Faʻafitauli Faʻataʻitaʻiga Faʻaoga Faʻaaoga i Iapani: O Se Uluaʻi Suesuega I Iunivesite Tamaiti Aʻoga (2021)

O le faʻaaogaina o ponokalafi o se amioga faʻateleina masani i le lalolagi atoa. E ui lava o le tele o tagata faʻaoga ua lipotia ni aafiaga lelei o ponokalafi faʻaaogaina (Hald ma le Malamuth, 2008), o nisi na lipotia ni faʻaletonu aʻafiaga ona o le soʻona faʻaoga (Gola ma Potenza, 2016). E tusa ai ma se iloiloga talu ai nei, o le tele o suʻesuʻega faʻamatalaina sili atu ponokalafi faʻaaogaina o le i ai o se le lelei aʻafiaga o se ono ono aʻafia amioga, pei o initaneti vaisu (de Alarcón et al., 2019). Faʻatasi ai ma tagata suʻesuʻe, e taʻua o faʻafitauli tau ponokalafi faʻafitauli (Fernandez ma Griffiths, 2019), ma e iloga mai i faʻatonutonu faigata, soʻona faʻaaoga, aloese mai lagona le lelei, ma le faʻaauau faʻaoga tusa lava poʻo le a le leaga aʻafiaga (Kor et al., 2014). I se faʻaopopoga, faʻafitauli faʻa ponokalafi faʻafitauli mafai ona faʻamatalaina i se amioga faʻavasega auivi, lea e aofia ai le ono autu vaega o vaisu (Griffiths, 2005): salience (pe a avea se gaioiga avea ma mea sili ona taua i le olaga o se tasi), suia uiga (faʻaaogaina o amioga e suia ai le lagona o se tasi), toʻesea (o se le lelei lagona faʻalemafaufau tulaga e maua pe a taofi le amio), faʻapalepale (manaʻomia se faʻateleina i amioga masani e maua ai tutusa auga), toe faʻafoʻi (toe foʻi i muamua amioga faʻavae ina ua maeʻa), ma feteʻenaʻiga (leaga faʻamaʻiga o amioga ua fai ma vaisu) (Fernandez ma Griffiths, 2019; Chen ma Jiang, 2020). O faʻafitauli tau ponokalafi faʻafitauli e fesoʻotaʻi foʻi ma isi amioga ua fai ma vaisu, e pei o, feusuaʻiga, petipeti, initaneti, ma taʻaloga (Kor et al., 2014; Stockdale ma Coyne, 2018). E ui lava o faʻafitauli tau ponokalafi faʻafitauli ua iloa e i ai leaga faʻaletonu e pei foi o isi mausa amioga, e le i suʻesuʻeina i le anotusi o Iapani lea o le maualuga o ponokalafi faʻaaogaina e maualuga. O lenei suʻesuʻega faʻalauteleina luga o loʻo i ai tusitusiga o loʻo faʻatauaina i faʻafitauli tau ponokalafi faʻaaogaina o se tuputupu aʻe i le lalolagi atoa mea tutupu e ala i le lipotia o uiga o faʻafitauli tau ponokalafi faʻaaogaina i totonu o Iapani tamaiti aʻoga. Faʻapitoa lava, matou suʻesuʻe lautele psychopathological faʻailoga, feusuaʻi faʻamalosia, faʻaletonu, popole, ma taumafaiga taumafaiga.

Talu ai o faʻafitauli tau ponokalafi faʻafuaseʻi ua avea o se vaega o faʻamalosia amioga faʻafeusuaiga faʻaletonu i lalo o faʻatonutonu-pulea faʻaletonu i le Faavasega Faʻavaomalo o Faʻamaʻi 11th Revision (Faalapotopotoga o le Soifua Maloloina a le Lalolagi, 2018; Brand et al., 2019a), fesoʻotaʻiga suʻesuʻega na mauaina tele le taulaʻi i tausaga talu ai nei (eg, Kraus et al., 2020). E ui lava e le o faʻamatalaina maoti i le faʻamaoniga, o isi amioga tau feusuaʻiga e manatu o ni amioga faʻamalosi faʻamalosi e ono aofia ai le taaloalo i totogasā, feusuaiga i luga o telefoni, cybersex, strip club, ma feusuaʻiga ma maliega matutua (Kafka, 2010; Gola et al., 2020). O nei amioga tau feusuaiga e mafai ona vaevaeina i ni vaega se lua: taʻitasi faʻavae, lea e le manaʻomia le aʻafia o se paʻaga (eg, faʻaaloalo); ma paʻaga-faʻavae, lea e manaʻomia le aʻafia o se paʻaga (eg, faʻaletonu le faʻamaoni) (Efrati ma Mikulincer, 2018). Faʻafitauli faʻa ponokalafi faʻaaogaina faʻavasegaina o se tagata-faʻavae amioga faʻafeusuaiga (Efrati ma Mikulincer, 2018). I se faʻaopopoga, faʻafitauli ponokalafi faʻaaoga o le sili ona taatele amioga lipotia e tagata taʻitoʻatasi saili togafitiga mo feusuaʻiga (Reid et al., 2012a, b). I se suʻesuʻega talu ai, tasi i le fitu tagata faʻaaoga ata mataga na auai i le suʻesuʻega na faʻaalia le fiafia e saili togafitiga mo latou ponokalafi faʻaaogaina (Kraus et al., 2016a). Peitai, o le tele o suʻesuʻega i le fanua na faia i Sisifo atunuu (eg, Grubbs et al., 2019a). O le mea moni, 47.2% o muamua suʻesuʻega na faia faʻaaogaina ai Amerika faʻataʻitaʻiga, ae naʻo le 7.9% na faʻatautaia i atunuʻu i le Global South (eg, Pasila, Saina). O lea la, o loʻo i ai le matelaina o suʻesuʻega i totonu o atunuu e le o Sisifo (Grubbs et al., 2020). Koluse-aganuu suʻesuʻega e manaʻomia e iloilo initaneti feusuaʻiga fai ma vaisu, e aofia ai faʻafitauli tau ponokalafi faʻaaogaina, ona o le eseʻese i le sosaiete faʻaleaganuʻu faʻamatalaga e ono aʻafia ai amioga tau feusuaiga (Griffiths, 2012). Ma le isi, faʻamatalaga mai le sili ona lauiloa ponokalafi 'upega tafaʻilagi i le lalolagi atoa¹ faʻaalia o Iapani na tulaga lua i tulaga o feoaʻiga i aso uma, faatoa maeʻa le Iunaite Setete i le tausaga 2019. E le gata i lea, o ponokalafi i luga o le initaneti ua faʻafesoʻotaʻi ma initaneti togi togi i se faʻataʻitaʻiga mai le atunuʻu faitau aofai o tagata faʻaaoga initaneti i Iapani (Yong et al., 2017). O le mea lea, o nisi tagata ono lipotia leaga le afaina o ponokalafi faʻaaogaina ona o le leiloa o le faʻatonutonuina o se faʻaiuga o le initaneti i totonu o Iapani. Ae ui i lea, e leai se suʻesuʻega i luga o le ono aʻafia o ponokalafi vaisu i Iapani poʻo uiga o tagata Iapani ponokalafi tagata faʻaoga. I se faʻaopopoga, e ui lava o lenei manatu e leʻi faʻamalamalamaina faʻapitoa, o tuinanau i feusuaiga ma ponokalafi e ono avea o se autu maaleale i le aganuu a Iapani (Hirayama, 2019). I Iapani, o aʻoaʻoga atoatoa o feusuaiga e le o aʻoaʻoina malosi, o lea e laʻititi avanoa e maua ai le poto masani e uiga i feusuaiga (Hashimoto et al., 2012). O talanoaga lautele o feusuaiga manaʻomia ma ponokalafi e ono mafua ai le maasiasi, ma feusuaiga tumau pea o se tapu mataupu i Iapani (Inose, 2010; Hirayama, 2019). I se tulaga lautele, ua maitauina e faapea i totonu o le Iapani aganuu aganuu, mataupu o feusuaiga o se maaleale autu e oʻo lava i le aʻoaʻoga matata (Hirayama, 2019). Ae ui i lea, e pei ona taʻua muamua, e faʻaaoga e tagata Iapani le tele o ponokalafi (vaʻai tusitusiga vaefaʻamatalaga 1). O le mea lea, tusa lava pe o se tagata i Iapani e matua aʻafia i faʻafitauli tau ponokalafi faʻafitauli, latou ono faigata ona saili fesoasoani ma a latou amioga ono le amanaʻia e fomaʻi. Matou te talitonu e manaʻomia le faia o se suʻesuʻega e taulaʻi ile faʻafitauli faʻafitauli o ponokalafi i Iapani.

O suʻesuʻega na muamua atu na fuafuaina ai le faʻateleina o vaisu o ponokalafi faʻaaogaina, e ui lava i faigata e iloa ai le saʻo o faʻafitauli o faʻafitauli tau ponokalafi faʻaaogaina i le lautele o tagata o loʻo faʻaaoga eseese iloiloga mea faigaluega. Faataitaiga, Rissel et al. (2017) maua ai o le 4% o aliʻi ma le 1% o fafine na lagona ua fai ma latou vaisu i ponokalafi. I se isi suʻesuʻega, Bőle et al. (2018) lipotia na toeititi lava 4% i-aʻafiaga atamamai ponokalafi i le faʻataʻitaʻiga. E uiga i vaʻaiga lautele i luga ole initaneti, a le o ponokalafi, o le faʻatele o le ogaoga o vaisu i tagata matutua Iapani e 6.1% mo aliʻi ma 1.8% mo fafine (Lu et al., 2011). I se faʻaopopoga, tele o taimi initaneti faʻaaogaina ma le le lelei uiga faʻamatalaina valoia faʻafitauli luga o le initoneti ponokalafi faʻaaogaina i talavou tama e pei o talavou (de Alarcón et al., 2019). O amioga tau feusuaiga e fesoʻotaʻi ma le le lelei o le faʻatonutonu e sili atu ona taatele i aliʻi pe a faʻatusatusa i fafine (Kafka, 2010; Reid et al., 2012b; Kraus et al., 2016b). E leʻo mautinoa pe o faʻafitauli i ponokalafi faʻafitauli i Iapani, e tele na latou faʻaaoga ponokalafi ma oʻo iai lagona le lelei, o loʻo taatele i aliʻi nai lo tamaʻitaʻi.

Faʻafitauli faʻa ponokalafi faʻaaogaina e fesoʻotaʻi ma lautele psychopathological faʻailoga (Brand et al., 2011; Grubbs et al., 2015). E fesoʻotaʻi foʻi ma le le lelei o le psychosocial functioning, e pei o le maualalo o le faʻamalieina i le olaga ma fegalegaleaiga, i totonu o iunivesite tamaiti aʻoga (Harper ma Hodgins, 2016). A faʻapitoa lava, tagata taʻitoʻatasi na auai i faʻafitauli tau feusuaʻiga maualuga-taimi masani faʻaaogaina lipotia maualuga tulaga o feusuaʻiga ma faʻanoanoaga (Bőthe et al., 2020). Faʻaosofia mo ponokalafi faʻaaogaina e faʻavae i luga o se taumafaiga e sola ese mai le le lelei lagona faʻafesoʻotaʻi ma le popole, tuua toʻatasi, impulsiveness, ma le faʻanoanoa (Reid et al., 2011; Baltieri et al., 2015). I se faʻaopopoga, o le fesoʻotaʻiga o le Tagata-Aʻafiaga-Faʻalauiloa-Faʻatinoina (I-PACE) mo le faʻagasologa o le autu o le atinaʻeina ma le tausiga o amioga ua fai ma vaisu aofia ai taofiofia taofi ma faʻagaioiga galue o autu vaega (Brand et al., 2016, 2019b). Tuuina atu le maualuga o le lautele taofiofia le puleaina o galuega a le pulega, feololo i fafo poʻo totonu e faʻaosofia ai e faʻatatau i vaisu amioga, ma filifiliga e auai e faʻatapulaʻaina (Brand et al., 2016, 2019b), faʻafitauli tagata faʻaaoga ponokalafi ono i ai ni tulaga maualalo o le taofiofia faʻatonutonu. I fesoʻotaʻiga suʻesuʻega o le amio ma amioga mataga faʻamalosi, o le faʻataʻitaʻi, o se uiga maulalo ma e tutusa ma le pulega, sa fesoʻotaʻi ma amioga faʻamalosi maualuga ((Efrati, 2018). O le mea moni, o talavou na faʻaalia amioga faʻamalosi feusuaʻiga faʻamalosi e leʻi faʻaaogaina se taumafaiga malosi (Efrati ma Dannon, 2018). E le gata i lea, o taumafaiga faʻataʻitaʻi ua lauiloa e aofia ai le tolu eseesega galuega (Rothbart et al., 2000): faʻatonutonu faʻatonutonu o le agavaʻa e taulaʻi faʻalelei mafaufau pe sui suiga, o le taofiofia taofi o le mafai ona faʻatonutonu tali le talafeagai, ma faʻagaoioia faʻatonutonuina o le mafai lea ona faia se gaioiga e ui i le malosi masani e aloese mai ai. Peitaʻi, o le sootaga i le va o le tolu galuega ma faʻafitauli faʻafitauli faʻaaogaina ponokalafi e leʻi suʻesuʻeina.

O le suʻesuʻega o loʻo faʻamoemoe e faʻailoa mai uiga o le faʻaaogaina o ponokalafi ma tagata taʻitoʻatasi e oʻo iai faʻafitauli tau faʻafitauli tau ponokalafi i tamaiti aʻoga Iapani. Muamua, na matou suʻesuʻeina le pasene o tamaiti Iunivesite a Iapani tamaiti aʻoga na matamata i ponokalafi, o le tele o taimi e faʻaaoga ai i totonu o le masina talu ai, ma le umi o le faʻaaogaina. O suʻesuʻega na muamua atu na faʻailoa mai ai o le 4% o suʻesuʻega faʻataʻitaʻiga o tagata e tele na aʻafia i ponokalafi ma 16.8% o tagata e maualalo le aʻafia (Bőthe et al., 2018). O le mea lea, na matou faʻapea e tusa ma le 4% o tagata o loʻo auai i le taimi nei suʻesuʻega o le a faʻaalia ni faʻafitauli i o latou olaga ona o le tele o ponokalafi faʻaaogaina, ma o le vaevaega o faʻaaogaina ai latou e le lelei le faʻatonutonuina e tusa ma le 16% ma faʻaletonu le faʻatonutonuina o ponokalafi faʻaaogaina. Na matou faʻapea foʻi o le fuainumera o aliʻi e faʻaaoga ponokalafi e le lelei le puleaina o le a faʻafa lona maualuga nai lo fafine, faʻavae i luga o suʻesuʻega muamua (Rissel et al., 2017).

Lona lua, na matou suʻesuʻeina eseesega i le va o tagata taʻitoʻatasi ma faʻaletonu le puleaina ma aunoa ma le faʻaletonu le puleaina o ponokalafi faʻaaogaina, taulaʻi atu i le faʻanoanoa, popole, feusuaʻi faʻamalosia, ma faʻatonutonu tagata. Na matou manatu o tagata faʻaaoga ponokalafi e le lelei le puleaina o le a faʻaalia le maualuga o faʻailoga o le psychopathological e pei o le faʻanoanoa ma le popole, e ogatasi ma tusitusiga muamua (Bőthe et al., 2020). E le gata i lea, ae o le faʻafitauli o tagata ponokalafi faʻafitauli, faʻaalia ai le maualuga o lagona feusuaʻi ma le maualalo o le faʻagaioiga (Brand et al., 2016, 2019b), matou faʻamoemoe e maitauina feusuaʻiga, ma maualalo tulaga o le faʻatonutonu pe a faʻatusatusa i ponokalafi e le o faʻaaogaina ma ponokalafi tagata faʻaoga e aunoa ma le faʻaletonu le puleaina.

Mea ma Metotia

Tagata auai ma Taualumaga

O le suʻesuʻega na faia e faʻaaogaina ai ni metotia se lua o le faʻafaigofieina o faʻataʻitaʻiga i le kolisi tamaiti aʻoga i le iunivesite i le ogatotonu o Iapani. I le muamua metotia, na asia e le tusitala muamua le potuaʻoga ma tufatufa tusi tusi, na aofia ai faʻatonuga e ulufale ai i luga ole laiga i fesili i 216 tamaiti aʻoga. I le auala lona lua, na matou lafoina se fesoʻotaʻiga i luga ole laiga fesili i luga ole laiga i le 70 tamaiti aʻoga e ala i le LINE, o se messenger app. Ae le i tali atu i fesili, o tagata auai uma na mauaina faʻamatalaga e uiga i amioga lelei, fesili maaleale, ma le aia tatau e alu ese ai. O e na auai na tuʻuina atu la latou maliega e auai e ala i se soʻotaga e faʻaaoga ai Google form. Ae le i faʻataʻitaʻia e le au auai fesili i ponokalafi, o le faʻamatalaga faʻatinoina o ponokalafi na saunia: Ponokalafi (1) fausiaina pe faʻaosofia mafaufauga feusuaʻi, lagona, poʻo amioga, ma le (2) o loʻo manino ai ata poʻo faʻamatalaga o amioga faʻafeusuaiga e aofia ai itutinosa (eg, feusuaʻiga feusuaʻiga ma anal, oral sex, poʻo le faʻaaloalo) (Hald ma le Malamuth, 2008; Reid et al., 2011). O le tali atu e 55.2% (n = 158). O gaioiga suʻesuʻe uma na faʻamaonia e le pulega faʻaletonu laupapa o (faʻatauasoina mo le toe iloiloina).

I le toʻa 158 na faʻailoa mai, o nisi na auai na faʻateʻaina ona o lalo o le 19 tausaga le matutua (n = 3) poʻo le tuʻuina atu o fesili le faʻamaeʻaina (n = 5). O le faʻataʻitaʻiga mulimuli na aofia ai le 150 Iapani tamaiti aʻoga i le iunivesite i midland Iapani (86 tamaloloa; 57.3%, 64 fafine; 42.7%) tausaga 20-26 tausaga (uiga tausaga = 21.48, SD = 1.21).

Fua

Ponokalafi Faʻaaoga

Ina ia iloiloina le tele o taimi e faaaoga ai ponokalafi (numera o aso i le masina), na matou fesiligia ai "E fia aso na e faaaogaina ai ponokalafi i le masina ua teʻa?" Ina ia iloiloina le umi o le faʻaaoga i le aso (i minute), na matou fesili ai "O le a le averesi taimi e te faʻaaluina e faʻaaoga ai ponokalafi i le aso pe ae faʻaaogaina?"

Le lelei Pulea o Ponokalafi Faʻaaoga

Ina ia iloiloina faʻafitauli tau ponokalafi faʻaaogaina, na matou faʻaaogaina ni fesili ioe / leai se tolu: "Pe na e le mafai ona taofiofia le soʻona faʻaaoga o ponokalafi?"; "Na e faʻaauau pea ona faʻaaogaina ponokalafi i se auala le mafai ona taofiofia mo le sili atu i le 6 masina?"; ma le "Ua e feagai ma faʻafitauli i aso uma o le olaga ona o le faigata i le puleaina o ponokalafi faʻaaogaina?" O nei fesili puʻupuʻu na atiaʻe e tusitala o le taimi nei suʻesuʻega na faʻasino i tulaga faʻatulagaina fuafuaina mo le faʻamalosia amioga faʻafeusuaiga faʻaletonu: le faʻatonutonuina o le malosi o faʻafitauli tau feusuaʻiga poʻo unaʻi, amioga faʻafeusuaiga fai faʻasolosolo na tupu i le taimi, ma le tele faʻaletonu i se tasi lava olaga. (Kraus et al., 2018; Faalapotopotoga o le Soifua Maloloina a le Lalolagi, 2018). Ae maise lava, ogaoga faʻaletonu i se tasi lava olaga ma faʻaletonu le faʻatonutonuina o ponokalafi faʻaaoga o ni itu taua mai se vaaiga faʻapitoa (Harada, 2019).

Feusuaiga i Feusuaiga

O le Scale Compulsivity Scale (SCS) e 10 aitema (eg, "O loʻu manaʻoga feusuaiga ua faʻalavelave i aʻu ala fegasoloaʻi") fuaina i luga o le fa-fua fua (1 = e le pei o aʻu i le 4 = pei lava o au) ma togi talafeagai amata mai le 10 i le 40 (Kalichman ma Rompa, 1995). Maualuga SCS togi faʻailoa amioga lamatia feusuaʻiga (Kalichman ma Rompa, 1995). I lenei suʻesuʻega, o le faʻa Sapani o le SCS (Inoue et al., 2017) na faʻaaogaina, lea na faʻamaoniaina ai le tumau o le faʻatuatuaina (α = 0.90) ma fausia ai le aoga i Iapani (Inoue et al., 2017). I le taimi nei faʻataʻitaʻiga, o le faʻatuatuaina coefficient faʻaalia maualuga maualuga ogatasi (α = 0.89).

tūlaga faigatā

Le Fesili Soifua Maloloina Fesili (PHQ-9; Kroenke et al., 2001), o se meafaigaluega suʻesuʻe mo tele faʻanoanoaga, e iva aitema (eg, "Laʻititi fiafia pe fiafia i le faia o mea") togiina i luga o le fa-fua fua (0 = e leo mea uma i le 3 = toetoe o aso uma) ma ni togi ono mai le 0 i le 27. I lenei suʻesuʻega, o le faʻa Sapani o le PHQ-9 (Muramatsu et al., 2007) na faʻaaogaina, lea ua faʻamaonia ai le faʻatuatuaina ma le faʻamaonia. O le talitonuina o mea tutusa i suesuega talu ai na faaalia e maualuga (α = 0.86-0.92), ma o le PHQ-9 na maua o se aoga talafeagai o le faanoanoa i le lautele o tagata (Kroenke et al., 2010). I le taimi nei faʻataʻitaʻiga, o le faʻatuatuaina coefficient faʻaalia maualuga maualuga ogatasi (α = 0.81).

fāʻatu

Le fitu-aitema Lautele Faʻaletonu Fua Fua Fua (GAD-7; Spitzer et al., 2006) na faʻaaogaina e iloilo ai le popolevale faʻailoga, ma o aitema (eg, "Lagona popole, popolevale poʻo luga") e fuaina i luga o le fa-fua fua (0 = e leo mea uma i le 3 = toetoe o aso uma) ma ni togi ono mai le 0 i le 21. I lenei suʻesuʻega, o le faʻa Sapani o le GAD-7 (Muramatsu et al., 2010) na faʻaaoga, lea na faʻaalia lelei lelei meatotino psychometric. Le faʻalagolago coefficient (α = 0.92) ma le faʻataʻitaʻiga-toe faʻataʻitaʻia le faʻatuatuaina (r = 0.83) na maualuga i suesuega talu ai, ma le fua na maua o se aoga talafeagai o lautele popolega (Spitzer et al., 2006; Kroenke et al., 2010). I le taimi nei faʻataʻitaʻiga, o le faʻatuatuaina coefficient faʻaalia maualuga maualuga ogatasi (α = 0.86).

Pulea lelei

Le fua faʻataʻitaʻi (EC) fua ole fua ole fesili a le Tagata Matutua (Rothbart et al., 2000) na faʻaaogaina e fua ai le faʻatinoina o galuega. O le fua e aofia ai vaega nei e tolu, ma le aofaʻi o aitema e 35 ia na fuafuaina i luga o le fua e fa (1 = pepelo tele mo aʻu i le 4 = moni mo aʻu): faʻatonutonu faʻatonutonu (eg, "E faigata tele ia te aʻu ona taulaʻi laʻu mafaufau pe a ou mafatia") (12 aitema), taofiofi taofi (faʻataʻitaʻiga, "E masani ona i ai ia te aʻu se faʻafitauli e teʻena ai loʻu manaʻo i meaai, vai inu, ma isi mea." ) (11 aitema), ma le faʻagaoioia le faʻatonutonuina (eg, "E mafai ona ou faia aʻu e galue i se galuega faigata tusa lava pe ou te le manaʻo e taumafai") (12 aitema). O le aofaʻi o togi a le EC na maua mai i togi faʻavaomalo e tolu; maualuga togi faʻailoa mai tulaga maualuga o le EC. I lenei suʻesuʻega, o le faʻa Sapani o le fua o le EC o le Fesili o le Matua o le Matua (Yamagata et al., 2005) na faʻaaoga, lea ua faʻamaonia le faʻatuatuaina ma le faʻamaoni. O se suʻesuʻega talu ai na aʻafia ai faʻataʻitaʻiga a Iapani na faʻaalia ai le lava o le ogatasi i totonu (α = 0.74-0.90) ma le faʻataʻitaʻiga o le toe suʻega (r = 0.79-0.89) mo le fua, ma le faʻatatauga-fesoʻotaʻiga aoga o sootaga ma lima-itu uiga uiga (Yamagata et al., 2005). I le taimi nei faʻataʻitaʻiga, maualuga α coefficients amata mai 0.72 i le 0.88 faʻaalia maualuga talitonuina o le fua.

Faʻamaumauga o Fuainumera

O faʻamaumauga fuainumera uma na faʻatinoina faʻaaoga ai le IBM SPSS version 22. A o leʻi faia suʻesuʻega, na faʻavasegaina tagata na auai i ni vaega se tolu (ponokalafi e leʻo faʻaaogaina, tagata faʻaaoga ponokalafi e aunoa ma se faʻaletonu pulega, ma ponokalafi tagata faʻaaoga faʻafitauli). Ina ia suʻesuʻeina le fegalegaleaiga o feusuaiga, na matou faʻaaogaina le Mann-Whitney U suʻega ma le suʻega chi-square a Pearson. Mulimuli ane, eseʻesega i le va o le tolu vaega na suʻesuʻeina faʻaaogaina le masani ai tufatufaina fesuiaʻiga fesuiaʻi (SCS, PHQ-9, ma GAD-7 togi) ma paga faʻatusatusa faʻaaogaina Bonferroni fetuʻunaʻiga, ma le tasi-auala iloiloga o feʻeseʻeseaʻiga (ANOVA) mo masani tufatufaina faifai pea fesuiaʻiga (EC aofaʻi atoa togi ma tolu faʻasologa sikoa) ma paga faʻatusatusa faʻaaogaina se Tukey faʻamaoni taua eseesega fetuʻunaʻiga.

i'uga

Mamanu Faʻaaogaina o Ponokalafi

Tagata auai lipotia zero aso o ponokalafi faʻaaoga i le masina ua tuanaʻi na avea ma ponokalafi e leʻo faʻaaogaina (n = 44), i latou na lipotia le faʻaaogaina o ponokalafi e aunoa ma le tasi le "ioe" i le faʻaletonu o le pulea fesili na avea ma tagata faʻaaoga ponokalafi e aunoa ma le faʻaletonu pulega (n = 81), ma i latou na lipotia le faʻaaogaina o ponokalafi ma le tasi pe sili atu "ioe" tali i le faʻaletonu fesili pulea aofia ai ponokalafi tagata faʻaoga ma le le atoatoa amio pulea (n = 25).

Mafaufau uma ponokalafi tagata faʻaaoga (n = 106) aofia ai ma i latou ma aunoa ma faʻaletonu le faʻatonutonuina, o le uiga masani o le faʻaaogaina (i aso) i le tuanaʻi masina o le 12.11 (SD = 8.21, min = 1, max = 31, skewness = 0.75, kurtosis = −0.19), ma le umi ole faʻaoga (i minute ile aso) e 44.60 (SD = 30.48, min = 1, maualuga = 150, skewness = 1.45, kurtosis = 1.78). I se faʻaopopoga, ponokalafi tagata faʻaoga ma le le atoatoa lelei faʻatonutonuina faʻaalia se maualuga taimi o faʻaoga nai lo i latou e aunoa ma le faʻaletonu pulega (U = 505.5, p <0.001, r = 0.37); no tele eseesega na maua i le va o kulupu e tusa ma le umi o le faʻaaogaina (U = 932.00, p = 0.541, r = 0.06). E tusa o le tasi vaelima o tagata faʻaoga ponokalafi e faʻatonutonu le mafaufau (n = 5) na tali mai ma le "ioe" i fesili uma e fesoʻotaʻi ma le faʻaletonu o le puleaina (Laulau 1).

Eseesega o feusuaiga i auala e faʻaaogaina ai

O togi o aliʻi (M = 13.19, SD = 7.68) ma fafine (M = 8.22, SD = 9.02) eseʻesega tele e faʻatatau i le tele o taimi e faʻaaoga ai (U = 519.00, r = 0.33, p <0.001), a o matou le mauaina ni eseesega taua i le va o aliʻi (M = 43.35, SD = 28.19) ma fafine (M = 49.13, SD = 38.01) e tusa ai ma le umi o le faʻaoga (U = 934.00, r = 0.02, p = 0.872). E le gata i lea, o eseʻesega eseesega na maitauina i le vaevaega o aliʻi ma fafine i vaega e tolu: ponokalafi le faʻaaogaina, ma ponokalafi faʻaaogaina ma ma aunoa ma le faʻaletonu pulea [χ² (2) = 64.99, p <0.001, Cramer's V = 0.66; Laulau 2].

Eseesega i le va o Tagata faaaoga Ponokalafi

Tali o se suʻega a Kruskal-Wallis ma le tasi auala ANOVA mo fesuiaʻiga faifai pea faʻaalia eseesega tele i le va o vaega e tusa ai ma feusuaʻiga faamalosia.p <0.001), faanoanoa (p = 0.014), popolevale (p <0.001), EC (p = 0.013), ma faʻatonutonuga vaʻaia (p = 0.008). Peitai, sa leai ni vaega eseesega mo taofiofia taofiofi (p = 0.096) ma faʻatoagaina mai pulea (p = 0.100).

Talanoaga

Na matou suʻesuʻeina ma faʻaaogaina ata o ponokalafi ma iloiloina eseesega i le va o ponokalafi e leʻo faʻaaogaina, tagata faʻaaoga ma tagata faʻafitauli i se faʻataʻitaʻiga o tamaiti aʻoga i Iunivesite. I le mea sili matou iloa, e leai ni suʻesuʻega i faʻafitauli tau ponokalafi faʻafitauli i totonu o Iapani, o le mea lea, o le taimi nei suʻesuʻega o tala mai le aganuʻu vaaiga.

O le iʻuga o le suʻesuʻega o loʻo faʻailoa mai ai le ono iai o faʻafitauli tau ponokalafi faʻafuaseʻi i tamaiti aʻoga Iapani. Data faʻaalia lena 5.7% (n = 6) o tagata faʻaoga lipotia taua taua i aso uma-olaga faʻafitauli. O lenei sailiga e ogatasi ma muamua suʻesuʻega na lipotia le faʻatusatusaina le salalau o faʻafitauli tau ponokalafi faʻafitauli (Ross et al., 2012; Rissel et al., 2017; Bőthe et al., 2018). I se faʻaopopoga, ponokalafi tagata faʻaoga ma le le atoatoa le faʻatonutonu o le 23.5% (n = 25) o tagata faʻaaoga. O faʻamaumauga na faʻaalia ai le maualuga o feusuaʻiga i totonu o ponokalafi tagata faʻaoga ma le le atoatoa o le amio pulea pe a faʻatusatusa i isi kulupu. O amioga sili ona taʻatele na lipotia mai i tamaloloa o loʻo sailia togafitiga mo feusuaʻiga o ponokalafi taumafaina (Reid et al., 2012a, b). O le mea lea, e ui lava o le faʻamaoniga e le o faʻamaoti mai ai o le faʻafitauli o ponokalafi faʻaaogaina o se subtype o le faʻamalosia amioga faʻafeusuaiga faʻaletonu (Gola et al., 2020), i le laina ogatasi ma muamua suesuega, faʻafitauli ponokalafi faʻaaogaina ono mafai ona avea o se lauiloa amioga faʻaalia o le faʻamalosia amioga faʻafeusuaiga faʻaletonu (Brand et al., 2019a). E le gata i lea, o le maualuga numera o tagata faʻaoga ma le le atoatoa lelei le faʻatonutonuina o le ono maua e le toʻatele o tagata e iai uiga e fesoʻotaʻi ma faʻafitauli tau ponokalafi faʻaaogaina i Iapani. E manaʻomia ni suʻesuʻega faʻaopopo.

Na lipotia e tamaloloa le sili atu o taimi o faʻaoga ma e foliga mai e faʻailoa o ni tagata faʻaaoga faʻafitauli nai lo fafine. O nei sailiga e ogatasi ma le tele o suesuega talu ai na lipotia sili atu ponokalafi faʻaaogaina i totonu o aliʻi tagata auai, oe na masani ona faʻaaoga faʻafitauli (Harper ma Hodgins, 2016). Mafaufau o le tele o ponokalafi faʻaaogaina na lipotia e aliʻi auai, e ono faʻapea o le ponokalafi e lautele faʻaaogaina e aliʻi iunivesite tamaiti aʻoga i Iapani. I se faatusatusaga, tamaitai faʻaalia se maualalo fua faatatau o ponokalafi faʻaaogaina. Talu ai e masani ona faʻaaoga e fafine i Iapani tala malie e pei o ponokalafi.Mori, 2017), eseʻesega o mea i totonu o ponokalafi mea atonu na saofaga i le itupa eseesega matauina i le iʻuga o le taimi nei suʻesuʻega. I se faʻaopopoga, o se iloiloga talu ai nei na faʻatatau i tamaʻitaʻi ma amioga faʻamalosia feusuaʻiga faʻailoa mai o le ogaoga amioga mataga faʻamalosi ma faʻamalosiau e faia ponokalafi faʻaaogaina e maualalo i totonu o fafine nai lo aliʻiKowalewska et al., 2020). Peitai, e i ai le avanoa o faʻalavelave faʻafitauli i totonu o fafine, e pei o isi fafine lipotia le faʻaaogaina o ponokalafi ma le faʻaletonu le puleaina i le taimi nei suʻesuʻega. Tuuina atu le lautele matelaina o suesuega i tamaitai ponokalafi faaaoga (Kraus et al., 2016b; Kowalewska et al., 2020), o loʻo manaʻomia le faʻateleina o le taulaʻi i lenei mataʻupu ile faʻasologa a Iapani, faʻapea foʻi ma ituaiga o mea tau feusuaʻiga e faʻaaoga e tamaʻitaʻi, ma faʻataʻitaʻi a fafine i amioga faʻafeusuaiga.

Lenei suʻesuʻega faʻailoa mai le uiga faʻapitoa o ponokalafi tagata faʻaoga ma le le atoatoa amio pulea. O le tele o taimi e faʻaaoga ai na fesoʻotaʻi ma faʻafitauli faʻafitauli, ae o le umi o le faʻaaogaina e leai. E ui o isi amioga ua fai ma vaisu e taulaʻi lava i le taimi e alu ai i le amio, o ponokalafi faʻaaoga ma le taaloalo i totoga o le a faʻatapulaʻaina ai feusuaʻiga tusa lava pe o le ponokalafi faʻaaogaina e le afaina aiFernandez ma Griffiths, 2019). O le mea lea, faʻalavelave faʻafitauli tagata faʻaaoga e ono le faʻaaluina tele le taimi i le faʻaaogaina moni. E ui o nisi tagata ono mafai ona faʻatonutonu pe faʻatonutonu ponokalafi faʻaaogaina e tusa lava pe o le maualuga taimi ma le umi o le faʻaaogaina (Brand et al., 2011; Kor et al., 2014; Grubbs et al., 2015; Bőthe et al., 2018), o isi e ono lagona le le toe faʻatonutonuina o ponokalafi faʻaaogaina tusa lava poʻo le a le umi o le faʻaaogaina.

Tagata auai ma faʻaletonu le faʻatonutonu faʻaalia tulaga maualuga o le faʻanoanoa ma le popole. O nei sailiga e ogatasi ma le muamua suʻesuʻega na faʻafitauli ai ponokalafi tagata faʻaaogaina faʻaalia ai psychopathological faʻailoga (Brand et al., 2011; Grubbs et al., 2015). Intrapsychic mafatia faʻamaonia i tagata taʻitoʻatasi ma faʻamalosia amioga faʻafeusuaiga mafua mai maualuga tulaga o feusuaiga fiafia ma amioga (Faalapotopotoga o le Soifua Maloloina a le Lalolagi, 2018). I nisi tagata, mafaufau faʻanoanoa mafai ono tulaʻi mai ona o le malamalama lelei i amioga le talafeagai na mafua mai i talitonuga faʻalelotu e fesoʻotaʻi ma ponokalafi (Grubbs et al., 2019b). E pei o le tele o Iapani tagata ua lipotia le le faʻatuatua (Mandai et al., 2019), faʻanoanoa lagona e fesoʻotaʻi ma ponokalafi faʻaaogaina i Iapani atonu e le o se iʻuga o talitonuga faʻalelotu. Peitai, o tuinanauga feusuaiga o se tapu i le Iapani agafesootai mataupu (Inose, 2010); o le mea lea, e mafai o le le talafeagai i le va o lenei tapu ma amioga moni, pei o ponokalafi faʻaaogaina, mafua ai mafaufau faʻanoanoa.

O iʻuga o suʻesuʻega na faia, na faʻaalia ai o le toʻatele o aliʻi latou te faʻaaogaina ponokalafi. I Iapani, o saienitisi suʻesuʻega ma talanoaga lautele i feusuaiga e tapu (Hirayama, 2019). E faʻasa mo tagata i lalo ole 18 tausaga le matutua ona faʻaaoga ponokalafi, ae o lenei lava ia e le o saienitisi pe lautele feteʻenaʻi (Hirayama, 2019). O le mea moni, e i ai laʻititi malamalama aʻoga aʻoga ofoina i Iapani (Hashimoto et al., 2012). Peitai, ua faʻaalia mai o le tele o tagata Iapani, e aofia ai talavou, faʻaaoga ponokalafi (vaʻai tusitusiga vaefaʻamatalaga 1; Le Iapani Asosi mo Aʻoaʻoga Faʻafeusuaiga, 2019). Lenei mea mataʻutia ono uiga o le tele o tagata Iapani o loʻo faia feusuaʻiga amioga e aunoa ma le i ai o so latou malamalama e uiga i feusuaiga. O le mea lea, tagata Iapani ono faʻafaigata ona fuafua poʻo le feaveaʻi amioga e faʻafitauli ma poʻo le a, aua e le mafai e tagata Iapani ona talanoaina o latou lagona feusuaʻi, ma latou le lava le malamalamaaga e uiga i feusuaiga (Hashimoto et al., 2012). O le mea lea, lumanaʻi suʻesuʻega taulaʻi i feusuaiga ma le malosi amioga feusuaʻi i le aganuu Iapani ono manaomia.

I le iuga, o le maualalo togi faʻatatau i taumafaiga faʻataʻitaʻi ma faʻatonutonu le faʻatonutonu ono fesoʻotaʻi ma faʻafitauli tau ponokalafi faʻaaogaina. Lenei iʻuga mulimuli talu ai suʻesuʻega faʻaalia ai maualalo tulaga o taumafaiga taumafaiga e fesoʻotaʻi ma tagata-faʻavae amioga mataga faʻamalosi (Efrati, 2018; Efrati ma Dannon, 2018). I se faʻaopopoga, o taumafaiga faʻataʻitaʻi e fuaina le lelei o le faʻatonutonuina o pulega, e tutusa ma le pulega faʻatino. A o le maualalo taumafaiga taumafai fua e fesoʻotaʻi ma amioga osooso (Meehan et al., 2013), o lenei sailiga ono tutusa ma le lata mai nei suʻesuʻega na faʻaalia ai faʻatonutonu galuega, pei o le taofiofia taofi ma le faia o filifiliga, ono fesoasoani i le atinaʻe ma le alualu i luma o le tele o ituaiga o vaisu amioga (Brand et al., 2019b). O iʻuga na faʻaalia ai o tagata le lelei le faʻaaogaina o ponokalafi na faʻaalia ai le maualalo o le faʻatonutonuina o le EC subscale, o loʻo faʻailoa mai ai, o le le faʻatonutonuina o le vaʻai faʻatonutonu e mafai ona faʻalauiloa ai tali i mea e tutupu i ponokalafi. I se suʻesuʻega na muamua atu, o le taofiofia o le pulega o le EC subscale na fesoʻotaʻi ma amioga le lelei i feusuaiga i talavou matutua (Lafreniere et al., 2013). O le mea lea, i totonu o le tolu galuega tauave o le taumafai malosi, e ono i ai se eseʻesega o le tagata lava ia-faʻamalosia amioga faʻafeusuaʻiga e fesoʻotaʻi ma le vaʻaia lelei, ma le paʻaga-faʻavae amioga e fesoʻotaʻi ma taofiofia taofiofia. Ina ia talanoaina lenei faiga, pulega faʻatinoina ma taumafaiga taumafaiga e manaʻomia le suʻesuʻeina auiliili.

E ui lava i lona fou ma malosiʻaga, o lenei suʻesuʻega e iai ona tapulaʻa. Muamua, oa matou faʻamaumauga sa kolosiʻese vaega, ma mafuaʻaga o iʻuga e le mafai ona fuafuaina. Lona lua, talu ai na matou faʻaaogaina le faʻafaigofieina faʻataʻitaʻiga i le iunivesite tamaiti aʻoga i le iunivesite i le ogatotonu o Iapani, o matou iʻuga e le mafai ona lautele i le Iapani faitau aofai. Lona tolu, o le faʻataʻitaʻiga lapoʻa na laʻititi, ma ono le faʻatagaina generalizability o nei sailiiliga i uma Iapani tamaiti aʻoga iunivesite. E le gata i lea, o fesili na faʻaaogaina i lenei suʻesuʻega na aofia ai se mataupu maaleale e faʻatauaina le faʻaaogaina o ponokalafi, ma tagata na faʻafesoʻotaʻia e le tusitala muamua, lea e ono faʻatapulaʻaina tali saʻo e ala i le faʻaititia o le igoa. I le iuga, faʻaletonu le faʻatonutonuina o ponokalafi faʻaaogaina na fuaina e ala ia oe lava-fesili fesili na fausiaina mo lenei suʻesuʻega. Ua i ai se faʻateleina faʻateleina i suʻesuʻega atinaʻe aoga mea faigaluega mo faʻafitauli mataga faʻaaogaina o ponokalafi (Fernandez ma Griffiths, 2019). O le mea lea, lumanaʻi suʻesuʻega e tatau ona faia ma se fesuiaʻiga o faʻataʻitaʻiga e faʻatagaina ai fuataga o faʻafitauli faʻafitauli tau ponokalafi.

I le mea sili matou iloa, o le muamua suʻesuʻega lea i faʻafitauli tau ponokalafi faʻaaogaina i Iapani. O le sailiga e ono fautuaina ai le ono aʻafia o faʻafitauli tau ponokalafi faʻafitauli i Iapani. Na faʻaalia e aliʻi le maualuga o le faʻaaogaina ma na tele na afaina ile faʻatonutonu nai lo fafine. Tagata taʻitoʻatasi ma le faʻaletonu amio pulea faʻaalia le maualuga feusuaʻi faamalosia, faʻanoanoa, popole, ma maualalo taumafaiga taumafai. O isi suʻesuʻega e tatau ona suʻesuʻeina se fesuiaʻiga Iapani faʻataʻitaʻiga e faʻaaoga ai fua faʻamaonia.