O Feusuaiga Faiga Faʻafitauli Faʻafesoʻotaʻi ma Faʻaaoga Sili Ponokalafi Faʻaiuga mai se Suʻesuʻega tele o le atunuʻu e aofia ai alii ma tamaitai (2020)

4.1. Tagata auai ma taualumaga

O lenei suʻesuʻega na faia ina ua maeʻa le Tautinoga a Helsinki ma na faʻamaonia e le Komiti Faʻatonu Aʻoaʻoga Amio Komiti o le Iunivesite suʻesuʻe. Faʻamatalaga aoina na tupu ia Ianuari 2017 i luga o le lauiloa Hungarian talafou portal ala i le lugalaina suʻesuʻega. O le suʻesuʻega o se vaega o se galuega tele. Eseese faʻavaega mai lenei seti na faʻaaogaina i suʻesuʻega na lomia faʻasalalau muamua. O suʻesuʻega uma na faʻasalalau muamua ma aofia ai fesuiaʻiga e mafai ona maua i le OSF (https://osf.io/dzxrw/?view_only=7139da46cef44c4a9177f711a249a7a4). Faʻavae luga o muamua faʻataʻitaʻiga mo tele-fua suʻesuʻega (Keith, 2015, Kline, 2015), na matou faʻamoemoe e suʻesuʻe ia le itiiti ifo ma le 1000 tagata auai e mautinoa ai le paoa talafeagai. Peitai, matou te leʻi setiina se tapulaʻa maualuga mo le auai. Faʻamatalaga faʻamaonia na mauaina ae le i faʻaputuputuina faʻamaumauga. E tusa ma le 30 minute le umi o le suʻesuʻega, ma sa suʻesuʻeina faʻamatalaga talafeagai. Tagata taʻitasi e 18 tausaga le matutua pe sili atu na valaʻaulia e auai. Ae e leʻi tali atu i fesili e fesoʻotaʻi ma ponokalafi, na tuʻuina atu i ai ma le faʻauiga o ata mataga: "O ponokalafi ua faʻamatalaina o ni mea (eg, tusitusiga, ata, ata vitio) o le (1) fausiaina pe faʻamalosia lagona feusuaʻiga poʻo mafaufauga ma (2) o loʻo manino ona faʻaalia poʻo faʻamatalaga o feusuaʻiga e aofia ai itutinosa, pei o feusuaʻiga vale poʻo anal, feusuaʻiga , poʻo le taaloalo i totoga."(Bőthe et al., 2018).

O faʻamaumauga mai le 14,581 sui auai na iloiloina (fafine = 4,352, 29.8%) e tusa ai ma latou na faʻaaogaina ponokalafi i le tausaga ua tuanaʻi ma sa faia feusuaʻiga muamua. O tagata na auai na matutua i le va o le 18 ma le 76 tausaga (M_tausaga = 33.58 tausaga, SD_tausaga = 10.95). E faʻatatau i feusuaʻiga, 12,063 na feusuaʻi ma fafine (82.7%), 1,470 sa feusuaʻi ma fafine tauatane ma tamaʻitaʻi i nisi tulaga (10.1%), 268 na feusuaʻi (2.5%), 60 na tauatane ma feusuaʻiga ma tamaloloa (0.6%), 414 sa tauatane ( 2.8%), 15 na feusuaʻi (0.1%), 73 na le mautinoa e uiga i a latou feusuaiga (0.5%), ma le 40 na faʻailoa mai le 'isi' filifiliga (0.3%). E tusa o le nofoaga o nofo ai, 7,882 nonofo i le laumua taulaga (54.1%), 2,267 i itumalo taulaga (15.5%), 3,082 i taulaga (21.1%), ma 1,350 i nuʻu (9.3%). E tusa ai ma le tulaga o aʻoaʻoga, 364 sa i ai aoga tulagalua tikeri poʻo le laʻititi (2.5%), 597 sa i ai matata eseese (4.1%), 4,649 sa i ai ni tikeri maualuluga (31.9%), ma le 8,971 sa i ai tikeri maualuga-aʻoaʻoga (ie, tagata malaga, matai poʻo le faʻafomaʻi) (61.5%). E tusa ai ma tulaga o sootaga, 3,802 sa nofofua (26.1%), 6,316 sa i ai i se mafutaga (43.3%), 590 na faamau (4.0%), 3,651 na faaipoipo (25.0%), 409 na teteʻa (2.8%), 71 na fafine ua oti a latou tane / ua maliu le toalua (0.5%), ma le 222 na filifilia le'isi 'filifiliga (1.5%). Tagata taʻitasi i averesi matamata i luga o le initaneti ponokalafi vaiaso.

Faafitauli

atic Ponokalafi Fuafua Fua Fua (PPCS; Bőle, (Tóth-Király et al., 2018). O le PPCS na atiaʻe faʻavae i luga o le ono-vaega vaega o vaisu (Griffiths, 2005). O le fua e aofia ai ono mea taua (salience, tolerance, mood modification, feteʻenaʻiga, tosoina i tua, ma le toe paʻu), e tofu ma mea e tolu e faʻatatau i le ono-masina le umi o le faʻaaogaina o ponokalafi. Tali e faʻailoa mai tali i luga o le fitu-point scale (1 = "leai"; 7 = "i taimi uma"). O le tumau i totonu o le fua sa maualuga (α = .94), pei o muamua suesuega (Bőthe et al., 2017, Bőthe et al., 2019, Bőthe et al., 2019, Tóth-Király et al., 2019).

5.1. Suʻesuʻega faʻamaumauga

SPSS 21 ma Mplus 7.3 na faʻaaoga mo faʻamaumauga fuainumera. Ina ia iloiloina fesuiaʻiga o totonu o mea, Cronbach's alphas na fuafuaina (Faʻaalia, 1978). CR na fuafua e mulimuli i le faʻavae a Raykov (Raykov, 1997), aua e sili atu le faʻatusalia o le fausiaina aʻo mafaufauina itu utaina ma a latou fua faʻatatau sese (> .60 taliaina,> .70 lelei (Bagozzi ma Yi, 1988, Dunn et al., 2014, McNeish,).

Ae le i faʻatautaia le faʻataʻitaʻiga faʻatusatusa faʻataʻitaʻiga (SEM), faʻamaumauga na suʻesuʻeina mo manatu o multivariate auiliiliga faʻavae i auiliiliga taiala (Faʻafanua, 2009). Faʻapitoa, univariate masani masani (ie, le asiasia o skewness ma kurtosis aoga) e leʻi ausia faʻavae luga o muamua-faʻavae taʻiala (Muthén ma Kaplan, 1985). O faʻataʻitaʻiga a Mardia e lua-itu mo masani masani e taua tele (uma p <.001), lagolagoina le solia o le tele o tu masani masani (Wang ma Wang, 2012). E ui i lea, o le suʻega Durbin-Watson na fautuaina ai le tutoʻatasi o toega (1.16) (Faʻafanua, 2009), ma linearity ma homoscedasticity na faʻamaonia e le suʻesuʻeina o salalau, talaʻaga, ma PP faufauga o toega. I se aotelega, e ese mai i mea masani, o isi manatu uma na faʻamalieina.

Na faia le SEM e suʻesuʻe ai fegalegaleaiga i le va o le PPU, FPU, ma feusuaiga. I le faʻataʻitaʻiga pe o le PPU ma le FPU sa i ai fesoʻotaʻiga fesoʻotaʻi ma feusuaʻiga faʻafitauli i totonu o aliʻi ma fafine, matou muamua suʻesuʻeina le faʻataʻitaʻiga i le atoa faʻataʻitaʻiga (Model 1). Le isi, matou suʻesuʻeina pe o le faʻataʻitaʻiga e fesuiaʻi i itupa e faʻaaogaina le tele o kulupu SEM (Model 2). Ina ia mautinoa o auala auala e le eseese tele mo tama ma fafine, o auala i le va o le FPU ma feusuaiga faʻafitauli ma PPU ma feusuaiga faʻafitauli sa faʻamalosia ina ia tutusa i vaega e lua (Model 3). I le laʻasaga mulimuli, na matou faʻaaogaina ai fesuiaiga o fesoʻotaʻiga talafeagai i le faʻataʻitaʻiga: tausaga, feusuaiga (dummy coded), tulaga o le va fealofani (dummy coded), ma le tele o taimi e faʻaalu ai. Ina ia faʻafaigofie suʻesuʻega, na matou fausiaina ni vaega se lua e faʻavae i luga o tulaga tau feusuaʻiga: heterosexual kulupu (n = 13,533) ma feusuaʻaga toalaiti vaega (n = 1,048), ma lua kulupu e faʻavae i luga o tulaga faʻaipoipoga: tasi kulupu (n = 3,802) ma totonu-a- vavalalata vaega (n = 10,557). O aitema na togafitia ma faʻavasega tulaga ma le uiga- ma eseesega-fetuʻunaʻi mamafa-sikuea fuafuaina (WLSMV) na faʻaaogaina ona o masalosaloga o le masani ai e leʻi ausia (Finney ma DiStefano, 2006). Masani taliaina lelei-o-fetaui lelei faʻasino (Papa, 2016) na faʻaaogaina e iloilo taliaina ai o faʻataʻitaʻia faʻataʻitaʻiga. Faʻatusatusa, Faʻatusatusaga Faʻatusatusa Faʻamatalaga (CFI; ≥.90 mo taliaina; ≥.95 mo sili ona lelei), Tucker – Lewis faasino igoa (TLI; ≥ .90 mo taliaina; ≥.95 mo sili lelei), ma Root-Matu-Lotoa Sese o latalata (RMSEA; ≤. 08 mo le taliaina; ≤..06 mo sili ona lelei) ma le 90% vaitaimi talitonuina na suʻesuʻeina (Browne ma Cudeck, 1993, Hu ma Bentler, 1999, Schermelleh-Engel et al., 2003, Brown, 2015, Bentler,, Kline, 2011). Faʻaititia taua i le CFI ma le TLI (ΔCFI≤.010; ΔTLI≤.010) ma faʻateleina le siitaga o le RMSEA (ΔRMSEA≤.015) faʻailoa mai pe a fai o se faʻataʻitaʻiga na sili atu le leaga nai lo mea na muamua ina ua faʻatusatusa le fa suʻesuʻeina faʻataʻitaʻiga (Chen, 2007, Cheung ma Rensvold, 2002). Ina ia faʻaititia mea sese a le Ituaiga I peʻa suʻesuʻeina faʻamatalaga, sa faʻatinoina le faʻasaʻoga o Bonferroni (α = .05; m = 2)². O le mea lea, o faʻatasiga i ala o suʻesuʻega na manatu taua i p <.025.

8.1. Eseese matafaioi mo le tele ma le ogaoga o ponokalafi faʻaaogaina i feusuaiga faʻafitauli faʻafitauli i le va o aliʻi ma fafine

A o FPU sa i ai se vaivai, le lelei faʻatasi ma feusuaʻiga gaioiga faʻafitauli, PPU sa i ai se lelei ma feololo feololo, faʻapea mai FPU ono fesoʻotaʻi ma laʻititi feusuaʻiga gaioiga faʻafitauli i nisi tulaga (Landripet ma Štulhofer, 2015). E ui i lea, o aliʻi na lipotia le faʻaaogaina o ponokalafi sili atu ona tele, ma lipotia tulaga maualuga o le PPU, faʻatusatusa i fafine. Peitai, fafine lipotia maualuga sili atu maualuga o feusuaiga gaioiga faʻafitauli nai lo tama.

Eseesega fesoʻotaʻiga ma FPU ma le PPU e ono fesoʻotaʻi ma nisi o mafuaʻaga biopsychosocial mea taua. Faʻapitoa lava, FPU ono mafua mai malosi feusuaiga manaʻoga ma fesoʻotaʻi ma maualalo tulaga o feusuaʻiga gaioiga faʻafitauli, atonu ona o le eseese i ponokalafi mea e mafai ona taitai atu ai i le faigofie ma vave tali atu i eseʻese feusuaʻiga tuinanau (Tatalo ma Pfaus, 2015). PFU mafai faʻafaigofie mafaufauga feusuaʻiga, lea, i le isi itu, ono taitai atu ai i le vave feusuaʻiga tali i ma o lea e le taitai atu ai i feusuaiga gaioiga iloiloina iinei (Watson ma Smith, 2012). O le isi faʻamatalaga mafai e uiga i le le lelei o le soʻotaga i le va o le FPU ma feusuaiga faʻafitauli mafai ona atagia mai masani masani mafua mai matamata ponokalafi mea (Watson ma Smith, 2012, Griffiths, 2000, Kohut et al., 2017), lea e mafai ai e tagata taʻitoʻatasi ma le FPU ona lagona le sili atu o le faʻamafanafanaga feusuaiga pe a auai i le faia o feusuaʻiga i fafo atu o feusuaʻiga talu ai ona o ponokalafi-fesoʻotaʻiga masani ma feusuaiga (Kohut et al., 2017). Faʻavae luga o agavaʻa faʻavasegaina o aliʻi ma fafine, o le sili ona lipotia aʻafiaga o ponokalafi faʻaaogaina o "leai ni aʻafiaga le lelei", sosoʻo ai ma le faʻaaogaina o ponokalafi o se faʻamatalaga punaoa, mo feusuaʻiga faʻataʻitaʻiga, ma mo feusuaiga mafanafana. O le mea lea, maualuga maualuga o feusuaʻiga mafanafana ma le taliaina o oe lava, ma maualalo tulaga o le popole, maasiasi, ma tausalaina e uiga i feusuaiga amioga ono fesoʻotaʻi ma FPU. O le faʻateleina o le faʻaosofia o lagona ma le fiafiaga, fiafia i feusuaiga, ma le tele o le taliaina o gaioiga eseese ma isi faʻataʻitaʻiga na lipotia mai foi o ni aafiaga lelei o ponokalafi faʻaaogaina (Kohut et al., 2017). O isi faʻamatalaga e aofia ai tagata taʻitoʻatasi ma le le lelei feusuaʻiga atonu e tau le aʻafia i le FPU, tagata e ono le malamalama atoatoa i faʻafitauli tau feusuaʻiga e fesoʻotaʻi ma ponokalafi ma ni faʻafitauli tau feusuaʻiga atonu e le maua e le meafaigaluega suʻesuʻe. E ui i lea, na faʻamatalaina e le FPU naʻo sina laʻititi lava o le eseesega e faʻatatau i feusuaiga i le taimi nei faʻafitauli, faʻailoa mai ai o isi mea e ono tele sona taua i le atinaʻeina ma le faʻamautuina o feusuaiga.McCabe et al., 2016).

E mafai ona fesoʻotaʻi le PPU ma le faʻateleina o le taaloalo i totoga ma ponokalafi "binges" (e pei o le faʻaaogaina o ponokalafi i le tele o taimi poʻo itula i le aso), faʻavae i luga o iʻuga mai le sefulu vaiaso le umi o suʻesuʻega a le tamaʻitaʻi ma tamaʻitaʻi saili togafitiga.Wordecha et al., 2018). O le mea lea, o tama e soʻona matamata i ponokalafi mea ono ono sili atu ona i ai i se refactory vaitaimi pe a taumafai e faia feusuaʻiga ma a latou paʻaga, ono mafua ai i feusuaiga gaioiga faʻafitauli (Ley et al., 2014). Mo nisi, feusuaʻiga ma se tasi paʻaga ono le avea o se faʻaosofia e pei o luga o le initaneti ponokalafi mea (eg, atonu e le maua ai le tele fou e pei o luga o le initaneti ponokalafi). E le gata i lea, o lipoti a falemaʻi ma mataupu o loʻo fautua mai ai o le faʻaaogaina o ponokalafi e ono suia ai ni faʻataʻitaʻiga faʻaosofia (Brand et al., 2019). Nei ono aʻafiaga ono tatau ona iloiloina i lumanaʻi suʻesuʻega. Faʻamatalaga faʻaopopo mafai. Mo se faʻataʻitaʻiga, i tamaloloa o loʻo sailia togafitiga mo amioga mataga faʻamalosi, ogaoga o le PPU na fesoʻotaʻi lelei ma feusuaʻiga popole ma le lelei ma feusuaiga faamalieinaKowalewska et al., 2019); ona o nei mea ono ono afaina ai feusuaiga le atoatoa, isi suʻesuʻega e alagatatau.

A o tama ma fafine ma faʻamalosi-ponokalafi-faʻaaogaina talaaga (atonu PPU) lipotia maualalo tulaga o feusuaʻiga gaioiga faʻafitauli nai lo tagata taʻitoʻatasi ma se sili atu faʻanoanoa talaaga le faʻamalosia talaaga (Vaillancourt-Morel et al., 2017), faʻanoanoa e ono aʻafia ai faʻafitauli tau feusuaʻiga (McCabe et al., 2016). O le faʻaititia o le faʻaititia ma le faʻatonutonuina o lagona e masani ona lipotia le faʻaosofia i le PPU, ma faʻalavelave e aofia ai le aʻoaʻoina o lagona faʻatonutonu (eg, mafaufau) e ono aoga e faʻaititia ai le PPU (Wéry ma Billieux, 2016, Levin et al., 2012, Bőle et al.,). Tagata taʻitoʻatasi o loʻo mauaina le maualuga o le mafatiaga e ono aʻafia i le PPU, e mafua ai faʻafitauli tau feusuaʻiga, ia, i le isi itu, e ono tupu atili ai le popole.

O isi suʻesuʻega e tatau ona suʻesuʻeina lenei mea talafeagai ma faiā i le va ole faʻafitauli, PPU ma feusuaiga faʻafitauli masani.

I le aotelega, eseʻese auala e mafai ona faʻavaeina FPU ma PPU. O ia ituaiga auala e mafai ona fesoʻotaʻi saʻo ma le tuʻusaʻo i feusuaiga faʻafitauli i amioga lavelave. Pe a iloiloina sootaga i le va o ponokalafi faʻaaogaina ma feusuaʻiga gaioiga faʻafitauli, lumanaʻi suʻesuʻega tatau ona mafaufau uma i le FPU ma le PPU ma isi itu o ponokalafi ma faʻapitoa vaega o feusuaiga faʻafitauli.

8.2. Tapulaa ma suʻesuʻega i le lumanaʻi

Suesuega sailiiliga e tatau ona mafaufauina faʻatasi ma tapulaʻa. Oe lava-auala metotia faʻapitoa (eg, underreporting ma overreporting). Mafuaʻaga e le mafai ona faʻaalia mai suʻesuʻega felavasaʻi. O le tumau i totonu o le SFS sa itiiti ifo nai lo le lelei (atonu e fesoʻotaʻi ma le eseesega o le 4 vaega iloiloina), ma o lenei ono aʻafia ai sailiiliga, e pei ona i ai le tapulaʻa numera o tuatusi ma le leai o se faʻapitoa. Mo se faʻataʻitaʻiga, e le o auiliiliina mai i totonu o le SFS (faʻapea, paʻaga faʻatasi ma le tuʻufaʻatasia o feusuaʻiga), ma tagata taʻitoʻatasi ma feusuaʻiga ua lipotia faʻafitauli tau feusuaʻiga i taimi o faiga paʻaga ae le o taimi o faʻaaoga ponokalafi.Voon et al.,).

O le le ola aʻiaʻi ma le faʻamaoni e leʻi fuafuaina, e ono faʻatapulaʻa ai le lautele. Le amio lelei ma le faʻamaoni e ono faʻatatau ile PPU (Lewczuk et al., 2020, Grubbs et al., 2019, Grubbs ma Perry, 2019, Grubbs et al.,), faʻatasi ai ma tagata taʻitoʻatasi e maualuga tulaga o le amio lelei ma le faʻamaoni atonu e faʻaalia ai le malosi o fegalegaleaʻiga i le va o le FPU ma le PPU nai lo i latou e maualalo le maualuga o le amiomama ma le faʻalelotu (Grubbs et al., 2020). I se faʻataʻitaʻiga, o suʻesuʻega i le lumanaʻi e tatau ona aofia ai suʻesuʻega o amioga le talafeagai e fesoʻotaʻi ma ponokalafi mea (eg, sauaga amioga faʻafeusuaiga masani faʻatatau i fafine (Bridges et al., 2010), aemaise fafine Uliuli (Fritz et al., 2020), ma le toso teine, mataifale ma isi ituaiga ponokalafi (Rothman et al., 2015) ma isi vaega e ono aʻafia ai tagata i feteʻenaʻiga tau amio. O le suʻesuʻega na suʻesuʻeina se lautele, faʻataʻitaʻiga vaiʻaiga. Tuuina atu o malosiaga fesoʻotaʻiga ono i ai i le va o le FPU ma le PPU i togafitiga-saili ma falemai tagata (Bőthe et al., 2018, Bőthe et al., 2020, Grubbs et al., 2019, Grubbs et al., 2015, Gola et al., 2016, Gola et al., 2017, Brand et al., 2011, Twohig et al., 2009, Lewczuk et al., 2017, Voon et al.,), o le iʻuga o le taimi nei suʻesuʻega e uiga i fegalegaleaiga i le va FPU, PPU, ma feusuaiga gaioiga faʻafitauli e ono le lautele i togafitiga-sailiga poʻo falemaʻi tagata.

O taimi uumi taimi umi suʻesuʻega e manaʻomia e suʻesuʻe atili ai le natura o fegalegaleaiga ma pe faʻafefea ona latou suia i le aluga o taimi i le va o aliʻi uma (Grubbs ma Gola, 2019) ma fafine. Tagata taʻitoʻatasi atonu na atiaʻe feusuaʻiga faʻafitauli e ono fesoʻotaʻi ma muamua matamata ponokalafi (i luma o le tausaga talu ai) ono ono fesoasoani i le faʻavaivaia sootaga i le va FPU ma feusuaʻiga gaioiga faʻafitauli. Faʻapea foi, tagata taʻitoʻatasi ma feusuaʻiga gaioiga faʻafitauli e ono fefefe i le gaioiga toilalo. I le iʻuga, latou ono filifilia i luga o le initaneti matamata matamata nai lo le faia i fafo atu o feusuaʻiga amioga ma a latou paʻaga (Miner et al., 2016). E le gata i lea, a o le tele ma le FPU e masani ona fesoʻotaʻi, latou te le tutusa ma ono fesoʻotaʻi eseʻese i falemaʻi talafeagai itu o ponokalafi faʻaaogaina (eg, pe a taumafai e faʻamamaina; (Fernandez et al., 2017). Faʻapitoa auʻiliʻiliina tala o le atinaʻe ma le tausiga o se tasi PPU (Wordecha et al., 2018) ma faʻafitauli tau feusuaʻiga ono mafai ona fua tele ile faʻailoaina o tagata e ono avea ma puluvaga ma faʻatonutonu fesuiaʻiga e pei ole amio le talafeagai (Brand et al., 2019, Grubbs ma Perry, 2019), faʻaaogaina o ponokalafi (Rissel et al., 2017), ma isi mea (Vaillancourt-Morel et al., 2019).