Neurobiological Risk Factors for the Development of Interviews in Adolescents (2019)

Faʻatasi. Sci. 2019, 9(6), 62; https://doi.org/10.3390/bs9060062

toe iloilo
Sergey Tereshchenko * ma Edward Kasparov
Inisetiute Suesuega o Faʻafitauli Faʻafomaʻi o le North, Federal Research Center "Krasnoyarsk Science Center o le Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences", Krasnoyarsk 660022, Rusia

lē faʻatino

O le faʻafuaseʻi ona faʻaalia ma le salalau o vaisu i luga ole Initaneti i le faitau aofaʻi o tupulaga talavou, faʻatasi ai ma le faʻavavevave o le faʻaogaina o mea i luga ole Initaneti ma le lautele o avanoa o telefoni feaveaʻi ma papamaʻa faʻatasi ai ma le Initaneti, o loʻo avea ma luʻitau fou mo vaisu masani lea e manaʻomia ai fofo faʻanatinati. E pei o le tele o isi tulaga o le psychopathological, o vaisu i luga ole Initaneti e faʻalagolago i se vaega o tulaga polygenic multifactor. Mo mataupu faʻapitoa taʻitasi, o loʻo i ai se tuʻufaʻatasiga tulaga ese o uiga faʻasolo (faʻasologa o le tino, faʻalilolilo, faʻaleagaina, ma le taliaina o neuromediators), ma o le tele o mea faʻapitoa-siosiomaga (faʻatatau i le aiga, agafesootai, ma aganuu). O se tasi o luʻitau autu i le atinaʻeina o le bio-psychosocial faʻataʻitaʻiga o vaisu i luga ole Initaneti o le fuafuaina lea poʻo le a le kenera ma neuromediators e nafa ma le faʻateleina o mea ua fai ma vaisu. O lenei fa'amatalaga o le a fa'ailoa mai ai le amataga o se su'esu'ega mo ni fa'amoemoega fa'afoma'i fou ma le atina'eina o ta'iala mo le vave puipuia, e aofia ai le su'esu'eina o tulaga lamatia tau kenera. O lenei iloiloga o loʻo aoteleina ai tusitusiga ma malamalama o loʻo avanoa nei e fesoʻotaʻi ma mea faʻalavelave neurobiological e uiga i vaisu Initaneti i tupulaga talavou. Genetic, neurochemical ma neuroimaging faʻamatalaga o loʻo tuʻuina atu faʻatasi ma fesoʻotaʻiga i faʻamatalaga pathogenetic moni e tusa ai ma le bio-psychosocial faʻataʻitaʻiga o le IA.
Keywords: Initaneti vaisu; talavou; comorbidity; neurobiology; neuroimaging; neurotransmitters; gene polymorphism

1. faʻatomuaga

O le faʻateleina o le faʻaogaina o le Initaneti i lo tatou olaga i lea aso ma lea aso ua maua ai le tele o mea faʻatekonolosi. I le taimi lava e tasi, sa i ai le tele o aʻafiaga e aʻafia ai le soifua maloloina o le mafaufau ma le somatic, lea e sili ona taua mo le tuputupu aʻe o le tino ma le le atoatoa o le mafaufau. O vaisu i luga ole Initaneti (IA) ose mea fou fa'ale-mafaufau, e masani ona fa'ailogaina i vaega fa'aagafesootai fa'aletonu (fa'ata'ita'iga, i talavou ma talavou matutua). O le IA o se tasi o ituaiga e 11 o amioga ua fai ma vaisu. I le taimi nei, o loʻo fautuaina ai faʻataʻitaʻiga faʻamaonia e faʻatagaina ai le faʻapipiʻiina o le vaega pathological o vaisu ma ona faʻailoga o faʻalavelave mafaufau. O le faaletonu o taaloga i luga o le initaneti o loʻo aofia i totonu o le Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of mental disorders, lona lima lomiga (DSM-V), ae o loʻo tuʻuina i se isi mataupu ua faaulutalaina "Tulaga mo suʻesuʻega atili". “O le tele lava o le faaletonu o taaloga i luga o le initaneti” ua fuafuaina e avea o se vaega eseese i le International Classification of Diseases (ICD-11) [1].
I tulaga o mafaufauga masani ma le mafaufau, IA o se mea fou fou. O loʻo faʻaogaina e tusitusiga faʻamatalaga faʻafesoʻotaʻi e pei o le "faʻaogaina o le Initaneti faʻamalosi", "faʻafitauli faʻaoga Initaneti", "faʻaogaina Initaneti faʻaleagaina", ma le "Faʻaogaina o le Initaneti".
Mai le taimi na muamua faʻamatalaina ai le faʻalavelave IA i tusitusiga faasaienisi [2,3,4] e oʻo mai i le taimi nei, o talanoaga e uiga i le faʻamatalaga saʻo o lenei tulaga o le psychopathological o loʻo faʻaauau pea [5,6]. O le tagata suʻesuʻe o le mafaufau o Mark Griffiths, o se tasi o pulega aloaʻia lautele i le tulaga o amioga ua fai ma vaisu, o le tusitala o le faʻamatalaga e masani ona taʻua: "O vaisu i luga ole Initaneti o se vaisu e le o ni vailaʻau, lea e aofia ai le tagata-masini (komepiuta-Initaneti) fegalegaleaiga" [7].
E ui lava o le faʻamatalaga masani ma faʻataʻitaʻiga o le IA o loʻo faʻaauau pea i lalo o felafolafoaiga, ua malilie tagata suʻesuʻe o le mafaufau ma fomaʻi i vaega e fa e taua i lenei suʻesuʻega [8,9].
(1)
Fa'aoga tele i luga ole Initaneti (aemaise pe a fa'aalia i le fa'aalu o le taimi po'o le le amana'iaina o galuega fa'avae): taumafai malosi mo le fa'aogaina o le Initaneti, fa'atupula'ia le taua o le Initaneti i faiga fa'aletagata a le tupulaga;
(2)
Fa'ailoga fa'amavae: suiga o lagona (fa'ailoga o le fa'amama) pe a le maua le Initaneti (ita, atuatuvale, ma le popole);
(3)
Fa'apalepale: mana'omia le fa'aaluina o le tele o le taimi i luga o le Initaneti, fa'ata'ita'iina e le mana'omia o le fa'ateleina o le fa'aogaina o le Initaneti e fa'amama ai fa'ailoga leaga o lagona; ma
(4)
A'afiaga le lelei: fa'aoga tele i le fa'aogaina o le Initaneti, fa'afeagai ma taunu'uga leaga o le mafaufau; leiloa o mea e fiafia i ai muamua ma faafiafiaga ona o sea faamauga; leiloa o mafutaga fa'ale-agafesootai, a'oa'oga, ma avanoa tau ta'aloga na mafua mai i le fa'aogaina le talafeagai o le Initaneti; misa ma pepelo e faatatau i le faaaogaina o le Initoneti; toe fa'afo'i: le pulea e le tagata o ia lava e fa'atatau ile fa'aogaina ole Initaneti.
I le taimi nei, e tele faʻataʻitaʻiga etiopathogenetic ua faʻatulagaina mo le faʻavaeina o le IA i tupulaga talavou.10]. O nisi tagata suʻesuʻe e faʻaalia le faʻaalia o tupulaga talavou i le amataga o le IA ma le leai o se malosi faʻamalosi malosi, maualuga le impulsivity, ma se faʻasologa o taui sili ona faʻaaogaina, lea e mafua ona o le le atoatoa o le neurobiological matua o le faiʻai o le talavou.11,12]. O isi tusitala o loʻo tuʻuina atu se "faʻataʻitaʻiga o le bio-psychosocial faʻataʻitaʻiga" e tuʻufaʻatasia ai mea faʻapitoa poʻo faʻafitauli-aemaise lava, faʻafitauli faʻafesoʻotaʻi ma tupulaga ma / poʻo tagata matutua-faatasi ai ma le tuʻufaʻatasia o fesoʻotaʻiga o le psychopathological [10]) ma tulaga lamatia o le neurobiological mo le atinaʻeina o le IA [13,14]. O nisi o aʻafiaga o le neurobiological mo le atinaʻeina o le IA i tupulaga talavou e tusa ai ma le bio-psychosocial faʻataʻitaʻiga o le a talanoaina i lenei iloiloga faʻamatalaga.

2. Epidemiology of Internet Addiction

I su'esu'ega fa'atatau i le faitau aofa'i, e tatau ona fa'amaonia le i ai o ta'iala ile IA ile su'esu'ega fa'ale-mafaufau na fa'atulaga fa'apitoa ma fa'amaonia mo tupulaga talavou. O le fesili muamua, e faʻatatau i le faʻamaoniga IA, o le Kimberly Young Internet Addiction Test, lea na faʻamaonia i le 1998; na atiina ae e iloa ai vaisu Initaneti. O su'esu'ega paionia a Young sa iai sona sao taua i su'esu'ega IA e fa'aaoga ai auala fa'ata'atia. Talu mai lena taimi, ua aliali mai le tele o fesili fou, e fetaui ma le atinaʻe faʻaonaponei o le falemaʻi ma le mafaufau o talavou i se tulaga sili atu. O le Chen Internet Addiction Scale (CIAS) o loʻo i ai i latou [15], atiina ae faapitoa mo talavou.
O faʻamatalaga mai tusitusiga faʻavaomalo i luga o le IA i tupulaga talavou o loʻo faʻaalia ai se faʻalavelave i totonu ole va o le 1% i le 18% [6], fa'alagolago i fa'alapotopotoga fa'ale-aganu'u fa'ale-aganu'u ma tulaga fa'ata'ita'i ma fa'ailoga fesili na fa'aaogaina i le su'esu'ega. I Europa, o le IA masani i tupulaga talavou e 1-11%, ma le averesi o le 4.4% [16]. I totonu o Amerika, o le IA masani i tagata matutua e 0.3-8.1% [17]. O talavou ma talavou matutua i atunuu Asia (Saina, Korea i Saute, ma isi) o loʻo faʻaalia le maualuga maualuga o le IA o le 8.1-26.5% [18,19]. I Moscow, Rusia, Malygin et al. fa'ata'ita'iina le 190 tamaiti a'oga o vasega 9-11 (15-18 tausaga le matutua). O a latou suʻesuʻega na maua ai o le 42.0% o tupulaga talavou na faʻaalia le tele o le faʻaogaina o Initaneti (faʻasologa o mea e fai ma vaisu, e tusa ai ma le faʻamatalaga a le tusitala) ma le 11.0% na faʻaalia faailoga o le IA. I lenei suʻesuʻega, na faʻaaogaina le lomiga Rusia o le CIAS fesili, faʻamaonia e tusitala, [20]. I se isi suʻesuʻega na faia i talavou Rusia, na iloa ai e tusitala o le 1,084 talavou ma le averesi o tausaga o 15.56 tausaga, 4.25% na i ai le IA o se suʻesuʻega ma 29.33% na faʻaalia ai le tele o le faʻaogaina o le Initaneti (faʻasologa o mea e fai ma vaisu, e tusa ai ma le faʻamatalaga a le tusitala) [21].

3. Faʻatasi o Vaisu Initaneti

Le tele o suʻesuʻega ua faʻaalia ma le mautinoa le IA comorbidity ma le lautele o tulaga o le psychopathologic. Ho et al. i la latou faʻataʻitaʻiga faʻataʻitaʻiga faʻaalia IA comorbidity ma le atuatuvale (OR = 2.77, CI = 2.04-3.75), faʻalavelave popole (OR = 2.70, CI = 1.46-4.97), faʻamaʻi faʻamaʻi-hyperactivity maʻi (ADHD); PO = 2.85, CI = 2.15–3.77) [22]. I la latou iloiloga faʻatulagaina, Carli et al. faʻaalia o faʻafitauli faʻafitauli ma le ADHD e sili ona malosi le fesoʻotaʻiga ma IA. O se mafutaga itiiti ae uigā na maua i le popolevale, faʻalavelave faʻalavelave faʻalavelave, phobia lautele, ma amioga faʻamalosi [23]. O faaiuga lava e tasi na lagolagoina e se isi iloiloga faʻapitoa [24]. Durkee et al.'s [25] suʻesuʻega na aofia ai se faʻataʻitaʻiga faʻataʻitaʻiga o 11,356 talavou mai 11 Europa atunuu ma maua ai le IA e fesoʻotaʻi ma le faʻaleagaina o le tagata lava ia ma le pule faʻatasi ma le atuatuvale ma le popole. O taunuuga tutusa na maua e Jiang et al. [26]. O isi tagata su'esu'e na fa'ailoa mai o le IA e feso'ota'i ma uiga patino patino, e ta'ua o le "sa'iliga lagona". O lenei mea e masani ona faamatalaina e tusitala papalagi o se tauiviga mo lagona fou, le masani, ma faigata, lea e masani ona lamatia [27]. I la latou suʻesuʻega umi, Guillot et al. faʻaalia le IA faʻatasi ma le anhedonia i tagata matutua (faʻataʻitaʻiga, vaivai le mafai ona lagona le fiafia, lea e masani mo faʻafitauli faʻafitauli) [28].
O feso'ota'iga IA ma fa'ama'i o le mafaufau e le'o manino, e ui lava e mafai ona fa'apea e mafai ona feso'ota'i fa'alavelave fa'atasi (fa'ata'ita'iga, atuatuvalega, fa'anoanoa, ma fa'alavelave mata'utia). Wei et al. na maua ai o le IA e fesoʻotaʻi ma faʻamaʻi tiga masani [29]. Cerutti et al. e leʻi maua se fesoʻotaʻiga taua i le va o le IA ma le tiga o le ulu / migraines, e ui lava o faʻamaʻi tigaina, i se tulaga lautele, e masani ona maua i tagata maʻi IA [30]. O isi tusitala na maua se mafutaga a le IA ma faʻalavelave moe i tupulaga talavou [31]. O faʻamatalaga tutusa na lipotia mo se faʻataʻitaʻiga o tamaiti aʻoga Iapani [32].

4. Pathogenesis o Vaisu Initaneti i Tulaga o Neurobiology

O le atinaʻeina o le faiʻai i le taimi o le talavou e faʻaalia e ala i le faʻavaeina o le limbic system ma prefrontal cortical regions i vaitau eseese o taimi [33]. I tupulaga talavou, o le faʻalauteleina o le taimi o le atinaʻeina o le cortex muamua pe a faʻatusatusa i le faiga o le limbic e mafua ai le faʻavaivaia o le faʻalavelave mai le itu o le cortical regions agai i lalo ifo o le subcortical structures, ma mafua ai ona sili atu le taʻutaʻua o le impulsivity, lea e fesoasoani i amioga maualuga.34].
E oʻo mai i le taimi nei, e tele suʻesuʻega na faia e suʻesuʻe ai le pathogenesis o vaisu i luga o le Initaneti e faʻaaoga ai auala eseese o le neurovisualization, e aofia ai suiga eseese o le faiʻai faʻasolosolo faʻamaneta resonance tomography (faʻataʻitaʻiga, voxel-based morphometry, diffusion tensor imaging, ma le faʻaogaina o le magnetic resonance imaging) ma le nuclear magnetic resonance tomography. (faataitaiga, positron emission tomography ma le tasi photon emission computed tomography). Faʻavae i luga o metotia lisi, o suiga faʻavae IA e fesoʻotaʻi ma le faiʻai ua iloa [35,36,37]: faʻaititia le mamafa o mea efuefu i itulagi eseese, e aofia ai le pito i luma, orbitofrontal cortex, ma le vaega afi faaopoopo [38]; gaioiga faʻaletonu o le faiʻai e fesoʻotaʻi ma le faʻalagolago i taui [11]; fa'agaoioia o masini fa'alagona fa'atasi ma fa'apa'u'u fa'atasi le fa'alogo fa'alogo [39]; faʻagaoioia o vaega faiʻai e fesoʻotaʻi ma le faʻavaeina o manaʻoga e le mafai ona taofiofia ma le impulsivity; kulukose-faateleina le metabolism i vaega faiʻai e fesootaʻi ma le impulsivity; faʻalagolago i le taui ma le faʻamoemoe mo le toe faia o lagona somatic poto masani [40]; ma le dopamine-faʻaleleia faʻalilolilo faʻatasi ai ma le faʻaititia atili o le maua o le dopamine i le itulagi striatal [41]. O le au'ili'iliga o mea e tutupu i le encephalogram eletise na fa'aalia ai le fa'aitiitia o le taimi e tali atu ai, lea e ono feso'ota'i ma le fa'alavelaveina o tulafono fa'aletulafono [42].
O se vaega atoa o neuromediators e mafai ona aʻafia i le neurobiological mechanisms of IA formation i tupulaga talavou. Mo se fa'ata'ita'iga, o le oxytocin—le hormone o le fa'atuatuaina, so'otaga fa'aagafesootai, ma fa'alagona fa'alagona—e iai sona sao taua tele i le fa'atuina o feso'ota'iga tu'usa'o fa'alagona i totonu o si'osi'omaga o talavou. E tele suʻesuʻega ua faʻaalia ai sootaga vavalalata i le va o vaega polymorphic eseese o le oxytocin receptor ma le CD38 ga'o i fa'afitauli eseese o le mafaufau ma le neurodevelopmental, e aofia ai fa'aletonu o alaleo autistic. O lenei mea na auiliiliina auiliili i le iloiloga a Feldman et al. [43]. Oxytocin concentrations i le faua na maua e le lelei le fesoʻotaʻi ma le faʻaalia o faʻafitauli o amioga, lea na faʻaalia i le faʻaaogaina o le Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire [44]. O tusitala lava ia na faʻamaonia e faʻaitiitia le gaosiga o le oxytocin i tamaiti e iai ni uiga faʻafefe ma le le faʻalogo. Sasaki et al. e leʻi maua ni fesoʻotaʻiga i le va o le faʻaogaina o le oxytocin i le faua ma le faʻaalia o faʻamaoniga o le atuatuvale i tupulaga talavou, e ui lava o tagata gasegase e maua i togafitiga faʻafitauli faʻafitauli na faʻaalia ai le maualuga o le oxytocin nai lo le faʻatonuga faʻatasi ma le faʻavaivai e le faʻasaʻo.45]. O le maualuga o le oxytocin plasma na faʻaititia i tamaiti e le atoatoa le mafaufau / hyperactivity syndrome, ma e le lelei le fesoʻotaʻiga i le le mautonu ma le le faʻalogo [46,47].
O le tele o suʻesuʻega ua lipotia mai ai se fesoʻotaʻiga pathophysiological i le va o le oxytocinergic system ma le faʻavaeina o ituaiga eseese o amioga faʻafefe i tupulaga talavou ma talavou matutua.48]. O le aoga o le oxytocin o loʻo faʻatinoina i togafitiga mo ituaiga eseese o vaisu (aemaise lava le ava malosi) na faʻaalia uma i le faʻaaogaina o manu.49] ma su'esu'ega falema'i [48]. O auala autu o le togafitiga o le oxytocin i vaisu vailaʻau o le faʻaitiitia o faʻamaoniga o le tino ma le faʻateleina o le lagona faʻalagona i le faʻasaʻo, faʻaitiitia le popole, tuputupu aʻe o le malamalama i le tautala, faʻafouina faʻafouina o fesoʻotaʻiga lautele, ma le faʻaitiitia o le physiologic o le faapalepale ua taʻua. Talu ai ona o le atuatuvalega o le mafaufau o se mafuaʻaga taua tele o le faʻavaeina o vaisu faʻamaʻi, o le manatu e uiga i le oxytocin anti-stress aafiaga e pei o le mea e mafai ona puipuia e foliga mai e faatalitonuina [50]. Oxytocin anti-stress influence na iloa e ala i le taofiofia o le faʻamalosia o le faʻamalosia o le hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis, tulafono faatonutonu o le mesolimbic dopamine system of reward, ma le gaosiga o le corticotropin-releasing hormone.
Na fa'ailoa mai le fa'aatupuina o se fa'atupu fa'atupu fa'aletagata i amioga fa'afaisu. O lenei faʻafitauli na maua e fesoʻotaʻi ma le le atoatoa o le faʻaogaina o le oxytocinergic system. O le mea lea, o suʻesuʻega faʻavae mo le 593 talavou matutua 15 tausaga na maua ai le fesoʻotaʻiga i le va o le inu ava malosi ma le faʻavaeina o vaisu ava i tama (e le o teine) e oʻo atu i le 25 tausaga ma le homozygosity e fesoʻotaʻi ma le A allele variant o le rs53576 polymorphic. itulagi o le oxytocin receptor gene [51]. O se mafutaga i le va o amioga taupulepule talavou ma lenei eseesega o le homozygosis o le OXTR gene na lipotia e Parris et al. [52].
O le sao o mea o loʻo lisiina atu i lalo i le pathogenesis o amioga fai ma vaisu talavou e foliga mai, ae e leʻi suʻesuʻeina lelei. I le faaopoopo atu i le oxytocin, o loʻo i ai faʻamatalaga nei neuromediators:
(1)
Melanocortin (α-Melanocyte-stimulating hormone (α-MSH)): Orellana et al. [53] fautuaina le taua o le melanocortin i le faʻavaeina o vaisu pathologic i tupulaga talavou.
(2)
Neurotensin: Neurotensin o loʻo aʻafia malosi i le faʻaogaina o le dopamine faʻailoga ma le faʻavaeina o vaisu pathological; o loʻo i ai tulaga o le manuia o togafitiga o nisi ituaiga o vaisu i le neurotensin synthetic [54].
(3)
Orexin: Orexin e mafai ona aʻafia i le faʻavaeina o le moe faʻalavelave ma le faʻavaeina o amioga fai ma vaisu [55].
(4)
Mea P (neurokinin A): O se faʻalavelave i le gaosiga o le vailaʻau P e manatu e fesoʻotaʻi ma le faʻavaeina o le tele o ituaiga o vaisu pathological; i le taimi nei, o loʻo i ai faʻataʻitaʻiga o loʻo faʻataʻitaʻiina le aoga o le neurokinin receptor activity modulation i togafitiga mo vaisu [56,57].

5. Genetics o Vaisu Initaneti

E ese mai i isi ituaiga o amioga ua fai ma vaisu (e pei o taaloga faitupe ma le faʻaaogaina o vailaʻau o le mafaufau), e itiiti suʻesuʻega na taulaʻi atu i suʻesuʻega faʻasologa o vaisu Initaneti. Mo se faʻataʻitaʻiga, i le suʻesuʻega muamua masaga na faia i le 2014, na suʻesuʻeina ai e le au tusitala le 825 talavou Saina ma faʻaalia le fesoʻotaʻiga ma le vaega tuufaasolo i le 58-66% o le faitau aofaʻi.58]. Mulimuli ane, o tagata suʻesuʻe o masaga masaga mai Netherlands (48% i le 2016 [59]), Ausetalia (41% i le 2016 [60]), ma Siamani (21–44% i le 2017 [61]) na oo mai i se faaiuga faapena. O le mea lea, o le i ai o se vaega faʻavae i le faʻavaeina o le IA na lagolagoina ma le talitonuina e suʻesuʻega masaga mo tagata eseese. Peita'i, e le'i fa'ailoaina ni kenera fa'apitoa e ono feso'ota'i ma faiga fa'atosina. E fa su'esu'ega su'esu'ega fa'ata'ita'iga na fa'amaonia ai vaega polymorph o kenera sui e lima:
(1)
rs1800497 (dopamine D2 ga'o talitaliga (DRD2), Taq1A1 allele) ma rs4680 (methionine variant o dopamine degradation enzyme catecholamine-o-methyltransferase (COMT) gene): O le suʻesuʻega muamua o nei suʻesuʻega na faʻatatau i tupulaga talavou i Korea i Saute. O le suʻesuʻega na faʻaalia ai o le fusiga o mea laiti laiti e fesoʻotaʻi ma le gaosiga maualalo o le dopamine (rs4680) ma le maualalo o le numera o le faʻaogaina o le dopamine i le pito i luma o le cortex (rs1800497) i le i ai o se faʻalavelave faʻapitoa i taaloga Initaneti.62]. E mafai ona fa'afeso'ota'i fa'atasi fa'atasiga fa'afeagai fa'alele e ta'ua ma le fa'amasani i le 'ava malosi, taaloga faitupe, ma le ADHD.
(2)
rs25531 (serotonin transporter gene (SS-5HTTLPR), pupuu allelic variants): Lee et al. [63] na faʻaalia ai e mafai ona fesoʻotaʻi ma vaisu i luga ole Initaneti le faʻaogaina o le faʻaogaina o le serotonin transporter gene. E pei ona lagolagoina e le tele o suʻesuʻega, o le faʻasologa o kenera e fesoʻotaʻi ma se faʻalavelave i le atuatuvale-o le maʻi sili ona taatele i mataupu tau Initaneti [64].
(3)
rs1044396 (nicotinic acetylcholine receptor subunit alpha 4 (CHRNA4) gene): o se suʻesuʻega faʻataʻitaʻiga laʻititi e Montag et al. [65] faʻaalia le i ai o se mafutaga ma le CC genotype o le polymorphism rs1044396, lea e fesoʻotaʻi foi ma vaisu o le nicotine ma faʻalavelave faʻalogo.
(4)
rs2229910 (neurotrophic tyrosine kinase receptor type 3 (NTRK3) gene): O se suʻesuʻega pailate a Jeong et al. [66] na faʻatatau i se faʻapitoa faʻapitoa ma aofia ai tagata matutua 30 ma vaisu Initaneti ma mataupu soifua maloloina 30. O le suʻesuʻega na aofia ai le suʻesuʻeina o 83 polymorph regions ma faʻaalia faʻamaumauga faʻamaonia faʻatasi ma naʻo le tasi le itulagi: rs2229910. Masalo, e fesoʻotaʻi ma le popole ma le faʻalavelave faʻalavelave, faʻalavelave faʻalavelave-faʻamalosi, ma faʻamaʻi faʻamaʻi e fuafua e le mafaufau.
O le faʻateleina o nisi o itulagi polymorphic e manatu e fesoʻotaʻi ma le faʻavaeina o vaisu i luga ole Initaneti e mafai ona i ai faʻamatalaga taua i vaega eseese. O le au'ili'iliga o tusitusiga fa'asaienisi o lo'o maua e fa'aalia ai le le lava o le fa'alogoina o le fa'atagata i le su'esu'eina o nei mafutaga fa'aletagata. Le iloiloga faʻatulagaina e Luczak et al. [67] ua taulai atu i uiga uiga ese o ituaiga e 11 o amioga ua fai ma vaisu. Na o le tasi le suʻesuʻega na maua (sii muamua i le iloiloga a Kuss et al. [16]) lea na iloiloina ai le tulaga fa'aletagata IA [68]. Na suʻesuʻeina e le au tusitala le 1470 tamaiti aʻoga kolisi ma tulaga faʻale-aganuʻu faʻale-aganuʻu talafeagai. Na latou faʻaalia le maualuga o le IA i sui o Asia (8.6%) pe a faʻatusatusa i tagata e le o Asia (3.8%). O le iloiloga lava lea e tasi o loʻo taʻua ai le tele o punaoa faʻasaienisi, e faʻaalia ai le maualuga o le faʻalagolago i taaloga komepiuta i tagata e le o ni Europa Amerika (faʻataʻitaʻiga, tagata Amerika moni ma tagata uli Amerika) pe a faatusatusa i tagata Caucasian (paʻepaʻe) [67]. I totonu o se faʻataʻitaʻiga tele (11 atunuu) faʻataʻitaʻiga i luga o le Initaneti a le au talavou ua fai ma vaisu i luga o le Initaneti, na iloa ai e le au tusitala e sili ona faʻaalia le faʻalavelave faʻatasi ma amioga pule, atuatuvalega, ma le popole, ae o le sao o faʻamaʻi taʻitasi e eseese i atunuu taʻitasi. Na faaiʻuina e tusitala e manaʻomia nisi suʻesuʻega faʻatasi ma le faʻamalosia o le iloiloga o agafesootai, aganuu, ma, masalo, faʻaleaganuʻu (genetic) uiga [25,69]. Mai la matou vaaiga, o le auʻiliʻiliga o tuʻufaʻatasiga faʻale-aganuʻu ma faʻafanua e fesoʻotaʻi ma vaisu i luga o le Initaneti, lea e faʻaalia i le taimi lava e tasi mo uiga faʻaleaganuʻu i le faʻateleina o le faʻavasegaina o le faitau aofaʻi o tagata, o se nofoaga folafolaina mo neurogenetics faʻaonaponei e faʻatatau i vaisu o talavou.

6. Faaiuga

O le vave faʻaalia ma le atinaʻeina o vaisu Initaneti i tupulaga talavou e fesoʻotaʻi ma le televave o le faʻatupulaia o le Initaneti-content spectrum i totonu o le tulaga o le avanoa lautele o avanoa feaveaʻi i luga o le Initaneti. O nei fa'afitauli e mana'omia ai se gaioiga fa'anatinati e su'e togafitiga lelei ma auala e puipuia ai. O le i ai o se vaega faʻavae i le faʻavaeina o le IA e fautuaina e suʻesuʻega masaga faʻataʻitaʻiina e ala i le suʻesuʻeina o tagata eseese. Ae ui i lea, e oʻo mai i le taimi nei, o kenera o loʻo aʻafia i faiga o ia tofi e leʻi faʻamaonia. O le auʻiliʻiliga o le faʻavasegaina o faʻalapotopotoga faʻapitoa o vaisu i luga ole Initaneti, faʻatasi ai ma suʻesuʻega tutusa i tulaga o faʻalapotopotoga faʻapitoa o le faʻateleina o uiga genotypic o le faitau aofaʻi, e taua tele. Afai e galulue faatasi tagata tomai faapitoa o vaega eseese o tomai (faataitaiga, pediatricians, psychologists, psychiatrists, neurologists, neurobiologists, ma geneticists), ona vave maua lea o auala fou o le pathophysiological o le IA. O suʻesuʻega o ia suʻesuʻega e mafai ona taʻitaʻia ai le mauaina o ni vaaiga fou e tusa ai ma le iloiloga o mafuaʻaga autu o le neurobiological o le faʻavaeina o vaisu i luga ole Initaneti ma le faʻavasegaina o se togafiti faʻamaʻi mo tupulaga talavou ua fai ma vaisu i luga ole Initaneti.
Tusitala Tusitala

ST na fuafuaina ma mamanuina le iloiloga, tusia le pepa; EK na faʻatautaia suʻesuʻega tusi ma suʻesuʻeina faʻamaumauga.

faatupeina

O le galuega na lipotia na faʻatupeina e le Russian Foundation for Basic Research (RFBR) e tusa ai ma le poloketi suʻesuʻe № 18-29-22032\18.
Feeseeseaiga o Tului

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mau faasino

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