O se Malamalamaga Nei o le Neuroscience Faʻaleagaina o Faʻafitauli Faʻaleagaina Faʻafeusuaiga Faʻaleagaina ma Faʻafitauli Faʻalokalafi Faʻafitauli (2018)

Oketopa 2018, Faʻamatalaga Neuroscience Faʻasalalau Nei

Rudolf Stark, Tim Klucken, Marc N. Potenza, Matthias Brand, Jana Strahler

DOI: 10.1007/s40473-018-0162-9

lē faʻatino

Faamoemoe o Iloiloga

I le lomiga talu ai nei o le tausaga lona sefulutasi o le International Classification of Diseases (ICD-11), o le le atoatoa o amio le mama (CSBD) na mafua ona o le taimi muamua na aofia ai ma ua faʻavasegaina o se faʻafitauli o le faʻafitauli. O le lipoti o loʻo i ai nei e faʻatatau i le otootoina o aʻafiaga faʻaleagaina e uiga i le neurobiological underpinnings o le CSBD, e aofia ai faafitauli faʻaaogaina ponokalafi. O le faʻamalamalamaina o mea faʻapitoa e mafai ai e le CSBD ona faʻalagolago i le atinaʻega o faʻamalositino lelei mo tagata e aʻafia.

Recent Findings

O suʻesuʻega lata mai nei o neurobiology o loʻo faʻaalia ai amioga feusuaʻiga malolosi e fesoʻotaʻi ma le suiga faʻafefe o mea tau feusuaʻiga ma eseesega i le fausaga o faiʻai ma galuega.

aotelega

E ui na faʻatautaia ni suʻesuʻega o neurobiology a le CSBD i le taimi nei, o faʻamatalaga o loʻo i ai e faʻamatala ai mea le talafeagai a le neurobiological faʻasoa faʻatasi ma isi mea faʻafefiloi e pei o le faʻaaogaina o vailaʻau ma mea tau tupe. O le mea lea, o faʻamatalaga o loʻo i ai e fautua mai ai o lona faʻavasegaina atonu e sili atu ona fetaui lelei ma se vaisu o amioga nai lo le le atoatoa o le manava.

uputatala: O amioga mataga tau feusuaiga e le atoatoa Faʻaaoga faʻamaloilo mataga fMRI O le tauafafine Togafitiga o feusuaiga 

faʻatomuaga

O le a le Faʻafitauli Faʻasalaga Feusuaiga Faalefeusuaiga?

Ua oʻo i le faaiuga o le senituri sefuluiva, v. Krafft Ebing [1] faamatalaina satyriasis ma nymphomania e pei o le tane ma le fafine, i le faasologa, o le le masani ai o feusuaiga e mafua ai amioga mataga faatausala (CSB). O le mea moni, satyistsis ma nymphomania o loʻo taʻua faapitoa i le lomiga lona sefulu o le Faʻasalaga Faʻavaomalo o faʻamaʻi (ICD-10) i lalo o le F52.8 na faʻamaonia ai 'isi mea faʻafeusuaiga e le ona o se vailaʻau poʻo se mea faʻapitoa faʻasolosolo' [2]. Atonu e finau e faapea o le CSB na maua le saienisi faʻasaienisi i 1970s ma 1980s [3, 4]. Faatasi ai ma le tele o le maua o le televave o le Initaneti, ua faateleina le fiafia i mataupu tau aʻoaʻoga, ma o suʻesuʻega ua fautuaina e mafai e le Initaneti ona faalauiloa itu eseese o le CSB. I a latou faʻataʻitaʻiga o tagata ei ai le CSB, Reid ma ana paʻaga [5] ua maua le masturbation sili atu (78%), matamata i ponokalafi (81%), e faʻaaoga ai le telefoni feaveaʻi (8%) ma le cybersex (18%), o taʻaloga asiasi (9%), ma le faia o feusuaiga ma tagata matutua faʻatagaina (45%) tele o taatele o CSB. I se faʻataʻitaʻiga faʻapitoa o faʻataʻitaʻiga a le tagata lava ia "faʻafeusuaiga tagata," Spenhoff et al. [6] maua tutusa tutusa ae vagana ai o le faʻafeusuaiga e naʻo le 20%.

E tele fefinauaiga e uiga i le CSB e le o se parafesa e mafai ona faauigaina o se maʻi ma, afai o lea, o le a se mea sili ona fetaui lelei [7, 8]. E tele manatu iloga e manatu i le CSBD e fai ma vaisu amioga [4, 7], o se faaletonu o le manava-le pulea [9], fausiaina o feusuaiga [10], po o feusuaiga [11]. O nei felafolafoaiga atonu na maua lo latou faʻasalaga lē tumau i le faʻaofiina o le ICD-11 i le 2018. O iinei, o le siama amioga leaga feusuaʻiga le atoatoa (CSBD) i totonu o le mataupu o le le atoatoa o le manava (code 6C72). E ui lava i aʻoaʻoga faʻaleaʻoaʻoga e tatau ona faʻaaogaina e faʻamalamalamaina ai le CSBD ma le auala e faʻaeseese ai le CSBD mai amio lē faʻafeusuaʻi, o loʻo i ai le maliega i uiga autu: le pulea lelei, le faʻaaogaina o amioga tau feusuaiga mo faʻamasinoga faatonutonu, ma le faʻaauau pea i le CSB e ui lava i ni faʻafitauli matuia i totonu o le tagata lava ia, aiga, agafesootai, aʻoga, galuega, poʻo isi vaega taua o le galue.

E pei ona faʻamatalaina muamua, e mafai ona mafatia tagata i ituaiga eseese o le CSB. E le taumateina, o le amio sili ona lauiloa-aemaise lava i alii-o matamata i ata mataga ma faatasi ai ma feusuaiga [5]. O le mea lea, o le suʻesuʻeina o le neuroscience amioga e faʻaaoga ai le faʻataʻitaʻiga o le resonance magnetic function (fMRI) e tele lava ina taulai atu i tamaʻitaʻi o loʻo mafatia i le faʻalavelave faʻaaogaina o ponokalafi (PPU). O le mea lea, o le iloiloga o loʻo i ai nei o le a taulaʻi tele i le PPU pe'ā aoteleina faʻamaumauga o le neuroima, ma o faʻamatalaga mai suʻesuʻega o vailaau mo togafitiga ma isi neurobiological o le CSB o le a lipotia foi (tagaʻi foʻi,12]).

Feusuaʻiga Feusuaʻiga e Faʻatauina

Pe a fesiligia tagata e uiga io latou lagona pe a matamata i mea tau feusuaʻiga, latou te faʻaalia o latou lagona maualuga i valence ma le fiafia (eg, [13]). O le 20 tausaga talu ai o le faiai o faʻataʻitaʻiga suʻesuʻega na gaosia taua malamalamaaga i neural tali atu i feusuaʻiga mea. Tele meta-auiliiliga ma iloiloga [14, 15, 16, 17] o loo i ai se ata e tutusa le mausali o le aafia o le faiai faapitoa o faiʻai i le faagasologa o mea tau feusuaiga. Tasi faataitaiga [15] o loʻo tuʻuina atu ai vaega e fa (o le mafaufau, lagona, faaosofia, ma le autonomic ma le endocrine) e fesoʻotaʻi atu i faʻavae o le faiai faapitoa. I totonu o le itu o le faaosofiaina, o fausaga o faiʻai e fesootaʻi ma fausaga autu o le "taui taui" tagata, "e pei o le telefoni (e aofia ai le tumutumu e le faaaogaina i se taimi mulimuli ane) ma le cingular cortex (ACC), o se taulaiga o suesuega. O le faʻaaogaina o nei fausaga o faiʻai e mafai ona faʻamanuiaina ma faʻamalosia ai uiga o mea tau feusuaiga. O lea auai e fetaui lelei ma faataitaiga o le evolusione e faapea o gaioiga tau feusuaʻiga e tatau ona uunaia ai le amio e faʻamautinoa ai le ola o le ituaiga.

Neurobiological Markers o le CSBD

Suiga Suiga o Mea Feusuai i le CSBD

O le gaioiga o faʻamatalaga manino mai feusuaiga (SEM) i ponokalafi e aʻafia ai le CSBD ua suʻesuʻeina i suʻesuʻega o le faʻatinoga o le reactivity. Ua leva ona suʻesuʻeina le suʻesuʻega o le faʻaleagaina o le tino i suʻesuʻega faʻapitoa o vailaʻau faʻasaina [18]. O fuainumera o fuainumera e mafai ona avea ma fua, e mafai ona avea ma lagona, faʻalapotopotoga, poʻo isi mea faʻamalosi, lea e faʻaauau ona fesootaʻi ma le faʻaaogaina o vailaʻau (faʻasolosolo le totoina). O faʻaaliga o le a avea ma tagata vavalalata ma faʻaaogaina fualaau faʻatau. I le atinaʻeina ma le tausiga o se vaisu, o loʻo faʻaalia ai le manaʻoga lea e fesoʻotaʻi vavalalata ma le manaʻo i totonu o le faʻavae o le faʻaosofiaina o aʻoaʻoga o vaisu [19]. O se suʻesuʻega autu o lenei faʻavae o le vavaeeseina lea o le fiafia mai le manaʻo. O le aʻoaʻoga e afua mai i le amataga o le atinaʻeina o se mea ua fai ma vaisu, o le fiafia fiafia (= fiafia) e puleaina ai le poto masani; mulimuli ane, o le tagata ua fai ma vaisu e iloa se manaoga mo le faaaogaina o fualaau faasaina (= manao) e sili atu ona tutoatasi mai le fiafia. O faʻamatalaga e faʻamaonia e ui lava o le manaʻo e ono fesoʻotaʻi vavalalata ma auala o le mesolimbic dopamine, ae e le o le fiafia.

I le tulaga o ponokalafi e aʻafia ai le CSBD, o se fesili tauamiotonuina pe o faʻamalositino feusuaʻiga o loʻo faʻaalia pe leai ni faʻamalosia. E masani ona faʻamatalaina o ni faʻaaliga e ui o lenei mea e foliga mai e leai foi se faʻavasegaina o mea (mo nisi faʻamatalaga e uiga i lenei autu, tagaʻii [20]).

I le sefulu tausaga talu ai, na faia ai le suʻesuʻega muamua o suʻesuʻega faʻatinoina o ata. O nei suʻesuʻega e faʻaalia ai le suia o le gaioiga o mea tau feusuaiga i le CSBD (Ripoti 1).

Laulau 1

O le aotelega o suʻesuʻega a le FMRI e faʻatusatusa ai tali faʻaanatura e fua i le toto o le okesene e faʻalagolago (BOLD) faʻamaoniga i tagata taʻitoʻatasi e iai le le atoatoa o le amio feusuaʻiga (CSBD) ma mataupu e aunoa ma le CSBD (suʻesuʻega suʻesuʻe). E le gata i lea, o suʻesuʻega a le FMRI o loʻo suʻesuʻeina i faʻataʻitaʻiga o loʻo aʻafia ai le CSBD (suʻesuʻega faʻasolosolo). I le tele o suʻesuʻega, na o alii na aofia ai

suesuega

autu

tofotofoga

faʻatusa

Faʻasologa autu

fMRI suʻesuʻega-faʻataʻitaʻiga faʻataʻitaʻi

Politis et al. [21]

Faʻaalia le talileleia

matamata le pasi

• poloka o ata o

- fualaau faasaina

- meaai

- tupe ma taaloga tau tupe

- feusuaiga

- le faʻaituau

lotomalie

• ni sauniga se lua: ONA pe faʻasaʻo L-Dopa

n = 12 (1 fafine) tagata mamaʻi e maua ile faʻamaʻi Parkinson ma le CSBD

n = 12 (2 fafine) tagata mamaʻi e maua ile faʻamaʻi Parkinson ae aunoa ma le CSBD

CSBD na togafitia i

• siakiina mo le feusuaʻi

• faatalanoaga ile falemai

faʻamatalaga: o tagata gasegase ma le CSBD o loʻo sili atu le taua o le dopamine agonists ma itiiti ifo le L-DOPA nai lo maʻi e aunoa ma le CSBD

tutoatasi mai LE ONA poʻo le tuʻuina atu L-Dopa:

• tali sili atu i feusuaʻiga e uiga i ata feusuaʻiga e ese mai i ata le mautonu i tagata gasegase ma le CSBD ile:

- le Malo o le OFC, o le ACC, PCC o le malo, o le amygdala, o le aufaʻatasi a le malo, i le va o isi vaega o le Hypothalamus (ROI analyzes)

- PFC faʻapitoa lautele, SPL faʻapitoa, IPL sao (iloiloga atoa o le faiai)

• tali maualalo maualalo i ata feusuaʻiga e feteenai ma ata le mautonu i tagata maʻi ma le CSBD ile:

- vaʻavaʻai faʻasalalau, saʻo claustrum (iloiloga atoa o le faiai)

Voon et al. [22]

Faʻaalia le talileleia

matamata le pasi

• 9 s ata tifaga ata: SEM, erotic, leai-feusuaʻi faʻaletonu, tupe, le faaituʻau

• tutusa le eseesega o le tului: 'SEM mitiina ata vitio'

n = 19 tamaloloa feusuaʻiga ma CSBD (taulaʻi luga o lugalaina ponokalafi)

n = 19 tamaloloa tamaʻitaʻi e leai se CSBD

CSBD na togafitia i

• Suʻesuʻeina o Suʻega Faʻafeusuaiga ile Initaneti23]

• faʻatalanoaga ile falemaʻi e faʻavae i luga o taiala a Kafka [11] ma metotia na faamatalaina e Reid [5]

• manaʻoga faʻafeusuaiga sili atu e tali atu ai i le SEM i aliʻi e iai le CSBD pe a faʻatusatusa i tane e aunoa ma le CSBD

• tali sili atu i le SEM i alii e iai le CSBD pe a faʻatusatusa i tane e aunoa ma le CSBD

- dACC, faʻasalalauga saʻo, amygdala sao, saʻo substantia nigra (suʻesuʻega suʻesuʻe)

• Faʻasagaga maualuga i le va o le manaʻoga feusuaiga ma le fesoʻotaʻiga faʻatasi i le va o le dACC / le taumatau i le vaʻaia ma le dACC / amygdala saʻo, ma le dACC / tuʻufaʻatasiga ole nigra (suesuega suʻesuʻe) i tamaʻitaʻi ma le CSBD pe a faʻatusatusa i tamaloloa e aunoa ma le CSBD

Seok & Sohn [24]

Faʻaalia le talileleia

matamata le pasi

• VAEGA ma le leai o se SEM ata matagofie

n = 23 tamaʻitaʻi tane ma fafine CSBD

n = 22 tamaloloa tamaʻitaʻi e leai se CSBD

CSBD na togafitia i

• Suʻega o Suʻesuʻega Faʻafeusuaiga Faʻafeusuaiga-R (SAST-R [25])

• Faʻataʻitaʻiga Faʻaleagaina o le Lotoifale (HBI [26])

• faatalanoaga ile falemai

• manaʻoga faʻafeusuaiga sili atu e tali atu ai i le SEM i aliʻi e iai le CSBD pe a faʻatusatusa i tane e aunoa ma le CSBD

• tali sili atu i le SEM i alii e iai le CSBD pe a faʻatusatusa i tane e aunoa ma le CSBD

- saʻo le dCcC, agavale ma taumatau thalamus, mea tauagavale i le itu tauagavale, grey supraginal gyrus, faʻasalaga saʻo

• O le maualuga ole CSBD (fuaina e SAST-R [25], HBI [26]) na faʻamaʻo lelei ma le faʻafouina o le neura i le taumatau thalamus ma le faʻasalaga faʻasalalauga muamua

Faʻaaliga: faʻamalositino faʻataʻitaʻiga o le taua o fuainumera, e leai se faʻamaoniga FWE

Klucken et al. [27]

faʻafiafiaga manaʻo

eseʻese tulaga faʻapitoa faʻapitoa

• sikuea lanu e pei o le CS + ma le CS-

• UCS: ata SEM

• 100% faʻamalosia

n = 20 tamaloloa ma le CSBD

n = 20 tamaloloa e aunoa ma le CSBD

CSBD na togafitia i

• Tafka's criteria [11]

• faatalanoaga ile falemai

• tali maualuga atu i le CS + e faʻatusatusa i le CS-i tamaʻitaʻi ma le CSBD pe a faʻatusatusa i tane e aunoa ma le CSBD i le amygdala saʻo

• Faʻafesoʻotaʻi le fesoʻotaiga vavalalata i le va o le telefoni faʻasalalau ma le cortex muamua ile mataupu ole CSBD e faʻatusatusa i tane e aunoa ma le CSBD

Banca et al. [28]

naunau e aʻoaʻo

eseʻese tulaga faʻapitoa faʻapitoa

• 6 mamanu lanu na faʻaaogaina o 2 × CS + sex, 2 × CS +, ma 2 × CS-

• ina ua mavae le CS + sex se ata o se fafine le lavalava; ina ua maeʻa le CS + tupe o se faailoga 1 pauna sa tuuina atu, ina ua uma le CS- na faaalia ai se atigipusa lanumoana

• faʻasalaga vaega ina ua maeʻa ona maua: leai ni taui poʻo se faʻataʻitaʻiga ata pe a mavae CSs eseese

n = 20 tamaloloa ma le CSBD

n = 20 tamaloloa e aunoa ma le CSBD

CSBD na togafitia i

• Suʻesuʻeina o Suʻega Faʻafeusuaiga ile Initaneti23]

• faʻatalanoaga ile falemaʻi e faʻavae i luga o taiala a Kafka [11] ma metotia na faamatalaina e Reid [5]

• e leai se faʻalapotopotoga faʻapitoa e tusa ai ma tali mai i le va o CS

• o le tali atu i ata feusuaʻiga (ina ua mavae le CS + sex) ua faʻaitiitia le vave i alii i le CSBD nai lo alii e aunoa ma le CSBD i le dACC

• o tamaʻitaʻi e iai le CSBD pe a faʻatusatusa i tamaʻitaʻi e aunoa ma le CSBD na faʻaalia le sili atu le fesoʻotaʻiga i le va o le dACC ma le taumatau saʻo ma le itu tauagavale ma le hippocampus saʻo mo le faʻatusatusaga o faʻataʻitaʻiga mulimuli ma le muamua faʻataʻitaʻiga muamua o le faʻaalia o ata feusuaʻiga

Gola et al. [29]

Faʻaalia le talileleia

galuega faʻatuai faʻatuai:

• faʻaaliga (faʻatonuga o le faʻatusa: faailoga o se liʻo, tupe faʻaalu: tala o le tala, faʻasologa o ata: ata o fafine) na avea ma faailoilo e maua ai se mea (ata faʻataʻavaleina) poʻo tupe (ata o le aofaiga o tupe na latou manumalo ai) poʻo taui tau (Ata SEM). Faʻaauau ona tuʻuina atu i le tulaga o le foia o se galuega faʻaituau

n = 28 tamaʻitaʻi tane ma fafine CSBD

n = 24 tamaloloa tamaʻitaʻi e leai se CSBD

CSBD na togafitia i

• Tafka's criteria of sexuality [11]

• faatalanoaga ile falemai

• togafitiga o le sailia o tagata uma i le CSBD

• faʻavave taimi faʻaalia i tagata ma le CSBD nai lo alii e aunoa ma le CSBD i tofotofoga taugata ae le o le tau tupe

• tali sili atu i aʻafiaga i faʻamatalaga elemene i alii ma le CSBD nai lo alii e aunoa ma le CSBD i le tauagavale ma le taumatau saʻo

• leai se eseesega o faʻavae i tali o amioga ma aʻafiaga i le tau tupe

• leai se eseesega o vaega ile tali atu ile ata ole SEM (taui o totogi)

Manatua: E na o tali o le itu taumatau ma le agavale tuʻuaʻi na suʻesuʻeina (muamua itulagi o tului)

fMRI - faʻasologa faʻapitoa

Kühn & Gallinat [30]

Faʻaalia le talileleia

matamata le pasi

• feusuaiga ma le le faʻafeusuaiga ata

• poloka mamanu-poloka poloka mea e fai ai:

- ata feusuaʻiga

- ata le faʻafeusuaiga

- faʻapipiʻi

n = 64 tamaloloa fafine feusuaʻi ma le tele o ituaiga o ponokalafi taumafaina

le tutoatasi tutoatasi: lipoti mai itula o ponokalafi i le vaiaso

• Faʻaletonu le lelei i le va o lipoti ua lipotia mai o ponokalafi i vaiaso taʻitasi ma tali mai i gaioiga faʻafeusuaiga i le itu tauagavale

Brand et al. [31]

Faʻaalia le talileleia

matamata le pasi

SEM ma

• tane / alii gaioiga

• alii / tamaitai tamaitai

• tamaitai / tamaitai tamaitai

• mamanu faʻatusa

• faʻataʻitaʻiga pe a maeʻa faʻataʻitaʻiga ata i luga o le tele o le faʻaosoosoina o feusuaiga, le fiafia, latalata i le 'ata' ata

n = 19 tamaloloa tamaʻitaʻi

faʻataʻitaʻiga ma le tele o le ogaoga o vaisu i Initaneti

Initaneti i le Initaneti ua fuaina e le Short Internet Addiction Test ua faʻaleleia mo cybersex (s-IATsex) [32]

• o le malosi o le tagofia o le Initaneti ua fetaui ma le tele o le eseesega o mea 'mea e fiafia i ai (tamaitai / tane) itiiti mea e le manaʻoina (alii / tama)' i le telefoni

FWE mea sese faʻa-aiga, SEM mea tau feusuaʻiga manino, vaega o faiʻai: dACC forsal cingular cortex tua, PCC penisini o laʻau, OFC faʻapipiʻi faʻapipiʻi, IPL laititi laʻitiiti parietal lobule, SPL maualuga loietal lobule

I a latou semina semina suʻesuʻe, Voon et al. [22] faʻatusatusa tali i ata o le film SEM ma ata tifaga ma le fiafia ae le faʻafeusuaiga i tama tane e iai ma aunoa ma le CSBD. O iʻuga na maua mai ai na faʻaalia e tamaʻitaʻi ma le CSBD le faʻaalia o le maualuga o le oxygenation o le toto-faalagolago (BOLD) i totonu o le polokalama taui (ventral striatum, ACC) ma le amygdala nai lo le pulea lelei o tane i le SEM. E le gata i lea, na faʻateleina e le SEM maualuga manaʻoga faʻafeusuaiga taua i alii ma le CSBD nai lo alii e aunoa ma le CSBD. I se suesuega talitutusa a Seok ma Sohn [24], o alii ma e aunoa ma le CSBD na latou matamata i ata o le SEM ma ata o le lelei-faʻaleleia o mea e le o feusuaiga. Ma le isi, o tane e mafatia i le CSBD pe a faʻatusatusa atu ia i latou e aunoa ma le faaalia o tali sili atu i le SEM e ese mai i le leai o ni feusuaiga i totonu o le tele o le mafaufau e aofia ai le thalamus, o le pito i luma, le supranginal gyrus, le ACC, ma le caudate. O tali tuusaʻo na faʻaalia ai maualuga maualuga le manaʻoga o feusuaiga i le tamaʻitaʻi ma le CSBD nai lo alii e aunoa ma le CSBD. Oʻuga o le suʻesuʻega a le fMRI o Brand et al. [31•] faasino i le itu lava lea e tasi: o le tele o faʻamaoniga e lipotia mai e le tagata lava ia o vaisu i luga o le Initaneti (faʻasologa faʻasolosolo) faʻatasi ma tali i totonu ole SEM (pe a faʻatusatusa i le SEM e le o se mea e sili ona fiafia i ai) i le telefoni.

I le faatusatusa atu i nei lipoti, o Kuehn ma Gallinat [30] maua ai se faʻasalaga le lelei i le va o tali mai i le SEM i le striatum (faʻasalaga tauagavale) ma le aofaʻi o itula na faʻaaluina e matamata ai i ponokalafi i la latou tamaʻitaʻi faʻataʻitaʻi. Na faʻamatalaina e tusitala lenei suʻesuʻega faʻapitoa e ono mafai ona fesoʻotaʻi atu i se faʻagasologa masani e fesoʻotaʻi ma le faʻaalia i taimi uma i faʻamalosikalafi. I se faʻamatalaga fMRI faʻamaonia, lea na vavaeina ai eria o loʻo aʻafia ai i vaʻavaʻaʻiga faʻasolosolo, ma Gola et al. [29••] maua tali talitutusa i tagata saili togafitiga mo le PPU ma alii e aunoa ma le PPU pe a latou vaai i ata feusuaʻiga. E ui i lea, o le matamataina o fuainumera (= cues) e vaʻai ai le tuʻuina atu o le SEM (pe a faʻatusatusa i faʻamatalaga e vaʻai ai taui tau tupe) i le faʻatuai o le faʻatuai o le mea na mafua ai ona maua tali maualuga i tane ma le PPU nai lo alii e aunoa ma le PPU i le tauagavale ma le taumatau saʻo . Politis et al. [21] suʻesuʻeina ni vaega se lua o tagata taitoatasi ma le maʻi o Parkinson, tasi e iai faʻamaoniga o le CSB ma le isi e tutusa le ogaoga o maʻi o Parkinson ae leai ni uiga o le CSB. E pei ona faʻamatalaina i lalo, o le CSB ma isi amioga faʻapitoa-pulea amioga ma faʻafitauli (e fesoʻotai atu i vaʻaiga tau tupe, faʻatau, ma le 'ai) e fesootaʻi atu i vaega o le maʻi o Parkinson e aofia ai togafitiga [37, 38, 39]. O taunuʻuga oa latou suʻesuʻega a le FMRI na faʻaalia ai le maualuga o tali e uiga i le SEM i tagata maʻi o le pisapisapi ma le CSB nai lo tagata mamaʻi e aunoa ma le CSB i le tele o vaega o le faiʻai e aofia ai le cortex orbitofrontal, ACC, tuatini o le cteulate cortex, amygdala, ventral striatum, ma hypothalamus [21]. O itu nei e lua o loʻo maua ai e le tagata gasegase ma le CSB na faʻaitiitia le faʻamalosia o le isula ma le claustrum.

O le aotelega, o le tele o suʻesuʻega a le FMRI e suʻeina ai le tali atu i le CSBD na faʻaalia mai ai o tali e uiga i le SEM e sili atu le maualuga i le polokalama o taui i le vaega na aafia ai [21, 22, 24, 29, 31]. Naʻo le tasi le suʻesuʻega [30] na faʻaalia se fesoʻotaʻiga vavalalata i le tali a le SEM i le itu tauagavale o ata ma ponokalafi, ma e le o se faʻataʻitaʻiga faʻatasi ma le CSBD.

Talu ai ona o le faʻamalosia o faagasologa atonu e taua i le atinaʻeina o le CSBD, matou te mafaufau foi iinei i le lua suʻesuʻega o le FMRI e suʻesuʻeina ai suiga i le CSBD.

Banca et al. [28•] na lipotia mai o alii ei ai le CSBD e sili ona fiafia i le tusi SEM ma faʻaaliga e sili atu ona maualuga ile SEM nai lo alii e aunoa ma le CSBD. O lenei suʻesuʻega na aofia ai foʻi se faʻataʻitaʻiga i le fMRI e uiga i le faʻavasegaina o mea e manaʻomia. E ui lava e leai ni aʻafiaga faʻavae e uiga i tali tuusaʻoina a le BOLD na maua, o le tali a le ASO i totonu o le ACC i le SEM e leʻi faʻaaogaina sa sili atu le saofaga i le CSBD nai lo le vaega faʻatusatusa. O faʻamatalaga e taʻu mai ai o le galuega a le ACC o loʻo fesoasoani i le faʻaaloalo e fesoʻotaʻi ma faafitauli o faʻamaʻi ponokalafi. I se isi faʻataʻitaʻiga faʻamalosi fMRI faʻataʻitaʻiga ma ata feusuaʻiga e pei o faʻaopoopoga e leʻi faʻaaogaina, Klucken et al. [27] na maua se eseʻesega tele i tali faʻatonuina a le BOLD i totonu o le amygdala i le va o tagata ma ma aunoa ma le CSBD. E le gata i lea, na latou matauina le faʻaititia o le fesoʻotaiga vavave faʻatasi i le va o le faʻasalaga muamua ma le faʻasalalauga i le vaega o le CSBD; o nei suʻesuʻega e maua ai le avanoa e mafai ona aofia ai i luma o le vaʻaia o le vaʻaia i luma o le CSBD le faʻataʻitaʻiga o le gaioiga faaosofia o le faiʻai i le CSBD e pei ona lipotia mai i vailaʻau faʻasaina [40].

O suʻesuʻega sili atu ma suʻesuʻega umi e manaʻomia e faʻataʻitaʻia ai ma faʻalauteleina le malamalamaaga o faiga faʻapitoa i le CSBD ma pe faʻapefea ona taua tele i isi i le CSBD ma lona togafitiga faʻapitoa (faʻataʻitaʻiga, faʻataʻitaʻiga muamua o le tali atu i lalo o le faʻatonutonuina o le manaʻo).

I le faatusatusa atu i suesuega a le FMRI na faaalia ai le faateleina o le SEM-na maua ai ni tali mai i le CSBD, Prause et al. [41] na lipotia ai le faʻaitiitia o le talileleia e pei ona faʻaalia i le faʻaitiitia o le lelei o gasegase i le taimi o le eletisefalogram (EEG). O lenei suʻesuʻega sa faʻaaogaina ai se matamata mataʻitu ma ata faʻalagona e aofia ai le SEM. E ui lava e iai feeseeseaiga e uiga ile auala sili e faʻamatala ai mea na maua [20], o suʻesuʻega i le lumanaʻi e tatau ona faʻamatalaina ai le eseesega o suʻesuʻega a le fMRI muamua ma lenei suʻesuʻega EEG.

I le faaopoopo atu i le fMRI ma le EEG suʻesuʻega o loʻo faʻamatalaina i luga, o nisi o suʻesuʻega faʻaleaʻopiloga na suʻeina ai neuropsychological vaega o le CSBD, lea e mafai ona maua ai faʻamatalaga faaopoopo i lalo o le faʻavaeina o auala e aofia i le CSBD. Miner et al. [33] na lipotia mai o 8 alii ma le CSBD na latou faʻaalia le le mautonu o le pulunaunau ma le tali atu i le galuega a Go / No-Go nai lo 8 tagata e aunoa ma le CSBD. O taunuʻuga o suʻesuʻega o le tipitipi o amio a Mechelmans et al. [42] na faʻamaonia ai o tagata e iai le CSBD na maualuga le vaʻaia o latou manatu i le SEM ae le o aʻafiaga o aʻafiaga nai lo tamaloloa e aunoa ma le CSBD. Ae ui i lea, o lenei eseesega na matauina i le taimi o le faʻasalalauga e lata ane i le ata, aʻo leʻi maeʻa pe malamalama lelei i le gaioiga o le mafaufau. Messina et al. [43] faʻatusatusaina galuega a le ofisa (faʻataʻitaʻiga, faia o filifiliga i luga o le galuega o tafaoga a le Iowa, faʻamalosi i le Wisconsin Card Sorting Test) i tagata ma aunoa ma le CSBD muamua ma le maeʻa ona matamata i le SEM. O tamaʻitaʻi e iai le CSBD pe a faatusatusa i latou na faia ni faaiuga e sili atu ona le talafeagai i le taimi muamua i le Taskling Gaming a Iowa ma faʻaalia ai le le mafai ona faʻamautuina pe a maeʻa ona matamata i le SEM. Schiebener et al. [44] ua matauina i totonu o se faataitaiga o tagata 104 o loʻo faia se galuega tuʻufaʻatasia ma ata feusuaʻiga poʻo faʻafeusuaiga, o tamaloloa o loʻo i ai le faʻaletonu o le CSBD e leai se paleni faʻatinoga i luga o ata feusuaʻiga ma le lē faʻafeusuaiga, faatasi ai ma faʻamaoniga o le aloese pe agai i le SEM i fegalegaleaiga ma sini a le CSBD. I se isi suʻesuʻega e faʻaaogaina ai se Taʻitaʻiga-Avoidance Task, o tagata taʻitoʻatasi ma faanaunauga agai atu i vaisu i luga o le cybersex na faʻamoemoe e aloese pe faʻalatalata i le SEM [45]. O nei faʻamaoniga o loʻo taʻu mai ai le faʻamaualuga e tusa ai ma le faʻaalia o amioga e faʻatatau i le CSBD i alii.

Faʻasologa o Faʻamatalaga o le Brain Differences i le CSBD

Miner ma paaga [33] na faia se suʻesuʻega o ata tifaga eseese (DTI) e faʻatusatusaina ai le feeseeseaiga ma le vaega ole anisotropy i le pito i lalo ma le pito i luma i le 8 tagata ma ma le 8 tagata e aunoa ma le CSBD (Ripoti 2). I le faatusatusa atu i faʻamoemoega e faʻavae i le maualalo o le feeseeseaiga i vaega pito i lalo ifo o le faʻafitauli o le faʻalavelave faʻafuaseʻi (eg, [46]), latou te maualalo le feeseeseaiga i vaega pito i luma. Schmidt et al. [34] e maua ai le tele o le mamafa o le amygdala gray volume volume e fuaina i le morphometry (VBM) i luga o tagata e faʻatusatusa i tane e leai. E le gata i lea, na faʻaitiitia le faʻafesoʻotaʻi o le malo i le va o le amygdala agavale ma le faʻasalalauga muamua i le vaega faʻatasi ma le CSBD pe a faʻatusatusa i le kulupu e aunoa ma. O lenei taunuʻuga e taʻu mai ai o faʻamalosiaga faʻasalalauga muamua i luga o faʻalagona ma le faʻaosoosoina atonu e faʻaitiitia i tamaloloa ma le CSBD, e ui lava o lenei avanoa e faʻamaonia ai suʻesuʻega saʻo. I se suʻesuʻega lata mai a Seok ma Sohn [36], o voluma o le sili atu o le augavale o le tino tauagavale ma le taumatau i le vaeluagalemu o le tino i lalo o le CSBD ua faʻatusatusa i alii e leai. E le gata i lea, sa maitauina le fesoʻotaʻi i lalo o le CSBD i le va o le pito i luga tauagavale o le tino ma le itu tauagavale ma le mea saʻo. Talu ai o le telefoni eleelea o le pito sili ona tauagavale o le tino faaletino ma le fesoʻotaʻiga faʻatasi i le va o le pito sili ona maualuga o le vailaʻau faaletino ma le paluga saʻo na faʻamalosia lelei ma le ogaoga o le CSBD, na fautuaina ai e tusitala o mea e le masani ai i le itu tauagavale pito sili ona taua e ono taua tele i le CSBD . I a latou faʻataʻitaʻiga faʻapitoa, Kuehn ma Gallinat [30] faʻamaonia faʻamaumauga ile ponokalafi i itula taitasi i le puʻupuʻu eleelea ma maua ai se faʻasalaga le lelei i le mea saʻo. E le gata i lea, na latou iloaina o le faʻaogaina o le malo i le va o le pitonuu saʻo (fatuga o fatu) ma le agavale pito i luma o le cortex cortex e le lelei le faʻamaopoopoina ma taimi ua lipotia o ponokalafi. Na faʻamatalaina e tusitala nei faʻafitauli le lelei o se taunuuga talafeagai o le malosi o le faʻaosofiaina o le polokalama taui, e ui o suʻesuʻega umi e manaʻomia e suʻesuʻe saʻo ai lenei avanoa.

Laulau 2

Suesuega i eseesega faʻavae i le va o tagata e iai le CSBD ma alii e aunoa ma le CSBD (suʻesuʻega faʻataʻitaʻi) ma suʻesuʻega faʻapitoa (suʻesuʻega faʻapitoa). Naʻo suʻesuʻega na suʻesuʻeina ai tamaʻitaʻi

suesuega

Autu ma metotia

faʻatusa

Faʻasologa autu

Fomaʻi suʻesuʻe

 Miner et al. [33]

Faʻafesoʻotaʻiga: DTI

n = 8 tamaloloa ma le CSBD

n = 8 tamaloloa e aunoa ma le CSBD

CSBD na togafitia i

• le i ai o le toe tupu ma le malosi feusuaiga faʻaosofia mafaufauga, manaʻoga faʻamalosi, poʻo amioga i luga o le vaitaimi o le itiiti ifo i le 6 masina e mafua ai le faʻanoanoa poʻo faʻaletonu

• togafitiga o le sailia o tagata uma i le CSBD

• o alii e iai le CSBD e sili atu le manaia nai lo alii e aunoa ma le CSBD e fuaina i fesili ma se faʻataʻitaʻiga Go / No-Go

• o le faʻaleagaina o le tagata e maualalo i tamaloloa ma le CSBD nai lo alii e aunoa ma le CSBD i itu pito i luma

Manatua: o le faʻasalaga na mafua ai ona feteʻenaʻi ma le manatu o loʻo maualuga le maualuga o le faʻaleagaina i le pito i luma o le lalolagi

 Schmidt et al. [34]

• maualuga le puʻupuʻu: VBM

• fesoʻotaʻiga: fesoʻotaʻiga malolo faʻapitoa

n = 23 tamaloloa ma le CSBD (taulaʻi luga o luga ole laiga ponokalafi faʻaaogaina)

n = 69 tamaloloa e aunoa ma le CSBD (n = 45 mo le malologa tulaga iloiloina)

CSBD na maua i:

• Faʻailoga a le Kafka o le feusuaʻiga [11] ma fuafuaga a Carnes o mea ua fai ma vaisu o feusuaiga [35]

• faatalanoaga ile falemai

• sili atu le maualuga o le amygdala i le tane ma le CSBD ile tamaititi e leai se CSBD

• faʻaitiitia le faʻafesoʻotaʻi o le malologa i le va o le amygdala ma le PFC faʻapitoa (suʻesuʻega mulimuli o le VBM analysis) i le CSBD

 Seok & Sohn [36]

• maualuga le puʻupuʻu: VBM

• fesoʻotaʻiga: fesoʻotaʻiga malolo faʻapitoa

n = 17 ma le CSBD

n = 17 e aunoa ma le CSBD

CSBD na maua i:

• Faʻailoga a le Kafka o le feusuaʻiga [11] ma fuafuaga a Carnes o mea ua fai ma vaisu o feusuaiga [25]

• HBI [26]

• faatalanoaga ile falemai

• faʻaititia le maualuga o le tino i le tane i le CSBD pe a faʻatusatusa i tane e aunoa ma le CSBD ile STG agavale ma le MTG sao

• faʻaititia lelei le faʻafesoʻotaʻiina o le malo i tagata e iai le CSBD nai lo alii e aunoa ma le CSBD i le va o le STG tuitui (fatu) ma le agavale ma le pati saʻo

Suʻega faʻapitoa

 Kühn & Gallinat [30]

• maualuga le puʻupuʻu: VBM

• fesoʻotaʻiga: fesoʻotaʻiga malolo-malo

n = 64 tamaloloa fafine feusuaʻi ma le tele o ituaiga o ponokalafi taumafaina

le tutoatasi tutoatasi: lipoti mai itula o ponokalafi i le vaiaso

• faʻamaoniaga le lelei i le va o lipoti ua lipotia mai o ponokalafi i le vaiaso ma le numera o le pusa

• Faʻaletonu le lelei i le va o lipoti ua lipotia mai o le ponokalafi ma le faʻaogaina o le tulaga o le fesoʻotaʻiga i le va o le taumatau saʻo ma le itu tauagavale o le PFC i le taimi malolo fMRI

DTI faʻasolosolo ata tensor, VBM volet-based morphometry, oʻoʻo faiʻai: PFC muaʻi vaʻaia, MTG medial faaletino gyrus, STG sili sili ona manaia faaletino

Faʻatasi, o suʻesuʻega muamua e faʻamaonia ai o le CSBD i alii e ogatasi ma suiga faʻavae i nisi o potu faiʻai. O isi suʻesuʻega e tatau ona suʻesuʻeina pe o le vaʻaia o vaʻaia e mafai ona atagia mai ai mafuaʻaga poʻo aʻafiaga o le atinaʻeina o le CSBD.

Faʻailoga Hormones ma le CSBD

I se faʻataʻitaʻiga CSBD Swedish, Chatzittofis et al. [47] na lipotia i luga o se faʻafitauli o le pituitary adrenal prenitary tendre (HPA) i tane ma le CSBD. O le cortisol ma le adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) e le eseese i le va o tagata ma ma le CSBD. Ae ui i lea, ina ua maeʻa le suʻega o le suppression o le deamamethasone, o le vaega CSBD o le a sili atu ona faʻaalia le leai o le taofiofia ma le maualuga o le ACTH i le kulupu e aunoa ma le CSBD. I totonu o le faataitaiga lava e tasi, na maua ai e tagata suʻesuʻe se faʻaititia o le maualuga o le methylation o le CRH gene i le vaega o le CSBD [48]. O nei taunuuga e mafua mai ai le faʻamalosia o tulafono faatonutonu o le faʻamalosiina o loʻo faʻapipiʻiina i le CSBD i amioga e ogatusa ma isi togafitiga faʻaleagafesa ma amio e aofia ai le atuatuvale, ava malosi, ma le suicidality (vaai, eg,49]).

Tino o le Tagata ma le CSBD

O le tele o faanaunauga tau feusuaʻiga ua lipotia mai e maualuga atu i le CSBD, e aofia ai le faʻamalosia o feusuaiga [50, 51], faaosofiaga feusuaiga [27], ma le fiafia i feusuaiga [52, 53]. O suʻesuʻega i le lumanaʻi o le a suʻesuʻeina le faʻatinoina o matafaioi a nei uiga ile CSBD. O le tele o faanaunauga lautele e ono maualuga i le CSBD e aofia ai le impulsivity [28, 42, 52, 54, 55], sailiga fou [56], ma faigata i tulafono faatonutonu faʻalagona [54, 57, 58], e na o le tele naua o auupega lauiloa. E le gata i lea, o aafiaga leaga o tamaiti, ae maise lava le faʻasauā ma le faʻaleagaina o feusuaiga, e foliga mai e sili atu ona taatele i tagata ei ai le CSBD [59, 60, 61], ma o nei mea e tatau ona iloiloina i togafitiga o le CSBD.

Genetics

O suʻesuʻega i genetics o le CSBD o loʻo i ai pea i lona laʻitiiti, faʻatasi ai ma suʻesuʻega e oʻo mai i le taimi nei o le taulaʻi atu i sui o sui auai, faʻaaogaina ni faʻataʻitaʻiga ma e le aofia ai tagata taitoatasi ma le CSBD (nai lo le iloiloga o amioga eseese tau feusuaʻiga). E tele suʻesuʻega na suʻeina ai polymorphisms e ono aʻafia i le galuega dopamine e faatatau i amioga feusuaʻi. Mo se faataitaiga, o se suʻesuʻega a Miller et al. [62] na faaalia ai o le matua o le uluaʻi ulugalii sa fesootaʻi ma faʻamalo o gutu o le receptor dopamine DRD2 ma faatasi ai ma fegalegaleaiga i le va DRD1 ma DRD2 talatala. O le faʻamatalaga, o le aotelega i le DRD2 o faʻamatalaga e fesootaʻi ma le gene na faʻamaonia mo le D2 dopamine responsor mo se tasi na finauina, e pei o se faʻataʻitaʻiga, faʻamaʻi faʻatasi ma ANKK1. O tausaga o uluai feusuaiga sa fesoʻotaʻi foi i le gene generator dopamine D4 (DRD4) polymorphism [63]. E le gata i lea, Ben-Zion et al. [64] maua se faʻapotopotoga a DRD4 fomaʻi ma fesili fesili fesili e uiga i manaʻoga tau feusuaʻiga, faʻanofo, ma galuega. E faapena foi Garcia et al. [65] ua lipotia mai o le DRD4 feteenaʻiga e fesoʻotaʻi ma amio feusuaʻiga mataga ma feusuaʻiga feusuaʻi. Beaver et al. [66] na lipotia mai o se polymorphism o le gene gene transporter gene (DAT1) na fesootaʻi ma le numera o paaga feusuaʻiga. I le aotelega, o suʻesuʻega muamua o suʻesuʻega o suʻesuʻega a le aufaʻatasi o loʻo taulaʻi atu i polymorphisms e pei o le dopamine, o loʻo fautua mai ai se tulaga talafeagai mo nei ituaiga i nisi o feusuaiga. Ae ui i lea, o le lapataiga e manaʻomia i le tele o suʻesuʻega faʻavae (faataitaiga, suʻesuʻega faʻataʻatasi o le genome-wide (GWAS)) e masani ona le maua se lagolago malosi mo suiga eseese o loʻo aʻafia ai i suʻesuʻega a le aufaʻatasi. O se tasi o ia GWAS na maua lata mai nei sailiiliga na fautua mai ai o kenera e aafia ai amioga mataga tau feusuaʻiga e fesootaʻi ma le ava malosi e faalagolago i ai ma i latou e aafia i faaletonu o le tagata ma isi mafaufauga faʻapitoa ma atonu e ono nofouta i le itupa / feusuaiga [67]. O le tele o suʻesuʻega o lenei ituaiga o suʻesuʻega tuusaʻo le CSBD e faʻaaoga ai le GWAS ma isi auala (faʻataʻitaʻi, polygenic lamatia tulaga) e manaʻomia.

Malamalamaaga i le Neurobiological Underpinnings of CSB mai Laufanua o loʻo Fesoʻotai i ai

CSB

O le Dopaminergic ma isi (faʻataʻitaʻi, serotonergic) suauu e mafai ona fesoasoani i le CSBD. O faʻasalaga o le Dopamine e fesoʻotai ma le CSB ma isi amioga faʻaosoosoina [68, 69, 70, 71, 72, 73, 74]. Ae peitai, ona o isi foliga o loʻo fesoʻotaʻi atu i le CSB ma isi amioga faʻavevesi i le maʻi o Parkinson, e aofia ai le tulaga o le faʻasalalauga ma le tulaga o le tulaga faʻapitoa i le va o isi mea, o le aiology o le CSB i le maʻi o Parkinson atonu e faigata ma telefactorial [75]. E le gata i lea, e tatau i se tasi ona faʻaeteete i le faʻaopoopoga mai se faʻamaʻi e pei o Parkinson (e fesootaʻi ma le tele o le vailaʻau) i tagata e le o Parkinson. E masani ona faʻaaogaina faʻasalaga o le Dopamine i le togafitiga o le tino o le pituitary gland ma vae vaivai, ma lipoti o mataupu e fautuaina ai o nei vailaʻau (poʻo tuutuuga e togafitigaina) e mafai ona fesootaʻi i nisi o taimi ma le CSB (maʻi o le pituitary gland: [76, 77, 78, 79]; togafitiga o le tino vaivai o le tino: [80, 81]). E le gata i lea, o lipoti o lipoti a monoamine oxidase inhibitors (safinamide [82] ma le losegiline [83, 84]) faʻaogaina i le togafitiga o faʻamaʻi pipisi a Parkinson mo le feusuaʻi. O le mea e sili ona taua, e tatau i se tasi ona faʻaeteete i le faʻamatalaina o faʻamatalaga mai lipoti faʻapitoa ma faʻamaumauga tetele e faʻavae i luga o lipoti o suʻega e tele mea (faʻataʻitaʻiga, faʻasalalauga) e ono faʻaleagaina sea lipoti [85]. E pei o lea, o le faia ma le faaeteete o suʻesuʻega o le epidemiology lautele e tatau ona suʻesuʻeina ia mataupu.

E iai foi lipoti mo CSB e faatatau i le faʻaaogaina o psychostimulants (ampethamine [86], methylphenidate [87], ma modafinil [88]), vailaʻau faʻamaʻi pipisi [89], ma antidepressants (duloxetine [90] ma le venlafaxine [91]). O ripoti a le CSB faʻatasi ai ma vailaau faʻasaina e mafai ona maofa aua o lenei vasega o vailaʻau e fesoʻotaʻi ma le faʻaleagaina o le mafaufau. E i ai foi lipoti o lipoti e fesoʻotaʻi ma vailaʻau antipsychotic o loʻo faʻaaogaina (risperidone [92], paliperidone [93], ma le aripiprazole [94, 95, 96]) i le CSB. E ui o mataupu o loʻo taua i luga o loʻo fautua mai ai e tatau i le 'au fomaʻi ona mataʻituina le CSB i le tele o tagata gasegase e togafitia i fualaau oona, e tatau ona faʻamaonia le tuʻufaʻatasia o lipoti i le faʻamalamalamaina o masini i le leai o ni suʻesuʻega maualuluga ma sili atu.

Pharmacological Treatment of CSBD

Suesuega i togafitiga faafomaʻi a le CSBs e ono fautuaina mai ai le mafai e le komiti o le neurotransmitters ona faʻalagolago i le CSBD. O faʻamatalaga e faʻamaonia e tolu vasega eseese o fualaau faasaina e mafai ona faʻaititia CSBs (aotelega [97]): (1) faʻamaʻi pipisi e aʻafia ai le dopaminergic, noradrenergic, ma le serotonergic transmission; (2) anti-androgens; ma (3) gonadotropin-faʻatoʻilaloina o agonists hormon. O nei vaega mulimuli e lua o loʻo faʻaaogaina i nofoaga faʻapitoa mo togafitiga ona o tau maualuga ma ono ono aʻafia ai nei fualaau. Peitai, Safarinejad [98] na lipotia mai ni aʻafiaga lelei i se faʻataʻitaʻiga igoa o le hormonone o le gonadotropin (e pei o le triptorelin) i tane e leai se faʻafeusuaiga tutusa. O suʻesuʻega faʻaopoopo i le CSBD e foliga mai e manaʻomia.

O aʻafiaga aoga o le faʻataʻitaʻiina o le faʻaaogaina o le serotonin reuptake (SSRIs) -o loʻo faʻaaogaina i le togafitiga o le faʻavaivai, popole, ma le faʻavaivai-faʻavaivai-i luga o CSBs ua fautuaina i uluai suʻesuʻega o citalopram [99, 100], fluoxetine [101], ma paroxetine [102]. Ae ui i lea, e manaʻomia suʻesuʻega faʻapitoa i falemaʻi e iloilo ai gaioiga pupuu ma umi-taimi ma le gafatia. I lenei tulaga, o le suesuega a Gola ma Potenza [102] e mafua ai masalosaloga e uiga i aʻafiaga faʻalagolago i le manatu e faapea o le vailaʻau e suʻesuʻeina (paroxetine) e mafai ona naʻo se vaega o foliga (faʻataʻitaʻiga, popolega poʻo le atuatuvale) e fesoʻotaʻi ma le auai i CSBs.

E i ai nisi lipoti faʻapitoa e uiga i aʻafiaga lelei o le tagata faʻataʻavalevale o le naltrexone [103, 104, 105], peta blockers (i se autistic male tama talavou [106]), vailaau antipsychotic oona (clozapine [107]), inhibitors o le cholineterase (i le maʻi Alzheimer [108]), ma vailaʻau faʻamaʻi / antimanic (topiramate [109]) i le togafitia o CSBs.

O lipoti o lipoti e fautuaina ai le auai o le tele o neurotransmitters i le CSBD. Ae ui i lea, e manaʻomia le suʻesuʻeina o le gafatia ma le gafatia e suʻega a le falebo. E taua tele lenei mea i le taimi nei e leai ni vailaʻau faʻamaʻi (faʻataʻitaʻiga, e le US Food and Drug Administration) mo CSBD.

CSBD ma Faʻafitauli Faʻafuaseʻi

O faʻalavelave faʻapitoa e mafai ona tuʻuina atu faʻamatalaga i le neurobiological underpinnings o le CSBD. O faʻalavelave faʻatasi ai ma mea faʻapitoa i le CSBD ma e mafai ona aʻafia ai le soifua lelei ma faʻataʻitaʻi togafitiga. I se suesuega talu ai lata mai, Wery et al. [110] na maua ai le 90% o tagata na auai i le CSBD na lipotia mai faʻatasi ai ma tagata suʻesuʻeina o le mafaufau. O tulaga e sili ona lauiloa e faʻatasi ai ma faʻalavelave e mafai ona aofia ai le mafaufau, popolevale, faʻaaogaina o mea-tino, ma le faʻalavelave faʻaosoosoina [111, 112]. Manatu o le tino [113, 114], i se faiga masani o alii ma tamaitai [54], atonu foi e masani ona felagolagomaʻi faatasi ma le CSBD.

CSB i Neurological Diseases

O le CSB o se suʻesuʻega faʻapitoa ile tele o neurological conditions. Ua matauina le CSB, mo se faataitaiga, i le vevesi [115, 116, 117]. I se faatusatusaga i le va o le lamentia frontotemporal ma le maʻi a Alzheimer, Mendez ma Shapira [118] maua le CSB i le 13% o tagata mamaʻi i le frontsemporal dementia ae leai se tasi o gasegase e maua ai le maʻi o le Alzheimer. E le gata i lea, o loʻo iai lipoti a le CSB i tagata taʻitoʻatasi e afaina ai le faiʻai i le faiʻai [119], O le maʻi a Huntington [120], maʻi pipili (i fafine) [121], o le tele o sclerosis [122], ma le Kluver Bucy syndrome [123, 124]. Lipoti i le Kluver Bucy syndrome e fautuaina ai le aafia o le pipisi faaletino i le CSB e pei o le Kluver Bucy syndrome e aʻafia ai le vavalalata o le lobe faalelalolagi. O se matafaioi mo le vavalalata faaletino i le CSB e fautuaina foi e ala i sailiiliga e afaina i le lobe faaletino [125] ma taʻavale o le lobe e mafai ona oʻo i le CSB. I lenei tulaga, Korpelainen et al. [126] na maua ai le televave o feusuaiga i le 10% o tagata maʻi pipili.

Faʻamatalaga mai tagata taʻitasi o loʻo i ai faʻamaʻi pipisi e fautuaina ai le faʻaaogaina o le pito i luma ma le paʻu faaletino ile CSB. O nei faʻamaumauga e amata mai i galuega a nei faiʻai i le faʻatinoina o lagona / faʻaosofia ma tulafono faatonutonu.

iʻuga

O le aofia ai o le CSBD i le ICD-11 ua faʻaleleia ai le ono mafai ona iloa faafitauli ma faʻafitauli o loʻo aʻafia e tagata taʻitoʻatasi ma le CSBD ma maua ai le gasegase talafeagai. O le i ai o le faʻatagaina masani o faʻamaonia mo lenei maʻi e tatau ona fesoasoani i le atiina ae o togafitiga o mafaufauga ma togafitiga mo le CSBD. O le atinaʻeina o togafitiga lelei o le a faafaigofieina e ala i le malamalamaaga i le mafaufau ma le gaioiga o togafitiga e maua ai le CSB. O suʻesuʻega o le neurovioral neuroscience e taua mo le faʻaleleia atili o lo tatou malamalamaaga i auala e faʻavae ai le atinaʻe, faʻasologa, faʻamalosia o le CSBD, ma le toe maua mai le CSBD. I se vaega ona o felafolafoaiga pe tusa pe leai foi le CSBD o se maʻi ma le le lava o tulaga faʻasalalau faʻatagaina lautele, o taumafaiga a le neurobiological research were limited to date.

E ui na faia ni nai suʻesuʻega o le neuroscience i le CSBD, ae o nisi o faaiuga e mafai ona tosina mai. Muamua, o suʻesuʻega a le CMRI o loʻo faʻaalia ai le eseesega o tane ma e aunoa ma le CSBD i le faagasologa o fuainumera o feusuaiga e pei ona faailoa mai e ala i tali suiga a le BOLD i le "taui taui." O le tele o suʻesuʻega ua taulaʻi atu i le PPU i tamaʻitaʻi tamaʻitaʻi, ma faʻapulaʻa ai le lautele i le lautele fusi o CSB i le tele o tagata. O le aʻafiaga o le polokalama o taui o loʻo matauina i le faiʻai o suʻesuʻega faʻataʻitaʻiga e oʻo i le taimi nei e fetaui lelei lava ma suʻesuʻega mai le tulaga o mea ua fai ma vaisu.

O faʻamatalaga o loʻo otootoina i la tatou aotelega o loʻo tuʻuina atu ai ni mea e tutusa lelei ma vaisu ma vailaʻau faʻatau, lea e faʻateleina le tele o faʻafitauli e maua mo le CSBD (e pei ona iloiloina i [127]). E ui lava i tua atu o le lautele o le lipoti o loʻo i ai nei, o vailaau ma vailaau faʻaleagaina e faʻaalia e ala i le suia o le faʻafoʻiina o mea e faʻavasegaina e taʻiala, amio, ma neurobiological (aotelega ma iloiloga: [128, 129, 130, 131, 132, 133]; ava malosi: [134, 135]; cocaine: [136, 137]; tapaa: [138, 139]; petipetiga: [140, 141]; taaloga: [142, 143]). Iʻuga e faʻatatau i fesoʻotaʻiga malolo-malo e faʻaalia ai le tutusa i le va o le CSBD ma isi faʻamaʻi [144, 145]. O le mea lea, o suʻesuʻega i le lumanaʻi e tatau ona fuafua le sili ona fetaui lelei o le CSBD. O lona uiga, pe tatau ona faʻailoaina o se maʻi le pulea, e pei o le ICD-11 o loʻo iai nei, poʻo le sili atu ona lelei o se vaisu o amioga. O sea faʻavasegaga (mai le faʻaosoosoina o le faʻafitauli o vaisu) na tupu i le faaletonu tau tupe i le DSM-5 ma le ICD-11 faʻavae i luga o faʻamaumauga o loʻo iai. Aʻo tuʻuina atu faʻamatalaga i le CSBD, e mafai ona toe faʻavasegaina lona faʻavasegaga.

E ui o le alualu i luma taua i le malamalama i le CSB ma le CSBD, o fesili taua e tumau pea ona taulaʻi. Mo se faʻataʻitaʻiga, o se faʻamatalaga matala pe o le a le mea e tasi o le neurobiology e aofia ai i le PPU pe a faʻatusatusa i isi CSBs (faʻataʻitaʻiga, faʻafitauli faʻafeusuaiga e aofia ai paga masani). E le gata i lea, o le tele o suʻesuʻega ua taulai atu i tama talavou, tamaʻitaʻi, alii paʻepaʻe. O loʻo tumau pea le avanoa e faʻatautaia ai pe o loʻo iai foi i le isi vaega vaega tutusa o togafitiga (faʻataʻitaʻiga, matutua matutua, fafine, tamaʻitaʻi, tamaʻitaʻi, feusuaʻiga poʻo isi vaega, poʻo tagata paʻepaʻe faʻatasi ma le CSBD). O le mea mulimuli, ona o le leai o ni faʻasalalauga faʻavaomalo faʻavaomalo mo le CSBD i tausaga ua mavae (lea ua suia nei i le ICD-11), e leai ni faʻamaoniga mautinoa ma aoga o le faʻaauau o le CSBD, e oʻo mai nei. Aʻo aoina nei faʻamaumauga, o le alualu i luma i le puipuiga ma le togafitiga o le CSBD, faapea foi ma faiga faʻavae e faʻatatau i le CSBD, e tatau ona faia.

mau faasino

Pepa o mea taua, na lomia lata mai nei, ua faamamafaina e pei o: • Le taua •• Le taua tele

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