoga maeʻa suʻesuʻega i totonu o le potu tusi a le aʻoga i le taimi o extracurricular gaoioiga. O lenei suesuega na faʻamaonia e le College Research Ethics Committee o le Nottingham Trent University, o le faʻatagaina na mauaina mai tagata uma na auai e aofia ai i le suʻesuʻega, ma le vaitaimi o faʻamaumauga aoina mai le masina o Me ia Iuni 2015, ma na filifilia le aʻoga i luga o le faʻavae o avanoa, ma tamaiti aʻoga na soʻosoʻo faʻataʻitaʻia mai le vaitaʻele o vasega aofia ai le ono, fitu, valu, ma le iva vasega (ie, tausaga 10-18 tausaga) e ausia sili representativeness o tamaiti aʻoga faitau aofai o le aʻoga auai. Faʻamatalaga na aoina mai 509 tamaiti aʻoga (72.7% o le aofaʻi atoa faitau aofaʻi). O le matua tausaga o le faʻataʻitaʻiga o le 13.02 tausaga (SD = 1.64) ma sa i ai le tutusa tutusa itupa vaeluaina ma 53.5% (n = 265) avea male (Lisi 1).

 

 

  

laulau

Laulau 1. Faʻataʻitaʻiga autu a sociodemographic uiga, faʻataʻitaʻiga o tekonolosi faʻaaogaina, tulaga o le faʻatamaʻi faʻaogaina o tekonolosi, ma le mafaufau maloloina (N = 495)

 

 


  

 

Laulau 1. Faʻataʻitaʻiga autu a sociodemographic uiga, faʻataʻitaʻiga o tekonolosi faʻaaogaina, tulaga o le faʻatamaʻi faʻaogaina o tekonolosi, ma le mafaufau maloloina (N = 495)

Ese aupito itiitiaupito tele
Tausaga (tausaga) (uiga, SD)13.02 (1.64)1018
Itupa (tane,%)265 (53.5)--
I se faiā (n,%)99 (20)--
Taimi vaiaso faʻaalu i luga o le Initaneti (uiga, SD)17.91 (23.34)149
Taʻivaiaso taimi faʻaalu taʻaloga (uiga, SD)10.21 (17.86)152
SNS maʻusa tulaga (uiga, SD)10.70 (4.83)630
Tulaga IGD (uiga, SD)15.92 (6.99)941
Loto faʻanoanoa (uiga, SD)3.12 (3.94)021
Vaiʻa tulaga (uiga, SD)2.66 (3.78)021
Tulaga faʻamalosi (uiga, SD)3.32 (3.97)021

tusi. Taʻi vaiaso faʻaalu i luga o le Initaneti ma taʻaloga faʻasino i le lipotia e oe lava numera o itula faʻaalu i na gaioiga i le vaiaso. SD: fuataga masani; SNS: 'upega tafaʻilagi fesoʻotaʻiga; IGD: Initaneti taʻaloga le atoatoa.

Fua
Sociodemographics ma taimi o tekonolosi faʻaaogaina

O faʻamaumauga a le aufaipisinisi na aoina i tausaga, itupa, ma le tulaga o fusi. O faʻamatalaga e uiga i le faʻaaogaina o le SNS na aoina e ala i le fesili atu mo tagata auai i le averesi o vaiaso i vaiaso uma e faʻaalu i luga o le Initaneti mo taimi paganoa ma le faʻapitoa (lautele) faʻamoemoe (ie, numera o itula). Taʻalo taimi taʻaloga na iloiloina e ala i le fesili atu mo tagata auai 'averesi vaiaso taimi faʻaalu taʻaloga (ie, numera o itula).

Le Bergen Facebook Addiction Scale (BFAS)

Le BFAS (Andreassen, Torsheim, Brunborg, & Pallesen, 2012) iloiloina vaisu SNS i le tulaga o le faʻaaogaina Facebook ma ua faʻaalia e faʻaalia sili lelei psychometric meatotino i le tele o atunuʻu (Phanasathit, Manwong, Hanprathet, Khumsri, & Yingyeun, 2015; Salem, Almenaye, & Andreassen, 2016; Silva et al., 2015), aofia ai Potukale (Pontes, Andreassen, & Griffiths, 2016). O le BFAS e aofia ai mea e ono e ufiufi ai vaega taua o amioga ua fai ma vaisu (ie, agavaʻa, fesuiaʻiga o lagona, faʻapalepale, aveʻesega, feteʻenaʻiga, ma le toe solomuli) (Griffiths, 2005). O aitema e togi i luga o le 5-point scale, ie, amata mai i le 1 (seasea lava) i le 5 (masani lava) i totonu o le taimi faʻatulagaina o 12 masina. Ole aofaʻi o togi e maua ile aofaʻi o sui auai o aitema taʻitasi (mai le 6 i le 30 togi), ma togi maualuluga e faʻaalia ai le faʻatupulaia o vaisu i le Facebook. O le BFAS ua faʻaalia le lava o tulaga o le faʻatuatuaina i lenei suʻesuʻega (α = 0.83).

Fuainumera o faaletonu o le faaletonu o le Initaneti - Fomu Pupuu (IGDS9-SF)

O le IGDS9-SF (Pontes & Griffiths, 2015a) o se puʻupuʻu psychometric mea faigaluega fuafuaina e iloilo le ogaoga o le IGD i luga o le 12-masina vaitaimi e tusa ai ma le faʻavae fautuaina e le APA i DSM-5 (APA, 2013). O le IGDS9-SF ua faʻaalia lelei lava meatotino psychometric ma koluse aganuu aoga i le tele o atunuʻu (Monacis, De Palo, Griffiths, & Sinatra, 2016; Pontes & Griffiths, 2015a; Pontes, Macur, et al., 2016), aofia ai Potukale (Pontes & Griffiths, 2016). O fesili e iva e aofia ai le IGDS9-SF o loʻo taliina i le faʻaaogaina o le 5-scale scale, e amata mai le 1 (aua lava nei) i le 5 (masani lava), ma togi e mafai ona maua i le faʻatulagaina o tali (mai le 9 i le 45 togi), ma togi maualuga faʻailoa mai le maualuga tikeri o le GD. O le faʻatuatuaina o le IGDS9-SF i lenei suʻesuʻega na faʻamalieina (α = 0.87).

Soifua maloloina faʻapitoa

O le aotelega o le mafaufau maloloina na iloiloina i le faʻaaogaina o le Paʻu Faʻanoanoa ma Faʻafitauli Fua - 21 (DASS-21; Lovibond & Lovibond, 1995), lea e aofia ai tolu tolu-aitema subscales ufiufi le tolu auga o loʻo faʻamauina luga o le 7-fua fua, ie, amata mai 4 (e leʻi faatatau ia te aʻu) i le 3 (faatatau tele ia te aʻu poʻo le tele o taimi). O le lomiga o le DASS-21 o loʻo faʻaaogaina i lenei suʻesuʻega na faʻaalia muamua e lava meatotino a le psychometric i le faitau aofai o tagata (Pais-Ribeiro, Honrado, & Leal, 2004). O le Cronbach's α coefficients mo lenei mea faigaluega i lenei suʻesuʻega o .84 (faʻaletonu), .86 (popolega), ma le .86 (mafatiaga).

Faʻamatalaga pulega ma faʻamaumauga fuainumera

Faʻatonutonuina o faʻamatalaga e aofia ai (i) le faʻamamaina o faʻamaumauga e ala i le asiasia o mataupu ma mea taua ua le maua i luga atu o le tulaga masani o le 10% i mea faigaluega talafeagai uma; (ii) siakiina mo tuʻufaʻatasiga masani o mea uma o le BFAS ma le IGDS9-SF faʻaaogaina o taiala masani (ie, skewness> 3 ma kurtosis> 9) (Kline, 2011); (iii) suʻega mo le aufaʻatasi mai fafo na togi ± 3.29 faʻasesega masani mai le BFAS IGDS9-SF z-faailoga (Faʻafanua, 2013); ma (iv) suʻesuʻeina o tagata lautele o loʻo faʻaaogaina mamao mamao o Mahalanobis ma le taua taua mo mataupu taʻitasi e faʻavae i luga o le χ2 tufatufaina taua. O lenei taualumaga na mafua ai le le aofia o 14 mataupu, ma o lea na maua ai se faʻamaumauga mulimuli o 495 aoga mataupu na agavaʻa mo suʻesuʻega mulimuli ane. O suʻesuʻega faʻafuainumera sa aofia ai (i) faʻamatalaga faʻamatala o uiga autu o uiga, (ii) faʻamaumauga tuʻufaʻatasia o fesuiaʻiga autu o le suʻesuʻega e ala i le faʻatatauina o le oloa a le Pearson-taimi faʻatasi fesoʻotaʻiga ma 95% faʻaituau-faʻasaʻoina ma -accelerated (BCa) talitonuga vaeluaina ( CI) ma faʻatasi fesoʻotaʻiga o naunautaiga (R2), ma le (iii) faʻatusatusaga faʻatulagaina faʻatulagaina faʻataʻitaʻiga (SEM) auiliiliga e faʻamautinoa ai le eseʻesega matāʻupu matafaioi o le SNS vaisu ma le IGD i le mafaufau maloloina pe a tali atu mo aʻafiaga, tausaga, itupa, ma le tele o taimi e faʻaaoga ai Initaneti ma taʻaloga taʻaloga vitio. Na faʻatinoina suʻesuʻega faʻafuainumera e faʻaaogaina ai le Mplus 7.2 ma le IBM SPSS Statistics vaega 23 (IBM Corporation, 2015; Muthén & Muthén, 2012).

Amio Taualoa

O suʻesuʻega sa faʻatautaia e tusa ma le Tautinoga a Helsinki. Na faʻatagaina e le Komiti Suʻesuʻe a le faʻalapotopotoga a le Iunivesite o Nottingham Trent le suʻesuʻega. O mataupu uma na logoina e uiga i le suʻesuʻega ma uma na saunia le faʻatagaina maliega. E le gata i lea, o le faʻatagaga mai matua ma tausi faʻaletulafono na mauaina mai i latou uma na auai i lalo o le 18 tausaga le matutua.

i'uga

 
Fuainumera faʻamatala

laulau 1 aoteleina mea na maua e uiga i le faʻataʻitaʻiga autu uiga faʻa-sociodemographic, faʻataʻitaʻiga o tekonolosi faʻaaogaina, faʻatasi ai ma le matauina tulaga o faʻatamaʻi faʻaogaina o tekonolosi (ie, SNS vaisu ma IGD) ma le mafaufau maloloina. Ma le isi, lua IGD (uiga = 15.92 [95% BCa = 15.31 - 16.56], SD = 6.99) ma SNS vaisu (uiga = 10.70 [95% BCa = 10.28 - 11.15], SD = 4.83) faʻaalia ma feololo tulaga i totonu o le faʻataʻitaʻiga. Ae mo tagata auai 'soifua maloloina faalemafaufau, faanoanoa (uiga = 3.12 [95% BCa = 2.78 - 3.47], SD = 3.94), popolevale (uiga = 2.66 [95% BCa = 2.33 - 2.99], SD = 3.78), ma faʻalavelave tulaga (uiga = 3.32 [95% BCa = 2.98 - 3.67], SD = 3.97) sa leʻi soʻatele.

Faʻamatalaga auiliili

O se faʻavasegaga faʻapitoa e aofia ai ma suʻesuʻega o fesuiaʻiga autu na faia e faʻaavanoa ai malamalamaʻaga muamua ma faʻafuainumera tala mo le mulimuli faʻatusatusaga SEM suʻesuʻega. O le iʻuga, o lenei suʻesuʻega na faʻaalia ai o le SNS vaisu na fesoʻotaʻi lelei ma le IGD (r = .39, p <.01, R2 = .15), atuatuvale (r = .36, p <.01, R2 = .13), ma faʻanoanoaga (r = .33, p <.01, R2 = .11). E tusa ai ma le IGD, o fesoʻotaʻiga lelei na aliaʻe mai i vaiaso uma e faʻaalu ai taʻaloga (r = .42, p <.01, R2 = .18), itupa (r = .41, p <.01, R2 = .17), ma le popole (r = .40, p <.01, R2 = .16) (Lisi 2).

 

 

  

laulau

Laulau 2. Bootstrapa faʻafesoʻotaʻiga matrix ma faʻaituʻau-faʻasaʻoina ma -accelerated (BCa) 95% talitonuina va (CI) i le va o SNS vaisu, IGD, ma le suʻesuʻega suiga (N = 495)

 

 


  

 

Laulau 2. Bootstrapa faʻafesoʻotaʻiga matrix ma faʻaituʻau-faʻasaʻoina ma -accelerated (BCa) 95% talitonuina va (CI) i le va o SNS vaisu, IGD, ma le suʻesuʻega suiga (N = 495)

Faʻalua suigaVaisu SNSR295% BCa CIIGDR295% BCa CI
tausaga0.02-−0.07–0.10-0.07-−0.16–0.02
itupa0.04-−0.05–0.120.41*.170.34-0.48
Tulaga o sootaga0.20*.040.11-0.290.13*.020.03-0.23
Taʻitaʻi vaiaso faʻaalu ile Initaneti0.03-−0.05–0.120.12*.010.03-0.22
Taʻivaiaso taimi faʻaalu taʻaloga0.05-−0.05–0.140.42*.180.34-0.50
tūlaga faigatā0.33*.110.23-0.430.36*.130.26-0.46
fāʻatu0.31*.100.22-0.410.33*.110.24-0.42
meafaigatā0.36*.130.25-0.440.40*.160.32-0.49
IGD0.39*.150.30-0.48---

Manatua. SNS: 'upega tafaʻilagi fesoʻotaʻiga; IGD: Initaneti taʻaloga le atoatoa.

aO taunuʻuga a le Bootstrap e faʻavae i luga o le 10,000 faʻataʻitaʻiga bootstrap.

* E taua le faʻafesoʻotaʻiga ile 0.01.

Suʻesuʻega SEM faʻatusatusa

E faʻataʻitaʻia ai suʻesuʻega autu o suʻesuʻega, o se faʻatusatusaga SEM faʻataʻitaʻiga na faia e faʻatatau ai le ono eseesega o aʻafiaga o mea uma na fai ma vaisu SNS ma le IGD i le mafaufau maloloina. E sili atu faʻapitoa, o le tele faʻailo, tele mafuaʻaga faʻataʻitaʻiga (MIMIC) na faʻataʻitaʻia faʻaaogaina le tele ono ono faʻatatau metotia faʻamalosia tulaga masani sese. O faʻaupuga masani ma faʻasologa sa faʻaaogaina e suʻesuʻe ai le lelei o le faʻataʻitaʻiga: χ2/df [1, 4], aʻa uiga sese sikuea o le latalata (RMSEA) [0.05, 0.08], RMSEA 90% CI ma lona tapulaʻa maualalo latalata i le 0 ma le pito i luga tapulaʻa lalo 0.08, avanoa tulaga aoga o le suʻega o latalata ofi (Cfit )> .05, standardized root mean square residual (SRMR) [0.05, 0.08], indexative fit index (CFI), ma le Tucker – Lewis fit index (TLI) [0.90, 0.95] (Bentler, 1990; Bentler & Bonnet, 1980; Hooper, Coughlan, & Mullen, 2008; Hu & Bentler, 1999). O iʻuga o lenei suʻesuʻega na maua ai iʻuga nei: χ2(722) = 1,193.40, χ2/df = 1.65; RMSEA = 0.036 [90% CI: 0.033-0.040], Cfit = 1.00; SRMR = 0.049, CFI = 0.92; TLI = 0.91, o loʻo fautua mai ai o le faʻataʻitaʻiga o loʻo faʻaalia ai se fetaui lelei i faʻamatalaga (Ata 1).

igoa matua aveese  

Ata 1. Faʻatusa ata o le eseʻesega aʻafiaga o agafesoʻotaʻiga 'upega tafaʻilagi mausa leaga ma Initaneti faʻafitauli i luga o le mafaufau maloloina (N = 495). tusi. Aotelega lelei o le fetaui lelei: χ2(722) = 1,193.40, χ2/df = 1.65; RMSEA = 0.036 [90% CI: 0.033-0.040], Cfit = 1.00; SRMR = 0.049, CFI = 0.92; TLI = 0.91. β = faʻatonuina tuʻusaʻo aʻafiaga; r = faʻatasi fesoʻotaʻiga. *p <.0001

Ae mo le ono matafaioi o le itupa ma le tausaga i le faʻateleina auga o le SNS vaisu ma le IGD (ie, H1), leai se lagolago na maua mo le tuʻufaʻatasia o aʻafiaga o nei suiga e lua i le SNS vaisu. Peitai, itupa (β = 0.32, p <.001) ma tausaga (β = −0.11, p = .007) saofaga agaʻi i le faʻateleina o faʻailoga a le IGD. Sili faʻapitoa, aliʻi itupa na fesoʻotaʻi ma sili atu tupu aʻafiaga o le IGD (uiga = 18.60 [95% BCa = 4.59 - 5.97], SD = 5.32) faʻatusatusa i fafine (uiga = 12.83 [95% BCa = 6.60 - 7.70], SD = 7.17), ma le laʻititi na maua e faʻateleina tulaga lautele o le IGD. I le atoa, o nei sailiiliga faʻamalosia faʻamaonia H1.

O iʻuga mai lenei suʻesuʻega na faʻaaluina le lagolagosua i le H2 ona o faʻailoga masani na maua mo le fesoʻotaʻiga i le va o vaisu a le SNS ma le IGD na fautuaina ai o nei mea taua e lua e fesoʻotaʻi lelei (r = .53, p <.001), o se sailiga e tutusa ma iʻuga mai le faʻamaopoopoga faʻamatalaga ma nei fesuiaʻiga o loʻo faʻagaioia o ni maitauina fua (r = .39 [95% BCa = 0.30 - 0.48], R2 = .15, p <.01) (Laulau 2).

I le iuga, o le auiliiliga o le eseʻesega aʻafiaga o le SNS vaisu ma le IGD i luga o talavou 'mafaufau maloloina na fautuaina ai o tekonolosi uma vaisu mafai ona i ai se taua tele faʻamaumauga lelei i le faʻateleina atoa tulaga o le mafaufau faʻanoanoa. Sili faʻapitoa, IGD foliga mai e faʻateleina auga o le faʻanoanoaga (β = 0.28, p <.001), popole (β = 0.26, p <.001), ma le popole (β = 0.33, p <.001). I se faʻaopopoga, SNS vaisu na fesoasoani foʻi i le faʻateleina o le ogaoga o le faʻanoanoaga (β = 0.27, p <.001), popole (β = 0.25, p <.001), ma le popole (β = 0.26, p <.001), ae i se vaega laititi teisi atu. E ui lava o nei iʻuga e lagolagoina le H3, o aʻafiaga o vaisu a le SNS ma le IGD i le mafaufau e le mafai ona matuaʻi iloga ona o le faʻatusatusaina o aʻafiaga na matuaʻi faʻatusalia.

Talanoaga

 

O lenei suʻesuʻega na saili e suʻesuʻe le fesootaʻiga i le va o vaisu a le SNS ma le IGD ma le auala e mafai ai e nei mea fou ua fai ma vaʻaiga tekonolosi tuʻufaʻatasi ona tuʻufaʻatasia i le faʻaleagaina o le soifua maloloina o le mafaufau i talavou i luga atu o aʻafiaga ono mafua mai i le sociodemographic ma tekonolosi-fesoʻotaʻi fesuiaʻiga. E tusa ai ma H1 (ie, itupa ma tausaga o le a saofaga agai i le faʻaopoopoina uma SNS vaisu ma IGD faʻailoga), o lenei suʻesuʻega na mafai ona faʻamaonia lenei manatu e faʻatatau i le IGD, o loʻo lagolagoina atili se tino tele o suʻesuʻega muamua na maua ai le talavou ma le itupa o aliʻi o fesuiaʻiga taua o loʻo valoʻia le IGD (Cock et al., 2014; Guillot et al., 2016; Rehbein, Staudt, Hanslmaier, & Kliem, 2016).

E ui i lea, e leʻo faʻamaonia le H1 ile faʻasologa o mea ua fai ma vaisu a le SNS, ose suʻesuʻega e faʻaopoopo atili ai le faigata i suʻesuʻega talu ai na lipotia mai ai le avea o vaisu SNS ma mea taatele i talavou (Andreassen et al., 2013, 2012; Turel & Serenko, 2012), matutua tagata faʻaaoga (Floros & Siomos, 2013), fafine (Andreassen et al., 2012), ma aliʻi (&Am & Işbulan, 2012). E ui i lea, o faʻaiuga na maua mai i lenei suʻesuʻega na faʻatasia ma suʻesuʻega muamua na maua ai le SNS vaisu e le fesoʻotaʻi ma tausaga (Koc & Gulyagci, 2013; Wu et al., 2013) ma itupa (Koc & Gulyagci, 2013; Tang, Chen, Yang, Chung, & Lee, 2016; Wu et al., 2013). E pei ona taʻua muamua, o lenei atonu o se iʻuga o le le lelei o suʻesuʻega muamua e uiga i vaisu a le SNS i tulaga o faʻataʻitaʻiga, suʻesuʻeina o suʻesuʻega, iloiloga, ma togi tipi ese na taliainaAndreassen, 2015). O le mea e malie ai, o vaiaso taʻitasi e faʻaalu i luga o le Initaneti e leʻi valoʻia ai le faʻateleina o mea ua fai ma vaisu i le SNS. O se faamalamalamaga ono mo lenei sailiga e mafai ona fesoʻotaʻi ma le mea moni o le initaneti SNS faʻaaogaina ua avea masani ma le maalofia i aso nei olaga, ua atili ai ona faigata mo le tele o talavou e fuafua lelei latou faʻaaogaina, faʻaopopo atili faigata i le sootaga i le va o tele taimi faʻaaluina i luga o nei tekonolosi ma tulaga o vaisu. Mo lenei mafuaʻaga, e tatau ona iloa le eseʻesega i le va o le maualuga aʻafia ma vaisu i SNS ona o nisi talavou faʻaaluina tele itula faʻaaoga SNS o se vaega o se soifua maloloina ma masani masani (Andreassen, 2015; Andreassen & Pallesen, 2014; Turel & Serenko, 2012).

O mea na maua i le taimi nei na fesoasoani foʻi i le H2 (ie, SNS vaisu ma IGD o le a fesoʻotaʻi lelei ma le tasi ma le isi), faʻamaoniaina le tele o suʻesuʻega na lipotia faʻapea taunuʻuga (Andreassen et al., 2013, 2016; Chiu, Hong, & Chiu, 2013; Dowling & Brown, 2010). O lenei sailiga e mafai ona faʻamatalaina e le mea moni o le tele numera o tagata taʻitoʻatasi, e aofia ai talavou talavou nei taʻalo taʻaloga e ala i le SNS i se tulaga masani (Griffiths, 2014). E le gata i lea, ua leva ona faʻamautuina o le vafealoaʻi o itu o taʻaloga o loʻo avea ma mafuaʻaga taua i le taʻaloga o ata vitio e pei ona fautuaina e le tele o suʻesuʻega (Demetrovics et al., 2011; Fuster, Chamarro, Carbonell, & Vallerand, 2014; Ioe, 2006). I le falemaʻi tulaga, o lenei sailiga ono mafai ona faʻasino i le tuʻufaʻatasia tutusa tulaga tutusa o loʻo avea ai nei tekonolosi lua vaisu (Griffiths, 2015; Griffiths & Pontes, 2015; Shaffer et al., 2004). Talu ai o le faʻaaogaina o tekonolosi faʻaaoga e aafia ai tagata taʻitoʻatasi i tulaga faʻaleaʻoaʻoga, o suʻesuʻega i le IGD ma le SNS vaisu i le va o tamaiti aʻoga, e ono fesoasoani i le au fai tulafono e faʻatutu ni tulafono puipuia e faʻaaoga e faʻatamaia ai le leaga o aʻafiaga o le faʻaaogaina o tekonolosi i talavou talavou.

Mulimuli ane, H3 (ie, SNS vaisu ma IGD o le a tofu sao faʻapitoa ma eseʻese i le faʻateleina atoa tulaga o le mafaufau faʻanoanoa) na faʻamaonia foʻi ma maua mai ai ni malamalamaga fou e uiga i le tuʻufaʻatasia o 'eseʻesega o aafiaga o le SNS vaisu ma le IGD i le mafaufau o talavou. I lenei suʻesuʻega, o mea uma na fai ma vaisu a le SNS ma le IGD na fesoasoani i le faʻaleagaina o le soifua maloloina o le mafaufau e ala i le faʻateleina o tulaga o le atuatuvale, popole, ma le popole. O lenei sailiga lagolagoina muamua suesuega na maua ai nei tekinolosi lua vaisu e faʻaleagaina mafaufau maloloina tutoʻatasi (Kim, Hughes, Park, Quinn, & Kong, 2016; Primack et al., 2017; Sampasa-Kanyinga & Lewis, 2015; Sarda, Bègue, Bry, & Gentile, 2016). O nei sailiga e mafai ona faʻaaogaina e fomaʻi mafaufau polofesa ma aʻoga fesoasoani manaʻomia e atiaʻe fesoʻotaʻiga polokalama taulai atu i le faʻaleleia o le soifua manuia o tamaiti aʻoga e ala i le faʻaititia o mea ua fai ma vaisu o tekonolosi. E ui lava o lenei sailiga e aoga ma aoga mo suʻesuʻega i le lumanaʻi, e taua le maitauina o faʻamaoniga e uiga i le va i le va o faʻalemafaufau faʻaletonu ma amioga faʻafitauli tumau tumau le talitonuina. Sili faʻapitoa, tagata suʻesuʻe lipotia o amioga faʻamaʻi mafai ona valoia (ie, faʻafitauli muamua mafuaʻaga) ma vavalo e le mafaufau faʻanoanoa (ie, faʻafitauli lua faʻafitauli) (eg, Ostovar et al., 2016; Snodgrass et al., 2014; Zhang, Brook, Leukefeld, & Brook, 2016). O le mea lea, e le mafai ona tusia ni faʻaiʻuga mautinoa e uiga i le faʻatonuga e uiga i amioga faʻafitauli ma le mafaufau le lelei.

E le gata i lea, na maua i lenei suʻesuʻega o aafiaga leaga o le IGD i le mafaufau e sili atu le manino nai lo mea na gaosia e le vaisu a le SNS. Ona o le lautele lautele faaletonu na faʻaalia e tagata taʻalo i le tele o vaega o le mafaufau ma le soifua maloloina, o lenei sailiga e ogatusa ma lipoti o loʻo faʻailoa mai ai o le IGD e ono atagia mai ai se sili atu ogaoga psychopathology pe a faʻatusatusa i le SNS vaisu (Leménager et al., 2016), o loʻo lagolagoina le faʻaiʻuga na faia e le APA (2013) ia mafaufau i le IGD o se faʻaletonu le atoatoa. Peitaʻi, o suʻesuʻega taua e faʻaaogaina ai le tele ma sili atu o sui o suʻesuʻega o le a manaʻomia e faʻamaonia atili ai lenei talitonuga. I se faʻaopopoga i le ono mafai ona fesoasoani i le faʻavaeina o tulafono, o iʻuga o le taimi nei e saofagā i le faʻaauau felafolafoaiga pe o tekonolosi mea ua fai ma vaisu, pei o le IGD ma le SNS vaisu, e tatau ona faʻamatalaina pei o mea muamua poʻo lua tulaga faʻaletonu. E tusa ai ma sailiiliga na lipotia mai i lenei suʻesuʻega, o le faʻaaogaina o tekonolosi faʻafitauli pei o mea muamua faʻaletonu (ie, o se mataupu e ono le lelei le aʻafia o le mafaufau) o se empirically viable auala e le faʻaleaogaina muamua sikola faʻafitauli finauga i le manatu o tekonolosi faʻafitauli o tulaga lua faʻafitauli (ie, o se oloa o faʻavae mataupu maloloina o le mafaufau ma le soifua lelei) (Kardefelt-Winther, 2016; Snodgrass et al., 2014; Thorens et al., 2014).

E ui lava o taunuʻuga na maua i lenei suʻesuʻega e lelei tele, e iai tapulaʻa ono ono maitauina. Muamua, o faʻamatalaga uma na lipotia e le tagata lava ia ma matele i faʻailoga lauiloa (eg, manaʻoga i le va fealoai, manatua o mea, ma isi mea faapena.). Lona lua, o suʻesuʻega e faʻaaoga ai ni ata tetele (eg, longitudinal cross-lagged design) o le a mafai ona maua ai ni tali maumaututu i auala tulaga ese i le va o vaisu SNS ma le IGD ma le soifua maloloina o le mafaufau. Lona tolu, talu ai o tagata uma na auai na filifilia e latou lava, o le lautele o mea ua maua nei i le lautele o tagata e le mafai ona faia saʻo. Talu ai le laʻititi tausaga o le faʻataʻitaʻiga na faʻafaigaluegaina, e ono mafai ona i ai le aʻoaʻoga a matua i le lipotia o ia lava tulaga o tekinolosi faʻaaogaina ma le tulaga atoa o le tagofia o mea ua fai ma vaisu. O le mea lea, lumanaʻi suʻesuʻega iloilo tekonolosi faʻaaogaina i tamaiti laiti ma vave talavou e tatau ona amanaʻia lenei fesuiaʻiga i faʻamatalaga, o lea sili lelei faʻatatau e uiga i vaisu tulaga mafai ona maua. E tusa lava poʻo a nei faʻatapulaʻaina, o iʻuga o lenei suʻesuʻega ua faʻalauteleina i luga o suʻesuʻega talu ai i le fesoʻotaʻiga i le va o tekonolosi mea ua fai ma vaʻaiga ma o latou aafiaga tuʻutia i le soifua maloloina o le mafaufau e ala i le ofoina atu o se faʻafitauli lelei e mafai ai e faʻafitauli tekonolosi ona faʻateleina le ono ono le lelei o le mafaufau. I le faʻaiuga, o mea ua maua nei e lagolagoina le faʻavaeina o tekonolosi faʻafitauli pei o muamua faʻafitauli mafai ona lamatia mafaufau mafaufau.

Fesoasoani a le tusitala

O le tusitala o lenei suʻesuʻega sa nafa ma vaega uma o lenei suʻesuʻega ma ua naʻo ia le tusitala o lenei tusitusiga.

Feeseeseaiga o tului

Le tusitala e leai se feteenaiga e fiafia i ai.

Faʻafetai

O le tusitala o lenei suʻesuʻega e fia faʻafetai i le aʻoga na auai, tamaiti aʻoga uma, matua, ma faiaʻoga oe na fesoasoani e faʻatulagaina le logistics aofia ai i le faʻamatalaga aoina gaioiga o lenei suʻesuʻega.

mau faasino

 
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