Al Mamun, MA, SM Yasir Arafat, Mst Ambiatunnahar, ma Mark D. Griffiths.
International Journal of Mental Health and Addiction: 1-13.
lē faʻatino
O ponokalafi e tele lava ina gaosia, tufatufaina, ma faʻaaogaina e fai ma ala o faʻafiafiaga i le lalolagi atoa ae e leʻi suʻesuʻeina i Bangladesh. O le suʻesuʻega nei na suʻesuʻeina uiga ma tulaga lamatia o le taumafaina o ponokalafi a tamaiti aʻoga iunivesete Bangladeshi. Sa faia se suʻesuʻega i le 313 tamaiti aʻoga i lalo o le aʻoga i le Iunivesite o Jahangirnagar (Dhaka, Bangladesh). O le suʻesuʻega na maua ai e 72% o tamaiti aʻoga na faʻaaogaina ponokalafi ia le itiiti ifo ma le tasi i totonu o latou olaga atoa, ma e tusa ma le afa o i latou na faʻatau i nisi taimi. E tusa ma le lua vaetolu (67%) na fetaiai ma ponokalafi i le taimi o le aoga maualuga, e ui o tamaitai e masani ona fetaiai ma ponokalafi i se taimi mulimuli ane. O suʻesuʻega faʻasolosolo o loʻo faʻaalia na faʻaalia ai le faʻaaogaina o ponokalafi na valoia e ala i le tane, nofo i nuʻu i tua, i totonu o se mafutaga, auai i gaoioiga i luga ole laiga (e pei o le faʻaaogaina Facebook), ma matamata i ata tifaga. E manaʻomia nisi suʻesuʻega e faʻamautinoa atili ai amioga ma mea e aʻafia ai le faʻaaogaina o ponokalafi i tamaiti Bangladeshi.
uputatala
Ponokalafi Taumafa ponokalafi Uiga o ponokalafi Amioga tau feusuaiga a tamaiti aoga Feusuaiga Bangladesh
O ponokalafi ua matua gaosia ma tufatufaina atu, ma faaaoga e avea o se ala o faafiafiaga i le lalolagi atoa. O le faaupuga "ponokalafi" ua taʻua o tala fatu i le lolomiina poʻo le ata vaaia o loʻo faʻaalia ai vaega o le tino feusuaʻiga ma / poʻo le feusuaʻiga lea e ono maua e nisi tagata le leaga, le mafaufau, ma le le mama, ma e faʻamoemoe muamua e faʻaosofia feusuaʻiga le aofia. ma ua faamoemoe e faafiafia pe faaosofia ai tuʻinanauga matagā (Lolo 2007; Malamuth 2001; Mosher 1988). E faapena foi Morgan (2011) ua faauigaina le taumafaina o ponokalafi e pei o le matamata ma le loto i ai i ata, vitio, tusitusi, ma/poo mea leo e faʻaalia ai tagata le lavalava o loʻo faʻaalia feusuaʻiga, ma/poʻo tagata o loʻo faia feusuaʻiga poʻo le masturbation.
O le mataupu o le fa'aalia o ponokalafi (ie, fa'aaogaina o ponokalafi) ua matua'i manatu i ai. O suʻesuʻega o loʻo faʻaalia i taimi uma e sili atu le suʻeina ma vaʻavaʻai o tama tane i mea faʻafeusuaiga nai lo tamaitai (Bleakley et al. 2011; Brown ma L'Engle 2009; Lim et al. 2017; Peter ma Valkenburg 2006; Regnerus et al. 2016; Rissel et al. 2017; Shek ma Ma 2016). Ua taʻua o tamaloloa e masani ona faʻatau ponokalafi ona o mea taua e pei o a latou amio masani ma le le mautonu (Chowdhury et al. 2018). Ua faateleina foi le taumafaina o ponokalafi ona o le initaneti ona ua mafai ai ona maua ponokalafi, taugofie, ma le faailoaina (Cooper). 1998; Owens et al. 2012). O le faʻateleina o le faʻaogaina o masini feaveaʻi (faʻataʻitaʻiga, smartphones, tablets, etc.) ua mafua ai foi auala fou e fegalegaleai ai ma uo (faʻataʻitaʻiga, faʻaaogaina Facebook) ma le auai i isi amioga e pei o le faalogologo i musika (e ala i telefoni feaveaʻi, MP3 player) ma matamata ata tifaga ma pusa televise (faataitaiga, Netflix). O le faʻaaogaina o nei masini feaveaʻi fou ma auala fou e auai i taimi paganoa e mafai foi ona avea ma mafuaʻaga i le faʻateleina o le taumafaina o ponokalafi. O isi mea taua e faatatau i le taumafaina o ponokalafi e aofia ai le taimi na faatoa fetaiai ai ma ponokalafi (e pei o le tamaitiiti, talavou, matua), lea e nonofo ai tagata (faataitaiga, taulaga po o nuu i tua), faatosinaga a tupulaga, ma ituaiga o ponokalafi e sili ona fiafia i ai (eg, vitio, ata, feusuaiga. tala) (Braithwaite et al. 2015; Carroll et al. 2008; Chowdhury et al. 2018; Sørensen ma Kjørholt 2007).
O mafuaʻaga ma mea e aʻafia ai i le matamataina o ponokalafi e tele ona itu ma e aofia ai le manaʻo e faʻaosofia feusuaʻiga ma / poʻo mo faʻamoemoega o masturbatory, mo le fia iloa, mo faʻamatalaga ma aʻoaʻoga, mo le faʻaleleia o lagona, ma mo le faʻamalieina o mafaufauga faʻafeusuaiga ma isi. (Boies 2002; Mattebo et al. 2014; Merrick et al. 2013; Paulo ma Semu 2008). O le mauaina o ponokalafi e mafai foʻi ona faʻaalia uiga i ai ma e mafai ona aʻafia ai olaga o tagata taʻitoʻatasi ma gaoioiga faʻatasi (faʻataʻitaʻiga, Patterson ma Price 2012; Perry 2015, 2016, 2017). Ua taʻua foʻi o ponokalafi e mafai ona aʻafia ai amioga a tagata lautele (Lo ma Wei 2005; Mattebo et al. 2014), fa'atupu fa'alavelave i olaga fa'afeusuaiga o tagata ta'ito'atasi e pei o le tele o taimi o faiga fa'afeusuaiga, fa'alavelaveina o faiga fa'afeusuaiga, ma malepelepe mafutaga (Flood). 2009; Hald ma Malamuth 2008; Maddox et al. 2011; Paulo ma Semu 2008; Poulsen et al. 2013).
I Bangladesh (lea na faia ai le suʻesuʻega o loʻo i ai nei), o le atunuʻu e le lelei le soifua maloloina ma le faʻafeusuaiga o se mataupu lilo ona o lona siosiomaga faʻale-aganuʻu ma faʻalelotu (Ahsan et al. 2016; Arafata 2017; Arafat et al. 2018). O feusuaiga e le o se autu e talanoaina i tagata lautele, ma o le malamalama e le lelei, faʻamalosia e tagata faʻamaʻi faʻaleaganuʻu o loʻo fesoasoani i le faʻasalalauina o manatu sese tau feusuaiga i le faitau aofaʻi (Ahsan et al. 2016; Arafata 2017). E oo mai i le taimi nei, ua le lava suʻesuʻega i Bangladesh e uiga i amioga faʻafeusuaiga, uiga faʻafeusuaiga, ma le lelei o le olaga faʻafeusuaiga. O se suʻesuʻega lata mai a Bangladeshi e Chowdhury et al. (2018) lipotia mai o le faʻateleina fua o le mauaina o ponokalafi i luga o le initaneti i latou e 20 i le 25 tausaga e 54% i alii ma 12.5% i tamaitai. Ona o le le lava o suʻesuʻega i Bangladesh, o suʻesuʻega suʻesuʻe o loʻo i ai nei na suʻesuʻeina ai le taumafaina o ponokalafi a tamaiti aʻoga ma o latou manatu ma uiga i le taumafaina o ponokalafi. O tulaga lamatia mo le taumafaina o ponokalafi na suʻesuʻeina e aofia ai le itupa, nofoaga e nofo ai, tulaga o mafutaga, gaoioiga paganoa, ma le auai i gaoioiga i luga ole laiga.
Metotia
Tagata auai ma Taualumaga
O se suʻesuʻega tuusaʻo puupuu ("pen-ma-pepa") na faia i le va o tamaiti aʻoga tausaga muamua i le Iunivesite o Jahangirnagar (Dhaka, Bangladesh) i le va o Ianuari ma Me 2018. E 500 le aofaʻi o tamaiti aʻoga na faʻafeiloaʻi i totonu o le iunivesite (ie, latou fale nofo) ma su'esu'ega mae'a na aoina mai le 313 tamaiti a'oga (62.6% tali tali). O le su'esu'ega na aofia ai ni vaega se tolu: (i) fa'amatalaga fa'aagafesootai ma tagata, (ii) manatu aga'i i ponokalafi, ma (iii) uiga aga'i i ponokalafi. O le su'esu'ega e aofia ai fesili tapunia ma e tusa ma le 15 minute e fa'auma ai.
mea
O le suʻesuʻega na faʻavae e faʻavae i luga o mea na maua i suʻesuʻega muamua (faʻataʻitaʻiga, Braithwaite et al. 2015; Brown ma L'Engle 2009; Carroll et al. 2008; Chowdhury et al. 2018; Sørensen ma Kjørholt 2007). O fesili na faia e le au su'esu'e ma sa fa'afaigofieina e fa'atatau i fa'amatalaga mai le fa'ata'ita'iga. O fesili na aofia ai foi “O ai na muai faailoaina oe i ponokalafi?”, “O le a le ituaiga o ponokalafi e te fiafia ai?”, “Aisea e te faaaogaina ai ponokalafi?”, “O a ni ou lagona pe a uma ona faaaoga ponokalafi?”, ma le “O a laasaga (pe afai soo se) e tatau ona ave e aloese mai le faaaogaina o ponokalafi?” Faʻavae i luga o tusitusiga talu ai, na faʻaalia ai e tele mea e mafai ona saofagā i ponokalafi faʻatau e aofia ai le itupa, nofoaga e nofo ai, tulaga o mafutaga, fiafia i taimi paganoa, ma le auai i luga o le initaneti. O le suʻesuʻega na aofia ai foʻi fesili faʻapitoa (faʻamatalaga e faʻatatau pe na vaʻaia ponokalafi o le "lelei" ma le "leaga") o se auala e faʻafeiloaʻi ai le va o tagata auai i mea tau feusuaiga.
Fuainumera Faamaumauga
Sa su'esu'eina fa'amaumauga e fa'aaoga ai le Fuainumera Fa'amaumauga mo Saienisi Fa'aagafesootai (SPSS) version 22.0 ma le Microsoft Excel 2016. Fa'amatala fa'amaumauga ma fa'asologa muamua sa faia (fa'ata'ita'iga, alaleo, pasene, auala, ma su'ega chi-square) ma le SPSS 22.0. O fesuiaiga uma na maua i le au'ili'iliga fa'alua ona tu'uina atu lea i totonu o se fa'ata'ita'iga fa'asologa fa'aleaogaina fa'atasi ma le taumafaina o ponokalafi e avea ma fesuiaiga fa'alagolago. O faʻaiʻuga o le faʻasologa o mea faʻapitoa o loʻo lipotia mai e leʻi fetuunai ma 95% taimi faʻalagolago.
Amio Taualoa
O le su'esu'ega na fa'amaonia e le Komiti o Iloiloga Fa'ata'ita'i a le 'au su'esu'e a le Matagaluega o le Soifua Malōlōina ma Fa'amatalaga Fa'amatalaga a le iunivesite. O fa'amaumauga na aoina e aunoa ma le ta'ua ma fa'ailoaina mai le fa'atagaga tusitusia na ave'esea mai tagata na auai a'o le'i amataina le aoina o fa'amaumauga. O tagata uma na auai na logoina e uiga i le (i) natura ma le mafuaʻaga o le suʻesuʻega, (ii) faʻagasologa o suʻesuʻega, (iii) aia tatau e teena ai, ma (iv) aia tatau e alu ese ai mai le auai i le suʻesuʻega. E le'i maua e i latou na auai se fa'amanuiaga tau tupe mai le auai i le su'esu'ega. Sa fa'amautinoaina le le faalauaiteleina o fa'amaumauga ma le le fa'ailoaina o tagata na auai.
i'uga
O le averesi o tausaga o tagata auai o 19.68 tausaga (± 0.94) mai le 18 i le 23 tausaga, e aofia ai le 69% tane, ma le 57.8% o tagata auai i le taimi nei e leai se vavalalata vavalalata (silasila i le Laulau 1 mo le aotelega o faʻamatalaga faʻaagafesootai-tumu). E tusa ai ma le faamatalaga o le mafuaaga “e leaga ai ponokalafi” (Laulau 2), na faamatalaina e tagata auai o se mea leaga ma le faʻaleagaina (62%), na solia ai mataupu faʻalelotu (62%), ma na faʻamalosia ai le masturbation (57.5%). E tusa ai ma le mafuaaga e “lelei ponokalafi” (Siata 2), na faʻamatalaina e tagata auai o se mea e mafai ona faʻaaogaina mo le faʻatonutonuina o feusuaiga e masturbate nai lo le faia o feusuaʻiga (31%), e mafai ona taʻitaʻia atili ai uiga faʻaalia e uiga i feusuaiga (19.5%), ma ofoina atu se mea e le afaina ai mo le le masani ai poʻo isi faʻalavelave faʻapitoa. (19%). Iʻuga na faʻaalia ai foi e 72% o tagata auai na faʻaaogaina ponokalafi ia le itiiti ifo ma le tasi i o latou olaga atoa (Laulau 3). O faatosinaga a tupulaga o le mafuaaga sili lea ona lipotia o ponokalafi (34.5%), ma 67% o tagata auai na faamatalaina lo latou uluai feiloaiga o ponokalafi i le aoga maualuga. E tusa ma le afa o tagata auai na fa'atosina i le taimi po'o le mae'a ona matamata i ponokalafi (51%), ma o le ituaiga sili ona fiafia i ponokalafi o le matamata i ata vitio (Laulau). 3). O le taumafaina e le tagata lava ia o ponokalafi sa matua fesootai ma itupa (p <0.001) fa'atasi ai ma tama'ita'i o lo'o auai i ponokalafi 12 taimi sili atu nai lo tama'ita'i (Laulaula 4).
Laulau 1
Fa'asoasoaina o socio-demographic variables o le au tali
Variata | nūmera | pasene |
---|---|---|
itupa | ||
tane | 216 | 69.0 |
fafine | 97 | 31 |
Sau pepa (nofoaga) | ||
Itumalo i le talafatai | 163 | 52.1 |
Nofoaga i le taulaga | 150 | 47.9 |
Tulaga o sootaga | ||
Leai se mafutaga | 181 | 57.8 |
I se mafutaga | 110 | 35.1 |
aiaa | ||
Fa'aaogā le Facebook | 168 | 14.7% |
Musika faʻalogo | 184 | 16.1% |
Matamata i le tifaga | 168 | 14.7% |
So'otaga fa'atasi | 63 | 5.5% |
Faʻasalaga | 160 | 14.0% |
Tusi faitau | 134 | 11.8% |
malaga | 160 | 14.0% |
Tuʻua toatasi | 103 | 9.0% |
Mafutaga ma uo | ||
Lelei tele | 104 | 33.2 |
Lelei | 117 | 37.4 |
tonu | 77 | 24.6 |
leaga | 11 | 3.5 |
Laulau 2
Manatu e uiga i ponokalafi taumafaina ma eseesega o itupa
Variata | itupa | p tāua | ||
---|---|---|---|---|
Tama (%) | Tamaitai (%) | Aofa'iga (%) | ||
O le manatu o ponokalafi e leagaa | ||||
E mafai ona faatiga ma faalumaina | 134 (62.0%) | 61 (62.9%) | 195 (62.3%) | 0.886 |
E mafai ona fa'aleagaina mafutaga fa'afeusuaiga | 111 (51.4%) | 29 (29.9%) | 140 (44.7%) | 0.001 |
E mafai ona aafia ai le faia o solitulafono tau feusuaiga, e aofia ai le toso teine | 100 (46.3%) | 46 (47.4%) | 146 (46.6%) | 0.853 |
E mafai ona mafua ai le malepelepe o amioga a le nuu | 111 (51.4%) | 45 (46.4%) | 156 (49.8%) | 0.414 |
E mafai ona solia mataupu faavae faalelotu | 146 (67.6%) | 49 (50.5%) | 195 (62.3%) | 0.004 |
E mafai ona ta'ita'i mai le leaga i le leaga (fa'ata'ita'iga, vaisu tau feusuaiga) | 83 (38.4%) | 43 (44.3%) | 126 (40.3%) | 0.325 |
E mafai ona mafua ai uiga le lelei i le isi itupa | 99 (45.8%) | 32 (33.0%) | 131 (41.9%) | 0.033 |
E mafai ona fa'alauiloa le masturbation | 152 (70.4%) | 28 (28.9%) | 180 (57.5%) | 0.01 |
O le manatu o ponokalafi e leleia | ||||
E mafai ona aʻoaʻoina e uiga i aʻoaʻoga faʻafeusuaiga | 36 (16.7%) | 11 (11.3%) | 47 (15.0%) | 0.222 |
E mafai ona pulea le amio e ui i le masturbation nai lo feusuaiga | 82 (38.0%) | 13 (14.4%) | 96 (30.7%) | 0.000 |
E mafai ona fa'aleleia mafutaga fa'afeusuaiga | 18 (8.3%) | 8 (9.3%) | 27 (8.6%) | 0.783 |
E mafai ona o'o atu ai i uiga fa'aalia e uiga i fa'afeusuaiga | 48 (22.2%) | 12 (13.4%) | 61 (19.5%) | 0.068 |
E mafai ona ofoina atu se nofoaga e le afaina mo le le masani ai po o isi mafaufauga patino | 50 (23.1%) | 8 (9.3%) | 59 (18.8%) | 0.004 |
E mafai ona avea ma se faiga fa'ale-agafesootai o fa'aaliga fa'atagata | 40 (18.5%) | 8 (9.3%) | 49 (15.7%) | 0.037 |
Laulau 3
Le taumafaina o ponokalafi o tagata auai ma eseesega o itupa
Variata | itupa | p tāua | ||
---|---|---|---|---|
Tama (%) | Tamaitai (%) | Aofa'iga (%) | ||
Feiloai i ponokalafi | ||||
aua lava nei | 27 (12.6%) | 60 (64.5%) | 87 (28.2) | 0.001 |
ioe | 188 (87.4%) | 33 (35.5%) | 221 (71.8) | |
Muamua na faailoa mai e | ||||
Uo vavalalata | 84 (38.8%) | 24 (24.8%) | 108 (34.5%) | 0.025 |
O oe lava | 88 (40.8%) | 11 (11.4%) | 99 (31.6%) | 0.000 |
Na maua fa'afuase'i ile initaneti | 36 (16.7%) | 10 (10.3%) | 46 (14.7%) | 0.142 |
ese | 34 (16.0%) | 8 (8.5%) | 42 (13.7%) | 0.080 |
Le feiloaiga muamua o ponokalafi | ||||
Aoga Tulagalua (6–12 tausaga) | 24 (12.8%) | 6 (14%) | 30 (13.1%) | 0.001 |
Aoga Maualuga (13–17 tausaga) | 137 (72.8%) | 18 (43.9%) | 155 (66.6%) | |
Iunivesite (18 i le sili atu tausaga) | 27 (14.3%) | 17 (41.5%) | 44 (19.2%) | |
Taumafa ponokalafi | ||||
Tasi pe lua taimi i taimi uma | 89 (42.2%) | 21 (9.7%) | 110 (50.9%) | 0.001 |
Faatasi i le vaiaso | 43 (19.9%) | 7 (3.2%) | 50 (23.1%) | |
O ni nai taimi i le vaiaso | 39 (18.1%) | 2 (0.9%) | 41 (19.0%) | |
Faatasi i le aso | 6 (2.8%) | 2 (0.9%) | 8 (3.7%) | |
Fa'atele taimi i le aso | 6 (2.8%) | 1 (.0.5%) | 7 (3.2%) | |
Fa'atele ona fa'aalia i ponokalafi (15 aso mulimuli) | ||||
Ou te leʻi faʻaaogaina porn i le 15 aso talu ai | 66 (35.1%) | 21 (51.2%) | 87 (38.0%) | 0.008 |
I lalo ifo o le 1 h | 68 (36.2%) | 7 (17.1%) | 75 (32.8%) | |
2–5 h | 35 (18.6%) | 3 (7.3%) | 38 (16.6%) | |
6–15 h | 13 (6.9%) | 6 (14.6%) | 19 (8.3%) | |
Sili atu i le 16 h | 6 (3.2%) | 4 (9.7%) | 10 (1.7%) | |
Ituaiga o ponokalafi o lo o auai i ai | ||||
Su'e ata e le lavalava | 50 (23.7%) | 9 (9.3%) | 59 (19.2%) | 0.003 |
Va'ai i se mekasini fa'afeusuaiga | 65 (30.8%) | 10 (10.3%) | 75 (24.4%) | 0.001 |
Matamata i se vitio le lavalava | 113 (53.6%) | 13 (13.4%) | 126 (40.9%) | 0.001 |
Fa'anatu fa'afeusuaiga i se tasi | 70 (32.5%) | 10 (10.3%) | 80 (25.5%) | 0.025 |
Auai i telefoni po'o talatalanoaga feusua'iga | 27 (12.6%) | 5 (5.2%) | 32 (10.3%) | 0.046 |
Mafuaaga mo le taumafaina o ponokalafi | ||||
Ona o le fia iloa | 80 (37.0%) | 28 (28.9%) | 108 (34.5%) | 0.160 |
E faafiafia ai au | 82 (38.0%) | 6 (6.2%) | 88 (28.1%) | 0.001 |
O le masturbate | 98 (45.4%) | 9 (9.3%) | 107 (34.1%) | 0.001 |
O le auai i mafaufauga feusuai | 84 (38.9%) | 8 (8.3%) | 92 (29.4%) | 0.002 |
Ina ia faaleleia lo'u lagona | 24 (11.1%) | 8 (8.2%) | 32 (10.2%) | 0.439 |
E a'oa'oina a'u | 22 (10.2%) | 7 (7.2%) | 29 (9.3%) | 0.402 |
O tali i le taumafaina o ponokalafi | ||||
Leai se faʻafitauli-ua ou lelei i laʻu faʻaoga ponokalame | 63 (29.2%) | 12 (12.4%) | 75 (24.0%) | 0.001 |
Ou te masturbate | 144 (66.6%) | 16 (16.5%) | 160 (51.1%) | 0.001 |
Ou te lagona le agasala a o ou faaaogaina ponokalafi | 53 (24.5%) | 9 (9.3%) | 62 (19.8%) | 0.002 |
ese | 35 (16.2%) | 12 (12.4%) | 47 (15.0%) | 0.380 |
Taumamao mai ponokalafi | ||||
ioe | 144 (73.8%) | 35 (79.5%) | 179 (74.9%) | 0.431 |
leai | 51 (26.2%) | 9 (20.5%) | 60 (25.1%) | |
Laasaga e mafai ona faia e aloese ai mai ponokalafi | ||||
Mulimuli i aoaiga faalelotu | 132 (61.1%) | 26 (26.8%) | 158 (50.5%) | 0.001 |
Faitatala ma uo | 95 (44.0%) | 14 (14.4%) | 109 (34.8%) | 0.001 |
Auai i su'esu'ega/galuega | 100 (46.3%) | 23 (23.7%) | 123 (39.3%) | 0.001 |
E tatau ona tape saite o ponokalafi | 72 (33.3%) | 14 (14.4%) | 86 (27.5%) | 0.001 |
Auai i galuega e fiafia i ai | 98 (45.4%) | 25 (25.8%) | 123 (39.3%) | 0.001 |
Laulau 4
Su'esu'ega fa'aletonu o mea e feso'ota'i ma le taumafaina o ponokalafi
Variata | Taumafa ponokalafi | |
---|---|---|
Fuafuaga fa'aletonu (95% va'aiga mautinoa) | p tāua | |
Fa'ailoga tagata | ||
itupa | ||
tane | 12.66 (7.05 - 22.74) | 0.001 |
fafine | 1.00 | |
Sau mai (nofoaga) | ||
Nofoaga i taulaga | 0.52 (0.31 - 0.86) | 0.010 |
Itumalo | 1.00 | |
Mafutaga ma uo tama/uo teine | ||
Leai se mafutaga | 0.53 (0.30 - 0.94) | 0.029 |
Fai se mafutaga | 1.00 | |
aia | ||
faaaogaina Facebook | ||
ioe | 2.062 (1.246 - 3.413) | 0.005 |
leai | 1.00 | |
Faalogo i musika | ||
ioe | 1.118 (0.676 - 1.850) | 0.663 |
leai | 1.00 | |
Matamata i tifaga | ||
ioe | 2.122 (1.280 - 3.518) | 0.004 |
leai | 1.00 | |
Auai i se mafutaga | ||
ioe | 1.664 (0.853 - 3.247) | 0.135 |
leai | 1.00 | |
Faitatala ma uo | ||
ioe | 1.371 (0.833 - 2.255) | 0.214 |
leai | 1.00 | |
Faitau tusi | ||
ioe | 0.606 (0.368 - 0.999) | 0.049 |
leai | 1.00 | |
malaga | ||
ioe | 1.504 (0.913 - 2.479) | 0.109 |
leai | 1.00 | |
Tuʻua toatasi | ||
ioe | 0.526 (0.314 - 0.879) | 0.014 |
leai | 1.00 | |
O le manatu e uiga i ponokalafi e leaga le faʻaaogaina | ||
Ita ma faalumaina | ||
ioe | 0.858 (0.511 - 1.442) | 0.564 |
leai | 1.00 | |
Fa'aleagaina mafutaga fa'afeusuaiga | ||
ioe | 3.019 (1.751 - 5.205) | 0.001 |
leai | 1.00 | |
E aafia ai le faia o solitulafono tau feusuaiga, e aofia ai le toso teine | ||
ioe | 0.935 (0.569 - 1.537) | 0.792 |
leai | 1.00 | |
Le malepelepe o amioga a nuu | ||
ioe | 0.951 (0.579 - 1.562) | 0.843 |
leai | 1.00 | |
Le solia o mataupu faavae faalelotu | ||
ioe | 1.330 (0.802 - 2.207) | 0.269 |
leai | 1.00 | |
E taʻitaʻia mai le leaga i le leaga (faʻataʻitaʻiga, vaisu i feusuaiga) | ||
ioe | 1.091 (0.657 - 1.812) | 0.736 |
leai | 1.00 | |
Siitia uiga le lelei i le isi itupa | ||
ioe | 1.570 (0.938 - 2.629) | 0.086 |
leai | 1.00 | |
Fa'ateleina le masturbation | ||
ioe | 4.895 (2.864 - 8.366) | 0.001 |
leai | 1.00 | |
O le manatu e uiga i ponokalafi e lelei le faʻaaogaina | ||
E mafai e tagata ona aʻoaʻoina aʻoaʻoga tau feusuaiga | ||
ioe | 1.548 (0.733 - 3.270) | 0.252 |
leai | 1.00 | |
E mafai ona pulea le amio e ui i le masturbation nai lo feusuaiga | ||
ioe | 4.318 (2.170 - 8.591) | 0.001 |
leai | 1.00 | |
E mafai ona faʻaleleia le faʻafeusuaiga | ||
ioe | 1.417 (0.552 - 3.841) | 0.468 |
leai | 1.00 | |
E mafai ona o'o atu ai i uiga fa'aalia e uiga i fa'afeusuaiga | ||
ioe | 2.310 (1.114 - 4.790) | 0.024 |
leai | 1.00 | |
E ofoina atu se nofoaga e le afaina ai mo le le masani ai po o isi mafaufauga patino | ||
ioe | 2.962 (1.342 - 6.538) | 0.007 |
leai | 1.00 | |
Faiga fa'aagafesootai fa'apitoa o fa'aaliga fa'atagata | ||
ioe | 4.077 (1.559 - 10.662) | 0.004 |
leai | 1.00 |
E faʻapea foʻi, o taunuʻuga mai suʻesuʻega faʻasolosolo na faʻaalia ai o le tane o se vaʻaiga o le faʻaaogaina o ponokalafi (OR = 12.66; 95% CI: 7.05-22.74). Tamaiti aʻoga mai nuʻu i tua (OR = 1.93; 95% CI: 1.17-3.20) ma i latou o loʻo auai i mafutaga (OR = 1.87; 95% CI 1.07-3.29) na faʻaalia foi o ni tagata vavalo o le faʻaaogaina o ponokalafi. Faatasi ai ma mea fiafia, faʻaaogaina Facebook (OR = 2.06; 95% CI: 1.25-3.41) ma le matamata i ata tifaga (OR = 2.122; 95% CI 1.28-3.52) o faʻamatalaga sili ona malosi o le taumafaina o ponokalafi. E tusa ai ma manatu le lelei o ponokalafi, o ponokalafi faʻaaogaina na valoia e ala i le vaʻaia o ponokalafi e pei o (i) faʻalauteleina le masturbation (OR = 4.86; 95% CI 2.86-8.37), (ii) faʻaleagaina sootaga feusuaʻi (OR = 3.02; 95% CI 1.75- 5.20), ma le (iii) i ai ni uiga le lelei i le isi itupa (OR = 1.57; 95% CI 0.94-2.63). E tusa ai ma manatu lelei o ponokalafi, o ponokalafi faʻaaogaina na valoia e ala i le vaʻaia o ponokalafi e pei o (i) pulea amioga e ala i le masturbation nai lo feusuaiga (OR = 4.32; 95% CI 2.17-8.59), (ii) o se faiga faʻaagafesootai o faatufugaga. fa'aalia o le tagata lava ia (OR = 4.077; 95% CI 1.56-10.66), (iii) ofoina atu se nofoaga e le afaina ai mo le le masani ai po'o isi mafaufauga patino (OR = 2.96; 95% CI 1.34-6.54), ma le (iv) e tau atu i le sili atu ona matala. uiga e uiga i feusuaiga (OR = 2.31; 95% CI 1.11-4.79).
Talanoaga
O le faʻamoemoe o le suʻesuʻega nei o le suʻesuʻeina lea o le taumafaina ma uiga agaʻi i ponokalafi ma a latou mea faʻapitoa i le va o tamaiti aʻoga iunivesite a Bangladesh. I'uga na fa'aalia ai toeitiiti atoa le tolu-kuata o tamaiti a'oga na fa'aaogaina ponokalafi ia le itiiti ifo ma le tasi i le olaga atoa (72%). O le aofaʻi o le faʻaaogaina o ponokalafi na itiiti ifo nai lo le lipotia i suʻesuʻega mai Initia (80%; Das 2013), Suetena (98%; Donevan ma Mattebo 2017), ma Ausetalia (87%; Lim et al. 2017), ae sili atu i le tasi suʻesuʻega talu ai i Bangladesh (42%; Chowdhury et al. 2018). O nei fa'ai'uga 'ese'ese e fa'apea ona 'ese'ese metotia, ta'iala, ma fa'ata'ita'iga su'esu'ega. Mo se faʻataʻitaʻiga, o le suʻesuʻega o loʻo i ai nei na faʻafaigaluegaina tamaiti aʻoga i le iunivesite ae o isi suʻesuʻega na faʻaaogaina tagata eseese. O le fa'ata'ita'iga i le su'esu'ega o lo'o i ai nei e sili atu fo'i le tele o (i) avanoa, taugofie auaunaga tau initaneti fa'atusatusa i le su'esu'ega talu ai i Bangladesh ma (ii) masani ma tomai i le mauaina o le initaneti pe a fa'atusatusa i latou i le tele o tagata i tua.
Ona o tekinolosi i luga ole laiga ua sili atu ona faigofie ona maua, taugofie, ma le iloa, (Griffiths 2000; Owens et al. 2012), ua fa'afaigofieina ai tagata ta'ito'atasi ona maua mea i luga o le initaneti o uiga fa'afeusuaiga e aofia ai ata fa'afeusuaiga i luga o le initaneti, talatalanoaga fa'afeusuaiga i luga o le initaneti, ma isi. (Boies 2002; Goodson et al. 2001; Griffiths 2001; 2012; Shaughnessy et al. 2011; Short et al. 2012). O suʻesuʻega faʻasolosolo i le suʻesuʻega nei na faʻaalia ai o le faʻaaogaina o ponokalafi e matua fesoʻotaʻi ma le tele o gaioiga e aofia ai le i ai o mea e fiafia i luga ole laiga (faʻataʻitaʻiga, faʻaaogaina Facebook) ma matamata i ata tifaga. Tuuina atu o le matamata i ata tifaga i luga ole laiga o le ituaiga sili lea ona fiafia i ponokalafi i le suʻesuʻega nei, o le suʻesuʻega e maua ai le malamalama.
Mai le suʻesuʻega o le solomuli, o faʻaiʻuga na faʻaalia ai o tamaiti aʻoga mai nuʻu i tua i Bangladesh e sili atu ona faʻaaogaina ponokalafi mai i latou i taulaga, o le faʻafeagai lea mai le taunuuga o suʻesuʻega talu ai i luga o ponokalafi i Bangladesh (Chowdhury et al. 2018). O le taumafaina o ponokalafi na valoia foi e ala i le i ai i se mafutaga, o se sailiga e lei lipotia muamua i le malamalama o tusitala. E mana'omia su'esu'ega e fa'atalanoa atili ai nei tulaga fa'aletagata e fa'amautu ai lenei ma isi tulaga lamatia o le taumafaina o ponokalafi. O le mea moni, o le tele o tamaiti aʻoga na faʻaaogaina mea faʻafeusuaiga faʻafeusuaiga nai lo tamaitai, ma o suʻesuʻega na faʻaalia ai o tane e 12 taimi e sili atu ona faʻaaogaina ponokalafi nai lo tamaitai e tutusa ma taunuuga mai suʻesuʻega muamua i Amerika (Bleakley et al. 2011; Brown ma L'Engle 2009; Regnerus et al. 2016), Holani (Peteru ma Valkenburg 2006), Hong Kong (Shek ma Ma 2012, 2016), Taiuani (Lo et al. 1999), Suetena (Häggström-Nordin et al. 2006), ma Ausetalia (Lim et al. 2017; Rissel et al. 2017). O tamaloloa o loʻo faʻaaogaina ponokalafi ona o uiga masani masani (Chowdhury et al. 2018), ae o taunuuga o le suʻesuʻega nei o loʻo faʻaalia ai o nisi o fafine o loʻo faʻaaogaina ponokalafi e pei ona matauina i isi mea (Carroll et al. 2008). O le mea e malie ai, e ui lava o le taumafaina o ponokalafi a tamaitai e sili atu le maualalo nai lo alii, faatasi ai ma i latou na mauaina ponokalafi, e sili atu ona matamata tamaitai i ai nai lo alii i tulaga o itula i le 15 aso ua tuanaʻi. Ole su'esu'ega fou lea e le'i lipotia muamua ile tusitusiga ma atonu e mafua ona ole taimi e mana'omia e maua ai le fa'afeusuaiga sili ona lelei (ie, ejaculation/orgasm) e masani ona pupuu i alii nai lo tamaitai (Huey et al. 1981).
O le fua faatatau o ponokalafi fa'aaoga tasi i le vaiaso (23%) na sili atu nai lo Braithwaite et al.'s (2015) lua suʻesuʻega (10% i le suʻesuʻega muamua ma le 14% i le suʻesuʻega lona lua) ae itiiti ifo i le suʻesuʻega a Carroll et al. (27% i tane, 2% i fafine) ma e tutusa ma le suʻesuʻega a Sørensen ma Kjørholt (22). %). O le auai i ponokalafi taumafa i ni nai taimi i le vaiaso (19%) na sili atu nai lo Carroll et al.'s (2008) suʻesuʻega (16% i tane, 0.8% i fafine), ae itiiti ifo nai lo le suʻesuʻega a Sorensen ma Kjørholt (22%). Auai i ponokalafi taumafaina faatasi (3.7%) po o le tele o taimi i le aso (3.2%) na itiiti ifo nai lo Carroll et al.'s (2008) suʻesuʻega (16% faʻatasi i le aso; 5.2% faʻatele taimi i le aso) ae sili atu nai lo Braithwaite et al.'s (2015) suʻesuʻega (tasi i le aso (2%), faʻatele taimi i le aso (2%) i le suʻesuʻega muamua; tasi i le aso (2%), faʻatasi i le aso (3%) i le suʻesuʻega lona lua). O le i ai o se uo mamae e auai i le taumafaina o ponokalafi e sili atu ona aafia ai le taumafaina o ponokalafi a se tagata nai lo le sailia e i latou lava. E le gata i lea, e ui lava o le initaneti o loʻo i ai nei se sao taua i le faʻaaogaina o ponokalafi (Boies 2002; Cooper 1998; Goodson et al. 2001; Griffiths 2012; Shaughnessy et al. 2011; Short et al. 2012), o tagata na auai i le suʻesuʻega nei na sili atu ona faʻaaogaina e ala i isi auala nai lo le initaneti.
O le talavou o le vaitaimi sili lea ona vaivai e fetaiai ma ponokalafi (Bleakley et al. 2011; Donevan ma Mattebo 2017; Hald ma Malamuth 2008; L'Engle et al. 2006; Mattebo et al. 2014; Peter ma Valkenburg 2006; Sørensen ma Kjørholt 2007); o le mea lea, e le o se mea e ofo ai o se vaega tele o tagata auai i le suʻesuʻega nei (ie, 67%) na faʻaalia i ponokalafi i le aoga maualuga (13-17 tausaga). Ae ui i lea, o tamaitai e tutusa lava le avanoa e feiloai muamua i ponokalafi i le iunivesite e pei ona latou i ai i le aoga maualuga. O ituaiga o mea faʻafeusuaiga faʻafeusuaiga na maua i faʻasalalauga eseese i luga ole laiga ma tuusao e aofia ai mekasini ma vitio ma faʻatasi ma suʻesuʻega muamua (Morgan). 2011) e ui o tamaiti Bangladeshi e foliga mai e itiiti le avanoa i ponokalafi i luga o le initaneti nai lo isi atunuu (Griffiths 2012). O le ituaiga sili ona fiafia i ponokalafi e tagata auai i le suʻesuʻega nei o le matamata i ata ponokalafi (41%) lea e sili atu nai lo le tasi suʻesuʻega na faia i Amerika (tane 36%; fafine 24%) (Brown ma L'Engle 2009), ae o le mafaufau e uiga i se tasi i feusuaiga na manatu foi e le 25.5% o tagata auai o se gaoioiga ponokalafi. Pe o se ituaiga moni lea o ponokalafi e matua felafolafoaʻi ma e manaʻomia nisi suʻesuʻega i isi faitau aofaʻi e iloa ai pe o loʻo salalau ia mafaufauga. O nisi o nei su'esu'ega atonu e mafai ona fa'amatalaina e tagata auai o lo'o nonofo i se atunu'u Mosalemi e ui e le'i su'esu'eina le tapua'iga a tagata auai (ma pe na latou ola fa'amalosi i tulafono fa'aMuslimia). O iʻuga ua taʻu mai ai e ui lava o tulaga faʻalelotu ma amioga mama o loʻo matua taatele i Bangladesh, o na tulaga taua e le taofia ai le taumafaina o ponokalafi. Atonu e iai ni a'afiaga i le auala e a'oa'oina ai a'oa'oga tau feusua'iga i le a'oga maualuga ma o a'oa'oga e uiga i ponokalafi e tatau ona avea ma autu e talanoaina nai lo le lē amana'iaina i ia a'oa'oga.
O lenei suʻesuʻega na maua ai e tusa ma le afa o tagata auai na lipotia mai le masturbating aʻo faʻaaogaina ponokalafi, lea e laʻititi nai lo se suʻesuʻega muamua a Kanata (40%) (Boies 2002). E pei o suʻesuʻega o isi suʻesuʻega, o suʻesuʻega o loʻo i ai nei na maua ai o mafuaʻaga masani mo le faʻaaogaina o ponokalafi e mo le faʻasaʻolotoina o le tino ma le masturbation, fiailoa, aʻoaʻoga faʻafeusuaiga, ma mafaufauga faʻamalieina (eg, Boies. 2002; Merrick et al. 2013; Paulo ma Semu 2008). O nei "lelei" mafuaʻaga mo ponokalafi sa le maofa i le vaʻaia o ponokalafi faʻaaogaina i le suʻesuʻeina o le solomuli. I atunuu Mosalemi e pei o Bangladesh, o feusuaiga ma ponokalafi e le taumateina o ni mataupu maaleale ma natia tapu (Ahsan et al. 2016). O tagata auai i suʻesuʻega o loʻo i ai nei atonu e faʻapitoa faʻalelotu ma aganuu ma o o latou talitonuga faʻalelotu, tautinoga, ma amioga na ono aʻafia ai a latou mafuaaga e mafua ai ona "leaga" ponokalafi, e pei o le faʻaleagaina ma le faʻaleagaina, solia o mataupu faʻalelotu, ma feteenaʻi ma o latou tulaga faatauaina patino (Patterson ma Price 2012). O tulaga taua e fesoʻotaʻi ma manaʻoga faʻafeusuaiga ma amioga i Bangladesh e tatau ona faia i totonu ole monogamous, faaipoipo, ma faʻafeusuaiga (Perry). 2017). E mana'omia nisi su'esu'ega i le fete'ena'iga i le va o le aganu'u ma le tapua'iga a se atunu'u e fa'amoemoe mai se va'aiga fa'afeusuaiga ma le mea e tupu moni.
O aafiaga o le soona taumafaina o ponokalafi e mafai ona tetee i le soifua maloloina o le atunuu e aofia ai le soifua maloloina faaletino, soifua maloloina o feusuaiga, ma le soifua maloloina o le mafaufau (Flood). 2009; Lalaga III et al. 2011), ma o le a'afiaga o lenei mea o lona uiga o le a'oa'oina o feusuaiga i totonu o ia atunuu e tatau ona sili atu ona fa'atino ma fa'aitiitia le amio lelei aemaise lava i tupulaga talavou ma tagata matutua ua a'e mai. Ae ui i lea, e tatau foi ona maitauina o nisi o suʻesuʻega e fai mai o ponokalafi e mafai ona faʻaitiitia ai le lelei o le olaga ma faʻafaigofie ai uiga le lelei e uiga i le faauo ma le faʻaaloalo i le isi itupa (Hald ma Malamuth 2008; Paulo ma Semu 2008), a'afiaga leaga i mafutaga (Maddox et al. 2011), ma iʻu ai i le malepe o faaipoipoga (Paulo ma Semu 2008). O nisi na auai i le suʻesuʻega nei e manino lava e leai se fiafia i ponokalafi soo se mea, ma atonu na mafua ona o le mea na lagona e le tagata auai e ono aʻafia ai a latou lava mafutaga. O lenei mea na sili atu ona taatele i tamaitai na auai i le suʻesuʻega nei. Na tuuina mai e le au auai le tele o fautuaga i auala e aloese ai mai le taumafaina o ponokalafi e aofia ai le mulimuli i aʻoaʻiga faʻalelotu, auai i galuega ma / poʻo suʻesuʻega, ma le faitatala ma uo. O a'afiaga o lenei su'esu'ega o lo'o ta'u mai ai i Bangladesh (a itiiti ifo), o ia mea e mafai ona aofia ai e mafai ona fa'atalanoaina autu i polokalame fa'alesoifua maloloina fa'afeusuaiga i a'oga maualuluga ma iunivesite.
tapulaa
O le suʻesuʻega o loʻo iai nei ua leai sona tapulaʻa. O le su'esu'ega o lo'o i ai nei sa fa'asaga i le mamanu ma o lea e le mafai ai ona tu'uina atu se fa'amatalaga o le mafua'aga. Ina ia foia lea tulaga, e mana'omia ni su'esu'ega umi o le taumafaina o ponokalafi e iloilo ai le mafua'aga o sootaga i le va o fesuiaiga ua iloiloina. O le faʻataʻitaʻiga lapoʻa sa laʻititi foi, ma o faʻamaumauga o le lipoti a le tagata lava ia (ma tatala i faʻaituau taʻutaʻua e pei o le manatuaina ma le manaʻoga lautele). Ole fua faatatau ole tali (62.6%) e ui ina mautinoa lelei o lona uiga e tusa ma le tasi vaetolu o na tagata na o atu e le'i auai. E le o iloa mafuaaga o le le auai ae e ono afaina ai taunuuga. O su'esu'ega i le lumana'i e tatau ona aofia ai ni fa'ata'ita'iga tetele ma taumafai e fa'ateleina le aofa'i o le 'auai. E le gata i lea, o le suʻesuʻega o loʻo i ai nei sa faia i le iunivesite e tasi e lata ane i le laumua o Bangladesh ma o le mea lea e mafai ai ona faʻatapulaʻaina le faʻasalalauga i isi faʻataʻitaʻiga a le iunivesite (ma isi ituaiga o tagata) i totonu o le atunuʻu (ma isi atunuu). O le mea la lea, o suʻesuʻega i le lumanaʻi e tatau ona faʻaaoga atili faʻataʻitaʻiga faʻataʻitaʻiga i Bangladesh ma isi atunuu.
faaiuga
O le suʻesuʻega o loʻo i ai nei na maua ai ni suʻesuʻega fou e faʻaalia ai o manatu ma uiga i le taumafaina o ponokalafi e mafai ona feteʻenaʻi i se aganuʻu faʻalelotu ma faʻamaonia atili suʻesuʻega. O suʻesuʻega a le suʻesuʻega e faʻaopoopo i faʻamaoniga o loʻo i ai e uiga i le fesoʻotaʻiga i le va o mea taua, manatu, ma uiga i le vavalo o le taumafaina o ponokalafi. E maua ai foi faʻamatalaga mai se atunuʻu e seasea suʻesuʻeina le autu o ponokalafi ma lona taumafaina. I'uga na fa'aalia ai o se vaega tele o tamaiti a'oga Bangladesh e 'aina ponokalafi e ui lava e tele le fa'amamafa i feusuaiga na'o le monogamous ma i totonu o se fa'aipoipoga fa'afeusuaiga. O a'afiaga fa'ale-agafesootai (e pei o le sau mai se nu'u i tua) na feso'ota'i ma le taumafaina o ponokalafi i le su'esu'ega nei ma e ono avea ma se mea fa'apitoa i Bangladesh ma/po'o tu ma aga fa'alelotu fa'apena. E le gata i lea, o manatu e uiga i ponokalafi o le lelei ma le leaga e itiiti lava se mea e faamanino ai uiga moni o tagata taʻitoʻatasi i le taumafaina o ponokalafi. O le tele o mea leaga na taʻua e uiga i ponokalafi e foliga mai na taʻua mai i le talitonuga faʻalelotu, amio mama, ma le aganuu (manaʻomia lautele) ae o mea lelei atonu na taʻua mai se vaaiga patino ma/poʻo le faʻataʻitaʻiga. O le matafaioi a le itupa ma le lotu (e aofia ai ona talitonuga ma amioga) e tusa ai ma le taumafaina o ponokalafi e manaʻomia ai suʻesuʻega atili i Bangladesh ma isi atunuu.
Faamatalaga
tautinoga
E fa'afetaia e le au tusitala le 'au a'oa'o a le Fa'alapotopotoga o Su'esu'ega Maualuga ia Abu Bakkar Siddique, Shahzabein Ritu, ma Ahsanul Mahbub Jubayar; ma Sahadat Hossain & Fatema Rahaman Mishu, Matagaluega o le Soifua Maloloina a le Malo & Informatics, Iunivesite o Jahangirnagar, mo le lagolago talafeagai i le taimi o le aoina o faʻamatalaga ma faʻaoga.
faatupeina
Faatupeina e le tagata lava ia.
Tausisia o Tulaga Faatauaina
Amio Taualoa
O le su'esu'ega na fa'amaonia e le Komiti o Iloiloga Fa'ata'ita'i a le 'au su'esu'e a le Matagaluega o le Soifua Malōlōina ma Fa'amatalaga Fa'amatalaga a le iunivesite.
Feeseeseaiga o Tului
Fai mai tusitala e leai ni a latou feeseeseaiga.
mau faasino
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