O a Tuutuuga e Tatau Ona Avea ma Faʻaletonu i le Faʻavasegaina Faʻavaomalo o Faʻamaʻi (ICD-11) Tofiaina o "Isi Faʻapitoa Faʻaletonu Mafuaʻaga Ona o Vaisu Faʻafeagai"? (2020)

FAAMATALAGA: O se iloiloga a tagata popoto faapitoa i vaisu ua faaiuina ai o le faaletonu o le faaaogaina o ponokalafi o se tulaga e mafai ia maua i le vaega ICD-11 "isi faʻamaʻi faʻapitoa ona o amioga faʻamalosi". I se isi faaupuga, o le faʻaaogaina o porn faʻamalosi e foliga mai o isi vaisu o amioga faʻaalia, e aofia ai taaloga faitupe ma faʻalavelave taʻaloga. Fa'amatalaga mai le pepa:

Manatua matou te le o fautuaina le aofia ai o faʻafitauli fou i le ICD-11. Ae ui i lea, matou te faʻamoemoe e faʻamamafa atu o ni uiga faʻapitoa e ono avea ma vaisu amioga o loʻo talanoaina i tusitusiga, ia e le o aofia ai faʻapitoa i le ICD-11, ae e ono ofi i le vaega o "isi faʻamaonia ni faʻalavelave ona o amioga faʻafitauli" ma mulimuli ane ono faʻailogaina pei ole 6C5Y ile faʻataʻitaʻi ile falemaʻi. (faamamafa sapalai)…

Faʻavae i molimau na iloiloina e faʻatatau i le tolu meta-tulaga-tulaga fuafuaina, matou te fautua atu o ponokalafi-faʻaaoga faʻaletonu o se tulaga e ono mafai ona faʻamaonia i le ICD-11 vaega "isi maʻi faʻapitoa ona o amioga faʻatupu" e faʻavae i luga o le tolu autu tulaga mo taʻaloga taʻaloga, toe faʻaleleia atili e faʻatatau i ponokalafi matamata (Faailoga, Blycker, et al., 2019) ....

O le faʻamaoniga o ponokalafi-faʻaogaina o faʻamaʻi e pei o isi faʻamaonia le faʻamaonia ona o amioga ua fai ma vaisu e ono sili atu ona lava mo tagata taʻitoʻatasi oe na ogaoga puapuaga mai le le lelei pulea ponokalafi vaʻaia (i le tele o taimi faʻatasi ma le taaloalo i totogifuapauina).

O iinei matou te tuʻuina atu ai le vaega e uiga i faʻafitauli faʻaoga porn:

Ponokalafi-fa'aoga faaletonu

Faʻamalosia o amioga feusuaʻi faʻaletonu, pei ona faʻaofi i totonu o le ICD-11 vaega o faʻamalosia o le mafaufau, e ono aofia ai le lautele o feusuaʻiga amioga e aofia ai le soʻona vaʻaia o ponokalafi e avea ma se fomaʻi talafeagai faʻataʻitaʻiga (Brand, Blycker, & Potenza, 2019; Kraus et al., 2018). O le faʻavasegaina o faʻamalosia amioga tau feusuaiga faʻafinauina ua finauina (Derbyshire & Grant, 2015fautua mai ma nisi tusitala e sili atu talafeagai le fausaga o mea ua fai ma vaisu (Gola & Potenza, 2018), lea e mafai ona faʻapitoa i tagata taʻitoʻatasi o loʻo aʻafia i faʻafitauli e fesoʻotaʻi ma ponokalafi faʻaaoga ae le mai i isi tulaga faʻamalosia poʻo ni lagona mataga (Gola, Lewczuk, & Skorko, 2016; Kraus, Martino, & Potenza, 2016).

O faʻataʻitaʻiga faʻataʻitaʻiga mo taʻaloga faʻafitauli ua fefaʻasoaaʻiina nisi o foliga ma i latou mo le faʻamalosia o amioga tau feusuaiga ma ono ono mafai ona faʻaaogaina e ala i le suia o le "taʻaloga" i le "ponokalafi faʻaaogaina." O nei itu taua e tolu ua manatu e ogatotonu i faafitauli ponokalafi faaaoga (Faailoga, Blycker, et al., 2019) ma foliga mai ua fetaui lelei i manaʻoga faavae (Mati. 1). E tele suʻesuʻega ua faʻaalia ai le talafeagai o le faʻavae (tulaga 1) o faʻafitauli o ponokalafi faʻaoga, e mafua ai le faʻaleagaina o le olaga i aso taʻitasi e aofia ai le lamatia o galuega ma mafutaga faʻale-tagata, ma le faʻamaonia o togafitiga (Gola & Potenza, 2016; Kraus, Meshberg-Cohen, Martino, Quinones, & Potenza, 2015; Kraus, Voon, & Potenza, 2016). I le tele o suesuega ma toe iloilo tusitusiga, faʻataʻitaʻiga mai i suʻesuʻega o vaisu (mea faʻavae 2) na faʻaaogaina e maua ai le malamalama ma faʻamatala ia faʻaiuga (Brand, Antons, Wegmann, & Potenza, 2019; Faailoga, Wegmann, et al., 2019; Brand, Young, et al., 2016; Stark et al., 2017; Wéry, Deleuze, Canale, & Billieux, 2018). O faʻamaumauga mai suʻega a le tagata lava ia, amioga, electrophysiologis, ma neuroimaging suʻesuʻega faʻaalia se aʻafia o faʻafitauli o le mafaufau ma faʻavae i lalo neural faʻafesoʻotaʻi na suʻesuʻeina ma faʻamautu i le eseese tikeri mo faʻafitauli o vailaʻau-faʻafitauli ma taaloga faitupe / taʻaloga (fuafua 3). O aga masani na matauina i suʻesuʻega muamua e aofia ai le toe gaoioi ma le manaʻo faatasi ma le faʻateleina o gaioiga i vaega o le faiʻai, tau le mafaufau i ai, faʻaletonu le faia o faʻaiuga, ma le Anetone & Brand, 2018; Anetone, Mueller, et al., 2019; Anetone, Trotzke, Wegmann, & Brand, 2019; Bothe et al., 2019; Brand, Snagowski, Laier, & Maderwald, 2016; Gola et al., 2017; Klucken, Wehrum-Osinsky, Schweckendiek, Kruse, & Stark, 2016; Kowalewska et al., 2018; Mechelmans et al., 2014; Stark, Klucken, Potenza, Brand, & Strahler, 2018; Voon et al., 2014).

Faʻavae i molimau na iloiloina e faʻatatau i le tolu meta-tulaga-tulaga fuafuaina, matou te fautua atu o ponokalafi-faʻaaoga faʻaletonu o se tulaga e ono mafai ona faʻamaonia i le ICD-11 vaega "isi maʻi faʻapitoa ona o amioga faʻatupu" e faʻavae i luga o le tolu autu tulaga mo taʻaloga taʻaloga, toe faʻaleleia atili e faʻatatau i ponokalafi matamata (Faailoga, Blycker, et al., 2019). Tasi tulaga sine qua leai mo le mafaufauina o ponokalafi-faʻaaoga faʻaletonu i totonu o lenei vaega o le a mafatia le tagata na o ia ma faapitoa mai le faʻaititia pule i luga o ponokalafi taumafaina (i aso nei luga o le initoneti ponokalafi i le tele o tulaga), lea e le o faʻatasi ai ma nisi faʻamalosia amioga tau feusuaiga (Kraus et al., 2018). E le gata i lea, o le amio e tatau ona mafaufauina o se vaisua amioga pe a fai e iai i le fesoʻotaʻiga ma le afaina o le tulaga ma i ai ni mea le lelei i le olaga i aso uma, e pei ona i ai foi i taʻaloga mo faalavelave (Billieux et al., 2017; Faalapotopotoga o le Soifua Maloloina a le Lalolagi, 2019). Ae peitai, matou te maitauina foi, o ponokalafi-faʻaaoga faʻaletonu atonu i le taimi nei ua faʻamaonia i le taimi nei o le ICD-11 o le faʻamalosia o le faia o amioga feusuai faʻaletonu o lo o vaʻaia o ponokalafi vaʻavaʻaia ma masani ona o faʻatasi ai amioga tau feusuaiga (e masani ona masturbation ae ono mafai isi feusuaiga gaioiga e aofia ai feusuaʻiga feusuaʻiga) ono faʻamalieina aiaiga mo le matua faʻamalosia o amioga fai feusuaigaKraus & Sweeney, 2019). O le faʻaiʻuga o le malosi o amioga tau feusuaiga e ono fetaui lelei mo tagata taʻitoʻatasi e le gata faʻaaogaina ponokalafi vaʻaia, ae o loʻo tigaina foi i isi mea e le o ponokalafi-e fesoʻotaʻi amioga feusuaʻi. O le faʻailoaina o ponokalafi-faʻaaoga faʻaletonu e pei o isi maʻi faʻapitoa ona o amioga faʻatupu e ono sili atu ona talafeagai lelei mo tagata taʻitoʻatasi o loʻo mafatia fua i le leaga o le vaʻaia o ponokalafi (i le tele o tulaga faʻatasi ai ma le masturbation). E tusa pe leai pe leai foi se eseʻesega i le va o luga o le initaneti ma fafo atu ponokalafi faʻaaoga atonu e aoga o loʻo finauina nei, o le mea lava lea mo le initaneti / offline taʻaloga (Király & Demetrovics, 2017).

J Amio Vaisu . 2020 Iuni 30.

Pule: 10.1556 / 2006.2020.00035.Matthias Brand  1   2 , Hans-JÜrgen Rumpf  3 , Zsolt Demetrovics  4 , Astrid MÜller  5 , Rudolf Stark  6   7 , Tanielu L Tupu  8 , Anna E Goudriaan  9   10   11 , Karl Mann  12 , Patrick Trotzke  1   2 , Naomi A Fineberg  13   14   15 , Samuelu R Chamberlain  16   17 , Shane W Kraus  18 , Elisa Wegmann  1 , JoËl Billieux  19   20 , Marc N Potenza  21   22   23

lē faʻatino

tua

O taaloga faitupe ma faaletonu o taaloga ua aofia ai o “faalavelave ona o amioga ua fai ma vaisu” i le Faʻavasegaga Faʻavaomalo o faʻamaʻi (ICD-11). O isi fa'afitauli fa'afitauli e mafai ona ta'ua o "isi fa'afitauli fa'apitoa ona o amioga fa'afaisu (6C5Y)."

Metotia

Iloiloga tala, manatu o tagata atamamai.

i'uga

Matou te fautua atu ia tulaga faʻavae meta-level mo le iloiloina o amioga faʻapitoa e fai ma vaisu e pei o le faʻataunuʻuina o le vaega o "isi faʻafitauli faʻapitoa ona o amioga ua fai ma vaisu":

1. Fa'atatau ile falema'i: O fa'amaoniga fa'amaonia mai le tele o su'esu'ega fa'asaienisi e fa'aalia ai o le amio fa'apitoa e mafai ona fai ma vaisu e talafeagai ile falema'i ma o tagata ta'ito'atasi e o'o i a'afiaga leaga ma fa'aletonu i le olaga i aso faisoo ona o le fa'afitauli ma le ono fai ma vaisu.

2. Fa'apipi'i fa'aa'oa'oga: O a'oa'oga o lo'o i ai nei ma fa'ata'ita'iga fa'ata'ita'iga o lo'o iai i le vaega o su'esu'ega i amioga fa'atupu vaisu o lo'o fa'amatala ma fa'amatala sili ona talafeagai le tulaga o le sui tauva o se amioga e ono fai ma vaisu.

3. Faʻamaoniga faʻamaonia: Faʻamaumauga e faʻavae i luga o lipoti a le tagata lava ia, faʻatalanoaga falemaʻi, suʻesuʻega, faʻataʻitaʻiga faʻataʻitaʻiga, ma, pe a maua, suʻesuʻega o meaola (neural, physiological, genetic) o loʻo fautua mai ai o le mafaufau (ma le neurobiological) o loʻo aʻafia i isi amioga ua fai ma vaisu e aoga foi. mo le tulaga o le sui tauva. O tikeri eseese o le lagolago mo ituaiga faʻafitauli o le faʻaogaina o ponokalafi, faʻatau ma faʻatau, ma le faʻaogaina o fesoʻotaʻiga lautele o loʻo avanoa. O nei tulaga e mafai ona fetaui ma le vaega o "isi faʻamaʻi faʻapitoa ona o amioga ua fai ma vaisu".

iʻuga

E taua le aua ne'i soona fa'aleaga amioga i aso faisoo ae aua le fa'atauaina tulaga e taua ile falema'i ma e tatau ai ile soifua maloloina lautele. Ole fa'ata'ita'iga fa'ata'atia e mafai ona fesoasoani e ta'ita'ia taumafaiga su'esu'e ma fa'ata'ita'iga ile falema'i.

faʻatomuaga

O faaletonu o taaloga faitupe ma taaloga ua faaigoaina o “faalavelave ona o amioga ua fai ma vaisu” i le lomiga lona sefulutasi o le Faʻavasegaga Faʻavaomalo o faʻamaʻi (ICD-11) (Faalapotopotoga o le Soifua Maloloina a le Lalolagi, 2019). E ui lava ua tele felafolafoaiga e tusa ai pe talafeagai le aofia ai o le faaletonu o taaloga i le ICD-11 (Dullur & Starcevic, 2018; van Rooij et al., 2018), le tele o fomaʻi ma tagata suʻesuʻe i vaisu psychiatry ma neuroscience e lagolagoina lona aofia ai (Brand, Rumpf, et al., 2019; Fineberg et al., 2018; Tupu et al., 2018; Rumpf et al., 2018; Stein et al., 2018). Talu ai ona o faʻafitauli ona o le faʻaaogaina o vailaʻau ma amioga faʻamalosi ua aofia i totonu o le ICD-11, o le igoa ua taʻua o "isi faʻafitauli faʻapitoa ona o amioga ua fai ma vaisu" (faʻailogaina o le 6C5Y) e faʻamaonia ai nisi faʻamatalaga faʻavae faʻamaoniga. O lenei faʻamatalaga o loʻo atagia mai ai le manatu o isi amioga faʻaletonu ma faʻafitauli faʻafitauli e ono manatu o ni faʻafitauli ona o amioga faʻasuesue (i tua atu o taaloga faitupe ma taaloga) e tatau ona gauai atu i ai (Potenza, Higuchi, & Brand, 2018). E ui i lea, e leai se faʻamatalaga o amioga faʻapitoa poʻo tulaga. Matou te finau e taua le lava le faʻasao pe a mafaufau i le aofia ai o faʻalavelave faʻalavelave i lenei vaega ina ia aloese mai le soona faʻaleagaina o amioga i aso faisoo.Billieux, Schimmenti, Khazaal, Maurage, & Heeren, 2015; Starcevic, Billieux, & Schimmenti, 2018). O iinei matou te tuʻuina atu ai meta-level-criteria mo le iloiloina o faʻafitauli faʻafitauli e pei o isi faʻafitauli faʻapitoa ona o amioga faʻafefe ma faʻatalanoaina le faʻamaoni o taʻiala e faʻatatau i tulaga talafeagai e tolu: ponokalafi-faʻaogaina le le atoatoa, faʻatau-faʻatauga faʻatau, ma agafesootai-faʻaoga-faʻaoga. fa'aletonu.

Meta-tulaga-tulaga mo le iloiloina o amioga fai ma vaisu e pei o isi faʻafitauli faʻapitoa ona o amioga ua fai ma vaisu

E pei o nisi o amioga fa'aletonu e ono mafaufauina mo le 6C5Y, o ta'aloga fa'aletonu e masani ona faia i luga ole Initaneti. O taiala faʻataʻitaʻiga e tolu mo faʻamaʻi taʻaloga i le ICD-11 e aofia ai le faʻaletonu o le puleaina o taʻaloga, faʻateleina le faʻamuamua o (ma le popole i) taʻaloga, ma le faʻaauauina poʻo le faʻateleina o taʻaloga e ui lava e oʻo i aʻafiaga leaga (Faalapotopotoga o le Soifua Maloloina a le Lalolagi, 2019). E le gata i lea, o le mamanu o le amio e tatau ona oo atu ai i se faaletonu tele i le tagata lava ia, aiga, agafesootai, aoaoga, galuega, po o isi vaega taua o le olaga. E tatau fo'i ona fa'aoga nei ta'iala fa'ata'ita'i i amioga e ono fai ma vaisu i tua atu o le fa'aletonu o ta'aloga (ma le fa'aletonu o taaloga faitupe, lea e fa'asoa ai ta'iala fa'ata'ita'i ma le fa'aletonu o ta'aloga). I le faaopoopo atu i nei taiala faʻataʻitaʻiga, matou te fautua atu ni faʻataʻitaʻiga faʻataʻitaʻiga se tolu mai se suʻesuʻega faʻasaienisi mo le mafaufauina o amioga faʻapitoa e fai ma vaisu e pei o le faʻataunuʻuina o le vaega ICD-11 "isi faʻamaʻi faʻapitoa ona o amioga faʻafefe". Matou te tuʻuina atu nei meta-level-criteria ina ia fesoasoani e taʻitaʻia uma taumafaiga suʻesuʻe ma faʻataʻitaʻiga falemaʻi.

Fa'amatalaga fa'asaienisi mo le talafeagai ile falema'i

Criterion 1: Faʻamatalaga faʻamaonia mai suʻesuʻega faʻasaienisi tele, e aofia ai ma mea e aofia ai tagata suʻesuʻe togafitiga, o loʻo faʻaalia ai o le amio faʻapitoa e fai ma vaisu e talafeagai ile falemaʻi ma e maua e tagata taʻitoʻatasi aʻafiaga leaga ma faʻaletonu i le olaga i aso faisoo ona o le faʻafitauli ma ono fai ma vaisu.

Mafua'aga: O le fa'aletonu o galuega o se fa'ata'ita'iga autu lea i le tele o fa'aletonu o le mafaufau, e aofia ai fa'aletonu i taaloga ma taaloga faitupe (Billieux et al., 2017; Faalapotopotoga o le Soifua Maloloina a le Lalolagi, 2019). O le mea lea, o suʻesuʻega faʻasaienisi e tatau ona faʻaalia ai o amioga faʻapitoa e fai ma vaisu e fesoʻotaʻi ma le faʻaleagaina o galuega e faʻamaonia ai togafitiga (Stein et al., 2010). O le faʻalavelave e tatau ona faʻapitoa, o lona uiga o faʻafitauli e oʻo i ai i le olaga i aso taʻitasi e tatau ona mafua mai i amioga faʻapitoa e ono fai ma vaisu ae le ona o le tele o faʻafitauli faʻafitauli eseese poʻo faʻamatalaina e isi faʻafitauli o le mafaufau (faʻataʻitaʻiga, ona o se mea manic. ).

Fa'apipi'i fa'ata'ita'i

Fuafuaga 2: O a'oa'oga o lo'o iai nei ma fa'ata'ita'iga fa'ata'ita'iga o lo'o iai i le matā'upu o su'esu'ega i amioga fai ma vaisu o lo'o fa'amatala ma fa'amatala sili ona talafeagai le tulaga o le sui tauva o se amioga e ono fai ma vaisu.

Mafua'aga: Afai o se fa'alavelave fa'ale-amio ua ta'ua ose fa'aletonu ona o amioga fa'atupu vaisu, ole a'oa'oga (neuroscientific) o lo'o fa'amatalaina ai amioga ua fai ma vaisu e tatau ona fa'amaonia mo le sui tauva. A leai, o le a le talafeagai le taʻua o le mea na tupu o se vaisu, ae atonu o se faʻalavelave faʻamalosi poʻo le faʻalavelave faʻalavelave. O aʻoaʻoga o loʻo i ai nei o loʻo manatu faʻapitoa i totonu o le faʻaaogaina o vailaʻau ma suʻesuʻega o mea ua fai ma vaisu e aofia ai le manatu faʻaosofia faʻaosofia (Robinson & Berridge, 2008), fa'aletonu le tali fa'asaina ma le salience attribution (iRISA) fa'ata'ita'iga (Goldstein & Volkow, 2011), fa'ama'i fa'aletonu o taui (Blum et al., 1996), auala e lua fa'agasologa o vaisu (Bechara, 2005; Everitt & Robbins, 2016) e aofia ai i latou e taulaʻi atu i faʻamatalaga faʻapitoa (Stacy & Wiers, 2010; Wiers & Stacy, 2006), ma faʻataʻitaʻiga faʻapitoa o vaisu amio. O lenei vaega mulimuli e aofia ai faʻataʻitaʻiga e pei o Davis's early model of Internet-use disorders (Davis, 2001), o le faʻataʻitaʻiga o le mafaufau-amio o le le atoatoa o taaloga (Dong & Potenza, 2014), le fa'ata'ita'iga ta'itolu o le fa'aletonu o ta'aloga (Wei, Zhang, Turel, Bechara, & He, 2017), ma le fegalegaleaiga a le tagata-aafiaga-cognition-execution (I-PACE) faʻataʻitaʻiga o faʻafitauli faʻaoga faʻaoga Initaneti (Brand, Young, Laier, Wölfling, & Potenza, 2016) ma amioga fai ma vaisu lautele (Faailoga, Wegmann, et al., 2019). I tusitusiga faʻasaienisi o loʻo talanoaina ai le tulaga o le sui tauva, o aʻoaʻoga o amioga ua fai ma vaisu e tatau ona faʻaogaina ma suʻesuʻega e tatau ona faʻaalia ai o faʻagasologa autu o loʻo aʻafia ai amioga ua fai ma vaisu o loʻo aʻafia foi i le tulaga o le sui tauva (silasila i le isi criterion). O lenei tulaga e taua tele ina ia mulimulitaʻi i se faʻataʻitaʻiga faʻataʻitaʻiga ma faʻataʻitaʻiga-faʻataʻitaʻiga auala nai lo le naʻo le faʻatalanoaina o nisi o fesoʻotaʻiga maʻoti o se amioga e ono fai ma vaisu.

Faʻamaoniga faʻapitoa mo faiga faʻavae

Tulaga 3: Faʻamaumauga e faʻavae i luga o lipoti a le tagata lava ia, faʻatalanoaga falemaʻi, suʻesuʻega, faʻataʻitaʻiga faʻataʻitaʻiga, ma, pe a maua, suʻesuʻega faʻaola (neural, physiological, genetic) o loʻo fautua mai ai o le mafaufau (ma le neurobiological) o loʻo aʻafia i isi amioga ua fai ma vaisu (cf., Potenza, 2017) e aoga foi mo le tulaga o le sui tauva.

Faʻamatalaga: Matou te finau e taua le i ai o faʻamatalaga mai le tele o suʻesuʻega na faʻaaogaina auala eseese e suʻesuʻe ai faiga faʻapitoa o loʻo faʻavae i lalo o le sui tauva aʻo leʻi mafai e se tasi ona mafaufau i le faʻavasegaina o se tulaga o le amio e pei o le le atoatoa ona o amioga ua fai ma vaisu. O suʻesuʻega e tatau ona faʻamaonia e faʻapea o iloiloga faʻapitoa o amioga faʻasuesue e foliga mai e aoga mo le sui tauva. O lona uiga foi e le lava pe a na o ni nai suʻesuʻega, mo se faʻataʻitaʻiga o le faʻaaogaina o se meafaigaluega suʻesuʻe fou, ua faʻatalanoaina se amioga fou e fai ma vaisu e faʻaaoga ai le faaupuga "faʻalavelave ona o amioga faʻasuesue." E le gata i lea, o suʻesuʻega e tatau ona aofia ai metotia maʻoti ma faʻatatau i faʻataʻitaʻiga ma meafaigāluega suʻesuʻe (Rumpf et al., 2019). Fa'atoa fa'amoemoeina ma fa'amaonia seti o fa'amaumauga mai le tele o su'esu'ega (ma mai vaega faigaluega eseese) - e pei ona manatu o se fa'ata'ita'iga o le fa'amaoni o meafaigaluega su'esu'e i totonu o le fanua (Tupu et al., 2020) - o loʻo avanoa e faʻaalia ai le faʻamaonia o manatu faʻavae i luga o vaega faʻapitoa o amioga faʻafefe, e mafai ona faʻamaonia le faʻamatalaga taʻitasi o se amioga fai ma vaisu. E taua foi lenei mea i le tulaga o le aloese mai le soona fai-pathologizing amioga i aso uma-olaga e pei o vaisu (Billieux, Schimmenti, et al., 2015) e pei ona ta'ua i luga i le vaega o le faaletonu o galuega. O se aotelega o le tolu meta-level-criteria ua faʻatulagaina, e aofia ai le faʻalapotopotoga faʻapitoa ma fesili e taliina pe a mafaufau i le faʻavasegaina o se sui tauva o se "isi faʻamaʻi faʻapitoa ona o amioga faʻamalosi" o loʻo faʻaalia i totonu. Mati. 1.

Fig. 1.
Fig. 1.

Aotelega o le meta-level-criteria ua fuafuaina mo le iloiloina o le faʻavasegaina o se sui tauva o se "isi faʻamaʻi faʻamaʻi ona o amioga faʻafefe".

Fuaiupu: Journal o amioga fai ma vaisu J Behav Addict 2020; 10.1556/2006.2020.00035

Iloiloga o faʻamaoniga faʻasaienisi e lagolagoina ai le talafeagai o ituaiga faʻapitoa o vaisu o amioga i totonu o le ICD-11 vaega o "isi faʻafitauli faʻapitoa ona o amioga faʻafefe"

O tikeri eseese o le lagolago mo ituaiga faʻafitauli o le faʻaogaina o ponokalafi, faʻatau ma faʻatau, ma le faʻaogaina o fesoʻotaʻiga lautele o loʻo avanoa. O molimau o le a aoteleina i isi vaega. Manatua matou te le o fautuaina le faʻaofiina o faʻafitauli fou i le ICD-11. Nai lo lena, matou te faʻamoemoe e faʻamamafa atu o nisi o amioga faʻapitoa e mafai ona fai ma vaisu o loʻo talanoaina i tusitusiga, lea e le o aofia ai i le taimi nei o ni faʻafitauli faʻapitoa i le ICD-11, ae atonu e fetaui ma le vaega o "isi faʻafitauli faʻapitoa ona o amioga faʻamaʻi" ma mulimuli ane. e mafai ona fa'ailoga 6C5Y ile fa'ata'ita'iga ile falema'i. E ala i le faʻamalamalamaina atili o le mafuaaga mo le iloiloina o nei amioga e tolu e ono fai ma vaisu, matou te faʻamoemoe foi e faʻaalia mo nisi mea faʻapitoa, atonu e le lava le faʻamaoniga e faʻaigoaina ai latou amioga "vaisu".

Ponokalafi-fa'aoga faaletonu

Faʻamalosia o amioga feusuaʻi faʻaletonu, pei ona faʻaofi i totonu o le ICD-11 vaega o faʻamalosia o le mafaufau, e ono aofia ai le lautele o feusuaʻiga amioga e aofia ai le soʻona vaʻaia o ponokalafi e avea ma se fomaʻi talafeagai faʻataʻitaʻiga (Brand, Blycker, & Potenza, 2019; Kraus et al., 2018). O le faʻavasegaina o faʻamalosia amioga tau feusuaiga faʻafinauina ua finauina (Derbyshire & Grant, 2015fautua mai ma nisi tusitala e sili atu talafeagai le fausaga o mea ua fai ma vaisu (Gola & Potenza, 2018), lea e mafai ona faʻapitoa i tagata taʻitoʻatasi o loʻo aʻafia i faʻafitauli e fesoʻotaʻi ma ponokalafi faʻaaoga ae le mai i isi tulaga faʻamalosia poʻo ni lagona mataga (Gola, Lewczuk, & Skorko, 2016; Kraus, Martino, & Potenza, 2016).

O faʻataʻitaʻiga faʻataʻitaʻiga mo taʻaloga faʻafitauli ua fefaʻasoaaʻiina nisi o foliga ma i latou mo le faʻamalosia o amioga tau feusuaiga ma ono ono mafai ona faʻaaogaina e ala i le suia o le "taʻaloga" i le "ponokalafi faʻaaogaina." O nei itu taua e tolu ua manatu e ogatotonu i faafitauli ponokalafi faaaoga (Faailoga, Blycker, et al., 2019) ma foliga mai ua fetaui lelei i manaʻoga faavae (Mati. 1). E tele suʻesuʻega ua faʻaalia ai le talafeagai o le faʻavae (tulaga 1) o faʻafitauli o ponokalafi faʻaoga, e mafua ai le faʻaleagaina o le olaga i aso taʻitasi e aofia ai le lamatia o galuega ma mafutaga faʻale-tagata, ma le faʻamaonia o togafitiga (Gola & Potenza, 2016; Kraus, Meshberg-Cohen, Martino, Quinones, & Potenza, 2015; Kraus, Voon, & Potenza, 2016). I le tele o suesuega ma toe iloilo tusitusiga, faʻataʻitaʻiga mai i suʻesuʻega o vaisu (mea faʻavae 2) na faʻaaogaina e maua ai le malamalama ma faʻamatala ia faʻaiuga (Brand, Antons, Wegmann, & Potenza, 2019; Faailoga, Wegmann, et al., 2019; Brand, Young, et al., 2016; Stark et al., 2017; Wéry, Deleuze, Canale, & Billieux, 2018). O faʻamaumauga mai suʻega a le tagata lava ia, amioga, electrophysiologis, ma neuroimaging suʻesuʻega faʻaalia se aʻafia o faʻafitauli o le mafaufau ma faʻavae i lalo neural faʻafesoʻotaʻi na suʻesuʻeina ma faʻamautu i le eseese tikeri mo faʻafitauli o vailaʻau-faʻafitauli ma taaloga faitupe / taʻaloga (fuafua 3). O aga masani na matauina i suʻesuʻega muamua e aofia ai le toe gaoioi ma le manaʻo faatasi ma le faʻateleina o gaioiga i vaega o le faiʻai, tau le mafaufau i ai, faʻaletonu le faia o faʻaiuga, ma le Anetone & Brand, 2018; Anetone, Mueller, et al., 2019; Anetone, Trotzke, Wegmann, & Brand, 2019; Bothe et al., 2019; Brand, Snagowski, Laier, & Maderwald, 2016; Gola et al., 2017; Klucken, Wehrum-Osinsky, Schweckendiek, Kruse, & Stark, 2016; Kowalewska et al., 2018; Mechelmans et al., 2014; Stark, Klucken, Potenza, Brand, & Strahler, 2018; Voon et al., 2014).

Faʻavae i molimau na iloiloina e faʻatatau i le tolu meta-tulaga-tulaga fuafuaina, matou te fautua atu o ponokalafi-faʻaaoga faʻaletonu o se tulaga e ono mafai ona faʻamaonia i le ICD-11 vaega "isi maʻi faʻapitoa ona o amioga faʻatupu" e faʻavae i luga o le tolu autu tulaga mo taʻaloga taʻaloga, toe faʻaleleia atili e faʻatatau i ponokalafi matamata (Faailoga, Blycker, et al., 2019). Tasi tulaga sine qua leai mo le mafaufauina o ponokalafi-faʻaaoga faʻaletonu i totonu o lenei vaega o le a mafatia le tagata na o ia ma faapitoa mai le faʻaititia pule i luga o ponokalafi taumafaina (i aso nei luga o le initoneti ponokalafi i le tele o tulaga), lea e le o faʻatasi ai ma nisi faʻamalosia amioga tau feusuaiga (Kraus et al., 2018). E le gata i lea, o le amio e tatau ona mafaufauina o se vaisua amioga pe a fai e iai i le fesoʻotaʻiga ma le afaina o le tulaga ma i ai ni mea le lelei i le olaga i aso uma, e pei ona i ai foi i taʻaloga mo faalavelave (Billieux et al., 2017; Faalapotopotoga o le Soifua Maloloina a le Lalolagi, 2019). Ae peitai, matou te maitauina foi, o ponokalafi-faʻaaoga faʻaletonu atonu i le taimi nei ua faʻamaonia i le taimi nei o le ICD-11 o le faʻamalosia o le faia o amioga feusuai faʻaletonu o lo o vaʻaia o ponokalafi vaʻavaʻaia ma masani ona o faʻatasi ai amioga tau feusuaiga (e masani ona masturbation ae ono mafai isi feusuaiga gaioiga e aofia ai feusuaʻiga feusuaʻiga) ono faʻamalieina aiaiga mo le matua faʻamalosia o amioga fai feusuaigaKraus & Sweeney, 2019). O le faʻaiʻuga o le malosi o amioga tau feusuaiga e ono fetaui lelei mo tagata taʻitoʻatasi e le gata faʻaaogaina ponokalafi vaʻaia, ae o loʻo tigaina foi i isi mea e le o ponokalafi-e fesoʻotaʻi amioga feusuaʻi. O le faʻailoaina o ponokalafi-faʻaaoga faʻaletonu e pei o isi maʻi faʻapitoa ona o amioga faʻatupu e ono sili atu ona talafeagai lelei mo tagata taʻitoʻatasi o loʻo mafatia fua i le leaga o le vaʻaia o ponokalafi (i le tele o tulaga faʻatasi ai ma le masturbation). E tusa pe leai pe leai foi se eseʻesega i le va o luga o le initaneti ma fafo atu ponokalafi faʻaaoga atonu e aoga o loʻo finauina nei, o le mea lava lea mo le initaneti / offline taʻaloga (Király & Demetrovics, 2017).

Fa'atau-fa'atauga fa'aletonu

Fa'atauga fa'atau-fa'atauga ua fa'amatalaina e ala i le fa'atauaina-fa'atau-fa'atauga, fa'aitiitia le pulea o le fa'atau tele o oloa, lea e masani ona le mana'omia ma le fa'aaogaina, ma fa'alavelave fa'aletonu fa'atauga fa'atauga. O manatu faavae (e pei ona fautuaina i Mati. 1) e mafai ona manatu ua fa'ataunu'uina ona o le fa'aitiitia o le pulea o le fa'atau-fa'atauga, fa'ateleina le fa'amuamua e tu'uina atu i le fa'atau-fa'atauga, ma le fa'aauauina po'o le fa'ateleina o le fa'atau-fa'atauga ua fa'amatalaina o uiga autu o le fa'atau-fa'atauga fa'aletonu (Guerrero-Vaca et al., 2019; Weinstein, Maraz, Griffiths, Lejoyeux, & Demetrovics, 2016). O le faʻataʻitaʻiga o amioga e taʻitaʻia ai le faʻalavelave faʻapitoa ma le faʻaleagaina i vaega taua o le faʻatinoga (tulaga 1) e aofia ai le faʻaititia tele o le lelei o le olaga ma mafutaga patino ma le faʻaputuina o aitalafu (cf., Müller, Brand, et al., 2019). I tala talu ai nei e uiga i le faʻatau-faʻatau faʻatau, o aʻoaʻoga ma manatu o suʻesuʻega o mea ua fai ma vaisu o loʻo faʻaaogaina (tulaga 2), e aofia ai, mo se faʻataʻitaʻiga, auala lua-faʻaogaina e aofia ai le faʻaalia-reactivity ma le tuʻinanau faʻapea foʻi ma le faʻaitiitia o le puleaina i lalo ma le le lelei o le faia o filifiliga. (Faailoga, Wegmann, et al., 2019; Kyrios et al., 2018; Trotzke, Brand, & Starcke, 2017). O faʻamaoniga mo le faʻamaoni o manatu o suʻesuʻega o mea ua fai ma vaisu (tulaga 3) i le faʻatau-faʻatau faʻatau e sau mai suʻesuʻega tetele (Maraz, Urban, & Demetrovics, 2016; Maraz, van den Brink, & Demetrovics, 2015), su'esu'ega fa'ata'ita'i (Jiang, Zhao, & Li, 2017; Nicolai, Darancó, & Moshagen, 2016), su'esu'ega su'esu'e (su'esu'e togafitiga) tagata ta'ito'atasi ma fa'amatalaga fa'aletagata ma amio (Derbyshire, Chamberlain, Odlaug, Schreiber, & Grant, 2014; Granero et al., 2016; Müller et al., 2012; Trotzke, Starcke, Pedersen, Müller, & Brand, 2015; Voth et al., 2014), tali fa'atatau ile pa'u ile fa'atauga fa'atau (Trotzke, Starcke, Pedersen, & Brand, 2014), ma le tasi su'esu'ega neuroimaging (Raab, Elger, Neuner, & Weber, 2011). Faʻavae i luga o faʻamaoniga na toe iloiloina e tusa ai ma tulaga faʻavae e tolu ua faʻatulagaina, matou te fautua atu o le faʻatau-faʻatau faʻatauga e mafai ona manatu o se "isi faʻamaʻi faʻamaʻi ona o amioga ua fai ma vaisu" (Müller, Brand, et al., 2019), se'ia mafai ona manatu o ia o se fa'alapotopotoga i toe iloiloga o lo'o lumana'i o le ICD. Tuuina atu o loʻo i ai foʻi nisi faʻamaoniga mo eseesega i le faʻailoga i le va o le tuusao ma luga ole initaneti faʻatau-faʻatauga amioga (Müller, Steins-Loeber, et al., 2019; Trotzke, Starcke, Müller, & Brand, 2015), pe a faʻamaonia le faʻamaʻi faʻatau-faʻatauga o se amioga ua fai ma vaisu, atonu e aoga le vaʻavaʻai i le va o le faʻatau-faʻatau faʻatau, e masani ona tuusao poʻo luga ole lugalaina, ina ia ogatasi ma taaloga faitupe ma taaloga i le ICD-11, e ui lava o lenei auala na faia. finau, e pei ona taʻua i luga (Király & Demetrovics, 2017).

Fa'aletonu le fa'aogaina o feso'ota'iga lautele

O le iloiloga o faʻafitauli faʻaogaina o fesoʻotaʻiga faʻaagafesootai ma isi fesoʻotaʻiga fesoʻotaʻiga e avea o se tulaga e ono fetaui ma taʻiala mo "isi faʻamaʻi faʻapitoa ona o amioga ua fai ma vaisu" e faʻamaonia ma talafeagai. Faʻaitiitia le pulea o le faʻaogaina o fesoʻotaʻiga faʻaagafesootai, faʻateleina le faʻamuamua e tuʻuina atu i le faʻaogaina o fesoʻotaʻiga lautele, ma le faʻaauauina o le faʻaogaina o fesoʻotaʻiga lautele e ui lava e oʻo i aʻafiaga leaga (mafaufauga faavae i totonu Mati. 1) ua manatu i vaega autu o fa'afitauli fa'afitauli feso'ota'iga feso'ota'iga fa'aoga (Andreassen, 2015), e ui lava o faʻamaoniga faʻamaonia e uiga i vaega patino o faʻafitauli faʻaogaina fesoʻotaʻiga fesoʻotaʻiga o loʻo fefiloi ma e le lava pe a faʻatusatusa i, mo se faʻataʻitaʻiga, faʻalavelave taʻaloga (Wegmann & Brand, 2020). Fa'aletonu le fa'atinoina o le olaga i aso faisoo ona o le amio (tulaga 1) o lo'o fa'amauina pea nai lo isi vaisu. O nisi suʻesuʻega e lipotia ai aʻafiaga leaga i vaega eseese o le olaga e mafua mai i le le pulea lelei o le faʻaogaina o fesoʻotaʻiga, e pei o upega tafaʻilagi, e nisi tagata (Guedes, Nardi, Guimarães, Machado, & Tupu, 2016; Kuss & Griffiths, 2011). E tusa ai ma suʻesuʻega faʻataʻitaʻiga, iloiloga faʻapitoa, ma suʻesuʻega a le atunuʻu, o le faʻaogaina tele o fesoʻotaʻiga lautele i luga ole laiga e mafai ona fesoʻotaʻi ma faʻafitauli o le mafaufau, faʻafitauli o le mafaufau, ma le faʻaitiitia o le soifua manuia (Bányai et al., 2017; Frost & Rickwood, 2017; Marino, Gini, Vieno, & Spada, 2018). E ui lava o aʻafiaga leaga o le le pulea lelei o fesoʻotaʻiga fesoʻotaʻiga e mafai ona taua ma fesoʻotaʻi atu i le faʻaletonu o galuega (Karaiskos, Tzavellas, Balta, & Paparrigopoulos, 2010), o le tele o suʻesuʻega na faʻaogaina faʻataʻitaʻiga faigofie ma faʻamalamalamaina taunuuga le lelei e tusa ai ma togi tipi i mea fai suʻega. O le faʻapipiʻiina faʻapitoa (tulaga 2), peitaʻi, e lautele i totonu o le faʻavae o vaisu (Billieux, Maurage, Lopez-Fernandez, Kuss, & Griffiths, 2015; Turel & Qahri-Saremi, 2016; Wegmann & Brand, 2019). Ole tele ole su'esu'ega ole neuroimaging ma amioga (tulaga 3) o lo'o fa'aalia ai le tutusa i le va o le fa'aogaina tele o nofoaga o feso'ota'iga feso'ota'iga ma le fa'aogaina o vaila'au, taaloga faitupe ma fa'alavelave tau ta'aloga (cf., Wegmann, Mueller, Ostendorf, & Brand, 2018), e aofia ai suʻesuʻega mai suʻesuʻega faʻataʻitaʻiga i le faʻaalia o le gaioiga (Wegmann, Stodt, & Brand, 2018), pulea fa'alavelave (Wegmann, Müller, Turel, & Brand, 2020), ma le fa'aituau (Nikolaidou, Stanton, & Hinvest, 2019) fa'apea fo'i fa'ai'uga muamua mai se fa'ata'ita'iga a le falema'i (Leménager et al., 2016). I se eseesega, o isi suʻesuʻega na lipotia mai faʻamatalaga muamua e lagolagoina ai le faʻasaoina o lobe pito i luma o loʻo galue i tagata taʻitoʻatasi o loʻo faʻaalia le tele o fesoʻotaʻiga fesoʻotaʻiga (O ia, Turel, & Bechara, 2017; Turel, He, Xue, Xiao, & Bechara, 2014). E ui lava i le itiiti ifo o faʻamaoniga faʻamaonia ma nisi o suʻesuʻega fefiloi (faʻataʻitaʻiga, suʻesuʻega o le neuroscience), e foliga mai o auala autu o loʻo aʻafia ai i le faʻaogaina o fesoʻotaʻiga faʻaagafesootai e mafai ona faʻatusatusa ma i latou o loʻo aʻafia i le le atoatoa o taaloga, e ui lava e manaʻomia se suʻesuʻega tuusaʻo. O faʻamaoniga e faʻatatau i le faʻaleagaina o galuega i le olaga i aso taʻitasi ma suʻesuʻega mai suʻesuʻega faʻapitoa e aofia ai faʻataʻitaʻiga faʻataʻitaʻiga e mautinoa lava e le faʻamaonia i le taimi nei pe a faʻatusatusa i ponokalafi-faʻaogaina le faʻaogaina ma le faʻatau-faʻatau faʻatau. Ae ui i lea, o le vaega ICD-11 "isi faʻafitauli faʻapitoa ona o amioga ua fai ma vaisu" atonu e aoga i le taimi nei mo le suʻesuʻeina o se tagata o loʻo faʻaogaina fesoʻotaʻiga fesoʻotaʻiga o le puna muamua lea o mafatiaga o le mafaufau ma le faʻaleagaina o galuega, pe a fai o le faʻafitauli faʻaletonu o le tagata lava ia e fesoʻotaʻi tonu ma le pulea lelei o feso'ota'iga lautele. Ae ui i lea, e tele suʻesuʻega, e aofia ai faʻataʻitaʻiga faʻataʻitaʻi, e manaʻomia aʻo leʻi mafai ona maua se maliega mulimuli e uiga i le aoga o le vaega 6C5Y mo le faʻaogaina le lelei o fesoʻotaʻiga lautele.

iʻuga

O le fa'atuina o ta'iala ua malilie i ai mo le iloiloina po'o fea amioga e mafai ona fa'ailoaina o "isi fa'ama'i fa'apitoa ona o amioga fa'atupu vaisu" e aoga mo su'esu'ega ma fa'ata'ita'iga fa'afoma'i. E taua le aua ne'i soona fa'aleaga amioga i aso faisoo (Billieux, Schimmenti, et al., 2015; Kardefelt-Winther et al., 2017) a'o iloiloina fa'atasi tulaga e mafai ona feso'ota'i ma fa'aletonu (Billieux et al., 2017). Mo lenei mafua'aga, ua matou iloiloina ai tulaga e fetaui ma le vaega ICD-11 ua fa'ailogaina o le 6C5Y ma e le'i fa'ailoa mai ni fa'afitauli fou. O pulega fa'afaamasinoga i le lalolagi e ono filifili ta'ito'atasi pe fa'apefea ona fa'aogaina le ICD-11 ma e ono fa'ama'oti mai ai le fa'ailoga o fa'aletonu i totonu ole vaega ole ICD-11. Mo suʻesuʻega, e taua le ausia o se maliega faʻavaomalo e uiga i le iloiloga o faʻafitauli faʻapitoa. O le mea lea matou te tuʻuina atu ai nei tulaga faʻavae mo le iloiloina o faʻafitauli e ono fetaui ma le vaega 6C5Y. Matou te toe fai atu, matou te finau e taua le lava le faʻasao pe a faʻaaogaina le faaupuga "amio faʻamalosi," o lona uiga o le faʻaaogaina o lenei faaupuga mo naʻo amioga faʻapitoa e iai faʻamaoniga faʻasaienisi mautu. I tulaga uma, e taua le mafaufau ma le totoa o le faaletonu o galuega i le olaga i aso taitasi, e iloagofie ai le masani o amioga mai se mamanu amio e faʻamalieina ai faʻavae mo faʻafitauli ona o amioga faʻasuesue. E taua tele lenei mea ina ia aua neʻi faʻatauvaʻaina tulaga e taua ile falemaʻi ma e tatau ai ona iloiloina le soifua maloloina lautele. Matou te faʻamalosia le faʻatinoina o suʻesuʻega atili i tulaga faʻapitoa i faʻataʻitaʻiga faʻataʻitaʻiga faʻatasi ai ma fua lelei o tulaga taʻitasi ma le faʻaogaina o suʻesuʻega lelei o le faʻaleagaina ma le talafeagai o falemaʻi. E le gata i lea, matou te fautua atu nisi suʻesuʻega e faʻatusatusa saʻo ai le mafaufau ma le neurobiological gaioiga e ono aʻafia ai i ituaiga eseese o amioga faʻafefe o loʻo faʻatulagaina.

Fete'ena'iga o mea e fiafia i ai

JB, ZD, NAF, DLK, SWK, KM, MNP, ma le HJR sa avea ma sui o le WHO poʻo isi fesoʻotaʻiga, vaega faʻapitoa poʻo vaega faufautua i amioga fai ma vaisu, faʻaoga Initaneti ma / poʻo CSBD.AM, JB, MB, SRC, ZD, NAF, DLK, MNP, ma le HJR o sui poʻo tagata matau ole COST Action 16207 "European Network for Problematic Usage of the Internet". Ua maua e le AEG, NAF, ma le MNP fesoasoani/fa'atupega/lagolago mai i vaila'au, fa'aletulafono po'o isi fa'alapotopotoga talafeagai (pisinisi), e aofia ai fa'atalanoaga.

Fesoasoani a le au tusitala

MB ma MNP na tusia le tusitusiga. O le au tusitala uma na saofagā i manatu i le ata faataitai. O le anotusi o tusitusiga na talanoaina ma faʻamaonia e le au tusitala uma.

tautinogaO lenei tusiga/fa'asalalauga e fa'avae i luga o galuega mai le COST Action CA16207 "European Network for Problematic Usage of the Internet", lagolagoina e le COST (European Cooperation in Science and Technology), www.cost.eu/.

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