Ponokalafi Faʻafesoʻotaʻiga o le "Filifili ‑ Faʻaaliga": Tuʻu e Tuʻu, Tuʻu I II (2021) e Paul J. Wright

Wright, PJ  Arch Sex Behav 50, 393–399 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10508-021-01922-z

“Tu’u pea, tu’u

Ua le mafai ona toe taofia

Tuʻu pea, tuʻu e alu

Liliu ese ma tapuni le faitotoa” (Elsa – Disney's faʻaʻaisa)

I se isi Tusi i lenei lomiga, na ou tusia ai se faʻamatalaga puupuu i luga o le tele o faʻalavelave o le auala o loʻo i ai nei i suiga lona tolu i suʻesuʻega o aafiaga ponokalafi (Wright, 2021). Ou te faʻamoemoe o le a faitau e le au faitau o lenei Tusi lona faʻamuamua, ae o lona suʻesuʻega e tatau i tagata suʻesuʻe ponokalafi ona faʻaogaina suiga lona tolu e fai ma faʻamatalaga (faʻataʻitaʻiga, mea e vaʻaia ai le tele o taimi ma le ituaiga o ponokalafi e faʻaaogaina), mediators (ie, masini e feaveaʻi ai aafiaga o ponokalafi. ), po'o fa'atonu (elemene o tagata ma fa'alapotopotoga e fa'alavelave pe fa'afaigofieina a'afiaga o ponokalafi),

Pe a ma le sefulu tausaga ua tuai i le faʻaʻaisa pati, ina ua faatoa maua la’u tama teine ​​i se tausaga e tauva ai Aperaamo, sa ou ta’ua ai Elsa i le fai atu i a’u uo e “Tu’u ese” le “tulaga e ono fememea’i” ma agai atu i se “vaega, faagasologa, ma mea e ono tutupu mai”. E pei ona ou matauina, o lenei apoapoaiga sa na o ni nai tausaga i le faiga ma sa ou lagona le toafimalie ina ua iu ina faailoa aloaia atu.

Ae ui i lea, i aso na sosoo ai, o se lagona o le "galuega e leʻi maeʻa" na faʻateleina le iloa. Sa ou iloaina o loo i ai se isi savali faaumiumi e manaomia ona faailoa atu. Liliu atu i Frozen II i le taimi nei mo musumusuga (a o laʻu tama teine ​​​​ua agai atu i le isi malaga a Elsa ma Ana), ou te sii maia Ana ma faʻamalosia aʻu uo e vaʻai i le valea o ana upu aʻo faʻaaogaina i le taimi nei i le "filifiliga-faʻaalia e fai ma isi faʻamatalaga" faʻasalalauga i luga o le koluse. -vaega o ponokalafi aafiaga su'esu'ega.

Fa'afitauli Fa'aletonu i le taimi nei

“O nisi mea e moni i taimi uma; O nisi mea e le suia lava”

(Anna – Disney's Frozen II)

E pei ona iloa e soʻo se tagata faitau e masani lava i vaega o talanoaga o tusi faʻaoga ponokalafi o loʻo faʻaogaina faʻamatalaga faʻasalalauga, o se faʻamaoniga faʻamaonia o le a lapataia e tusitala soʻo se fegalegaleaiga latou te maua i le va o ponokalafi faʻaaogaina (X) ma le talitonuga, uiga, poʻo amioga o loʻo suʻesuʻeina (Y) atonu e mafua ona o le "fa'aalia-filifiliga" (fa'atusa, o tagata ua i ai le talitonuga, uiga, poʻo amioga faʻataʻitaʻiga o loʻo faʻapipiʻiina i totonu o faʻasalalauga faʻafeusuaiga o loʻo faʻaalia ai) ae le o fegalegaleaiga faʻafeusuaiga (ie, tagata o loʻo aʻafia e le faʻasalalauga faʻafeusuaiga i totonu le faasinoga o le talitonuga, uiga, po o amioga). I se isi faaupuga, o le a faʻaaogaina e le au tusitala le tulaga e ui lava i itulau o manatu faʻavae ma manatu faʻapitoa latou te tuuto atu i le faʻamaoniaina o se X → Y malosi i la latou vaega o iloiloga o tusitusiga, e pei lava o le tulaga lena Y → X. Ona valaau lea o le tusitala mo "suʻesuʻega umi" e "talatala" le itu o le mafutaga. O se toe iloiloga o vaega o talanoaga mai tausaga ma tausaga ua mavae e oo mai i le taimi nei ua faaalia ai e “faamaoni pea” e faapea o sootaga o ponokalafi-o taunuuga e tutusa lava ona mafua ona o le filifilia-faaalia e pei o feusuaiga; o lenei “e le suia lava,” e sii mai ai Ana.

O le mea moni, e fa'afeagai ma le faasaienisi. E leai se mea e "faʻamaoni i taimi uma" i le saienisi, aua o le poto faʻasaienisi "suia" pe a faʻatupuina le malamalama fou. E tusa ai ma Arendt ma Matthes (2017), “O le Saienisi e tuufaatasia i le uiga o suesuega taitasi e fausia i luga o galuega ua mavae” (itulau 2). E tusa ai ma Hocking ma Miller (1974), “E lē manaʻomia e saienitisi ona amata suʻesuʻega mai le amataga. E mafai ona latou fausia i luga o le tino muamua o le malamalama” (itulau 1). Fai mai Sparks (2013), o le faasaienisi e “tatala mo suiga—a o faagasolo taimi, e ono faamoemoeina ni faamaoniga fou e toe iloilo ai auala o loo iai e mafaufau ai i se mea mataʻina” (itulau 14).

E pei ona iloa e soʻo se tagata faitau e masani lava i vaega o talanoaga o tusi faʻaoga ponokalafi o loʻo faʻaogaina faʻamatalaga faʻasalalauga, o se faʻamaoniga faʻamaonia o le a lapataia e tusitala soʻo se fegalegaleaiga latou te maua i le va o ponokalafi faʻaaogaina (X) ma le talitonuga, uiga, poʻo amioga o loʻo suʻesuʻeina (Y) atonu e mafua ona o le "fa'aalia-filifiliga" (fa'atusa, o tagata ua i ai le talitonuga, uiga, poʻo amioga faʻataʻitaʻiga o loʻo faʻapipiʻiina i totonu o faʻasalalauga faʻafeusuaiga o loʻo faʻaalia ai) ae le o fegalegaleaiga faʻafeusuaiga (ie, tagata o loʻo aʻafia e le faʻasalalauga faʻafeusuaiga i totonu le faasinoga o le talitonuga, uiga, po o amioga). I se isi faaupuga, o le a faʻaaogaina e le au tusitala le tulaga e ui lava i itulau o manatu faʻavae ma manatu faʻapitoa latou te tuuto atu i le faʻamaoniaina o se X → Y malosi i la latou vaega o iloiloga o tusitusiga, e pei lava o le tulaga lena Y → X. Ona valaau lea o le tusitala mo "suʻesuʻega umi" e "talatala" le itu o le mafutaga. O se toe iloiloga o vaega o talanoaga mai tausaga ma tausaga ua mavae e oo mai i le taimi nei ua faaalia ai e “faamaoni pea” e faapea o sootaga o ponokalafi-o taunuuga e tutusa lava ona mafua ona o le filifilia-faaalia e pei o feusuaiga; o lenei “e le suia lava,” e sii mai ai Ana.

O le mea moni, e fa'afeagai ma le faasaienisi. E leai se mea e "faʻamaoni i taimi uma" i le saienisi, aua o le poto faʻasaienisi "suia" pe a faʻatupuina le malamalama fou. E tusa ai ma Arendt ma Matthes (2017), “O le Saienisi e tuufaatasia i le uiga o suesuega taitasi e fausia i luga o galuega ua mavae” (itulau 2). E tusa ai ma Hocking ma Miller (1974), “E lē manaʻomia e saienitisi ona amata suʻesuʻega mai le amataga. E mafai ona latou fausia i luga o le tino muamua o le malamalama” (itulau 1). Fai mai Sparks (2013), o le faasaienisi e “tatala mo suiga—a o faagasolo taimi, e ono faamoemoeina ni faamaoniga fou e toe iloilo ai auala o loo iai e mafaufau ai i se mea mataʻina” (itulau 14).

Afai e leai ni suʻesuʻega umi e faʻatusatusa ai fegalegaleaiga faʻafeusuaiga ma faʻamatalaga filifilia-faʻaalia, o le a matua talafeagai mo suʻesuʻega o ponokalafi faʻasalalau e faʻaogaina ai le faʻamatalaga mulimuli o se faʻamatalaga tutusa tutusa mo fesoʻotaʻiga taua na latou maua i le va o ponokalafi-faʻaaogaina ma le iʻuga. (s) sa latou suʻesuʻe. I le faʻasalalauina o le tele o pepa faʻasalalau faʻasalalau e maua ai faʻamaoniga mo fegalegaleaiga faʻafeusuaiga ae le o le filifilia-faʻaalia, ou te iloa o loʻo i ai ia suʻesuʻega, peitaʻi. O se su'esu'ega fa'aumiumi fa'asolosolo e fa'aaogaina fa'amaumauga a le laulau e fa'atusatusa sa'o ai X → Y ma Y → X fa'amatalaga mo le fa'atonuga o le XY sootaga. Talu ai o la'asaga muamua o le fa'ata'ita'iga o lo'o aofia ai o se covariate, o se so'oga fa'amoemoe mata'ina e fa'ailoa mai e feso'ota'i le va'aiga ma suiga ta'ito'atasi i le su'ega i le aluga o taimi.

Ina ia iloa pe i ai isi suʻesuʻega i tua atu o aʻu lava suʻesuʻega, sa ou faia suʻesuʻega a le Google Scholar e faʻaaoga ai seti o faaupuga nei: (1) "ponokalafi" "filifili-faʻaalia" "faʻasalalau" ma le (2) "ponokalafi" "faʻalavelave faʻafuaseʻi" “tuumuli.” Ona e mafai ona taʻalo uma le malosi (Slater, 2015), sa ou faia foi se sailiga mo le “ponokalafi” “faafeagai” “cross-lagged.”

O fa'ai'uga o nei su'esu'ega o lo'o tu'ufa'atasia ile Laulau 1. Mai le 25 suʻesuʻega, o le toʻatele (14) na maua faʻamaoniga o faʻafeusuaiga faʻafeusuaiga naʻo; O ponokalafi muamua na faʻaaoga faʻatatau i se tasi pe sili atu foi o taunuʻuga na suʻesuʻeina, ae o le felafolafoaʻi e le o le tulaga (faʻataʻitaʻiga, tulaga muamua o le taunuuga poʻo taunuʻuga e leʻi vaʻaia le faʻaaogaina mulimuli ane o ponokalafi). E sefulu suʻesuʻega na maua ai faʻamaoniga o se faʻalavelave faʻapitoa (faʻataʻitaʻiga, o mea muamua e mafua ai ona sili atu le faʻaaogaina o ponokalafi nai lo isi ma o nei tagata na aʻafia mulimuli ane i lo latou faʻaalia). Na'o le tasi su'esu'ega na maua ai fa'amaoniga o na'o le fa'aalia o le filifiliga. Ae ui i lea, e pei ona auiliiliina i le vaefaamatalaga o le laulau, o le mamanu o faamaopoopoga lautele na fautua mai ai se mamanu o le a le tutusa o aafiaga po o le leai o se aafiaga i itu uma e lua.

E le gata i lea, o suʻesuʻega faʻavaitaimi umi na maua ai ponokalafi taua → faʻasalalauga taunuʻuga, pe a maeʻa faʻamaumauga mo tulaga muamua o le taunuuga. O faʻataʻitaʻiga o ia suʻesuʻega o loʻo lisiina i le Laulau 2. E pei ona taʻua e Collins et al. (2004) na taʻua i se tasi o suʻesuʻega muamua a le aufaipisinisi o aʻafiaga tau feusuaʻiga, "o matou suʻesuʻega na faʻatonutonuina mo le tulaga o feusuaiga a le tupulaga i le amataga, ma faʻaalia ai se faʻamatalaga o mafuaʻaga faʻafeagai mo a matou sailiga e le faʻamaonia" (itulau 287).

I le aotelega, o le manatu e faapea o sootaga taua i le va o le faaaogaina o ponokalafi ma talitonuga, uiga, ma amioga i suʻesuʻega faʻasalalau e mafai ona mafua atoa i le filifilia-faʻaalia e feteenai ma faʻamatalaga faʻaputuina ma e mafai ona lagolagoina e se filosofia (e tetee atu i upusii. Arendt & Matthes, 2017; Hocking & Miller, 1974; Sparks, 2013) fa'apea o le saienisi e le fa'aopoopoina ma o su'esu'ega ta'itasi o se vaega tu'ufua e tu na o ia; e tatau i saienitisi ona amata mai le maoaʻe i suʻesuʻega taʻitasi-e le mafai ona latou fausia i luga o le tino muamua o le malamalama; ma o le faasaienisi e le o avanoa mo suiga-e tusa lava po o le a le gasologa o le taimi ma faʻamaoniga fou, o auala e mafaufau ai i se mea mataʻutia e le tatau ona toe faʻaleleia.

Fautuaga i Tusitala, Fa'atonu, ma Fa'atonu

Tuuina atu i luga, ou te fautuaina mea nei i le au tusitala, faatonu, ma tagata e iloiloina suesuega o aafiaga o ponokalafi o loo i luga o le vaega o loo maua ai le taumatematega o sootaga taua i le va o le faaaogaina o ponokalafi ma talitonuga, uiga, ma amioga.

tusitala: Aua ne'i ta'ua o le fa'aalia-filifili ose fa'amatalaga e tutusa lelei mo au su'esu'ega. Afai e manaʻomia oe e le au suʻesuʻe ma le au faatonu, tuʻuina atu ia i latou lenei Tusi. Afai latou te mana'omia pea, tusi le fa'amatalaga e tatau ona fa'asalalauina o le "tapu'aiga" i se auala e fa'asa'olotoina ai oe mai lenei manatu le iloa ma fa'asino i lenei Tusi.

Tagata su'esu'e: Aua le fai atu i tusitala e ta'u mai o le fa'aalia o le filifilia o se fa'amatalaga e tutusa lelei mo a latou fa'ai'uga se'i vagana ua mafai ona e fa'ailoa fa'apitoa pe aisea e fa'apitoa ai a latou fa'amatalaga ma mea na maua e fa'apea o le fa'aputuina o fa'amaoniga e fa'afeagai e le talafeagai. Tuuina atu le tulaga o tusitusiga, o le tiute o loʻo ia te oe e faʻamatalaina pe aisea e matuaʻi filifilia ai le faʻasalalauga faʻasalalauga faʻasalalau e tusitala. Afai na faia e le au tusitala ia latou lava faʻamatalaga, fautua atu latou te aveese ma faasino i latou i lenei Tusi.

Faʻatonu: Fa'apulea tagata su'esu'e e le'i fa'ailoaina o lo'o mana'omia e tusitala e fai le fa'atonuga fa'aalia. Fa'ailoa i tusitala o lenei Tusi ma fautua atu e ui ina mafai ona faia se mataupu mo se fa'atupu fa'aletonu, ae o se mataupu mo na'o le fa'aalia e le mafai ona fa'amauina ona o le tulaga o tusitusiga i le taimi nei.

Laulau 1 – Fa'asagaga o ponokalafi fa'aumiumi a'afiaga o su'esu'ega fa'atusatusaga fa'afeusuaiga fa'afeusuaiga ma fa'amatalaga fa'aalia-fa'aalia.

Laulau 2 - Fa'ailoga fa'ata'ita'iga fa'ata'ita'i tu'u umi ponokalafi su'esu'ega fa'afeusuaiga fa'afeusuaiga

mau faasino

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