J Behav Addict. 2018 Sep 11: 1-11. Pule: 10.1556 / 2006.7.2018.69.
Li JB1,2, Mo PKH2,3, Lau JTF2,3, Su XF2,3, Zhang X4, Wu AMS5, Mai JC6, Chen YX6.
lē faʻatino
Faʻamatalaga ma sini
O le faʻamoemoe o lenei suʻesuʻega o le faʻatusatusaina lea o fesoʻotaʻiga umi i le va o vaisu fesoʻotaʻiga i luga ole laiga (OSNA) ma le atuatuvale, pe o loʻo valoia e le OSNA le atinaʻeina o le atuatuvale, ma le isi itu, pe o le atuatuvale e valoia le atinaʻeina o le OSNA.
Metotia
E tusa ma le 5,365 tamaiti aʻoga mai aʻoga maualuga e iva i Guangzhou, Saina i Saute na suʻesuʻeina i le laina amata ia Mati 2014, ma tulitatao i le 9 masina mulimuli ane. O le maualuga o le OSNA ma le atuatuvale na fuaina e faʻaaoga ai le fua faʻamaonia OSNA ma le CES-D. Na faʻaaogaina faʻataʻitaʻiga faʻasolosolo faʻasolosolo e faʻatatau i fesoʻotaʻiga umi i le va o le OSNA ma le atuatuvale.
i'uga
O tupulaga talavou na faʻavaivai ae leai se OSNA i le laina faʻavae e 1.48 taimi e sili atu ona atiaʻe le OSNA i le tulitatao pe a faʻatusatusa i latou e le o faʻavaivai i le laina faʻavae [fetuunaʻi OR (AOR): 1.48, 95% faʻalagolago i le va (CI): 1.14-1.93 ]. E le gata i lea, pe a faʻatusatusa ia i latou e leʻi faʻavaivai i le taimi o le tulitatao, o tupulaga talavou na faʻavaivaia pea pe faʻaalia le atuatuvale i le taimi o le tulitatao na faʻateleina le lamatiaga o le atinaʻeina o le OSNA i le tulitatao (AOR: 3.45, 95% CI: 2.51-4.75 mo le atuatuvale faifai pea; AOR: 4.47, 95% CI: 3.33-5.99 mo le faʻalavelave faʻafuaseʻi). I le isi itu, i totonu oi latou e leai se faʻalavelave i le laina, o talavou na faʻavasegaina o le OSNA faifai pea poʻo le OSNA o loʻo tulaʻi mai na i ai le maualuga o le lamatiaga o le atinaʻeina o le atuatuvale pe a faʻatusatusa ia i latou e leai se OSNA (AOR: 1.65, 95% CI: 1.01-2.69 mo OSNA faifai pea; AOR: 4.29; 95% CI: 3.17-5.81 mo OSNA o loʻo tulaʻi mai).
iʻuga
O suʻesuʻega o loʻo faʻaalia ai se fesoʻotaʻiga faʻatasi i le va o le OSNA ma le atuatuvale, o lona uiga o le faʻaogaina o fesoʻotaʻiga faʻaagafesootai i luga o le initaneti e faʻapipiʻi faʻatasi ma le maualuga o faʻafitauli faʻafitauli.
FUAFUAGA: talavou; atuatuvale; mafutaga faaumiumi; vaisu feso'ota'iga i luga o le initaneti
PMID: 30203664
FAIA: 10.1556/2006.7.2018.69
O vaisu i luga ole laiga faʻaagafesootai ma le atuatuvale: O taunuʻuga mai se suʻesuʻega faʻapitoa faʻamoemoega i tupulaga talavou Saina.
J Behav Addict. 2018 Sep 11:1-11. doi: 10.1556/2006.7.2018.69. [Epub a'o le'i lolomi]
Li JB1,2, Mo PKH2,3, Lau JTF2,3, Su XF2,3, Zhang X4, Wu AMS5, Mai JC6, Chen YX6.
lē faʻatino
Faʻamatalaga ma faʻamoemoe O le faʻamoemoe o lenei suʻesuʻega o le faʻatusatusaina lea o fesoʻotaʻiga umi i le va o vaisu fesoʻotaʻiga i luga ole laiga (OSNA) ma le atuatuvale, pe o loʻo valoia e le OSNA le atinaʻeina o le atuatuvale, ma le fesuiaʻi, pe o le atuatuvale e vaʻaia le atinaʻeina o le OSNA. Metotia E 5,365 tamaiti a'oga mai a'oga maualuluga e iva i Guangzhou, Saina i Saute na su'esu'eina ile laina amata ia Mati 2014, ma toe tulitatao ile 9 masina mulimuli ane. O le maualuga o le OSNA ma le atuatuvale na fuaina e faʻaaoga ai le fua faʻamaonia OSNA ma le CES-D. Na faʻaaogaina faʻataʻitaʻiga faʻasolosolo faʻasolosolo e faʻatatau i fesoʻotaʻiga umi i le va o le OSNA ma le atuatuvale. I'uga O tupulaga talavou na fa'anoanoa ae leai se OSNA i le laina fa'avae e 1.48 taimi e sili atu ona atia'e le OSNA i le tulitatao pe a fa'atusatusa i latou e le'i fa'avaivai i le laina fa'avae [fetuuna'i OR (AOR): 1.48, 95% fa'alagolago i le va (CI): 1.14- 1.93]. E le gata i lea, pe a faʻatusatusa ia i latou e leʻi faʻavaivai i le taimi o le tulitatao, o talavou na faʻavaivaia pea pe faʻaalia le atuatuvale i le taimi o le tulitatao na faʻateleina le lamatiaga o le atinaʻeina o le OSNA i le tulitatao (AOR: 3.45, 95% CI: 2.51-4.75 mo le atuatuvale faifai pea; AOR: 4.47, 95% CI: 3.33-5.99 mo le faʻalavelave faʻafuaseʻi). I le isi itu, i totonu oi latou e leai se faʻalavelave i le laina, o talavou na faʻavasegaina o le OSNA faifai pea poʻo le OSNA o loʻo tulaʻi mai e maualuga atu le lamatiaga o le faʻalavelave faʻalavelave faʻatusatusa ia i latou e leai se OSNA (AOR: 1.65, 95% CI: 1.01-2.69 mo OSNA faifai pea; AOR: 4.29; 95% CI: 3.17-5.81 mo OSNA o loʻo tulaʻi mai). Fa'ai'uga O fa'ai'uga ua fa'ailoa mai ai se feso'ota'iga fa'atasi i le va o le OSNA ma le fa'anoanoa, o lona uiga o le fa'aogaina o feso'ota'iga fa'aagafesootai i luga o le initaneti e fa'aopoopoina ma le fa'atuputeleina o fa'ailoga fa'anoanoa.
FUAFUAGA: talavou; atuatuvale; mafutaga faaumiumi; vaisu feso'ota'iga i luga o le initaneti
PMID: 30203664
FAIA: 10.1556/2006.7.2018.69
faʻatomuaga
Fa'anoanoa, o le fa'aletonu o le mafaufau e sili ona lipotia lautele (Knopf, Park, & Mulye, 2008; Thapar, Collishaw, Potter, & Thapar, 2010), ose mataupu taua o le soifua maloloina lautele i tupulaga talavou. E silia ma le 9% o tupulaga talavou na lipotia mai e feololo i tulaga ogaoga o le atuatuvale, ma o lona 1-tausaga fua faatatau na fuafuaina i le 3% i le Iunaite Setete (Rushton, Forcier, & Schectman, 2002). I Saina i Saute, o la matou suʻesuʻega talu ai na lipotia ai le 1-vaiaso o le faʻafitauli o le atuatuvale o le 23.5% i tamaiti aʻoga maualuga (Li et al., 2017).
O se fegalegaleaiga lelei i le va o vaisu i luga ole Initaneti ma le atuatuvale i tupulaga talavou ua lipotia mai i vaega uma e lua (Moreno, Jelenchick, & Breland, 2015; Yoo, Cho, & Cha, 2014) ma su'esu'ega umi (Cho, Sung, Shin, Lim, & Shin, 2013; Ko, Yen, Chen, Ye, & Yen, 2009; Lam, 2014). Ae ui i lea, o nei suʻesuʻega na suʻesuʻeina vaisu Initaneti i le lautele nai lo ituaiga faʻapitoa o gaioiga i luga ole laiga. E mafai e tupulaga talavou ona fa'atinoina le tele o ituaiga o gaioiga i luga o le initaneti i luga ole Initaneti. E tele suʻesuʻega ua faʻamaonia ai le taua ma le manaʻomia mo le faʻamalamalamaina o mea ua fai ma vaisu i gaoioiga faʻapitoa i luga ole Initaneti mai vaisu i luga ole Initaneti ile lautele (Davis, 2001; Laconi, Tricard, & Chabrol, 2015; Pontes, Szabo, & Griffiths, 2015). O feso'ota'iga i luga o le initaneti o se mea fou fou, ma o le maualuga o le fa'anoanoa ua matauina i le faitau aofa'i o tagata o lo'o fa'aogaina feso'ota'iga i luga o le initaneti (Lin et al., 2016; Tang & Koh, 2017). Pe a faatusatusa i le faitau aofaʻi lautele, o tupulaga talavou ma tamaiti aʻoga o loʻo faʻaaogaina soʻo i luga ole laiga upega tafaʻilagi (Griths, Kuss, & Demetrovics, 2014). O vaisu i luga ole laiga ole upegatafa'ilagi (OSNA) ose uiga fou e fai ma vaisu i tupulaga talavou fa'atasi ai ma le fa'amalosia o le auai i luga ole laiga o feso'ota'iga feso'ota'iga. I le avea ai o se ituaiga faʻapitoa o vaisu e fesoʻotaʻi i luga ole Initaneti, o loʻo tuʻufaʻatasia e le OSNA faʻailoga masani masani o vaisu (Griffiths, 2013; Kuss & Griffiths, 2011), ma ua faauigaina o le “le popole tele i le fa'aogaina o feso'ota'iga fa'aagafesootai i luga ole laiga, ia fa'aosofia e le malosi malosi e fa'aoga pe fa'aoga feso'ota'iga i luga ole laiga e fa'aleagaina ai isi gaioiga fa'aagafesootai, su'esu'ega/galuega, mafutaga fa'aletagata, ma/po'o le soifua maloloina o le mafaufau ma le soifua manuia."(Andreassen, 2015). O le OSNA ua fa'atupula'ia iloga i tupulaga talavou. E tusa ma le 9.78% o tamaiti aʻoga kolisi a Amerika na latou manatu o loʻo i ai ni vaisu Facebook (Pempek, Yermolayeva, & Calvert, 2009), ma le 29.5% o tamaiti aʻoga kolisi Sigapoa e maua le OSNA (Tang & Koh, 2017). O se suʻesuʻega i le 2010 na lipotia mai ai le maualuga o le OSNA nai lo le 30% i tamaiti aʻoga kolisi Saina (Zhou & Leung, 2010). Ua fa'ailoa mai e fa'amaoniga o le so'ona tele ma le fa'amalosi'au feso'ota'iga i luga o le initaneti e seasea aoga, nai lo le i ai o ni a'afiaga fa'aleagaina i le soifua manuia o le mafaufau o talavou, e aofia ai lagona, mafutaga, ma isi taunu'uga fa'alesoifua maloloina (Andreassen, 2015).
O nisi o suʻesuʻega faʻasolosolo na lipotia ai se fesoʻotaʻiga lelei i le va o le OSNA ma le atuatuvale i tupulaga talavou (Hong, Huang, Lin, & Chiu, 2014; Koc & Gulyagci, 2013). Ae ui i lea, ona o le tapulaʻa faʻapitoa o le suʻesuʻega o suʻesuʻega faʻasolosolo, e le o manino lava pe ole OSNA o se mafuaʻaga poʻo se taunuuga o le atuatuvale poʻo le lua. O feso'ota'iga fa'ainitaneti i luga ole laiga e mafai ona tu'uina atu ai i tupulaga talavou le fa'aogagofie ma le fa'auluuluga, filifiliga fa'aalia o le tagata lava ia, ma fesoasoani fa'aagafesootai (Ellison, Steinfield, & Lampe, 2007; Steinfield, Ellison, & Lampe, 2008). O tagata taʻitoʻatasi o loʻo aʻafia i faʻafitauli o le mafaufau (faʻataʻitaʻiga, atuatuvalega ma le popole) e ono vaʻai i luga o upega tafaʻilagi fesoʻotaʻiga i luga ole laiga o se faʻalapotopotoga saogalemu ma taua (Gámez-Guadix, 2014), lea e mafai ai ona latou sosola ese mai faʻafitauli faʻalagona na oʻo i le lalolagi moni (Andreassen, 2015; Griths et al., 2014), ma atili taʻitaʻia atu ai i le aʻafiaga o mea ua fai ma vaisu (Oberst, Wegmann, Stodt, Brand, & Chamarro, 2017). I le taimi nei, o le tele o le faʻaalia i le vaʻaiga lautele o le a mafua ai ni lagona le lelei (McDougall et al., 2016). O tupulaga talavou e fa'aletonu o latou lagona fa'anoanoa e ono o'o i a'afiaga e sili atu ona leaga o le tele o feso'ota'iga i luga o le initaneti (Selfhout, Branje, Delsing, Ter Bogt, & Meeus, 2009). O le mea lea, o se fesoʻotaʻiga faʻatasi i le va o le OSNA ma le atuatuvale e talafeagai. Ae ui i lea, i lo matou iloa, e leai se suʻesuʻega faʻamoemoe e taulaʻi i le suʻesuʻeina o sootaga umi i le va o le OSNA ma le atuatuvale i tupulaga talavou ma isi tagata.
O le mea lea, na matou fuafuaina ai se suʻesuʻega faʻamoemoe e faʻatusatusaina le umi o fesoʻotaʻiga i le va o le atuatuvale ma le OSNA i le aluga o taimi, e pei o le OSNA e valoia le atinaʻeina o le atuatuvale, ma pe o le atuatuvale e valoia le atinaʻeina o le OSNA, e ala i le iloiloina o suiga i le OSNA ma le tulaga o le atuatuvale (faʻataʻitaʻiga, faʻamagaloina mai fa'aletonu) ile taimi ole tulitatao ile 9 masina.
Suesuega mamanu
O lenei su'esu'ega fa'amoemoe na faia i Guangzhou, Saina i Saute. O le su'esu'ega fa'avae sa faia mai ia Mati ia Aperila 2014, ma o le su'esu'ega mulimuli ane na faia i le 9-masina va, fa'aaoga le faiga lava lea e tasi.
Tagata auai ma fa'ata'ita'iga
Na fa'afaigaluegaina tagata auai i le fa'aogaina o se metotia fa'ata'ita'i fa'aputuga. E tasi le itumalo/fa'aitumalo sa faigofie ona filifilia mai itulagi ta'itasi e tolu (fa'ata'ita'iga, pitonu'u, pitonu'u, ma pitonu'u pito i fafo) i Guangzhou, fa'asologa ( togi mumu i le Ata. 1). E tolu a'oga maualuluga a le malo na filifilia lelei mai itumalo/ituaiga filifilia, ma e iva a'oga na filifilia. O tamaiti uma o le vasega fitu ma le valu i totonu o aʻoga filifilia na valaʻaulia ma le lotomalie e auai i le suʻesuʻega. Ole su'esu'ega e le ta'ua igoa na fa'afoeina e le tagata na auai ile potuaoga ma le leai o se faiaoga, i lalo o le vaavaaiga a fesoasoani suʻesuʻe lelei aʻoaʻoina.
Ata 1. Le nofoaga o nofoaga suʻesuʻe
Ole aofa'i ole 5,365 (tulaga tali = 98.04%) tamaiti a'oga na mae'a su'esu'ega fa'avae. O fesili e lua a tamaiti lava ia na fa'atusaina i le fa'aogaina o numera mulimuli e fa o le numera o le telefoni a le fale, numera mulimuli e fa o le numera o le telefoni feavea'i a matua, fa'ailoga mulimuli o le numera o pepa fa'asinomaga a tagata auai, aso fanau o tagata auai, tusi mulimuli o le tagata lava ia ma matua. ' sipela igoa. Mulimuli ane, o le 4,871 o le 5,365 na auai na tuʻuina atu fesili atoa i le tulitatao (fuainumera tulitatao = 90.8%). Ina ua uma ona le aofia ai i latou e leʻi faʻaogaina fesoʻotaʻiga lautele i luga ole laiga (n = 643), o le aofaʻi o tagata 4,237 na auai i la matou suʻesuʻega umi.
tūlaga faigatā
Sa fuaina le maualuga o fa'ailoga fa'anoanoa e fa'aaoga ai le 20-aitema fa'aSaina o le Center for Epidemiology Scale for Depression (CES-D). O ana meatotino psychometric ua faʻamaonia i le va o tupulaga Saina (Chen, Yang, & Li, 2009; Cheng, Yen, Ko, & Yen, 2012; Lee et al., 2008; Wang et al., 2013). O togi maualuga e faʻaalia ai le sili atu le ogaoga o faʻamaoniga o le atuatuvale, faatasi ai ma le aofaʻi atoa mai le 0 i le 60 (Radloff, 1977). O le Cronbach's α coefficients i lenei suʻesuʻega e .86 i le laina faʻavae ma .87 i le tulitatao, faʻaalia ai se faʻalagolago lelei i totonu. O lipoti a tagata taʻitoʻatasi se sikoa CES-D ≥21 o loʻo faʻamatalaina o se tulaga faʻavaivai (Totini et al., 2015). Mulimuli i suʻesuʻega talu ai (Penninx, Deeg, van Eijk, Beekman, & Guralnik, 2000; Van Gool et al., 2003), suiga i le tulaga o le atuatuvale i le taimi o tulitatao i lenei suʻesuʻega sa faʻavasegaina e faapea: leai se faʻalavelave (tagata auai e aunoa ma le atuatuvale i le laina faʻavae ma le tulitatao), faʻamagaloina mai le atuatuvale (tagata auai ma le atuatuvale i le laina faavae ae suia i le aunoa ma le atuatuvale i le mulimulitaia. -up), faʻavaivai faifai pea (tagata auai e maua i le atuatuvale i le laina muamua ma le tulitatao), ma le faʻalavelave faʻafuaseʻi (tagata auai e aunoa ma le atuatuvale i le laina muamua ae ua suia i le atuatuvale i le tulitatao).
O vaisu i luga ole laiga i luga ole laiga (OSNA)
O le tulaga fa'asuia i luga ole laiga i luga ole laiga na fuaina e ala i le fua ole OSNA, lea e aofia ai mea e valu e fuaina ai faʻamaoniga autu o vaisu o le mafaufau ma le amio salience, feteʻenaʻi ma isi gaioiga, euphoria, leiloa o le pulea, aveʻesea, toe faʻafoʻi, ma toe faʻaleleia. Ole maualuga maualuga ole fua ole OSNA o loʻo faʻaalia ai le maualuga o tulaga o mea ua fai ma vaisu i luga ole laiga i luga ole laiga, faʻatasi ai ma le maualuga maualuga o le 40. O lona psychometric meatotino ua maeʻa suʻesuʻeina i a tatou suʻesuʻega talu ai (Li et al., 2016). E leai se tau fa'amautu mo le fua o le OSNA e fa'ailoa ai mataupu OSNA: o tagata auai na togi i le 10th decile o sikoa (ie, OSNA score ≥24) na fa'avasegaina o mataupu OSNA i le laina fa'avae, ma o le tau tipitipi tutusa sa fa'aaoga e fa'avasegaina mataupu ile tulitatao. O le ta'iala fa'avasega tutusa na fa'aaogaina i le su'esu'ega talu ai (Verkuijl et al., 2014). O le Cronbach's α coefficients ole fua ole OSNA i lenei suʻesuʻega e .86 ile laina faʻavae ma .89 ile tulitatao. E faapena foi, o le suiga o le OSNA tulaga mai le laina faavae i le tulitatao sa faavasegaina e faapea: leai se OSNA (tagata auai e aunoa ma le OSNA uma i le laina faavae ma le tulitatao), faamagaloga mai le OSNA (tagata auai ma le OSNA i le laina faavae ae suia i le aunoa ma le OSNA i le tulitatao. ), OSNA faifai pea (tagata auai ma le OSNA i le laina faʻavae ma le tulitatao), ma le OSNA faʻaalia (tagata auai e aunoa ma le OSNA i le laina faʻavae ae faʻafeiloaʻi i le OSNA i le tulitatao).
Covariates
Covariates e aofia ai feusuaiga, vasega, tulaga o aʻoaʻoga a matua, tulaga tau tupe a le aiga, faʻatulagaina (faʻatasi ma matua pe leai), faʻataʻitaʻiga aʻoaʻoga a le tagata lava ia, ma le faʻaalia o le suʻesuʻega i le laina.
Suʻesuʻega faʻamaumauga
Fa'amatalaga fa'amaumauga (fa'ata'ita'iga, uiga, va'aiga masani, ma pasene) sa tu'uina atu pe a talafeagai. O fa'atusatusaga fa'atasi i totonu o vasega mo le fa'aputuina i a'oga e 1.56% (p = .002) mo fa'alavelave fa'alavelave ma le 1.42% (p = .042) mo le faʻalavelave OSNA, faʻaalia ai eseesega taua i aʻoga (Wang, Xie, & Fisher, 2009). O faʻataʻitaʻiga faʻasologa faʻasolosolo faʻasolosolo (Level 1: tamaititi aoga; Level 2: aʻoga) na faʻaaogaina e iloilo ai le umi o fesoʻotaʻiga i le va o le OSNA ma le atuatuvale i le aluga o taimi, faʻamaumauga mo le faʻataʻitaʻiga o le aʻafiaga mai le aʻoga. Fa'asologa fa'asologa e feso'ota'i ma fa'alavelave fa'alavelave/OSNA ma p <.05 i suʻesuʻega univariate poʻo faʻasalalau lautele i tusitusiga (faʻataʻitaʻiga, feusuaʻiga ma vasega) na faʻafetaui mo i le televariable logistic regression models.
Mo le vavalo o le OSNA i luga o faʻalavelave fou o le atuatuvale i tagata auai e leʻi faʻavaivai i le laina faʻavae (n = 3,196), matou te faʻatusatusa muamua le fua faʻatatau (OR) o le OSNA faʻavae, e lua binary fesuiaiga (ie, OSNA pe leai) ma faʻaauau pea (OSNA fua sikoa), i luga o le aʻafiaga fou o le atuatuvale pe a uma ona fetuʻunaʻi o covariates taua, ona sosoo ai lea ma isi. fetu'una'iga o sikoa fa'avae CES-D (Hinkley et al., 2014). Ona matou faʻatusatusaina lea o le vaʻaiga o le suiga i le OSNA tulaga i le aluga o taimi i luga o faʻalavelave fou o le atuatuvale, e aofia ai se faʻataʻitaʻiga faʻataʻitaʻiga o covariates taua ma se faʻataʻitaʻiga ua faʻaopoopoina le faʻasologa o sikoa sikoa CES-D.
I le isi itu, o le vavalo o le atuatuvale i luga o le aʻafiaga fou o le OSNA i totonu o tagata auai e aunoa ma le OSNA i le laina faʻavae (n = 3,657) na faʻatatauina i se faiga tutusa ma le faʻamatalaina i luga ma le aʻafiaga fou o le OSNA o se taunuuga ma le atuatuvale e pei o se faʻaaliga. O le vaʻaiga o le faʻalavelave faʻavae (faʻaauau ma faʻasologa faʻasologa) i luga o le faʻalavelave fou o le OSNA ma le vaʻaiga o le suiga o le tulaga faʻavaivai i luga o le taimi i luga o faʻalavelave fou o le OSNA na faʻatusatusa, i le faasologa.
Sa fa'atinoina su'esu'ega fa'amaumauga e fa'aaoga ai le SAS version 9.4 (SAS Institute, Cary, NC, USA). O itu e lua p tau <.05 sa manatu i fuainumera taua.
Amio Taualoa
O faiga su'esu'e sa fa'atinoina e tusa ai ma le Tautinoga a Helsinki. O le fa'atagaga a le a'oga ma le fa'atagaga mo su'esu'ega i totonu o le a'oga na maua mai i pule a'oga a'o le'i faia le su'esu'ega. Na maua le maliega tautala mai tamaiti aʻo leʻi auai. O lenei su'esu'ega ma le fa'agasologa o fa'atagaga na fa'amaonia e le Komiti o Su'esu'ega ma Amio Taualoa a le Iunivesite Saina o Hong Kong.
i'uga
O uiga ma au'ili'iliga o tagata auai
O suʻesuʻega faʻaletupe na faʻaalia ai e leai se eseesega tele i tulaga o aʻoaʻoga a matua ma le faʻatinoina o aʻoaʻoga a le tagata lava ia i le va o tupulaga talavou na aʻafia i suʻesuʻega umi (n = 4,237) ma o ai na le aofia mai suʻesuʻega umi (n = 1,128). O tupulaga talavou, oe na aofia i le faʻataʻitaʻiga umi e foliga mai o ni tamaʻitaʻi, e mai le vasega valu, e lelei le tulaga tau tupe a le aiga, nonofo ma matua uma, ma latou iloa le leai o se suʻesuʻega mama (Laulau). 1).
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Laulau 1. Su'esu'ega attrition ma uiga 'auai i le fa'ata'ita'iga umi
Faʻavae | Tagata auai i le faʻataʻitaʻiga umi | Tagata auai e aunoa ma le atuatuvale i le amataga | Tagata auai e leai se OSNA ile laina fa'avae | |||||||
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ioe | leai | p* | Le ole OSNA | OSNA | p* | Le fa'anoanoa | Pagatia | p* | ||
Aofai | 5,365 | 4,237 | 1,128 | - | 2,922 | 274 | - | 2,922 | 735 | - |
itūʻaiga | ||||||||||
tane | 2,533 (47.2) | 2,105 (49.7) | 727 (64.4) | <.001 | 1,464 (50.1) | 164 (59.8) | .002 | 1,464 (50.1) | 309 (42.0) | <.001 |
fafine | 2,832 (52.8) | 2,132 (50.3) | 401 (35.6) | 1,458 (49.9) | 110 (40.2) | 1,458 (49.9) | 426 (58.0) | |||
vasega | ||||||||||
Fitu | 2,592 (48.3) | 2,011 (47.5) | 581 (51.5) | .016 | 1,418 (48.5) | 131 (47.8) | .820 | 1,418 (48.5) | 337 (45.9) | .194 |
Valu | 2,773 (51.7) | 2,226 (52.5) | 547 (48.5) | 1,504 (51.5) | 143 (52.2) | 1,504 (51.5) | 398 (54.2) | |||
Tulaga a'oa'oga a Tama | ||||||||||
A'oga tulagalua po'o lalo ifo | 356 (6.6) | 273 (6.4) | 83 (7.4) | .376 | 165 (5.7) | 21 (7.7) | .049 | 165 (5.7) | 61 (8.3) | .010 |
A'oga tulaga lua | 1,816 (33.9) | 1,425 (33.6) | 391 (34.7) | 958 (32.8) | 108 (39.4) | 958 (32.8) | 259 (35.2) | |||
Aʻoga maualuga tulaga lua | 1,646 (30.7) | 1,312 (31.0) | 334 (29.6) | 911 (31.2) | 79 (28.8) | 911 (31.2) | 230 (31.3) | |||
Kolisi po'o luga | 1,317 (24.5) | 1,053 (24.9) | 264 (23.4) | 763 (26.1) | 54 (6.6) | 763 (26.1) | 159 (21.6) | |||
Le iloa | 230 (4.3) | 174 (4.1) | 56 (5.0) | 125 (4.3) | 12 (4.4) | 125 (4.3) | 26 (3.5) | |||
Tulaga a'oa'oga a tina | ||||||||||
A'oga tulagalua po'o lalo ifo | 588 (11.0) | 445 (10.5) | 143 (12.7) | .144 | 267 (9.1) | 35 (12.8) | .108 | 267 (9.1) | 103 (14.0) | <.001 |
A'oga tulaga lua | 1,909 (35.6) | 1,507 (35.6) | 402 (35.6) | 1,030 (35.3) | 108 (39.4) | 1,030 (35.3) | 274 (37.3) | |||
Aʻoga maualuga tulaga lua | 1,497 (27.9) | 1,199 (28.3) | 298 (26.4) | 860 (29.4) | 71 (25.9) | 860 (29.4) | 180 (24.5) | |||
Kolisi po'o luga | 1,143 (21.3) | 913 (21.6) | 230 (20.4) | 634 (21.7) | 50 (18.3) | 634 (21.7) | 156 (21.2) | |||
Le iloa | 228 (4.3) | 173 (4.1) | 55 (4.9) | 131 (4.5) | 10 (3.6) | 131 (4.5) | 22 (3.0) | |||
Tulaga tau tupe a le aiga | ||||||||||
Lelei tele/lelei | 2,519 (47.0) | 2,047 (48.3) | 472 (41.8) | <.001 | 1,495 (51.2) | 123 (44.9) | .115 | 1,495 (51.2) | 300 (40.8) | <.001 |
lautele | 2,664 (49.6) | 2,072 (48.9) | 592 (52.5) | 1,366 (46.7) | 143 (52.2) | 1,366 (46.8) | 405 (55.1) | |||
Mativa/matua mativa | 182 (3.4) | 118 (2.8) | 64 (5.7) | 61 (2.1) | 8 (8.6) | 61 (2.1) | 30 (4.1) | |||
E nonofo ma matua uma | ||||||||||
leai | 4,712 (87.8) | 490 (11.6) | 163 (14.4) | .008 | 312 (10.7) | 30 (11.0) | .890 | 312 (10.7) | 107 (14.6) | .003 |
ioe | 653 (12.2) | 3,747 (88.4) | 965 (85.6) | 2,610 (89.3) | 244 (89.0) | 2,610 (89.3) | 628 (85.4) | |||
Faʻataʻitaʻiga a le tamaʻitaʻi | ||||||||||
i luga | 1,817 (33.9) | 1,465 (34.6) | 223 (19.8) | .276 | 1,142 (39.1) | 51 (18.6) | <.001 | 1,142 (39.1) | 205 (27.9) | <.001 |
feoloolo | 2,396 (44.6) | 1,920 (45.3) | 619 (54.9) | 1,306 (44.7) | 134 (48.9) | 1,306 (44.7) | 347 (47.2) | |||
Lower | 1,152 (21.5) | 490 (20.1) | 286 (25.4) | 474 (16.2) | 89 (32.5) | 474 (16.2) | 183 (24.9) | |||
Fa'atonuga su'esu'e | ||||||||||
Nil/malamalama | 1,034 (19.3) | 811 (19.1) | 352 (31.2) | <.001 | 667 (22.8) | 31 (11.3) | <.001 | 667 (22.8) | 78 (10.6) | <.001 |
Aoao | 3,052 (56.9) | 2,433 (57.4) | 476 (42.2) | 1,769 (60.5) | 172 (62.8) | 1,769 (60.5) | 359 (48.8) | |||
mamafa / mamafa tele | 1,279 (23.8) | 993 (23.4) | 300 (26.6) | 486 (16.6) | 71 (25.9) | 486 (16.6) | 298 (40.5) |
Manatua. O faʻamatalaga o loʻo faʻaalia e pei o n (%). OSNA: vaisu feso'ota'iga i luga o le initaneti; CES-D: Nofoaga Autu mo Epidemiology Scale for Depression; -: e le agavaa ai.
*p tau na maua i le faaaogaina o le χ2 suega.
Faatasi ai ma le 4,237 talavou (o lona uiga o tausaga: 13.9, faʻasologa masani: 0.7) i le faʻataʻitaʻiga umi, 49.7% (2,105 o 4,237) o tamaʻitaʻi ma 47.5% (2,011 o 4,237) o le vasega fitu. O le tele o tupulaga talavou (88.4%; 3,747 o le 4,237) sa nonofo ma o latou matua. I le faʻataʻitaʻiga umi, o le faʻateleina o le atuatuvale na matua faateleina mai le 24.6% (1,041 o le 4,237) i le laina faʻavae i le 26.6% i le tulitatao (McNemar's test = 7.459, p = .006). E leai se eseesega tele mo le faʻateleina o le OSNA i le va o le laina faʻavae ma le tulitatao (13.7% i le laina faʻavae vs. 13.6% i le tulitatao; McNemar's test = 0.053, p = .818). O le aofaʻi o tamaiti aʻoga 3,196 e leʻi faʻavaivai i le laina faʻavae, ma 3,657 tamaiti aʻoga na saoloto mai le OSNA i le laina amata (Laulau 1).
Faʻalavelave faʻalavelave e fesoʻotaʻi ma faʻalavelave fou o le atuatuvale poʻo le OSNA
laulau 2 o loʻo faʻaalia ai o le le lelei o le tulaga tau tupe a le aiga, le lipotia e le tagata lava ia le lelei o aʻoaʻoga, ma le mamafa o suʻesuʻega mamafa e matua fesoʻotaʻi ma le maualuga o le faʻafitauli o le atuatuvale (vaega o le univariate OR: 1.32-1.98) ma le maualuga o le OSNA (vaʻaiga o le univariate OR: 1.61–2.76). O le nonofo faʻatasi ma o latou matua o se mea taua tele le puipuiga mo le aʻafia o le OSNA naʻo [univariate OR: 0.65, 95% faʻalagolago i le va (CI): 0.48-0.89].
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Laulau 2. Fesoʻotaʻiga tuʻufaʻatasia i le va o faʻasologa o talaʻaga ma le aʻafiaga o le atuatuvale / OSNA
Aafiaga o le atuatuvale | Fa'alavelave ole OSNA | |||||
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n (%) (n = 515) | ORU (95% CI) | p | n (%) (n = 335) | ORU (95% CI) | p | |
itūʻaiga | ||||||
tane | 249 (15.9) | 1 | 168 (8.9) | 1 | ||
fafine | 266 (16.3) | 0.96 (0.79, 1.16) | .641 | 167 (9.4) | 0.94 (0.75, 1.17) | .573 |
vasega | ||||||
Fitu | 250 (16.1) | 1 | 160 (9.1) | 1 | ||
Valu | 265 (16.1) | 1.00 (0.83, 1.21) | .977 | 175 (9.2) | 1.00 (0.80, 1.26) | .977 |
Tulaga a'oa'oga a Tama | ||||||
A'oga tulagalua po'o lalo ifo | 32 (17.2) | 1 | 26 (11.5) | 1 | ||
A'oga tulagalua | 190 (17.8) | 1.04 (0.69, 1.59) | .827 | 116 (9.5) | 0.81 (0.52, 1.28) | .377 |
A'oga tulagalua maualuga | 139 (14.0) | 0.80 (0.52, 1.23) | .317 | 93 (8.2) | 0.67 (0.42, 1.07) | .090 |
Iunivesite poʻo luga | 129 (15.8) | 0.92 (0.60, 1.42) | .705 | 86 (9.3) | 0.78 (0.49, 1.26) | .310 |
Le iloa | 25 (18.3) | 1.14 (0.63, 2.04) | .666 | 14 (9.3) | 0.79 (0.40, 1.59) | .516 |
Tulaga a'oa'oga a tina | ||||||
A'oga tulagalua po'o lalo ifo | 47 (15.6) | 1 | 31 (8.4) | 1 | ||
A'oga tulagalua | 196 (17.2) | 1.15 (0.81, 1.63) | .424 | 118 (9.1) | 1.11 (0.73, 1.69) | .621 |
A'oga tulagalua maualuga | 141 (15.2) | 1.01 (0.70, 1.46) | .939 | 109 (10.5) | 1.28 (0.84, 1.96) | .257 |
Iunivesite poʻo luga | 105 (15.4) | 1.03 (0.70, 1.52) | .861 | 64 (8.1) | 0.97 (0.61, 1.53) | .891 |
Le iloa | 26 (18.4) | 1.32 (0.77, 2.25) | .310 | 13 (8.5) | 1.03 (0.52, 2.03) | .940 |
Tulaga tau tupe a le aiga | ||||||
Lelei tele/lelei | 229 (14.2) | 1 | 145 (8.1) | 1 | ||
lautele | 269 (17.8) | 1.32 (1.08, 1.60) | .006 | 172 (9.7) | 1.21 (0.96, 1.53) | .105 |
Mativa/matua mativa | 17 (24.6) | 1.98 (1.12, 3.49) | .019 | 18 (19.8) | 2.76 (1.60, 4.76) | <.001 |
E nonofo ma matua uma | ||||||
leai | 64 (18.7) | 1 | 54 (12.9) | 1 | ||
ioe | 451 (15.8) | 0.80 (0.60, 1.07) | .135 | 281 (8.7) | 0.65 (0.48, 0.89) | .008 |
Faʻataʻitaʻiga a le tamaʻitaʻi | ||||||
i luga | 169 (14.2) | 1 | 109 (8.1) | 1 | ||
feoloolo | 226 (15.7) | 1.13 (0.91, 1.41) | .254 | 145 (8.8) | 1.10 (0.85, 1.42) | .488 |
Lower | 120 (21.3) | 1.66 (1.28, 2.16) | <.001 | 81 (12.3) | 1.61 (1.19, 2.19) | .002 |
Fa'atonuga su'esu'e | ||||||
Nil/malamalama | 96 (13.8) | 1 | 59 (7.9) | 1 | ||
lautele | 305 (15.7) | 1.16 (0.90, 1.48) | .253 | 178 (8.4) | 1.05 (0.77, 1.44) | .735 |
mamafa / mamafa tele | 114 (20.5) | 1.63 (1.20, 2.20) | .002 | 96 (12.5) | 1.65 (1.17, 2.32) | .004 |
Manatua. OSNA: vaisu feso'ota'iga i luga o le initaneti; ORu: fua fa'atatau e tasi; 95% CI: 95% taimi fa'atuatuaina, maua mai i fa'ata'ita'iga fa'asolo fa'asologa fa'atasi.
O loʻo vaʻaia e le OSNA se faʻalavelave fou o le atuatuvale
I totonu o le 3,196 talavou e leʻi faʻavaivai i le laina faʻavae, faʻataʻitaʻiga faʻapitoa na faʻaalia ai o le OSNA faavae na matua fesoʻotaʻi ma le maualuga o le faʻalavelave i le taimi o le tulitatao (univariate OR: 1.65, 95% CI: 1.22-2.22). Ina ua maeʻa fetuunaiga o feusuaiga, vasega, tulaga tau tupe a le aiga, faʻatinoga o aʻoaʻoga, ma le faʻamalosia o suʻesuʻega, na tumau pea le taua o le mafutaga [fetuunai OR (AOR): 1.48, 95% CI: 1.09-2.01]. A toe fetuutuunai le sikoa CES-D faavae, o le asosi e le taua tele (AOR: 1.16, 95% CI: 0.85-1.60). O faʻaiʻuga tutusa na matauina pe a faʻaaogaina le OSNA score (faʻaauau fesuiaiga) e fai ma faʻamatalaga o le faʻalavelave faʻafuaseʻi fou (Laulau). 3).
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Laulau 3. Fesoʻotaʻiga umi i le va o le OSNA ma le faʻalavelave: faʻataʻitaʻiga faʻasologa faʻasolosolo faʻasolosolo
n | Numera o mataupu fou na tutupu | Fa'ata'ita'iga tu'ufa'atasi | Fa'ata'ita'iga fe'avea'i | |||||
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ORU (95% CI) | p | AOR (95% CI) | p | AOR (95% CI) | p | |||
O loʻo valoia e le OSNA le faʻalavelave faʻafuaseʻi fou (n = 3,196) | ||||||||
Sikoa OSNA faavae (fa'aauau) | - | - | 1.05 (1.03, 1.07) | <.001 | 1.04 (1.02, 1.06)a | <.001 | 1.01 (0.99, 1.03)b | .242 |
Fa'avae OSNA | ||||||||
leai | 2,922 | 451 | 1 | 1a | 1b | |||
ioe | 274 | 64 | 1.65 (1.22, 2.22) | .001 | 1.48 (1.09, 2.01) | .012 | 1.16 (0.85, 1.60) | .342 |
Suiga ile tulaga ole OSNA ile taimi | ||||||||
Leai se OSNA | 2,694 | 354 | 1 | 1a | 1b | |||
Fa'amagaloga mai le OSNA | 179 | 38 | 1.77 (1.21, 2.58) | .003 | 1.61 (1.10, 2.37) | .015 | 1.29 (0.87, 1.91) | .202 |
OSNA tumau | 95 | 26 | 2.46 (1.54, 3.93) | <.001 | 2.23 (1.39, 3.58) | <.001 | 1.65 (1.01, 2.69) | .044 |
OSNA tula'i mai | 228 | 97 | 4.89 (3.67, 6.52) | <.001 | 4.67 (3.49, 6.24) | <.001 | 4.29 (3.17, 5.81) | <.001 |
Fa'anoanoa e va'ai mai se mea fou na tupu OSNA (n = 3,657) | ||||||||
Sikoa CES-D faavae (fa'aauau) | - | - | 1.05 (1.03, 1.06) | <.001 | 1.04 (1.03, 1.05)c | <.001 | 1.03 (1.01, 1.04)d | <.001 |
Faʻavae vaivai | ||||||||
leai | 2,922 | 228 | 1 | 1c | 1d | |||
ioe | 735 | 107 | 2.02 (1.58, 2.58) | <.001 | 1.78 (1.38, 2.31) | <.001 | 1.48 (1.14, 1.93) | .004 |
Suiga i le tulaga o le atuatuvale i le aluga o taimi | ||||||||
Leai se atuatuvale | 2,471 | 131 | 1 | 1c | 1d | |||
Fa'amagaloga mai le atuatuvale | 315 | 21 | 1.28 (0.80, 2.07) | .307 | 1.19 (0.73, 1.93) | .486 | 0.97 (0.60, 1.59) | .918 |
Fa'anoanoa faifai pea | 420 | 86 | 4.62 (3.43, 6.21) | <.001 | 4.17 (3.05, 5.69) | <.001 | 3.45 (2.51, 4.75) | <.001 |
Fa'atupu fa'anoanoa | 451 | 97 | 4.88 (3.67, 6.50) | <.001 | 4.70 (3.53, 6.28) | <.001 | 4.47 (3.33, 5.99) | <.001 |
Manatua. OSNA: vaisu feso'ota'iga i luga o le initaneti; CES-D: Nofoaga Autu mo Epidemiology Scale for Depression; ORu: fua faatatau fa'aletonu e tasi; AOR: fetuutuunai fua faatatau; 95% CI: 95% vaeluaga mautinoa.
aO faʻataʻitaʻiga na fetuutuunai mo feusuaiga, vasega, tulaga tau tupe a le aiga, faʻatinoga o aʻoaʻoga, ma faʻalavelave suʻesuʻe. bO faʻataʻitaʻiga na fetuʻunaʻi mo feusuaiga, vasega, tulaga tau tupe a le aiga, faʻatinoga o aʻoaʻoga, faʻataʻitaʻiga o suʻesuʻega, ma le sikoa faʻavae CES-D (faʻaauau fesuiaiga). cO faʻataʻitaʻiga na fetuunaʻi mo feusuaiga, vasega, tulaga tau tupe a le aiga, nofo faʻatasi ma matua, faʻatinoga o aʻoaʻoga, ma faʻalavelave suʻesuʻe. dO faʻataʻitaʻiga na fetuʻunaʻi mo feusuaiga, vasega, tulaga tau tupe a le aiga, nofo faʻatasi ma matua, faʻatinoga o aʻoaʻoga, faʻataʻitaʻiga o suʻesuʻega, ma le faʻavae ole OSNA fua faʻatatau (faʻaauau fesuiaiga).
Na matou mauaina se fesoʻotaʻiga taua i le va o suiga i le tulaga o le OSNA ma le maualuga o le aʻafiaga o le atuatuvale. Pe a faʻatusatusa i tupulaga talavou na faʻavasegaina e leai se OSNA, o le lamatiaga o le atinaʻeina o le atuatuvale o le 1.65 taimi (95% CI: 1.01-2.69) maualuga atu ia i latou o loʻo i ai le OSNA faifai pea, ma 4.29 taimi (95% CI: 3.17-5.81) maualuga atu ia i latou o loʻo i ai. OSNA alia'e, pe a mae'a fetu'una'iga o feusuaiga, vasega, tulaga tau tupe a le aiga, fa'atinoga o a'oa'oga, fa'atonuga o su'esu'ega, ma togi fa'avae CES-D (Laulau). 3).
O le fa'apopoleina o lo'o va'ai mai ai fa'alavelave fou ole OSNA
Faatasi ai ma le 3,657 talavou na saʻoloto mai le OSNA i le laina faʻavae, o taunuʻuga tuʻufaʻatasi na faʻaalia ai se fesoʻotaʻiga lelei tele i le va o le faʻalavelave faʻavae ma le maualuga o le OSNA (univariate OR: 2.02, 95% CI: 1.58-2.58). Ina ua maeʻa fetuunaiga o feusuaiga, vasega, tulaga tau tupe a le aiga, nonofo faatasi ma matua, faʻatinoga o aʻoaʻoga, ma suʻesuʻega suʻesuʻe, o le mafutaga na faʻaitiitia ae tumau pea le taua (AOR: 1.78, 95% CI: 1.38-2.31). O le fesoʻotaʻiga i le va o le faʻafitauli o le faʻalavelave faʻavae ma le aʻafiaga o le OSNA sa faʻamauina faʻamaufaʻailogaina pe a toe faʻaleleia atili le numera OSNA (AOR: 1.48, 95% CI: 1.14-1.93). O taunuʻuga na taua pea pe a faʻaogaina le CES-D score (faʻaauau fesuiaiga) e fai ma faʻamatalaga o mea fou na tupu OSNA (Laulau). 3).
O se fesoʻotaʻiga taua i le va o suiga i le tulaga faʻavaivai ma le aʻafiaga o le OSNA na matauina i suʻesuʻega multivariable. A maeʻa ona fetuʻunaʻi feusuaʻiga, vasega, tulaga tau tupe a le aiga, nonofo faʻatasi ma matua, faʻatinoga o aʻoaʻoga, suʻesuʻega suʻesuʻe, ma le sikoa OSNA, pe a faʻatusatusa i talavou e aunoa ma le atuatuvale, o le faigata o le atinaʻeina o le OSNA o 3.45 taimi (95% CI: 2.51- 4.75) maualuga atu ia i latou o loʻo faʻavaivaia pea, ma 4.47 taimi (95% CI: 3.33-5.99) maualuga atu ia i latou o loʻo faʻaalia le atuatuvale (Laulau). 3).
Talanoaga
I lenei suʻesuʻega umi umi, na matou iloa ai o tupulaga talavou na faʻavaivai ae leai se ONSA i le laina faʻavae e 48% maualuga le lamatiaga o le atinaʻeina o le OSNA i totonu ole 9-masina le tulitatao pe a faʻatusatusa i latou e aunoa ma le atuatuvale i le laina, ae o le vavalo o le faavae OSNA i luga o aʻafiaga fou o le atuatuvale e leʻi lagolagoina i lenei suʻesuʻega. E le gata i lea, pe a oʻo i aʻafiaga o suiga i le tulaga i luga o le taimi (faʻagata, faʻamagaloina mai le atuatuvale / OSNA i le laina faʻavae i le le faʻavaivai / le o le OSNA i le tulitatao) na iloiloina i faʻataʻitaʻiga, o faʻaiʻuga na faʻaalia ai se fesoʻotaʻiga vavalalata i le va o le OSNA ma le atuatuvale. . O tupulaga talavou o loʻo faʻavauvau faʻavauvau poʻo faʻalavelave faʻafuaseʻi e maualuga atu le lamatiaga o le atinaʻeina o le OSNA pe a faʻatusatusa ia i latou e leʻi faʻavaivai i le 9-masina le tulitatao. I le isi itu, o tupulaga talavou o loʻo faʻaauau pea le OSNA poʻo le OSNA faʻafuaseʻi o loʻo i ai foi le faʻateleina o le lamatiaga o le atiaʻe o le atuatuvale pe a faʻatusatusa ia i latou e leai se OSNA i le laina faʻavae ma le tulitatao.
O le ese'esega o fa'ai'uga na maua mai le fa'aaogaina o fua fa'atatau (fa'atatau, OSNA fa'avae) ma suiga i le tulaga (fa'atusa, suiga i le tulaga o le OSNA) e va'ai ai se fa'alavelave fa'afuase'i (fa'atusa, fa'alavelave fou o le atuatuvale) e mafai ona fa'amatalaina e le maualuga o fa'amagaloga mai le OSNA ma atuatuvale i le taimi o le tulitatao. O le maualuga o le faʻamagaloga masani o amioga faʻainitaneti i luga ole Initaneti (49.5% -51.5%) na matauina i suʻesuʻega umi e lua talu ai i Taiwan (Ko, Yen, Yen, Lin, & Yang, 2007; Ko et al., 2015). O taunuʻuga mai la matou suʻesuʻega talu ai i Hong Kong na matauina pea le maualuga o le faʻamagaloga mai le faʻaogaina o le Initaneti i le taimi o le 12-masina (59.29 i le 100 tagata-tausaga; Lau, Wu, Gross, Cheng, & Lau, 2017). E faʻapea foʻi, i lenei suʻesuʻega, o se vaega tele o faʻamagalo mataupu mai le atuatuvale (41.4%) ma le OSNA (58.8%) na matauina i le taimi o suʻesuʻega. O nei faʻaiʻuga na faʻaalia ai o le OSNA ma le faʻafitauli o le faʻafitauli i le suʻesuʻega faʻavae e le mafai ona avea o ni tulaga e le mafai ona suia i le aluga o taimi ma o le le amanaʻiaina o le faʻamagaloga i le aluga o taimi e ono faʻaitiitia ai le aafiaga o le OSNA i le atuatuvale. O le mea lea, matou te manatu o le faʻataʻitaʻiga faʻataʻitaʻiga e aʻafia ai suiga malosi i le OSNA ma le faʻafitauli o le faʻafitauli i le taimi e mafai ona maua ai le faʻamaonia atili ma le malosi faʻatatau e ala i le faʻataʻitaʻiina o aʻafiaga faʻaleagaina mai mataupu faʻamagaloga.
O suʻesuʻega i lenei suʻesuʻega o loʻo fautua mai ai se fesoʻotaʻiga faʻatasi i le va o le OSNA ma le atuatuvale i tupulaga talavou, e faʻaalia ai o le atuatuvale e maua ai se tagata vaivai e atiaʻe le OSNA, ma i le isi itu, o le leaga o le OSNA e faʻateleina ai faʻamaoniga o le atuatuvale. Maladaptive cognitions (faʻataʻitaʻiga, rumination, masalosalo o le tagata lava ia, maualalo le malosi o le tagata lava ia, ma le le lelei o le tagata lava ia) ma amioga le lelei (faʻaaoga le Initaneti e sola ese ai mai faʻafitauli faʻalagona) e taua tele i le atinaʻeina o amioga faʻapipiʻi i luga ole Initaneti (Davis, 2001). O tagata fa'anoanoa e masani lava ona fa'aalia fa'ailoga mafaufau ma maua ni fa'amoemoega lelei mo latou fa'aoga Initaneti e mafai e le Initaneti ona fa'alavelaveina i latou mai lagona le lelei ma fa'afitauli fa'aletagata (fa'ata'ita'iga, atuatuvale ma le nofo to'atasi; Brand, Laier, & Young, 2014; Wu, Cheung, Ku, & Hung, 2013). Aemaise lava, o fesoʻotaʻiga faʻaagafesootai i luga ole laiga e manaia i tagata e iai faʻafitauli o le mafaufau ona o lona le faʻailoaina ma le leai o ni faʻamatalaga faʻaagafesootai (faʻataʻitaʻiga, faʻaaliga foliga, leo leo, ma le vaʻai mata) pe a faʻatusatusa i fesoʻotaʻiga faʻafesagaʻi (Young & Rogers, 1998). O tagata lotomafatia atonu e sili atu i luga ole laiga fesoʻotaʻiga fesoʻotaʻiga i luga ole laiga e avea o se auala e sili atu ona saogalemu ma faʻaitiitia ai le taufaamatau o fesoʻotaʻiga, faʻapea foʻi ma se auala e faʻatonutonu ai o latou lagona le lelei (faʻataʻitaʻiga, faʻaitiitia o lagona le lelei, popolega, ma faʻafitauli patino). O nei maladaptive cognition ma aloese mai le taulimaina o taʻiala e faʻavaveina ai le atinaʻeina o le OSNA. O le tele o le auai i luga ole laiga i luga ole laiga e suia ai le taimi e faaalu faatasi ma aiga ma uo i le lalolagi moni, ma mafua ai ona aluese mai gaoioiga tuusao i le va o tagata, lea e faateleina ai lagona le lelei (faataitaiga, faailoga faanoanoa ma le tuuatoatasi; Kraut et al., 1998), ma fa'aalia ai se feso'ota'iga felagolagoma'i.
O mea na maua i lenei suʻesuʻega e aofia ai le tele o aʻafiaga i le fuafuaina o polokalame puipuia ma faʻalavelave. Muamua, o le faʻataʻitaʻiga lelei o le faʻalavelave faʻavae i luga o faʻalavelave fou o le OSNA o loʻo faʻaalia ai o tupulaga faʻanoanoa e maualuga le lamatiaga o le atinaʻeina o le OSNA mulimuli ane. Ta'iala mo le fa'aitiitia o fa'ailoga fa'anoanoa, o lona uiga, fa'aitiitia le talitonuga fa'aletonu o fa'amoemoega lelei o le fa'aogaina o le Initaneti, a'oa'oina tomai fa'aagafesootai, ma le fuafuaina o tafaoga e aunoa ma se fa'alavelave (Chou et al., 2015), e mafai ona puipuia lelei le atinaʻeina o le OSNA. Lona lua, e taua tele le suʻesuʻeina o tulaga o faʻafitauli faʻavaivai e fai ma faailoga o le faʻafitauli mo le OSNA. Fa'asagaga ma puipuiga e fa'atatau i tupulaga talavou i tulaga lamatia maualuga ma fa'ailoga fa'anoanoa fa'ailoa e mafai ona fa'aitiitia ai le faigata o le mauaina o le OSNA i le va o tamaiti a'oga. Lona tolu, mo le malosi o le vavalo o le suiga i le OSNA tulaga (faʻataʻitaʻiga, OSNA faifai pea ma OSNA faʻafuaseʻi) i luga o le aʻafiaga o le atuatuvale ma le vaʻaiga o le suiga i le tulaga faʻavaivai (ie, faʻalavelave faifaipea ma faʻalavelave faʻafuaseʻi) i luga o le aʻafiaga o le OSNA, o lona uiga o le OSNA. e matua fa'alavelave fa'atasi ma le atuatuvale, e fa'aalia ai se faiga fa'amalosia le lelei.
E iai ni a'afiaga mo su'esu'ega i le lumana'i. Muamua, o matou faʻaiʻuga faʻatasi ai ma suʻesuʻega talu ai na faʻaalia ai o le maualuga o le OSNA ma faʻafitauli faʻafitauli e malosi ma toe faʻafoʻi i le taimi o suʻesuʻega nai lo le fesuisuiai faʻafuaseʻi i avanoa (Lau et al., 2017). O suʻesuʻega i le lumanaʻi e aofia ai fua o le atuatuvale poʻo le OSNA ua fautuaina e fua faʻalua nei faʻafitauli nai lo le naʻo le tasi le taimi e ala i le manatu e le mafai ona suia i le taimi. E le gata i lea, e tatau i le fuainumera fuainumera ona mafaufau i sea suiga o tulaga i faʻataʻitaʻiga faʻataʻitaʻiga, e pei o le faʻaaogaina o suiga i tulaga faʻamaʻi i luga o le taimi nai lo le tulaga faʻavae e avea o se vaʻaiga o taunuʻuga o le soifua maloloina o le mafaufau. Lona lua, na tula'i mai ai se atugaluga pe o nei fa'aletonu (fa'atusa, fa'afitauli fa'anoanoa ma amioga e feso'ota'i i luga ole Initaneti) e umi pe pu'upu'u. O isi su'esu'ega umi e aofia ai le latent-class trajectory modeling o se isi auala e fa'atatau i le natura fa'atupuina o nei fa'afitauli.
I lo matou iloa, o la matou suʻesuʻega faʻapitoa o le mea muamua lea e faʻatatauina se fesoʻotaʻiga vavalalata i le va o le OSNA ma le atuatuvale i le va o tupulaga talavou. O le malosi autu o lenei suʻesuʻega o se faʻataʻitaʻiga suʻesuʻega tele-fuafua faʻatasi ma faiga faʻaauau mo le OSNA ma le atuatuvale. O le isi mea sili ona lelei, o se faʻalapotopotoga faʻapitoa, e aofia ai le vaʻaiga umi o le OSNA i luga o le atinaʻeina o le atuatuvale ma le umi o le vavalo o le atuatuvale i le atinaʻeina o le OSNA, na tofotofoina i le faʻataʻitaʻiga tutusa.
Ae ui i lea, e tele tapulaʻa e tatau ona maitauina pe a faʻamatalaina mea na maua. Muamua, ona o le auala e aoina ai fa'amaumauga a le tagata lava ia, e ono tula'i mai ai le fa'aituau (fa'ata'ita'iga, fa'aituau fa'aagafesootai ma fa'aituau manatua). Lona lua, o lenei suʻesuʻega na taulaʻi i luga ole faitau aofaʻi o tagata (faʻataʻitaʻiga, e le o ni falemaʻi, tamaiti aʻoga-aʻoga), ma le faʻalauteleina o faʻaiʻuga i isi faitau aofaʻi e tatau ona faʻaeteete. O su'esu'ega i isi faitau aofa'i o tagata (fa'ata'ita'iga, faitau aofa'i o falema'i) e mana'omia e fa'amautu atili ai fa'atasiga fa'aumi o lo'o maua i lenei su'esu'ega. Tolu, e ono i ai le fa'avasegaina sese o le atuatuvale e avea o se puna o le fua o mea sese ona o le atuatuvale na fuaina e se fua ole su'esu'ega fa'ama'i e pulea e le tagata lava ia nai lo su'esu'ega ile falema'i e iloilo ai le atuatuvale. Lona fa, o lenei suʻesuʻega sa faʻatapulaʻaina i le lua taimi faʻatasi ma le 9-masina vaeluaga. A o matou faʻamatalaina suiga i le OSNA / faʻavaivai (faʻapena, ONSA faifai pea / faʻavaivai ma le faʻamagaloina mai le OSNA / faʻavaivai) e ala i le faʻatusatusaina o faʻaiʻuga o suʻesuʻega faʻavae ma tulitatao na faia 9 masina vaʻaia, matou te le iloa pe na suia le tulaga o le OSNA / faʻavaivai pe fetuutuunai i totonu ole 9 masina. O suʻesuʻega umi ma le tele o faʻamatalaga ma le taimi puupuu e manaʻomia e puʻeina ai le ata malosi o nei tulaga le lelei. Lona lima, i le manatu e leai se mea faigaluega faʻapitoa auro ma faʻataʻitaʻiga faʻamaonia mo le OSNA, na matou faʻaaogaina le 10th decile o le OSNA scores i le laina faʻavae e faʻamatala ai mataupu OSNA pe a maeʻa suʻesuʻega faʻasalalau tutusa (Verkuijl et al., 2014). O le maaleale ma le faʻapitoa o ia faʻataʻitaʻiga mo le OSNA tulaga e le o manino ma e manaʻomia ona iloiloina i suʻesuʻega i le lumanaʻi. Ae ui i lea, o le OSNA fua na faʻaalia ai mea faʻapitoa psychometric i lenei suʻesuʻega ma a matou suʻesuʻega muamua. Ono, o fesoʻotaʻiga umi i le va o le OSNA ma le atuatuvale na faʻatusatusa faʻapitoa e faʻaaoga ai ni faʻataʻitaʻiga se lua. Matou te talitonu o le faʻaaogaina o tulaga faʻamaʻi e fai ma taunuʻuga nai lo le faʻaauau pea o togi e mafai ona maua ai faʻamatalaga sili atu ona anoa i suʻesuʻega faʻamaʻi. Ole fa'ata'ita'iga fa'atusa fa'atutusa e mafai ona avea ma se isi auala e su'esu'e ai fa'ailoga fa'atupu i su'esu'ega umi i le lumana'i e tolu pe sili atu fa'amatalaga. E le gata i lea, oa matou suʻesuʻega e maua ai faʻamaoniga malosi o fegalegaleaiga faʻale-tino (tasi faʻataʻitaʻiga taua mo mafuaʻaga mafuaʻaga) i le va o le OSNA ma le atuatuvale. Ae ui i lea, e le mafai ona matou faʻamaonia le avanoa e le o aofia ai se suiga lona tolu i lenei suʻesuʻega e fesoʻotaʻi ai fesoʻotaʻiga umi i le va o le OSNA ma le atuatuvale.
faaiuga
O lenei suʻesuʻega na faʻaalia ai se fesoʻotaʻiga vavalalata i le va o le OSNA ma le atuatuvale i tupulaga talavou, o lona uiga o le atuatuvale e matua fesoasoani tele i le atinaʻeina o le OSNA, ma i le isi itu, o tagata faʻavaivai e sili atu aʻafiaga leaga mai le faʻaogaina o upega tafaʻilagi i luga o le initaneti. Ole tele ole su'esu'ega umi ma le tele o taimi mata'ituina ma taimi pupuu e mana'omia mo le fa'amaoniga atili o mea na maua mai lenei su'esu'ega.
Fesoasoani a le au tusitala
O le J-BL, JTFL, PKHM, ma le X-FS na faia ma mamanuina le suʻesuʻega. Na maua e J-BL, J-CM, ma Y-XC faʻamaumauga. O le J-BL, JTFL, ma le PKHM na faia su'esu'ega fa'afuainumera. J-BL, JTFL, PKHM, XZ, ma le AMSW na tusia ma toe teuteu tusitusiga. O tusitala uma na saofagā i le faʻamatalaina o taunuʻuga ma le toe iloiloga taua o tusitusiga mo mea taua faʻale-mafaufau ma faʻamaonia le faʻaiuga mulimuli o tusitusiga.
Feeseeseaiga o tului
Fai mai tusitala e leai se feteenaʻiga tului.
Faʻafetai
E fia fa'afetaia e le au tusitala tagata uma na auai ma o latou aiga ma a'oga mo le lagolagoina o lenei su'esu'ega.
mau faasino
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