J Behav Addict. 2017 Nov 13: 1-10. Pule: 10.1556 / 2006.6.2017.075.
lē faʻatino
Faʻamatalaga ma sini
O suʻesuʻega muamua na taulai atu i le suʻesuʻeina o feʻeseʻeseaʻiga i le va o fesoʻotaiga vavave faʻaneionapo ma le Initaneti (IGD) i le vavae ese. E le gata i lea, e itiiti se mea e iloa ai e uiga i aʻafiaga eseese o measina tutusa ma le SNS ma le IGD i le soifua maloloina o le mafaufau. O lenei suʻesuʻega sa suʻesuʻeina ai le fesoʻotaʻiga i nei vailaʻau faʻamalosi e lua ma faʻamautinoa ai le auala e mafai ai ona latou fesoasoani ma le malosi i le faʻalauteleina o le faʻalauiloaina o le mafaufau i le taimi o faʻamaumauga mo aʻafiaga e mafua mai i suiga o le sociodemographic ma tekinolosi.
Metotia
O se faʻataʻitaʻiga o 509 talavou (53.5% aliʻi) tausaga 10-18 tausaga (uiga = 13.02, SD = 1.64) na faʻafaigaluegaina.
i'uga
Na maua ai o ki autu o fesuiaʻiga o tagata e mafai ona faia se eseesega vaega i le faʻamatalaina o le SNS vaisu ma IGD. E le gata i lea, na maua o le SNS mausa ma le IGD mafai faʻateleina auga o le tasi, ma i le taimi e tasi fesoasoani i le faʻaleagaina o le atoa mafaufau maloloina i se faiga tutusa, atili faʻamalamalamaina ono masani ai masani masani ma togafitiga vasega i le va o nei vaʻaiga lua. I le iuga, o le leaga aʻafiaga o le IGD i le mafaufau maloloina na maua e sili atu ona manino nai lo i latou na gaosia e le SNS vaisu, o se sailiga e tatau ai faʻaopopo faʻasaienisi suʻesuʻega.
Talanoaga ma le faaiuga
O aʻafiaga o nei taunuʻuga o loʻo talanoaina atili e tusa ma molimau o loʻo iai ma felafolafoaʻiga e faʻatatau i le tulaga o mea ua fai ma vaisu faʻatonutonu ole tulaga muamua ma faʻalavelave lona lua.
FUAFUAGA: Faaletonu taʻaloga Initaneti; amioga ua fai ma vaisu; soifua maloloina o le mafaufau; upega tafaʻilagi fesoʻotaʻiga vaisu; vaisu tekinolosi
PMID: 29130329
FAIA: 10.1556/2006.6.2017.075
faʻatomuaga
O tekinolosi talu ai nei na alualu i luma na avea ma sao taua i le suia o le auala e iloa ai e tagata taʻitoʻatasi upega tafailagi fesoʻotaʻiga (SNS) ma vitio taʻaloga. E ui lava o nei atinaʻe faʻalauteleina faʻalauteleina mea e faʻaaoga e le au faʻaoga i gaioiga uma e lua, na latou saofaga foʻi i le faʻateleina o le laina vaeluaina i le va o le SNS faʻaaoga ma le taʻaloga o taʻaloga vitio (Rikkers, Lawrence, Hafekost, & Zubrick, 2016; Starcevic & Aboujaoude, 2016).
O tafaoga masani a le va fealoai ma fesoʻotaʻiga faʻasologa e matua ofi i soʻo se ituaiga taʻaloga, aemaise lava i taʻaloga tetele i luga o le upega tafailagi (MMORPGs), e mafai ai ona faʻataʻalo ai tagata i soʻo se lalolagi. O se tele tele suʻesuʻega o 912 MMORPG tagata taʻalo mai 45 atunuʻu na mauaina o fegalegaleaiga lautele i totonu o taʻaloga siʻosiʻomaga fausiaina se elemene tele i le fiafia o le taʻalo o tagata taʻalo e mafai ona faia uo i le olaga atoa ma paʻaga i a latou taʻaloga taʻaloga (Cole & Griffiths, 2007). O le mea e mataʻina ai, o agafesoʻotaʻi poto masani i le vaitaimi o le Upega Tafaʻilagi 2.0 aofia ai lauiloa lauiloa ala o faʻasalalauga taʻaloga o loʻo siʻitia i luga lauiloa (Bright, Kleiser, & Grau, 2015), faatasi ai ma fuainumera lata mai mai le Facebook o loʻo fautua mai ai e faapea, i le 2014, e tusa ma le 375 miliona tagata na taʻalo i le Facebook e fesoʻotaʻi ma taʻaloga i masina taʻitasi, ma o telefoni feaveaʻi na lafoina le averesi o le 735 miliona faʻasino i taʻaloga i aso uma (Facebook, 2014).
E ui lava i le lautele lipotia lelei ma aoga aafiaga o uma SNS ma vitio taʻaloga i le tele o tulaga (eg, faʻalauiloa gaioiga, soifua maloloina, ma isi) (eg, Chopik, 2016; Heo, Chun, Lee, Lee, & Kim, 2015; Howard, Wilding, & Tagata asiasi, 2016; Stroud & Whitbourne, 2015), o loʻo iai foʻi faʻamatalaga molimau mai le tele o suʻesuʻega a le atunuʻu e faʻaalia ai o SNS ma taʻaloga vitio e mafai ona faʻatupulaia i le le atoatoa o le mafaufau ma amioga le lelei i se vaega toʻaitiiti o tagata e faʻaaogaina, e aofia ai ma talavou talavou e ono faʻaaoga soʻo ma le le maloloina nei tekonolosi i le taimi nei.Andreassen, 2015; Bányai et al., 2017; Cock et al., 2014; Morioka et al., 2016; Pápay et al., 2013). Talu ai nei, Sioni, Burleson, ma Bekerian (2017) faʻatautaia se suʻesuʻega faʻapitoa i se faʻataʻitaʻiga o le 595 MMORPG tagata taʻalo mai le Iunaite Setete ma iloa ai o le avea ma vaʻaia taʻaloga vitio taʻaloga na fesoʻotaʻi lelei ma faʻailoga o agafesoʻotaʻi e tusa lava pe a maeʻa ona faʻatonutonuina mo le fefaʻasoaaʻi o faatosinaga o vaiaso taʻaloga itula, atili faʻamatalaina o tagata lautele fobia tagata fiafia Ituaiga i luga ole laiga o fegalegaleaiga lautele (Lee & Stapinski, 2012) a o latou tuʻuina atu i tagata faʻaoga le avanoa tulaga ese e faʻamalieina ai a latou fesoʻotaʻiga manaʻoga manaʻoga, ae o le taimi e tasi e faʻatagaina ai latou e tuʻua ni tulaga faʻafesoʻotaʻi latou te lagona ai le le lelei (eg, e ala i le o ese mai le taʻaloga). E tusa ai ma le faʻaaoga tele o le SNS, o se suesuega talu ai nei na faia e Xanidis ma Brignell (2016) i se faʻataʻitaʻiga o le 324 sosaiete faʻaaoga tagata faʻaaoga na iloa ai o le SNS vaisu o se autu vaʻaia o le faʻaititia o le lelei moe ma faʻateleina le aʻafia o le mafaufau faʻaletonu. Ma le isi, Xanidis ma Brignell (2016) maitauina o le SNS vaisu e mafai ona faʻatupuina ai le le lava o le mafaufau ona o ona le lelei aʻafiaga o le lelei o le moe, faʻamatala atili ai le taua o le falemaʻi ma le taua o le taua o suʻesuʻega e faʻatatau i tekonolosi mea ua fai ma vaʻaiga faʻaleaʻoaʻoga e pei o le tele ma le faʻaleagaina o le SNS ma le faʻaaogaina o ata vitio e mafai ona faʻaleagaina ai le tino ma le mafaufau. soifua maloloina i soʻo se ituaiga siosiomaga ma vaitausaga.
I le tulaga masani, o vaisu i ata vitio [ua lauiloa foi o le Initaneti o le le atoatoa (IGD)] o se tulaga o le falemaʻi e aofia ai se amioga amio e aofia ai le faifai pea ma faifai pea o le faaaogaina o vitio taʻaloga, e tau atu ai i le tele faʻaleagaina poʻo le faʻanoanoa i se vaitaimi o le 12 masina e pei o Faʻailoa i le lagolagoina o le lima (poʻo le sili atu) o mea taua nei e iva: (i) naunautaʻiga ma taʻaloga; (ii) toso ese auga pe a aveina le taʻaloga; (iii) faapalepale, ma iʻu ai i le manaʻoga e faʻaalu le aofaʻi tele o taimi e auai ai i taʻaloga; (iv) le manuia taumafaiga e pulea le auai i taʻaloga; (v) leiloa o le fiafia i mea sa fiafia i ai muamua ma faafiafiaga o se taunuuga o, ma vagana ai, o taaloga; (vi) faʻaauau pea le soʻoga o taʻaloga e ui lava i le malamalama i faʻafitauli tau le mafaufau; (vii) olegia tagata o lona aiga, fomaʻi, poʻo isi e faatatau i le aofaʻi o taʻaloga; (viii) faʻaaogaina o taʻaloga e sola ese ai pe faʻamalieina ai lagona le lelei; ma (ix) lamatia pe leiloa se taua vavalalata, galuega, poʻo aʻoga poʻo avanoa faigaluega ona o le auai i taʻaloga (American Psychiatric Association [APA], 2013). Ae mo le vaisu a le SNS, o lenei fausiaina ua faʻamatalaina lautele o le "soʻona popole tele i le SNS, ina ia unaʻia e se malosi faʻaosofia e log on i pe faʻaaoga SNSs, ma faʻaalu le tele o taimi ma taumafaiga i le SNSs e faʻaleagaina ai isi gaioiga lautele, suʻesuʻega / galuega, vavalalata fesoʻotaʻiga, ma / poʻo le mafaufau maloloina ma le manuia "(Andreassen & Pallesen, 2014, i. 4054).
Talu mai le uluaʻi talosaga a le IGD o se tentative faʻaletonu e le APA i le lona lima lomiga o le Fuainumera Faʻailoga ma Fuainumera Faʻamaumauga o Manatu o Mafaufauga (DSM-5; APA, 2013), ni felafolafoaʻiga a le au atamamai o loʻo faʻaalia ai ni manatu feteʻenaʻi ma feteʻenaʻi e uiga i le mafai ma le tulaga o le IGD o se faʻaletonu ua faʻasalalau (Aarseth et al., 2016; Griffiths, Van Rooij, et al., 2016; Lee, Choo, & Lee, 2017; Petry et al., 2014, 2015; Saunders et al., 2017). O nisi o nei atugaluga na aliaʻe mai ona o le mea moni o le diagnosticiteria mo le IGD na tele na mafua mai i le tuʻufaʻatasia o iai nei falemaʻi ma tulaga le aloaia e pei o: pathological petipeti, vailaʻau faʻaoga vailaʻau, ma lautele Initaneti vaisu (Kuss, Griffiths, & Pontes, 2017). E ui lava i le mea moni o le IGD ma le SNS vaisu e le aloaia aloaʻia faʻaletonu o le mafaufau, le World Health Organization (2016) faʻateleina le felafolafoaʻiga o loʻo fai ma vaisu i ata vitio ona o lana faʻaiuga e aofia ai faʻaletonu faʻaletonu (GD) o se faʻamaonia aloaia i le isi toe iloiloga o le International Classification of Diseases. O leisi mataupu o loʻo aʻafia i vaisu o amioga, pei o vaisu a le SNS ma le IGD, e fesoʻotaʻi ma le mea moni e faapea o le faʻamagaloina faʻavaea e mafai ona tupu i le tele o mataupu. Suesuega suʻesuʻe le toe faʻamamaina fua faatatau i IGD lipotia o le tupu fua le mafai ona tupu i le oʻo i le 50% o mataupu (eg, Gentile et al., 2011; Scharkow, Festl, & Quandt, 2014; Van Rooij, Schoenmakers, Vermulst, Van den Eijnden, & Van de Mheen, 2011).
E ui lava o le faʻateleina o fua o mea ua fai ma vaisu a le SNS ma le IGD e mafai ona aʻafia tele i mea taua e pei o faʻatonuga ma mataupu faʻavae e pei ona fautuaina muamua (Griffiths, Király, Pontes, & Demetrovics, 2015; Griffiths, Kuss, & Pontes, 2016; Griffiths & Pontes, 2015), malosi aʻoaʻoga (ie, suʻesuʻega a le atunuʻu) lipotia le faʻateleina o fua o mea ua fai ma vaisu i le SNS mai le 2.9% i le faitau aofai o tagata matutua o Peleseuma.Cock et al., 2014) i le 4.5% i tamaiti Hanikeri (Bányai et al., 2017). E ui lava o le faʻateleina o le IGD mai faʻamalolosi o suʻesuʻega na maua fua faatatau mai le 2.5% i talavou Slovenia (Pontes, Macur, & Griffiths, 2016) i le 5.8% i le va o talavou Dutch ma tagata matutua (Lemmens & Hendriks, 2016), o isi faʻataʻitaʻiga suʻesuʻega lipotia fua faatatau masani maualalo ifo i le 0.3% (Scharkow et al., 2014). E ui lava o sailiiliga i luga o le salalau foliga mai e fai lava mausali i le mausali o suʻesuʻega, o nisi o mea e ono fesoasoani i le siʻitia o tau. Mo se faʻataʻitaʻiga, ua maua o amio le taupulea ma ogaoga o le tali atu e mafai ona faʻatupuina ai fua faatatau o fua faatatau masani (Przybylski, 2017). E faʻapena foi, le ituaiga suʻesuʻega o le mafaufau faʻaaogaina ua faʻaalia e fesoasoani ai i le soʻona faʻatauaina o fua o faʻatele o faʻalavelave e seasea tupu, pei o le IGD (Maraz, Király, & Demetrovics, 2015).
Talu ai o le tele o malamalamaaga faʻavae i luga o aʻafiaga o le SNS ma taʻaloga taʻaloga i luga o le mafaufau i talavou talavou e faigata tele, o suʻesuʻega i le ono eseesega o aʻafiaga o vaisu a le SNS ma le IGD i luga o le mafaufau o le mafaufau e sili ona taua talu ai o nei mea taua e lua e fefaasoaaʻi i le masani ai o le amio masani ma isi vailaʻau e fesoʻotaʻi ma amio (Griffiths, 2015; Griffiths & Pontes, 2015; Shaffer et al., 2004), ma o le faʻateleina o taʻaloga lautele e faʻaleagaina ai le tulaga lelei o fegalegaleaiga i le va o tagata i talavou e ala i le faʻalavelaveina o lagona Lagolago (Kowert, Domahidi, Festl, & Quandt, 2014).
Suesuega muamua (eg, Andreassen et al., 2016; Cock et al., 2014; Pontes & Griffiths, 2015b; Yu, Li, & Zhang, 2015) maua o itupa ma tausaga mafai faʻateleina vaivai i uma SNS vaisu ma IGD. O le mea lea, talu ai o tama tane itupa na fesoʻotaʻi faʻafesoʻotaʻi ma IGD ma fafine itupa ma SNS vaisu (Andreassen et al., 2016), o lenei suʻesuʻega faʻataʻitaʻi itupa ma tausaga o le a vavalo sili atu maualuga o le SNS vaisu ma IGD faʻailoga (H1). I se faʻaopopoga, tele o suʻesuʻega (eg, Andreassen et al., 2013, 2016; Sussman et al., 2014) ua lipotia lelei fegalegaleaiga i le va o ituaiga eseese o tekonolosi vaisu, fautuaina masani masani faavae felagolagomai. O le mea lea, e faʻapea e SNS vaisu ma IGD o le a fesoʻotaʻi lelei ma le tasi ma le isi (H2). E ui lava o le sootaga i le va o vaisu SNS, IGD, ma le mafaufau maloloina e faigata ma tumau finauga i le sili (Pantic, 2014), o se lapoʻa tino o faʻamaoniga lipotia autu tuʻufaʻatasia o tekonolosi vaisu, pei o le faʻanoanoa, popole, ma le popole (eg, Király et al., 2014; Lehenbauer-Baum et al., 2015; Ostovar et al., 2016; Pontes & Griffiths, 2016). I lea, ua faʻapea e SNS vaisu ma IGD o le a tofu sao faʻapitoa ma eseʻese i le faʻateleina atoa tulaga o le mafaufau faʻanoanoa (H3). O suʻesuʻega uma e tolu o loʻo taʻua i luga o le a suʻesuʻeina mo le ono aʻafia o aʻafiaga e mafua mai i le tele o taimi e faʻaaoga ai Initaneti ma taʻaloga taʻaloga vitio a o faʻaalu taimi i nei gaioiga e masani ona fesoʻotaʻi ma amioga faʻanana (Pontes & Griffiths, 2015a; Pontes, Király, Demetrovics, & Griffiths, 2014; Stubblefield et al., 2017; Wu, Cheung, Ku, & Hung, 2013).
Metotia
Tagata auai gafatia mo lenei suesuega o tamaiti aʻoga uma (N = 700) lesitala i le ono, fitu, valu, ma le iva vasega o se tele ogatotonu aoga o loʻo i le Algarve (Potukale). Faʻatagaina mai le pule aʻoga ma matua na maua, ma tamaiti aʻoga maeʻa suʻesuʻega i totonu o le potu tusi a le aʻoga i le taimi o extracurricular gaoioiga. O lenei suesuega na faʻamaonia e le College Research Ethics Committee o le Nottingham Trent University, o le faʻatagaina na mauaina mai tagata uma na auai e aofia ai i le suʻesuʻega, ma le vaitaimi o faʻamaumauga aoina mai le masina o Me ia Iuni 2015, ma na filifilia le aʻoga i luga o le faʻavae o avanoa, ma tamaiti aʻoga na soʻosoʻo faʻataʻitaʻia mai le vaitaʻele o vasega aofia ai le ono, fitu, valu, ma le iva vasega (ie, tausaga 10-18 tausaga) e ausia sili representativeness o tamaiti aʻoga faitau aofai o le aʻoga auai. Faʻamatalaga na aoina mai 509 tamaiti aʻoga (72.7% o le aofaʻi atoa faitau aofaʻi). O le matua tausaga o le faʻataʻitaʻiga o le 13.02 tausaga (SD = 1.64) ma sa i ai le tutusa tutusa itupa vaeluaina ma 53.5% (n = 265) avea male (Lisi 1).
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Laulau 1. Faʻataʻitaʻiga autu a sociodemographic uiga, faʻataʻitaʻiga o tekonolosi faʻaaogaina, tulaga o le faʻatamaʻi faʻaogaina o tekonolosi, ma le mafaufau maloloina (N = 495)
Ese | aupito itiiti | aupito tele | |
---|---|---|---|
Tausaga (tausaga) (uiga, SD) | 13.02 (1.64) | 10 | 18 |
Itupa (tane,%) | 265 (53.5) | - | - |
I se faiā (n,%) | 99 (20) | - | - |
Taimi vaiaso faʻaalu i luga o le Initaneti (uiga, SD) | 17.91 (23.34) | 1 | 49 |
Taʻivaiaso taimi faʻaalu taʻaloga (uiga, SD) | 10.21 (17.86) | 1 | 52 |
SNS maʻusa tulaga (uiga, SD) | 10.70 (4.83) | 6 | 30 |
Tulaga IGD (uiga, SD) | 15.92 (6.99) | 9 | 41 |
Loto faʻanoanoa (uiga, SD) | 3.12 (3.94) | 0 | 21 |
Vaiʻa tulaga (uiga, SD) | 2.66 (3.78) | 0 | 21 |
Tulaga faʻamalosi (uiga, SD) | 3.32 (3.97) | 0 | 21 |
tusi. Taʻi vaiaso faʻaalu i luga o le Initaneti ma taʻaloga faʻasino i le lipotia e oe lava numera o itula faʻaalu i na gaioiga i le vaiaso. SD: fuataga masani; SNS: 'upega tafaʻilagi fesoʻotaʻiga; IGD: Initaneti taʻaloga le atoatoa.
O faʻamaumauga a le aufaipisinisi na aoina i tausaga, itupa, ma le tulaga o fusi. O faʻamatalaga e uiga i le faʻaaogaina o le SNS na aoina e ala i le fesili atu mo tagata auai i le averesi o vaiaso i vaiaso uma e faʻaalu i luga o le Initaneti mo taimi paganoa ma le faʻapitoa (lautele) faʻamoemoe (ie, numera o itula). Taʻalo taimi taʻaloga na iloiloina e ala i le fesili atu mo tagata auai 'averesi vaiaso taimi faʻaalu taʻaloga (ie, numera o itula).
Le BFAS (Andreassen, Torsheim, Brunborg, & Pallesen, 2012) iloiloina vaisu SNS i le tulaga o le faʻaaogaina Facebook ma ua faʻaalia e faʻaalia sili lelei psychometric meatotino i le tele o atunuʻu (Phanasathit, Manwong, Hanprathet, Khumsri, & Yingyeun, 2015; Salem, Almenaye, & Andreassen, 2016; Silva et al., 2015), aofia ai Potukale (Pontes, Andreassen, & Griffiths, 2016). O le BFAS e aofia ai mea e ono e ufiufi ai vaega taua o amioga ua fai ma vaisu (ie, agavaʻa, fesuiaʻiga o lagona, faʻapalepale, aveʻesega, feteʻenaʻiga, ma le toe solomuli) (Griffiths, 2005). O aitema e togi i luga o le 5-point scale, ie, amata mai i le 1 (seasea lava) i le 5 (masani lava) i totonu o le taimi faʻatulagaina o 12 masina. Ole aofaʻi o togi e maua ile aofaʻi o sui auai o aitema taʻitasi (mai le 6 i le 30 togi), ma togi maualuluga e faʻaalia ai le faʻatupulaia o vaisu i le Facebook. O le BFAS ua faʻaalia le lava o tulaga o le faʻatuatuaina i lenei suʻesuʻega (α = 0.83).
O le IGDS9-SF (Pontes & Griffiths, 2015a) o se puʻupuʻu psychometric mea faigaluega fuafuaina e iloilo le ogaoga o le IGD i luga o le 12-masina vaitaimi e tusa ai ma le faʻavae fautuaina e le APA i DSM-5 (APA, 2013). O le IGDS9-SF ua faʻaalia lelei lava meatotino psychometric ma koluse aganuu aoga i le tele o atunuʻu (Monacis, De Palo, Griffiths, & Sinatra, 2016; Pontes & Griffiths, 2015a; Pontes, Macur, et al., 2016), aofia ai Potukale (Pontes & Griffiths, 2016). O fesili e iva e aofia ai le IGDS9-SF o loʻo taliina i le faʻaaogaina o le 5-scale scale, e amata mai le 1 (aua lava nei) i le 5 (masani lava), ma togi e mafai ona maua i le faʻatulagaina o tali (mai le 9 i le 45 togi), ma togi maualuga faʻailoa mai le maualuga tikeri o le GD. O le faʻatuatuaina o le IGDS9-SF i lenei suʻesuʻega na faʻamalieina (α = 0.87).
O le aotelega o le mafaufau maloloina na iloiloina i le faʻaaogaina o le Paʻu Faʻanoanoa ma Faʻafitauli Fua - 21 (DASS-21; Lovibond & Lovibond, 1995), lea e aofia ai tolu tolu-aitema subscales ufiufi le tolu auga o loʻo faʻamauina luga o le 7-fua fua, ie, amata mai 4 (e leʻi faatatau ia te aʻu) i le 3 (faatatau tele ia te aʻu poʻo le tele o taimi). O le lomiga o le DASS-21 o loʻo faʻaaogaina i lenei suʻesuʻega na faʻaalia muamua e lava meatotino a le psychometric i le faitau aofai o tagata (Pais-Ribeiro, Honrado, & Leal, 2004). O le Cronbach's α coefficients mo lenei mea faigaluega i lenei suʻesuʻega o .84 (faʻaletonu), .86 (popolega), ma le .86 (mafatiaga).
Faʻatonutonuina o faʻamatalaga e aofia ai (i) le faʻamamaina o faʻamaumauga e ala i le asiasia o mataupu ma mea taua ua le maua i luga atu o le tulaga masani o le 10% i mea faigaluega talafeagai uma; (ii) siakiina mo tuʻufaʻatasiga masani o mea uma o le BFAS ma le IGDS9-SF faʻaaogaina o taiala masani (ie, skewness> 3 ma kurtosis> 9) (Kline, 2011); (iii) suʻega mo le aufaʻatasi mai fafo na togi ± 3.29 faʻasesega masani mai le BFAS IGDS9-SF z-faailoga (Faʻafanua, 2013); ma (iv) suʻesuʻeina o tagata lautele o loʻo faʻaaogaina mamao mamao o Mahalanobis ma le taua taua mo mataupu taʻitasi e faʻavae i luga o le χ2 tufatufaina taua. O lenei taualumaga na mafua ai le le aofia o 14 mataupu, ma o lea na maua ai se faʻamaumauga mulimuli o 495 aoga mataupu na agavaʻa mo suʻesuʻega mulimuli ane. O suʻesuʻega faʻafuainumera sa aofia ai (i) faʻamatalaga faʻamatala o uiga autu o uiga, (ii) faʻamaumauga tuʻufaʻatasia o fesuiaʻiga autu o le suʻesuʻega e ala i le faʻatatauina o le oloa a le Pearson-taimi faʻatasi fesoʻotaʻiga ma 95% faʻaituau-faʻasaʻoina ma -accelerated (BCa) talitonuga vaeluaina ( CI) ma faʻatasi fesoʻotaʻiga o naunautaiga (R2), ma le (iii) faʻatusatusaga faʻatulagaina faʻatulagaina faʻataʻitaʻiga (SEM) auiliiliga e faʻamautinoa ai le eseʻesega matāʻupu matafaioi o le SNS vaisu ma le IGD i le mafaufau maloloina pe a tali atu mo aʻafiaga, tausaga, itupa, ma le tele o taimi e faʻaaoga ai Initaneti ma taʻaloga taʻaloga vitio. Na faʻatinoina suʻesuʻega faʻafuainumera e faʻaaogaina ai le Mplus 7.2 ma le IBM SPSS Statistics vaega 23 (IBM Corporation, 2015; Muthén & Muthén, 2012).
O suʻesuʻega sa faʻatautaia e tusa ma le Tautinoga a Helsinki. Na faʻatagaina e le Komiti Suʻesuʻe a le faʻalapotopotoga a le Iunivesite o Nottingham Trent le suʻesuʻega. O mataupu uma na logoina e uiga i le suʻesuʻega ma uma na saunia le faʻatagaina maliega. E le gata i lea, o le faʻatagaga mai matua ma tausi faʻaletulafono na mauaina mai i latou uma na auai i lalo o le 18 tausaga le matutua.
i'uga
laulau 1 aoteleina mea na maua e uiga i le faʻataʻitaʻiga autu uiga faʻa-sociodemographic, faʻataʻitaʻiga o tekonolosi faʻaaogaina, faʻatasi ai ma le matauina tulaga o faʻatamaʻi faʻaogaina o tekonolosi (ie, SNS vaisu ma IGD) ma le mafaufau maloloina. Ma le isi, lua IGD (uiga = 15.92 [95% BCa = 15.31 - 16.56], SD = 6.99) ma SNS vaisu (uiga = 10.70 [95% BCa = 10.28 - 11.15], SD = 4.83) faʻaalia ma feololo tulaga i totonu o le faʻataʻitaʻiga. Ae mo tagata auai 'soifua maloloina faalemafaufau, faanoanoa (uiga = 3.12 [95% BCa = 2.78 - 3.47], SD = 3.94), popolevale (uiga = 2.66 [95% BCa = 2.33 - 2.99], SD = 3.78), ma faʻalavelave tulaga (uiga = 3.32 [95% BCa = 2.98 - 3.67], SD = 3.97) sa leʻi soʻatele.
O se faʻavasegaga faʻapitoa e aofia ai ma suʻesuʻega o fesuiaʻiga autu na faia e faʻaavanoa ai malamalamaʻaga muamua ma faʻafuainumera tala mo le mulimuli faʻatusatusaga SEM suʻesuʻega. O le iʻuga, o lenei suʻesuʻega na faʻaalia ai o le SNS vaisu na fesoʻotaʻi lelei ma le IGD (r = .39, p <.01, R2 = .15), atuatuvale (r = .36, p <.01, R2 = .13), ma faʻanoanoaga (r = .33, p <.01, R2 = .11). E tusa ai ma le IGD, o fesoʻotaʻiga lelei na aliaʻe mai i vaiaso uma e faʻaalu ai taʻaloga (r = .42, p <.01, R2 = .18), itupa (r = .41, p <.01, R2 = .17), ma le popole (r = .40, p <.01, R2 = .16) (Lisi 2).
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Laulau 2. Bootstrapa faʻafesoʻotaʻiga matrix ma faʻaituʻau-faʻasaʻoina ma -accelerated (BCa) 95% talitonuina va (CI) i le va o SNS vaisu, IGD, ma le suʻesuʻega suiga (N = 495)
Faʻalua suiga | Vaisu SNS | R2 | 95% BCa CI | IGD | R2 | 95% BCa CI |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
tausaga | 0.02 | - | −0.07–0.10 | -0.07 | - | −0.16–0.02 |
itupa | 0.04 | - | −0.05–0.12 | 0.41* | .17 | 0.34-0.48 |
Tulaga o sootaga | 0.20* | .04 | 0.11-0.29 | 0.13* | .02 | 0.03-0.23 |
Taʻitaʻi vaiaso faʻaalu ile Initaneti | 0.03 | - | −0.05–0.12 | 0.12* | .01 | 0.03-0.22 |
Taʻivaiaso taimi faʻaalu taʻaloga | 0.05 | - | −0.05–0.14 | 0.42* | .18 | 0.34-0.50 |
tūlaga faigatā | 0.33* | .11 | 0.23-0.43 | 0.36* | .13 | 0.26-0.46 |
fāʻatu | 0.31* | .10 | 0.22-0.41 | 0.33* | .11 | 0.24-0.42 |
meafaigatā | 0.36* | .13 | 0.25-0.44 | 0.40* | .16 | 0.32-0.49 |
IGD | 0.39* | .15 | 0.30-0.48 | - | - | - |
Manatua. SNS: 'upega tafaʻilagi fesoʻotaʻiga; IGD: Initaneti taʻaloga le atoatoa.
aO taunuʻuga a le Bootstrap e faʻavae i luga o le 10,000 faʻataʻitaʻiga bootstrap.
* E taua le faʻafesoʻotaʻiga ile 0.01.
E faʻataʻitaʻia ai suʻesuʻega autu o suʻesuʻega, o se faʻatusatusaga SEM faʻataʻitaʻiga na faia e faʻatatau ai le ono eseesega o aʻafiaga o mea uma na fai ma vaisu SNS ma le IGD i le mafaufau maloloina. E sili atu faʻapitoa, o le tele faʻailo, tele mafuaʻaga faʻataʻitaʻiga (MIMIC) na faʻataʻitaʻia faʻaaogaina le tele ono ono faʻatatau metotia faʻamalosia tulaga masani sese. O faʻaupuga masani ma faʻasologa sa faʻaaogaina e suʻesuʻe ai le lelei o le faʻataʻitaʻiga: χ2/df [1, 4], aʻa uiga sese sikuea o le latalata (RMSEA) [0.05, 0.08], RMSEA 90% CI ma lona tapulaʻa maualalo latalata i le 0 ma le pito i luga tapulaʻa lalo 0.08, avanoa tulaga aoga o le suʻega o latalata ofi (Cfit )> .05, standardized root mean square residual (SRMR) [0.05, 0.08], indexative fit index (CFI), ma le Tucker – Lewis fit index (TLI) [0.90, 0.95] (Bentler, 1990; Bentler & Bonnet, 1980; Hooper, Coughlan, & Mullen, 2008; Hu & Bentler, 1999). O iʻuga o lenei suʻesuʻega na maua ai iʻuga nei: χ2(722) = 1,193.40, χ2/df = 1.65; RMSEA = 0.036 [90% CI: 0.033-0.040], Cfit = 1.00; SRMR = 0.049, CFI = 0.92; TLI = 0.91, o loʻo fautua mai ai o le faʻataʻitaʻiga o loʻo faʻaalia ai se fetaui lelei i faʻamatalaga (Ata 1).
Ata 1. Faʻatusa ata o le eseʻesega aʻafiaga o agafesoʻotaʻiga 'upega tafaʻilagi mausa leaga ma Initaneti faʻafitauli i luga o le mafaufau maloloina (N = 495). tusi. Aotelega lelei o le fetaui lelei: χ2(722) = 1,193.40, χ2/df = 1.65; RMSEA = 0.036 [90% CI: 0.033-0.040], Cfit = 1.00; SRMR = 0.049, CFI = 0.92; TLI = 0.91. β = faʻatonuina tuʻusaʻo aʻafiaga; r = faʻatasi fesoʻotaʻiga. *p <.0001
Ae mo le ono matafaioi o le itupa ma le tausaga i le faʻateleina auga o le SNS vaisu ma le IGD (ie, H1), leai se lagolago na maua mo le tuʻufaʻatasia o aʻafiaga o nei suiga e lua i le SNS vaisu. Peitai, itupa (β = 0.32, p <.001) ma tausaga (β = −0.11, p = .007) saofaga agaʻi i le faʻateleina o faʻailoga a le IGD. Sili faʻapitoa, aliʻi itupa na fesoʻotaʻi ma sili atu tupu aʻafiaga o le IGD (uiga = 18.60 [95% BCa = 4.59 - 5.97], SD = 5.32) faʻatusatusa i fafine (uiga = 12.83 [95% BCa = 6.60 - 7.70], SD = 7.17), ma le laʻititi na maua e faʻateleina tulaga lautele o le IGD. I le atoa, o nei sailiiliga faʻamalosia faʻamaonia H1.
O iʻuga mai lenei suʻesuʻega na faʻaaluina le lagolagosua i le H2 ona o faʻailoga masani na maua mo le fesoʻotaʻiga i le va o vaisu a le SNS ma le IGD na fautuaina ai o nei mea taua e lua e fesoʻotaʻi lelei (r = .53, p <.001), o se sailiga e tutusa ma iʻuga mai le faʻamaopoopoga faʻamatalaga ma nei fesuiaʻiga o loʻo faʻagaioia o ni maitauina fua (r = .39 [95% BCa = 0.30 - 0.48], R2 = .15, p <.01) (Laulau 2).
I le iuga, o le auiliiliga o le eseʻesega aʻafiaga o le SNS vaisu ma le IGD i luga o talavou 'mafaufau maloloina na fautuaina ai o tekonolosi uma vaisu mafai ona i ai se taua tele faʻamaumauga lelei i le faʻateleina atoa tulaga o le mafaufau faʻanoanoa. Sili faʻapitoa, IGD foliga mai e faʻateleina auga o le faʻanoanoaga (β = 0.28, p <.001), popole (β = 0.26, p <.001), ma le popole (β = 0.33, p <.001). I se faʻaopopoga, SNS vaisu na fesoasoani foʻi i le faʻateleina o le ogaoga o le faʻanoanoaga (β = 0.27, p <.001), popole (β = 0.25, p <.001), ma le popole (β = 0.26, p <.001), ae i se vaega laititi teisi atu. E ui lava o nei iʻuga e lagolagoina le H3, o aʻafiaga o vaisu a le SNS ma le IGD i le mafaufau e le mafai ona matuaʻi iloga ona o le faʻatusatusaina o aʻafiaga na matuaʻi faʻatusalia.
Talanoaga
O lenei suʻesuʻega na saili e suʻesuʻe le fesootaʻiga i le va o vaisu a le SNS ma le IGD ma le auala e mafai ai e nei mea fou ua fai ma vaʻaiga tekonolosi tuʻufaʻatasi ona tuʻufaʻatasia i le faʻaleagaina o le soifua maloloina o le mafaufau i talavou i luga atu o aʻafiaga ono mafua mai i le sociodemographic ma tekonolosi-fesoʻotaʻi fesuiaʻiga. E tusa ai ma H1 (ie, itupa ma tausaga o le a saofaga agai i le faʻaopoopoina uma SNS vaisu ma IGD faʻailoga), o lenei suʻesuʻega na mafai ona faʻamaonia lenei manatu e faʻatatau i le IGD, o loʻo lagolagoina atili se tino tele o suʻesuʻega muamua na maua ai le talavou ma le itupa o aliʻi o fesuiaʻiga taua o loʻo valoʻia le IGD (Cock et al., 2014; Guillot et al., 2016; Rehbein, Staudt, Hanslmaier, & Kliem, 2016).
E ui i lea, e leʻo faʻamaonia le H1 ile faʻasologa o mea ua fai ma vaisu a le SNS, ose suʻesuʻega e faʻaopoopo atili ai le faigata i suʻesuʻega talu ai na lipotia mai ai le avea o vaisu SNS ma mea taatele i talavou (Andreassen et al., 2013, 2012; Turel & Serenko, 2012), matutua tagata faʻaaoga (Floros & Siomos, 2013), fafine (Andreassen et al., 2012), ma aliʻi (&Am & Işbulan, 2012). E ui i lea, o faʻaiuga na maua mai i lenei suʻesuʻega na faʻatasia ma suʻesuʻega muamua na maua ai le SNS vaisu e le fesoʻotaʻi ma tausaga (Koc & Gulyagci, 2013; Wu et al., 2013) ma itupa (Koc & Gulyagci, 2013; Tang, Chen, Yang, Chung, & Lee, 2016; Wu et al., 2013). E pei ona taʻua muamua, o lenei atonu o se iʻuga o le le lelei o suʻesuʻega muamua e uiga i vaisu a le SNS i tulaga o faʻataʻitaʻiga, suʻesuʻeina o suʻesuʻega, iloiloga, ma togi tipi ese na taliainaAndreassen, 2015). O le mea e malie ai, o vaiaso taʻitasi e faʻaalu i luga o le Initaneti e leʻi valoʻia ai le faʻateleina o mea ua fai ma vaisu i le SNS. O se faamalamalamaga ono mo lenei sailiga e mafai ona fesoʻotaʻi ma le mea moni o le initaneti SNS faʻaaogaina ua avea masani ma le maalofia i aso nei olaga, ua atili ai ona faigata mo le tele o talavou e fuafua lelei latou faʻaaogaina, faʻaopopo atili faigata i le sootaga i le va o tele taimi faʻaaluina i luga o nei tekonolosi ma tulaga o vaisu. Mo lenei mafuaʻaga, e tatau ona iloa le eseʻesega i le va o le maualuga aʻafia ma vaisu i SNS ona o nisi talavou faʻaaluina tele itula faʻaaoga SNS o se vaega o se soifua maloloina ma masani masani (Andreassen, 2015; Andreassen & Pallesen, 2014; Turel & Serenko, 2012).
O mea na maua i le taimi nei na fesoasoani foʻi i le H2 (ie, SNS vaisu ma IGD o le a fesoʻotaʻi lelei ma le tasi ma le isi), faʻamaoniaina le tele o suʻesuʻega na lipotia faʻapea taunuʻuga (Andreassen et al., 2013, 2016; Chiu, Hong, & Chiu, 2013; Dowling & Brown, 2010). O lenei sailiga e mafai ona faʻamatalaina e le mea moni o le tele numera o tagata taʻitoʻatasi, e aofia ai talavou talavou nei taʻalo taʻaloga e ala i le SNS i se tulaga masani (Griffiths, 2014). E le gata i lea, ua leva ona faʻamautuina o le vafealoaʻi o itu o taʻaloga o loʻo avea ma mafuaʻaga taua i le taʻaloga o ata vitio e pei ona fautuaina e le tele o suʻesuʻega (Demetrovics et al., 2011; Fuster, Chamarro, Carbonell, & Vallerand, 2014; Ioe, 2006). I le falemaʻi tulaga, o lenei sailiga ono mafai ona faʻasino i le tuʻufaʻatasia tutusa tulaga tutusa o loʻo avea ai nei tekonolosi lua vaisu (Griffiths, 2015; Griffiths & Pontes, 2015; Shaffer et al., 2004). Talu ai o le faʻaaogaina o tekonolosi faʻaaoga e aafia ai tagata taʻitoʻatasi i tulaga faʻaleaʻoaʻoga, o suʻesuʻega i le IGD ma le SNS vaisu i le va o tamaiti aʻoga, e ono fesoasoani i le au fai tulafono e faʻatutu ni tulafono puipuia e faʻaaoga e faʻatamaia ai le leaga o aʻafiaga o le faʻaaogaina o tekonolosi i talavou talavou.
Mulimuli ane, H3 (ie, SNS vaisu ma IGD o le a tofu sao faʻapitoa ma eseʻese i le faʻateleina atoa tulaga o le mafaufau faʻanoanoa) na faʻamaonia foʻi ma maua mai ai ni malamalamaga fou e uiga i le tuʻufaʻatasia o 'eseʻesega o aafiaga o le SNS vaisu ma le IGD i le mafaufau o talavou. I lenei suʻesuʻega, o mea uma na fai ma vaisu a le SNS ma le IGD na fesoasoani i le faʻaleagaina o le soifua maloloina o le mafaufau e ala i le faʻateleina o tulaga o le atuatuvale, popole, ma le popole. O lenei sailiga lagolagoina muamua suesuega na maua ai nei tekinolosi lua vaisu e faʻaleagaina mafaufau maloloina tutoʻatasi (Kim, Hughes, Park, Quinn, & Kong, 2016; Primack et al., 2017; Sampasa-Kanyinga & Lewis, 2015; Sarda, Bègue, Bry, & Gentile, 2016). O nei sailiga e mafai ona faʻaaogaina e fomaʻi mafaufau polofesa ma aʻoga fesoasoani manaʻomia e atiaʻe fesoʻotaʻiga polokalama taulai atu i le faʻaleleia o le soifua manuia o tamaiti aʻoga e ala i le faʻaititia o mea ua fai ma vaisu o tekonolosi. E ui lava o lenei sailiga e aoga ma aoga mo suʻesuʻega i le lumanaʻi, e taua le maitauina o faʻamaoniga e uiga i le va i le va o faʻalemafaufau faʻaletonu ma amioga faʻafitauli tumau tumau le talitonuina. Sili faʻapitoa, tagata suʻesuʻe lipotia o amioga faʻamaʻi mafai ona valoia (ie, faʻafitauli muamua mafuaʻaga) ma vavalo e le mafaufau faʻanoanoa (ie, faʻafitauli lua faʻafitauli) (eg, Ostovar et al., 2016; Snodgrass et al., 2014; Zhang, Brook, Leukefeld, & Brook, 2016). O le mea lea, e le mafai ona tusia ni faʻaiʻuga mautinoa e uiga i le faʻatonuga e uiga i amioga faʻafitauli ma le mafaufau le lelei.
E le gata i lea, na maua i lenei suʻesuʻega o aafiaga leaga o le IGD i le mafaufau e sili atu le manino nai lo mea na gaosia e le vaisu a le SNS. Ona o le lautele lautele faaletonu na faʻaalia e tagata taʻalo i le tele o vaega o le mafaufau ma le soifua maloloina, o lenei sailiga e ogatusa ma lipoti o loʻo faʻailoa mai ai o le IGD e ono atagia mai ai se sili atu ogaoga psychopathology pe a faʻatusatusa i le SNS vaisu (Leménager et al., 2016), o loʻo lagolagoina le faʻaiʻuga na faia e le APA (2013) ia mafaufau i le IGD o se faʻaletonu le atoatoa. Peitaʻi, o suʻesuʻega taua e faʻaaogaina ai le tele ma sili atu o sui o suʻesuʻega o le a manaʻomia e faʻamaonia atili ai lenei talitonuga. I se faʻaopopoga i le ono mafai ona fesoasoani i le faʻavaeina o tulafono, o iʻuga o le taimi nei e saofagā i le faʻaauau felafolafoaiga pe o tekonolosi mea ua fai ma vaisu, pei o le IGD ma le SNS vaisu, e tatau ona faʻamatalaina pei o mea muamua poʻo lua tulaga faʻaletonu. E tusa ai ma sailiiliga na lipotia mai i lenei suʻesuʻega, o le faʻaaogaina o tekonolosi faʻafitauli pei o mea muamua faʻaletonu (ie, o se mataupu e ono le lelei le aʻafia o le mafaufau) o se empirically viable auala e le faʻaleaogaina muamua sikola faʻafitauli finauga i le manatu o tekonolosi faʻafitauli o tulaga lua faʻafitauli (ie, o se oloa o faʻavae mataupu maloloina o le mafaufau ma le soifua lelei) (Kardefelt-Winther, 2016; Snodgrass et al., 2014; Thorens et al., 2014).
E ui lava o taunuʻuga na maua i lenei suʻesuʻega e lelei tele, e iai tapulaʻa ono ono maitauina. Muamua, o faʻamatalaga uma na lipotia e le tagata lava ia ma matele i faʻailoga lauiloa (eg, manaʻoga i le va fealoai, manatua o mea, ma isi mea faapena.). Lona lua, o suʻesuʻega e faʻaaoga ai ni ata tetele (eg, longitudinal cross-lagged design) o le a mafai ona maua ai ni tali maumaututu i auala tulaga ese i le va o vaisu SNS ma le IGD ma le soifua maloloina o le mafaufau. Lona tolu, talu ai o tagata uma na auai na filifilia e latou lava, o le lautele o mea ua maua nei i le lautele o tagata e le mafai ona faia saʻo. Talu ai le laʻititi tausaga o le faʻataʻitaʻiga na faʻafaigaluegaina, e ono mafai ona i ai le aʻoaʻoga a matua i le lipotia o ia lava tulaga o tekinolosi faʻaaogaina ma le tulaga atoa o le tagofia o mea ua fai ma vaisu. O le mea lea, lumanaʻi suʻesuʻega iloilo tekonolosi faʻaaogaina i tamaiti laiti ma vave talavou e tatau ona amanaʻia lenei fesuiaʻiga i faʻamatalaga, o lea sili lelei faʻatatau e uiga i vaisu tulaga mafai ona maua. E tusa lava poʻo a nei faʻatapulaʻaina, o iʻuga o lenei suʻesuʻega ua faʻalauteleina i luga o suʻesuʻega talu ai i le fesoʻotaʻiga i le va o tekonolosi mea ua fai ma vaʻaiga ma o latou aafiaga tuʻutia i le soifua maloloina o le mafaufau e ala i le ofoina atu o se faʻafitauli lelei e mafai ai e faʻafitauli tekonolosi ona faʻateleina le ono ono le lelei o le mafaufau. I le faʻaiuga, o mea ua maua nei e lagolagoina le faʻavaeina o tekonolosi faʻafitauli pei o muamua faʻafitauli mafai ona lamatia mafaufau mafaufau.
Fesoasoani a le tusitala
O le tusitala o lenei suʻesuʻega sa nafa ma vaega uma o lenei suʻesuʻega ma ua naʻo ia le tusitala o lenei tusitusiga.
Feeseeseaiga o tului
Le tusitala e leai se feteenaiga e fiafia i ai.
Faʻafetai
O le tusitala o lenei suʻesuʻega e fia faʻafetai i le aʻoga na auai, tamaiti aʻoga uma, matua, ma faiaʻoga oe na fesoasoani e faʻatulagaina le logistics aofia ai i le faʻamatalaga aoina gaioiga o lenei suʻesuʻega.
mau faasino
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