J Behav Addict. 2018 Sep 11: 1-9. Pule: 10.1556 / 2006.7.2018.77.
Chen L1,2,3, Yang Y2, Su W1,2,3, Zheng L4, O Ding C5, Potenza MN3,6,7,8,9.
lē faʻatino
Faʻamatalaga ma sini
O le taumafaina o ponokalafi i luga o le Initaneti o loʻo taatele i tamaiti aʻoga kolisi ma faʻafitauli mo nisi, ae e itiiti se mea e iloa e uiga i mafaufauga faʻapitoa e mafua ai le faʻaogaina o ponokalafi Initaneti (PIPU). Faʻataʻitaʻiina o le Fesoʻotaʻiga a le Tagata-Affect-Cognition-Execution model, o lenei suʻesuʻega na faʻataʻitaʻiina ai se faʻataʻitaʻiga o le sailia o lagona feusuaʻiga (SSS) o le a aʻafia ai le PIPU e ala i gaioiga faʻafeusuaiga i luga o le initaneti (OSAs) ma o lenei mafutaga o le a aʻafia e le tagata lona tolu aafiaga ( TPE;se fa'aituau fa'aagafesootai e feso'ota'i ma a'afiaga fa'aalia i isi pe a fa'atusaina e le tagata lava ia) i se faiga fa'aletagata.
Metotia
E 808 le aofa'i o tamaiti a'oga kolisi Saina (va'aiga tausaga: 17-22 tausaga, 57.7% tane) na fa'afaigaluegaina ma su'esu'eina.
i'uga
O tama'ita'i na maua sikoa maualuga atu nai lo tama'ita'i i OSA ma PIPU ma i fua fa'atatau o vaega ta'itasi. O le sootaga i le va o le SSS ma le PIPU na faʻatalanoaina e le OSA, ma o le TPE na faʻatautaia lenei mafutaga: o le auala vavalo (SSS i le PIPU) na taua i tagata auai e maualuga le TPE. Ole fa'ata'ita'iga fa'ata'otoga fa'ata'otoga e le'o fa'a'ese'ese i vaega o ali'i, fa'atasi ai ma fa'amaumauga o lo'o fa'ailoa mai ai e sili atu le fa'atusatusaga o le feeseesea'iga i ali'i pe a fa'atusatusa i tama'ita'i.
Talanoaga ma faaiuga
O fa'amaumauga ua fa'ailoa mai e mafai ona fa'agaoioi le SSS e ala i le 'auai i OSA e ta'ita'i atu ai i le PIPU, ma o lenei mafutaga e fa'apitoa mo tama i le kolisi e maualuga sikoa ile TPE. O nei su'esu'ega e iai a'afiaga mo tagata ta'ito'atasi e ono a'afia i le atina'eina o le PIPU ma le ta'ita'iina o taumafaiga fa'aa'oa'oga ma le fa'atatauina o fa'alavelave i tamaiti a'oga matutua. O le maualuga o nei su'esu'ega e o'o atu i isi vaitausaga ma aganu'u e mana'omia ai se su'esu'ega atili.
FUAFUAGA: itupa; fa'atalanoaga; gaoioiga tau feusuaiga i luga o le initaneti; fa'afitauli fa'aoga ponokalafi i luga ole Initaneti; sailiga lagona tau feusuaiga; aafiaga o tagata lona tolu
PMID: 30203696
FAIA: 10.1556/2006.7.2018.77
faʻatomuaga
O le faʻaogaina o le Initaneti mo suʻesuʻega faʻafeusuaiga o loʻo taatele ma le 13% o faʻamatalaga o loʻo tuʻuina i totonu o masini suʻesuʻe Initaneti e fesoʻotaʻi ma feusuaiga (Ogas & Gaddam, 2011). E tusa ma le 90% o tagata matutua i le atunuʻu tele o Saina na faia ni faiga faʻafeusuaiga i luga ole laiga (OSAs) i luga ole 6-masina.Li & Zheng, 2017; Zheng & Zheng, 2014). O le tele o tamaiti aʻoga kolisi na lipotia le poto masani i le mauaina o faʻamatalaga tau feusuaiga (89.8%) ma faʻafiafiaga faʻafeusuaiga (76.5%) i luga o le initaneti, ma toetoe o le afa o latou (48.5%) na lipotia mai le suʻesuʻeina o mea tau feusuaiga (Döring, Daneback, Shaughnessy, Grov, & Byers, 2017). I le tele o tulaga, o le matamataina o ponokalafi e le o fesoʻotaʻi ma faʻalavelave i vaega tetele o le olaga faʻatinoina. Ae ui i lea, mo nisi, e mafai ona avea ma faʻafitauli ma fesoʻotaʻi ma aʻafiaga leaga (Ford, Durtschi, & Franklin, 2012; Weaver et al., 2011). Mo nei mafuaʻaga, e taua tele le suʻesuʻeina o auala e mafai ona fesoasoani i le atinaʻeina ma le tausiga o faʻafitauli faʻaogaina ponokalafi Initaneti (PIPU).
E tutusa ma le faaletonu o taaloga faitupe po o isi gaioiga tele i luga o le initaneti, o le le atoatoa o le auai i le faaaogaina o ponokalafi i luga o le initaneti ua manatu o se vaisu "amio" (Cooper, Delmonico, Griffin-Shelley, & Mathy, 2004). O le PIPU e foliga mai o loʻo faʻasoa le tele o vaega autu ma isi amioga faʻafefe (Brand et al., 2011). E masani ona aofia ai le le pulea lelei ma le faʻaaogaina tele, manaʻoga malosi, faʻaosofiaga ma le tuʻinanau, mafaufauga mataʻutia, ma le faʻaauau pea e ui lava i aʻafiaga leaga, lea, i le isi itu, e oʻo atu ai i le faʻalavelave patino ma le faʻaleagaina o galuega (Cooper et al., 2004; Kor et al., 2014; Wéry & Billieux, 2015). PIPU atonu e iai elemene e fesoʻotaʻi ma faʻafitauli faʻaoga Initaneti (PIU) ma vaisu feusuaiga (Griffiths, 2012) po'o le fa'alavelave tau feusua'iga (Kraus et al., 2018), masalo o se subtype patino o mea taitasi (Brand, Young, & Laier, 2014; Talavou, 2008).
I le avea ai o se uiga faʻapitoa, o le sailia o lagona faʻafeusuaiga (SSS) ua fautuaina e taʻitaʻia ai le PIPU (Perry, Accordino, & Hewes, 2007). SSS o lo'o fa'atatau i tu'inanauga e fa'ata'ita'i ni aafiaga fa'afeusuaiga tulaga ese ma fou e ausia ai tulaga maualuga o fa'afeusuaiga (Kalichman et al., 1994). Ua feso'ota'i ma le hypersexuality (Walton, Cantor, Bhullar, & Lykins, 2017), amioga fa'afeusuaiga mata'utia (Heidinger, Gorgens, & Morgenstern, 2015), ma le maualuga o taimi ole OSA (Lu, Ma, Lee, Hou, & Liao, 2014; Luder et al., 2011; Peter & Valkenburg, 2011; Zheng, Zhang, & Feng, 2017; Zheng & Zheng, 2014). O le mea lea, o le SSS o se fesuiaiga taua e suʻesuʻe ai le atinaʻeina o le PIPU. Ae ui i lea, o le auala e mafai ai e le SSS ona taʻitaʻia le PIPU o loʻo tumau pea le le manino. O le fa'aleleia atili o le malamalama i ia faiga e mafai ona fa'afaigofie ai ta'iala fa'atino i tagata ta'ito'atasi ma foma'i fa'alesoifua maloloina ma fa'aa'oa'oga ile fa'atupuina o ta'iala fa'atino (MacKinnon & Luecken, 2008). Ina ia malamalama atoatoa i a'afiaga o le SSS mo le PIPU, e tatau ona su'esu'e su'esu'ega i ala fa'atupu fa'alavelave o lo'o a'afia ai i le fa'agasologa o a'afiaga e a'afia ai SSS (fa'atusa, mediation). Lona lua, e tatau i fa'ata'ita'iga ona fa'amalamalamaina tulaga fa'atatau e fa'alagolago iai a'afiaga a le SSS (fa'ata'ita'iga, fa'alelei). O le mea la lea, o lenei suʻesuʻega e suʻesuʻe ai sootaga i le va o le SSS ma isi mea e mafai ona faʻamatalaina auala e mafai ai e le SSS ona taʻitaʻia le PIPU (mediation) ma mea e ono aʻafia ai nei auala (moderation).
Ina ia malamalama atili i sootaga i le va o le SSS ma le PIPU, matou te faʻaaogaina le Faʻataʻitaʻiga o le Tagata-Affect-Cognition-Execution (I-PACE) faʻataʻitaʻiga o faʻafitauli faʻaoga Initaneti (Brand et al., 2014; Brand, Young, Laier, Wölfling, & Potenza, 2016). O le faʻataʻitaʻiga o loʻo faʻapea o le atinaʻeina ma le tausiga o ituaiga faʻapitoa o le PIU e mafai ona faʻaosoina e uiga autu o se tagata (manaʻoga, sini, faʻapitoa faʻapitoa, ma le psychopathology) ma faʻamalosia e le mafaufau o se tagata, ma e ono taʻitaʻia ai amioga faʻapitoa e pei ole OSA. Afai e maua e se tagata le fa'amalieina mai le amio, e mafai ona fa'amalosia ma toe fai; i le tulaga o OSAs, e mafai ona oʻo atu ai i le PIPU, e ogatasi ma faʻamatalaga o loʻo iai e faʻatatau i le faʻamalieina o feusuaiga, cybersex, ma le PIPU (Lu et al., 2014). O faʻataʻitaʻiga o mea ua fai ma vaisu o loʻo faʻaalia ai foi o le sailia o lagona e fesoʻotaʻi ma faʻamalosiaga faʻamalosia lelei e fesoʻotaʻi ma amioga faʻafefe (Steinberg et al., 2008). Talu ai ona o le Initaneti o loʻo i ai le tele o avanoa mo le auai i OSA (e fesoʻotaʻi ma le matamataina o ponokalafi, fefaʻasoaaʻi o mea faʻafeusuaiga, ma isi), o tagata taʻitoʻatasi e maualuga atu le SSS, o loʻo suʻeina ni faʻamaʻi faʻafeusuaiga fou, atonu e sili atu ona afaina i le atinaʻeina o le PIPU e ala i lo latou faʻaogaina i totonu. OSA. O le faʻataʻitaʻiga I-PACE o loʻo tuʻuina atu ai se faʻamatalaga faʻamatalaga mo le aʻafiaga o le SSS ile PIPU. E ogatasi ma lenei manatu, o le sootaga i le va o laina ole OSA ma PIPU ua matauina e lelei (Twohig, Crosby, & Cox, 2009). O isi tagata suʻesuʻe na faʻaalia o le faʻaogaina o ponokalafi o se mea taua i le atinaʻeina o le PIPU (Cooper, Delmonico, & Burg, 2000; Cooper et al., 2004), ae e le na o le pau lea o le faʻataʻitaʻiga mo le faʻaaogaina faʻafitauli, aemaise lava pe afai o le amio e pulea i le faʻatulagaina o isi mea e ave i ai le faamuamua ma e le oʻo atu ai i le afaina poʻo le faʻalavelave (Bőthe et al., 2017; Kor et al., 2014; Wéry & Billieux, 2015).
O le I-PACE fa'ata'ita'iga e manatu o le fa'aituau fa'aleaganu'u e feso'ota'i i luga ole Initaneti e mafai ona aofia ai talitonuga sese e uiga i a'afiaga e ono fa'aogaina ole fa'aogaina o nisi talosaga/nofoaga. O le manatu o le aufaasālalau e sili atu lona aafiaga i isi nai lo le tagata lava ia ua taʻua o le tagata lona tolu (TPE) ma o le iloaina o faatosinaga ia te ia lava e sili atu nai lo isi ua taʻua o le tagata muamua (first-person effect).Davison, 1983). E tusa ai ma le I-PACE faʻataʻitaʻiga, e mafai e le faʻaituau mafaufau ona galulue faʻatasi ma uiga faʻapitoa o tagata faʻaoga, faʻavaveina le malosi o le faʻaalia-reactivity ma le manaʻo, ma faʻalauiloaina le faʻaogaina o talosaga / nofoaga faʻapitoa (Brand, Young, et al., 2016). Faatasi ai ma le taua faapitoa i lenei suʻesuʻega, o tagata o loʻo lipotia tulaga maualuga o le SSS ua lipotia mai e sili atu le taʻitoʻatasi (Gaither & Sellbom, 2003), ma o le manatu faapito e mafai ona siitia ai le talitonuga e faapea o ponokalafi i luga o le initaneti atonu e sili atu ona aafiaga leaga i isi nai lo i latou lava (Lee & Tamborini, 2005). O le TPE e mafai ona taʻitaʻia ai le faʻaitiitia o le iloa e uiga i taunuuga le lelei o ponokalafi i luga ole Initaneti ma e mafai ona fesoʻotaʻi lelei i le atinaʻeina o le PIPU.
I lenei ta'iala fa'ata'ita'i, na matou taumafai e su'esu'e pe o le a'afiaga o le SSS i luga o le PIPU o lo'o fa'atalanoaina e le OSA ma pe o lo'o fa'afoeina lea so'otaga e tulaga o le TPE. O le mea lea, na matou fausia ai se faʻataʻitaʻiga faʻatautaia faʻatautaia (Ata 1). Tuuina atu o eseesega taua e fesoʻotaʻi ma itupa o loʻo i ai i OSA ma PIPU (Kor et al., 2014; Turban, Potenza, Hoff, Martino, & Kraus, 2017), ma le auai o tama i amioga e ono fai ma vaisu e sili atu ona malosi le fesoʻotaʻi atu i faʻamalosiaga faʻamalosia lelei nai lo le faʻauiga a tamaitai (Potenza et al., 2012; Zakiniaeiz, Cosgrove, Mazure, & Potenza, 2017), na matou suʻesuʻeina le maualuga o le faʻataʻitaʻiga na maaleale i le itupa.
Ata 1. Fa'ata'ita'iga manatu. SSS: su'esu'e lagona fa'afeusuaiga; TPE: aafiaga o tagata lona tolu; PIPU: faʻafitauli faʻaogaina ponokalafi Initaneti; OSA: fa'afeusuaiga i luga ole laiga
Metotia
Tagata auai ma taualumaga
O faʻamaumauga na aoina i le va o Novema 2016 ma Mati 2017 mai se faʻataʻitaʻiga o tamaiti aʻoga kolisi Saina e ala i se suʻesuʻega i luga ole laiga. E 808 tamaiti aʻoga kolisi [466 tane, 342 fafine; Mtausaga = 18.54 tausaga, faʻasesega masani (SD) = 0.75] na fa'afaigaluegaina e ala i le 'upega tafaʻilagi a Saina faʻapolofesa suʻesuʻega (www.sojump.com). E leai ni fa'amalosi tau tupe na tu'uina atu mo le auai. O tagata volenitia e mai i iunivesite a le malo (n = 276), iunivesite tulaga muamua (n = 200), iunivesite tulaga lua (n = 150), kolisi a nuu, ma kolisi matata (n = 182). Na puipuia le fa'ailoaina o tagata auai (leai ni fa'amatalaga patino po'o tuatusi fa'ainitaneti na aoina).
Fua faʻatatau
Ole Fua ole PIPU (PIPUS) o se fua e 12-aitema lipoti a le tagata lava ia e faʻavae i luga o le Faʻaaogaina o Ponokalafi Faʻafitauli Fua (Kor et al., 2014) ma sa fa'aaogaina e iloilo ai le PIPU. O le fua e aofia ai mea e fa e aofia ai (a) faʻalavelave faʻalavelave ma faʻafitauli o galuega, (e) faʻaoga tele, (c) faigata o le pulea o le tagata lava ia, ma (d) faʻaoga ina ia sola ese pe aloese mai lagona le lelei. I lenei suʻesuʻega, o le "ponokalafi" na suia i le "Itaneti ponokalafi" mai le fua muamua. O vaega ta'itasi o le PIPUS e aofia ai mea e tolu. Na talosagaina tagata tali mai e lipoti mai a latou faʻaoga ponokalafi i luga o le Initaneti i le 6 masina talu ai i luga o le 6-point Likert scale mai le 0 (aua lava nei) i le 5 (i taimi uma) fa'atasi ai ma togi maualuluga e atagia mai ai le fa'aletonu o le PIPU. Cronbach's α tau mo nei mea e fa ma le aofaʻi o togi i lenei suʻesuʻega e .78, .85, .90, .87, ma le .94. O le gagana Saina o le fua na maua e faʻatuatuaina ma aoga i tamaiti aʻoga kolisi Saina (Chen, Wang, Chen, Jiang, & Wang, 2018).
OSA na iloiloina e faʻaaoga ai mea e 13 mai se fua na fuaina ai le faʻaogaina e tagata auai o le Initaneti mo le (a) matamata i mea faʻafeusuaiga, (b) sailia o paaga faʻafeusuaiga, (c) cybersex, ma (d) faʻafeiloaʻi ma le tausiga o mafutaga (Zheng & Zheng, 2014). O mea na iloiloina sa fa'atatau mai le 1 (aua lava nei) i le 9 (a itiiti mai ma le tasi i le aso). O togi maualuluga ua atagia mai ai le tele o le auai soo i OSA. O le matamataina o vaega o mea tau feusua'iga e aofia ai mea e lima e uiga i le asiasi i luga o upega tafa'ilagi, matamata ma la'u mai ata vitio i luga o le initaneti, ma le faitauina o mea fa'afeusuaiga i luga o le initaneti (Cronbach's α = .86). E lua mea na fuaina ai le tele o taimi o le sailia o paaga faʻafeusuaiga, e aofia ai le numera o paaga faʻafeusuaiga o loʻo sailia ma le numera o paaga faʻafeusuaiga na maua i luga ole laiga (Cronbach's α = .70). Sa su'esu'eina le tele o feusua'iga i luga ole laiga e fa'aaoga ai mea e fa e aofia ai le masturbate po'o le matamata i tagata 'ese o lo'o fa'anonofo i luga o le webcam, fa'amatalaina mafaufauga fa'afeusuaiga i le taimi moni e ala i le taina po'o le leo, ma fefa'ataua'iga i luga o le initaneti (Cronbach's α = .80). O le fa'afeusuaiga ma le tausiga o mafutaga fa'afeusuaiga na fuaina e fa'aaoga ai mea e lua (Cronbach's α = .64). O le α a Cronbach o le fua atoa e .89.
Le TPE sa fuaina i le faia o ni fesili eseese se lua: “O le a le tele o le aafiaga o ponokalafi i luga o le Initoneti ia te oe/isi tamaiti aoga i lau iunivesite? (fa'ata'ita'iga, fa'aaafiaga i amioga tau feusua'iga ma uiga o au/isi i le isi itupa)," e tusa ai ma le fa'amatalaga a Davison (1983), Lo, Wei, ma Wu (2010), ma Zhao ma Cai (2008). Na tali e tagata auai nei fesili i luga o le fua 7-point, mai le 1 (leai se aafiaga) i le 7 (o se faatosinaga tele). O togi o le TPE na maua e ala i le toesea o le aafiaga o le tagata lava ia mai le aʻafiaga o isi tamaiti aʻoga e sili atu nai lo le 0 e fai ma sui o le TPE ae itiiti ifo i le 0 o loʻo fai ma sui o le tagata muamua (Golan & Day, 2008). Ina ia faʻaitiitia aʻafiaga o suʻega suʻega, o mea e lua na faʻapipiʻiina i vaega e lua o le fesili.
Ole Fua ole Sa'iliga o Feusuaiga (SSSS) na atiina ae e Kalicman et al. (1994) e fua ai le tikeri o le SSS. O le SSSS o le 11-aitema Likert-ituaiga fua faʻatasi ai ma filifiliga tali mai le 1 (e le pei o aʻu) i le 4 (pei lava o au). O le 11-aitema fua e aofia ai faʻamatalaga e pei o le, "Ou te fiafia e faʻataʻitaʻi ni mea fou faʻafeusuaiga" ma le "Ou te manaʻo e suʻesuʻe laʻu feusuaiga." O togi maualuluga e atagia ai le malosi o le SSS. O le tulaga fa'alotoifale (Cronbach's α) o le SSSS e .92.
Suʻega faʻamaumauga
O eseesega e feso'ota'i ma tama'ita'i i uiga fa'afoma'i na su'esu'eina e fa'aaoga ai su'esu'ega fa'avasegaga eseese (MANOVAs). O le puleaina o tausaga ma le itupa ma su'esu'ega fa'amaopoopo vaega sa fa'aaogaina e fuaina ai le malosi o so'otaga i le va o su'esu'ega autu e aofia ai PIPU, OSA, SSS, ma TPE. O le Mplus7.2 na faʻaaogaina e iloilo ai le faʻataʻitaʻiga faʻataʻitaʻiga o le SSS ma le PIPU ma le faʻaogaina o le eseesega o le faʻataʻitaʻiga i le itupa. Na matou fa'atatauina le taua o coefficient fa'ata'atia fa'atasi ma le 1,000 bootstrap iterations. I totonu o lenei suʻesuʻega, na maua ai mea sese masani ma vaeluaga mautinoa o fua faʻatatau. Afai o le 95% taimi faʻamaonia e leʻi aofia ai se zero, o suʻesuʻega na manatu e taua tele.
Amio Taualoa
O le suʻesuʻega faʻataʻitaʻiga ma meafaitino na faʻamaonia e le komiti faʻapitoa a le Inisetiute o Psychological and Cognitive Sciences, Fuzhou University, Saina. O mataupu uma na logoina e uiga i le suʻesuʻega ma tuʻuina atu uma le faʻatagaina.
i'uga
Fa'amatalaga fa'amaumauga mo fesuiaiga
Faatasi ai ma le faʻataʻitaʻiga atoa, o le aofaʻi o togi o le 7.13 mo le PIPU (SD = 8.48, skewness = 1.97, ma kurtosis = 5.55) ma mo taimi ole OSA 1.70 (SD = 0.94, skewness = 2.84, ma kurtosis = 12.34). E maualuga atu togi a tama i le PIPUS ma fa'aulu soo ile OSA pe a fa'atusatusa i fafine (Laulaula 1). Su'esu'ega fa'aopoopo [le-way MANOVA fa'atasi ai ma togi o fa'ailoga o le OSA, multivariate F(4, 803) = 26.12, p < .001, vaega η2 = 0.12, ma le fa PIPUS sub-scale, multivariate F (4, 803) = 12.91, p < .001, vaega η2 = 0.06, fa'asologa] fa'aalia ai o lenei fa'ata'ita'iga ua fa'alautele atu i fua fa'atatau o vaega ta'itasi.
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Laulau 1. Fa'amatalaga fa'amaumauga, eseesega e feso'ota'i ma itupa, ma fa'atasiga fa'atasi (r's) i totonu o fesuiaiga
Tagata auai uma (N = 808) | alii (n = 466) | Fafine (n = 342) | 1 | 2 | 3 | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
M (SD, skewness, kurtosis) | M (SD, skewness, kurtosis) | M (SD, skewness, kurtosis) | |||||
| 1 | PIPU | 7.13 (8.48, 1.97, 5.55) | 8.82 (9.27, 1.84, 4.96) | 4.81 (6.60, 1.92, 3.68)*** | |||
| 2 | OSA | 1.69 (0.93, 2.84, 12.34) | 1.92 (2.57, 1.97, 10.46) | 1.38 (0.66, 3.48, 16.15)*** | 0.60 *** | ||
| 3 | SSS | 20.80 (7.59, 0.34, −0.60) | 22.16 (7.57, 0.18, −0.71) | 19.02 (7.28, 0.71, −0.04)*** | 0.45 *** | 0.50 *** | |
| 4 | TPE | 0.84 (1.57, 0.74, 1.57) | 1.02 (1.67, 0.49, 0.71) | 0.58 (0.38, 1.91, 3.55)*** | 0.34 *** | 0.55 *** | 0.30 *** |
Manatua. SD: va'aiga masani; PIPU: faʻafitauli faʻaogaina ponokalafi Initaneti; OSAs: faiga fa'afeusuaiga i luga ole laiga; SSS: su'esu'e lagona fa'afeusuaiga; TPE: aafiaga o tagata lona tolu.
*** O su'esu'ega i tama'ita'i o lo'o fa'ailoa mai ai e iai se eseesega tele i le va o ali'i ma tama'ita'i i lenei fesuiaiga i p < .001; o le fa'amaopoopo fa'atasi o le vaega fa'asoa fa'atasi pe a uma ona fa'atonu mo tausaga ma itupa.
***p <.001.
So'oga i le va o SSS, TPE, OSA, ma PIPU
O fa'atasiga fa'amaopoopo a Pearson i le va o PIPU, OSA, SSS, ma TPE o lo'o fa'aalia, fa'atonutonuina le matua ma le itupa (Laulau 1). O le aofa'i o sikoa a le PIPU ma ona fa'atatau na matua'i fa'atasi ma OSA. E pei ona fa'amoemoeina, o feso'ota'iga fa'atasi ma sikoa PIPU e masani lava e sili ona malosi fa'anumera mo le matamataina o mea fa'afeusuaiga (r = .65, p <.001) ma e sili ona malosi mo faiga fa'afa'afa'afagogo ma mafutaga (r = .21, p < .001). O le SSS ma le TPE sa fetaui lelei ma fua ole OSA ma le PIPU ma le tasi ma le isi. O faʻaiʻuga e taʻu mai ai i le tele o le SSS, na faʻateleina ai le avanoa e auai i OSA ma faʻaaogaina ponokalafi i luga ole Initaneti faʻafitauli.
Le a'afiaga a le SSS ile PIPU: OSA ose fa'atalanoaga ma le TPE ose fa'atonu
E tusa ai ma le faamatalaga a Edwards ma Lambert (2007), e manaʻomia le faʻataʻitaʻiina o faʻataʻitaʻiga o faʻataʻitaʻiga e tolu i le faʻataʻitaʻiga vaeluaga ma auala faʻasolosolo i luma: (a) Faʻataʻitaʻiga 1 suʻeina le aʻafiaga faʻatonutonu o le fesuiaiga (TPE o loʻo faʻatusalia e U) i luga o le fesuiaiga tutoatasi (SSS o loʻo faʻatusalia e X. ) ma le fesuiaiga faalagolago (PIPU o loʻo faʻatusalia e Y). (b) Fa'atusa 2 o lo'o fa'atatauina le matafaioi fa'atulafono a le fesuiaiga fa'afoe (TPE) i luga ole fesuiaiga tuto'atasi (SSS) ma fesuia'iga va'ava'ai (OSA o lo'o fa'atusalia e W). (c) Fa'ata'ita'iga 3 e su'e ai le fa'aogaina o le a'afiaga o le fa'atonu (TPE) i luga o le sootaga i le va o le fesuiaiga tuto'atasi (SSS) ma le fa'afeso'ota'i va'aiga (OSA), ma le fa'atalanoaina o a'afiaga o le va'aiga fa'afeso'ota'i (OSA) i le fesuiaiga fa'alagolago (PIPU o lo'o fa'atusalia e. Y). O tau o le SSS ma le TPE sa z-fa'asalaina i z- togi, ona sosoo ai lea ma nei mea e lua z- togi na fa'ateleina e avea ma vaega o fegalegaleaiga (Dawson, 2014).
E pei ona faʻaalia i le Laulau 2, i le Fa'atusa 1, o le a'afiaga o feso'ota'iga a le SSS ma le TPE na matua'i vavalo PIPU (c3 = 0.42) ma o lea na faia ai isi suʻesuʻega. I le Fa'atusa 2, o le ala o le fegalegaleaiga a le SSS ma le TPE sa taua (a3 = 0.37). I le Fa'atusa 3, o le ala mai le OSA i le PIPU sa taua (b1 = 0.56), ma mea uma e lua a3 ma b1 sa taua. I le male, a1 ma b2 ma a3 ma b2 e taua uma, lea na ausia tulaga o suʻega (Edwards & Lambert, 2007). I le taimi lava e tasi, e pei ona faʻaalia i le Laulau 2, i le Fa'atusa 3, o le fa'ata'ita'iga fa'ata'ita'iga na fa'atuputeleina le 8.9% fesuiaiga fa'amalamalamaga fa'atusatusa i le Fa'atusa 1, lea na lagolagoina ai le fa'atalanoaga o le OSA i le a'afiaga o le SSS ile fa'aogaina fa'afitauli. Le fa'ata'ita'iga fa'ata'ita'i ile Ata 1 sa faapena ona tofotofoina ma lagolagoina.
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Laulau 2. Laasaga e tolu e suʻesuʻe ai faʻataʻitaʻiga o lagona faʻafeusuaiga o loʻo sailia sootaga i le PIPU (faʻatatau i le bootstrapping)
Fa'atusa 1 (su'esu'e fa'alagolago: Y) | Fa'atusa 2 (su'esu'e fa'alagolago: W) | Fa'atusa 3 (su'esu'e fa'alagolago: Y) | ||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Ese | B | SE | β | 95% CI | B | SE | β | 95% CI | B | SE | β | 95% CI |
| X | 0.41 (c1)*** | 0.04 | 0.42 | [0.34, 0.48] | 0.33 (a1)*** | 0.04 | 0.33 | [0.26, 0.41] | 0.07 | 0.04 | 0.07 | [-0.01, 0.14] |
| U | 0.19 *** | 0.03 | 0.20 | [0.13, 0.26] | 0.40 *** | 0.05 | 0.42 | [0.31, 0.51] | 0.33 *** | 0.03 | 0.36 | [0.27, 0.38] |
| UX | 0.16 (c3)** | 0.05 | 0.20 | [0.04, 0.25] | 0.30 (a3)*** | 0.06 | 0.37 | [0.18, 0.42] | 0.20 (b2)*** | 0.03 | 0.15 | [0.05, 0.18] |
| W | 0.56 (b1)*** | 0.03 | 0.50 | [0.49, 0.62] | ||||||||
| itupa | -0.34 *** | 0.07 | -0.14 | [−0.49, −0.21] | -0.53 *** | 0.10 | -0.16 | [−0.76, −0.36] | -0.10 *** | 0.02 | -0.04 | [−0.14, −0.06] |
| tausaga | -0.08 * | 0.03 | -0.07 | [−0.15, −0.02] | -0.04 | 0.04 | -0.03 | [-0.12, 0.03] | 0.06 * | 0.03 | -0.05 | [-0.10, 0.01] |
| R2 (%) | 36.5 | 63.1 | 45.4 | |||||||||
Manatua. O le 95% vaeluaga o fesuiaiga uma o le vavalo na maua mai i le bootstrap. X: su'e lagona fa'afeusuaiga; Y: fa'afitauli fa'aoga ponokalafi Initaneti; W: faiga fa'afeusuaiga i luga ole laiga; U: aafiaga o tagata lona tolu; SE: sese masani; CI: vaitaimi mautinoa; PIPU: faʻafitauli faʻaoga ponokalafi Initaneti.
*p <.05. **p <.01. ***p <.001.
Mai Laupapa 2, o le faʻatusatusaga lelei o le taimi o fegalegaleaiga na fautua mai na sili atu ona lelei pe a faʻateleina le TPE. Ina ia faafaigofie le faauigaina, na matou faufau le sootaga ina ia mafai ona matamata i ai. Na matou vaevaeina togi a tagata taʻitoʻatasi i ni vaega maualuga ma maualalo e tusa ai ma le a SD luga ma lalo ole fua (Dawson, 2014). O faʻaiʻuga na faʻaalia ai mo tagata auai e maualuga le TPE (ma togi a SD i luga aʻe o le uiga), e mafai e le SSS ona vaʻai lelei OSAs (β = 0.71, t = 6.13, p <.01), ae mo tagata auai e maualalo togi i luga o le TPE (ma togi o le a SD i lalo o le uiga), e le taua tele le aʻafiaga o le SSS (β = -0.04, t = 0.27, p = .79; Faʻatusa 2).
Ata 2. So'oga i le va o SSS, TPE, ma OSA
Su'ega fa'afeagai fa'atasi o le fa'ata'ita'iga i ali'i ma tama'ita'i
Na fa'aaogaina fua fa'atatau e su'esu'e ai le fa'ata'ita'iga fa'ata'otoga fa'atatau i itupa e lua. Ole su'ega ole fa'avasegaga e masani ona mana'omia ai ni laasaga, e aofia ai le fa'aopoopo malie o tapula'a (fa'aagavaaina fa'amaufa'ailoga fa'aopoopo ina ia tutusa) i la'asaga ta'itasi e fa'amae'a ai le su'ega atoa, fa'aaoga le eseesega o fa'ailoga fetaui e fai ma ta'iala e su'e ai pe fa'aleaga le fa'atinoga o le fa'atusa fa'atusa. . Afai e le lelei faʻailoga faʻapipiʻi, e taʻu mai e leai se fausaga tutusa i le va o vaega e lua ma taofi le suʻega (Lomazzi, 2018). O le la'asaga muamua o le su'ega invariance configural (le fa'ata'ita'iga fa'avae) lea e leai ni fa'amaufa'ailoga e fa'atulagaina mo le tutusa o vaega e va'ai pe "foliga" tutusa i vaega uma e lua. I lenei laasaga, o faʻaiʻuga na faʻaalia ai o faʻamatalaga talafeagai o le faʻataʻitaʻiga o: χ2 = 703.11, df = 77, p <.001, fa'atusatusaga fa'atatau (CFI) = 0.86, Tucker-Lewis index (TLI) = 0.81, ma le a'a o lona uiga sikuea fa'atatau (RMSEA) = 0.14. Na faʻaalia ai na teena le faʻataʻitaʻiga faʻavae, o lona uiga e tatau ona suia le faʻataʻitaʻiga faʻataʻitaʻiga o le tasi vaega. I le la'asaga zero, sa fa'atatauina fo'i fa'ata'ita'iga fa'avae mo ali'i ma tama'ita'i, e fa'aalia ai le fetaui lelei i mata'upu tama (χ2 = 101.72, df = 29, p <.001, CFI = 0.97, TLI = 0.95, ma le RMSEA = 0.073) ae le o mata'upu tama'ita'i (χ2 = 216.256, df = 29, p <.001, CFI = 0.90, TLI = 0.82, ma le RMSEA = 0.14). O lea su'esu'ega na fa'ailoa mai ai e fa'atatau le fa'ata'ita'iga fa'atonutonu fa'atatau ile itupa. O le fesuiaiga o faʻamatalaga o le faʻataʻitaʻiga e 57.5% i alii ma 32.5% i fafine (Laulau 3).
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Laulau 3. Fa'atusatusaga o fa'asologa o ala o le fa'ata'ita'iga fa'ata'ita'iga fa'atonutonu i le va o ali'i ma tama'ita'i
Taunuuga Tutoatasi | Faʻalagolago i suiga | Ala fa'atasi | Tulaga taua | p | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Alii (β) | SE | Fafine (β) | SE | ||||
| SSS | OSA | 0.39 | 0.05 | 0.40 | 0.06 | 1.89 | .059 |
| TPE | 0.45 | 0.05 | 0.47 | 0.07 | -6.85 | .000 | |
| SSS × TPE | 0.33 | 0.08 | 0.60 | 0.07 | -27.10 | .000 | |
| SSS | PIPU | 0.17 | 0.07 | 0.03 | 0.06 | 14.89 | .000 |
| TPE | 0.09 | 0.03 | 0.13 | 0.03 | 10.75 | .000 | |
| SSS × TPE | 0.004 | 0.06 | 0.24 | 0.08 | 14.38 | .000 | |
| OSA | 0.74 | 0.11 | 0.89 | 0.07 | -1.95 | .258 | |
Manatua. O le β o le fa'asologa o le ala fa'ata'atia. O le p tau o le “.000” e fetaui ma p < .001. SSS: su'esu'e lagona fa'afeusuaiga; PIPU: faʻafitauli faʻaogaina ponokalafi Initaneti; OSAs: faiga fa'afeusuaiga i luga ole laiga; TPE: aafiaga o tagata lona tolu; SE: sese masani.
Talanoaga
I lenei suʻesuʻega, na matou faʻataʻitaʻiina sootaga i le va o TPE, SSS, OSA, ma PIPU i alii ma tamaitai o loʻo aʻoga i kolisi matutua mai Saina. Aemaise lava, na matou faʻataʻitaʻiina se faʻataʻitaʻiga faʻataʻitaʻiga o loʻo faʻapipiʻiina i totonu o le I-PACE faʻataʻitaʻiga faʻavae i totonu o le tala o le PIU ma vaisu tusitusiga. O suʻesuʻega talu ai na suʻesuʻeina ai aʻafiaga o le faʻamalosia le lelei (faʻataʻitaʻiga, sola ese pe aloese mai le atuatuvale ma le popole e ala i le matamataina o ponokalafi) i luga o le atinaʻeina o le PIPU (Paul & Shim, 2008). E ui o le tele o suʻesuʻega na suʻesuʻeina ai foi vaega o le faʻamalosia lelei ma le SSS e fesoʻotaʻi ma le PIPU (Steinberg et al., 2008), o fa'amatalaga fa'ainisinia mo so'otaga i le va o le SSS ma le PIPU ua matua'i leai lava. Ina ia faʻalauteleina le malamalama i lenei vaega ma ofoina atu taʻiala faʻapitoa i tagata taʻitoʻatasi, fomaʻi ma faiaoga, o lenei suʻesuʻega o loʻo faʻaalia ai o loʻo faʻaaogaina e le SSS ana aʻafiaga i le PIPU e ala i OSA, e faʻatautaia e le TPE, ma e foliga mai e faʻatatau i alii. Aemaise lava, na matou iloa ai o le SSS e oʻo atu i le tele o OSA e masani lava pe a vaʻaia e tagata taʻitoʻatasi aʻafiaga i isi e sili atu nai lo i latou ia i latou lava, lea e maua ai faʻamatalaga sili atu ma faʻamalamalamaga o afea, poʻo lalo o a tulaga, SSS e mafai ona oʻo atu i le tele o OSA ma mulimuli ane PIPU. E le gata i lea, o lenei auala na mafua ai le tele o feeseeseaiga i alii nai lo tamaitai. O le mea lea, o matou manatu na matua lagolagoina ma o faʻamatalaga o loʻo lisiina i lalo.
O le fa'ata'ita'iga fa'ata'otoga fa'atonutonu e fa'ailoa mai ai o le so'otaga i le va o le SSS maualuga ma le PIPU e fa'agaoioia i le tele o OSA, fa'atasi ma su'esu'ega muamua (Hong et al., 2012; Zheng & Zheng, 2014). O le su'eina o lagona ose uiga e masani ona feso'ota'i ma amioga fai ma vaisu (Steinberg et al., 2008). I le avea ai o se vaega taua o le sailiga o lagona, e atagia mai ai e le SSS se faʻataʻitaʻiga e suʻe tulaga lamatia, fiafia, ma fou faʻafeusuaiga. O mea na maua e ogatasi ma le manatu e mafai e le Initaneti ona tosina mai tagata faʻapitoa o ponokalafi, aemaise lava tama aʻoga kolisi maualuga i SSS ona o lona fou, le faʻailoaina, taugofie, ma le faigofie ona maua (Cooper et al., 2000). Mo tagata taʻitoʻatasi e maualuga le SSS, o le Initaneti e mafai ona fai ma sui o se auala fou e faʻamalieina ai manaʻoga o le sailia o faʻaosofiaga faʻafeusuaiga fou, maua le fiafia, ma faʻamalolo le tiga e fesoʻotaʻi ma le taofiofia o lagona faʻafeusuaiga, ona faʻatupuina ai lea o se faʻasologa o amioga.Putnam, 2000) e ogatasi ma le fa'ata'ita'iga I-PACE (Brand, Young, et al., 2016). Ae ui i lea, o se mafutaga faʻapena e mafai ona faʻateleina ai le faigata mo se tagata ona pulea e se tasi le faʻaogaina o ponokalafi i luga o le Initaneti, e ui lava o aʻafiaga leaga e fesoʻotaʻi ma le soona faʻaogaina e ono tupu. E le gata i lea, ua fautuaina e faʻapea o tagata faʻaoga, atonu oi latou e maualuga i le SSS, o loʻo i ai ni mafaufauga faʻafeusuaiga e mafai ona faʻamalieina i ponokalafi i luga o le Initaneti e sili atu nai lo feusuaʻiga i le lalolagi moni e ono lamatia faapitoa mo le atinaʻeina o le PIPU (Brand, Snagowski, Laier, & Maderwald, 2016; Cooper et al., 2000, 2004). O nei avanoa e faʻamaonia ai suʻesuʻega saʻo i suʻesuʻega i le lumanaʻi, mo se faʻataʻitaʻiga, e ala i le aofia ai o fua o faʻamoemoega faʻafeusuaiga i suʻesuʻega umi o le faʻaogaina o ponokalafi Initaneti.
O suʻesuʻega o loʻo i ai nei o loʻo faʻaalia ai o tagata taʻitoʻatasi e talitonu o ponokalafi i luga o le Initaneti e mafai ona sili atu ona afaina ai isi nai lo i latou lava e sili atu ona latou auai i OSA ma maua ai le PIPU. E tusa ai ma le Perloff's (2002) "faʻalauteleina o le tagata lava ia", e mafai e tagata ona faʻaalia se "tagata sili ona lelei" i totonu ma fafo e puipuia ma faʻaleleia "le tagata lava ia." Ole tele ole a'oa'oga e mafai ona fa'amatalaina ai uiga e ono fa'afitia pe fa'atauva'a ai a'afiaga ole taumafaina o ponokalafi ma pe fa'afefea ona fa'atatau i le atina'eina o le PIPU e mana'omia ai su'esu'ega fa'aopoopo (Sun, Pan, & Shen, 2008). E le gata i lea, talu ai o tagata taʻitoʻatasi e maualuga le SSS atonu e sili atu le faʻaogaina o tagata taʻitoʻatasi, o latou uiga e mafai ona taʻitaʻia ai i latou e sili atu le gauai atu i o latou lava aafiaga, ma e mafai ona faʻamalosia ai le faʻaituau o le tagata lava ia i le faatosinaga a ponokalafi i luga o le Initaneti, ma faʻateleina ai talitonuga e mafai ona latou faia. aua le a'afia leaga (Lee & Tamborini, 2005).
O su'esu'ega fa'afeagai fa'atele na fa'aalia ai o le fa'ata'ita'iga na fa'ata'ita'iina i lenei su'esu'ega e le'i fa'aoga tutusa i itupa ma le fa'ata'ita'iga e fa'atatau i tama e sili atu nai lo tama'ita'i. Muamua, e masani ona tulituliloa e tane ni aafiaga tau feusuaʻiga eseese (Oshri, Tubman, Morganlopez, Saavedra, & Csizmadia, 2013); latou te lipotia fo'i le tele o fa'afeusuaiga (Goodson, McCormick, & Evans, 2000), fa'afiafiaga fa'afeusuaiga, ma le masturbation pe a su'esu'e mea fa'akomepiuta i luga o le initaneti ma tama'ita'i o lo'o lipotia mai le tele o le 'alofia, le 'ino'ino, po'o le popole (González-Ortega & Orgaz-Baz, 2013). O le mea lea, o tane, aemaise lava i latou e maualuga i le SSS, atonu e sili atu ona latou sailia ni faʻaosofiaga faʻafeusuaiga fou i luga ole laiga e ono oʻo atu ai ile PIPU. Lona lua, o mea fa'alagona atonu e sili atu ona taua e fa'atatau i amioga fa'afeusuaiga mo tama'ita'i pe a fa'atusatusa i tane (Cooper, Morahan-Martin, Mathy, & Maheu, 2002), ae o le tele o mea tau feusuaiga e maua i luga o le initaneti atonu e le mana'omia mo tamaitai (Gonzalez-Ortega & Orgaz-Baz, 2013). Ma le mea mulimuli, e sili atu le leaga o fafine i le vaʻaia o ponokalafi nai lo alii (Malamuth, 1996). O le mea lea, i lenei faʻataʻitaʻiga tele, o galuega a le SSS ma le TPE e mafai ona eseese mo le tele o mafuaʻaga, ma o nei mafuaʻaga talafeagai e tatau ona suʻesuʻeina i suʻesuʻega i le lumanaʻi.
O a matou suʻesuʻega e iai aʻafiaga faʻapitoa mo aʻoaʻoga faʻafeusuaiga, puipuia o le PIPU, ma tulafono faatonutonu a le Initaneti. Muamua, o le suʻesuʻega na maua ai e mafai e le SSS ona vavalo OSA ma PIPU, aemaise lava i tamaloloa e maualuga le SSS. E tatau ona su'esu'e atili le SSS ma i tulaga tau a'oa'oga, atonu e taua tele le fa'atonuina o tagata i le auala sili e malamalama ai ma fa'afetauia latou lava mana'oga fa'afeusuaiga i teuga soifua maloloina. O ia taumafaiga e mafai ona sili atu ona tupu aʻo leʻi oʻo i le kolisi i aʻoaʻoga faʻafeusuaiga i le taimi o talavou poʻo taimi muamua atu, ona o le aofaʻi o talavou e laiti i le 10 tausaga le matutua e matamata i ponokalafi e ono faʻatupulaia (Peter & Valkenburg, 2016). Lona lua, o le faatosinaga a le TPE o loʻo fautua mai ai o aʻoaʻoga e uiga i aʻafiaga faʻaleagaina o ponokalafi Initaneti e mafai ona fesoasoani e faʻaitiitia ai le ono atiaʻe o le PIPU. O ia taumafaiga faaleaoaoga e ono aofia ai aoaoga e uiga i alii talavou o loo lipotia mai o le matamataina o ponokalafi i luga o le Initoneti ua suia ai a latou mamanu faaosofia feusuaiga ma taitai atu ai i le faaletonu o le erectile (Wéry & Billieux, 2016). Ma le mea mulimuli, o faiga fa'ale-mafaufau e feso'ota'i ma tama ma tama'ita'i fa'atasi i OSA ma atina'e o le PIPU atonu e eseese. O le mea lea, e ono mana'omia le fa'avasegaina o ta'iala fa'aa'oa'oga ma fa'ata'ita'iga i tu'uga fa'apitoa i itupa, fa'atasi ai ma le fa'amamafaina o le SSS i ali'i ma atonu o isi vaega (fa'ata'ita'iga, e feso'ota'i ma itu fa'alagona ma agafesootai) e sili atu ona talafeagai i tama'ita'i, e ui lava o lenei manatu mulimuli e. taumatematega i le taimi nei e fa'atatau i mea na maua talu ai nei.
E tatau ona iloiloina a tatou fa'ai'uga e tusa ai ma tapula'a o su'esu'ega. O le su'esu'ega e le'i fa'aaogaina fa'ata'ita'iga fa'afuase'i ma sa fa'avae i luga ole Initaneti, ma o nei vaega e mafai ona fa'atapula'a ai le fa'atumauina o su'esu'ega. Lona lua, o tagata na auai o tamaiti aoga mai le kolisi mai Saina. E ui o le taumafaina o ponokalafi e matua taua tele i lenei vaega, o le tulaga e mafai ona lautele ai sailiiliga i isi talavou matutua ma vaitausaga, vaega e itiiti a latou aʻoaʻoga, ma isi pulega faʻafaamasinoga ma aganuu e tatau ai suʻesuʻega faaopoopo. Lona tolu, e pei o isi mea e fesoʻotaʻi ma OSA ma PIPU, e pei o le maualalo o le tagata lava ia (Kor et al., 2014), tu'inanau (Kraus, Martino, & Potenza, 2016), ma ta'iala le lelei e faatonutonu ai lagona (Wéry & Billieux, 2015), e tatau ona suʻesuʻeina i suʻesuʻega i le lumanaʻi. E ui lava i nei tapulaʻa, o le suʻesuʻega o loʻo tuʻuina atu ai faʻamatalaga taua e lagolagoina ma faʻaleleia faʻataʻitaʻiga faʻataʻitaʻiga fuafuaina mo ituaiga faʻapitoa o le PIU ma fautua mai auala taua mo taʻiala faʻaleaʻoaʻoga ma faʻalavelave e faʻaitiitia ai le faʻalavelave faʻaleagaina e fesoʻotaʻi ma le PIPU.
Fesoasoani a le au tusitala
LC na fuafuaina le suʻesuʻega, auʻiliʻili faʻamaumauga, ma tusia le ata muamua o le tusitusiga. Na fa'atalanoaina e le MNP le fa'atulagaina o su'esu'ega su'esu'e ma toe iloilo/fa'alelei tusitusiga. Na aoina e le YY ma le WS faʻamaumauga, saofagā i suʻesuʻega faʻamaumauga, ma toe iloilo / toe teuteu tusitusiga. O le CD ma le LZ na mata'ituina le aoina o fa'amaumauga ma toe iloilo/fa'aleleia tusitusiga. Na maua e le au tusitala le avanoa atoatoa i faʻamatalaga uma i totonu o le suʻesuʻega ma ave le matafaioi mo le faʻamaoni o faʻamaumauga ma le saʻo o suʻesuʻega faʻamaumauga.
Feeseeseaiga o tului
Ua lipotia mai e le au tusitala e leai se feteenaiga o aia e tusa ai ma mea o loʻo i totonu o lenei tusitusiga. Dr. MNP na fa'atalanoaina ma fautuaina le Rivermend Health, Opiant/Lightlake Therapeutics, ma Jazz Pharmaceuticals; maua lagolago su'esu'e (ia Yale) mai le Mohegan Sun Casino ma le National Center for Responsible Gaming; feutagai mo faalapotopotoga faaletulafono ma taaloga faitupe i mataupu e faatatau i le pulea o lagona ma amioga ua fai ma vaisu; tu'uina atu le tausiga fa'apitoa e feso'ota'i ma le fa'atonuina o le fa'amalosi ma amioga fa'afaisu; faia iloiloga fesoasoani; tala fa'asalalau/vaega talatala; tu'uina atu tautalaga fa'ale-a'oa'oga i ta'amilosaga tetele, fa'alavelave CME, ma isi nofoaga fa'apitoa/fa'asaienisi; ma fa'atupuina tusi po'o mataupu mo le au lomitusi o tusitusiga o le soifua maloloina o le mafaufau. O isi tusitala e leai ni sootaga tau tupe ma mea e fiafia i ai pisinisi.
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