Neurology Research International
Volume 2019, ID ID 2351638, 5 itulau
https://doi.org/10.1155/2019/2351638
Pukovisa Prawiroharjo, 1 Hainah Ellydar, 2 Peter Pratama, 3 Rizki Edmi Edison, 4 Sitti Evangeline Imelda Suaidy, 2 Nya 'Zata Amani, 2 ma Diavitri Carissima2
1Neurology Department, Faculty of Medicine Universitas Indonesia / Cipto Mangukusumo Hospital, Jakarta, Initonesia
2Yayasan Kita Dan Buah Hati, Bekasi, Initonesia
3Independent Scholar, Indonesia
4Neuroscience Center-University of Muhammadiyah Polofesa Dr. HAMKA, Jakarta, Indonesia
E tatau ona tuʻuina atu le faʻasalalauga ia Pukovisa Prawiroharjo; [imeli puipuia]
Faatonu Faʻatonu: Changiz Geula
lē faʻatino
Matou te taulai e saili ni eseesega i mafaufauga gafatia i le va o ponokarafi-o mea ua fai ma vaisu ma tagata e le o ni mea ua fai ma vaisu. Matou te lesitalaina le 30 juveniles (12-16 y) e aofia ai ma vaisu 15 ma le 15 mea e le talitonuina. Na matou faʻaaogaina le Suʻega a le Rey Auditory Verbal Learning Test (RAVLT) e fua ai le fuaitau, Rey-Osterrieth Complex Figure Test (ROCFT) mo le maimoa faʻalogo, faatasi ai ma le Auala Faia Suʻega A ma le B (TMT-A ma le TMT-B) mo le faʻalogo. Na maua se faʻaitiitiga iloga i le RAVLT A6 o le vaega o mea ua fai ma vaisu (e le o le tagofia o mea ua fai ma vaisu ma vaisu: 13.47 ± 2.00 vs 11.67 ± 2.44, MD = -1.80,), ae leʻo i le ROCFT poo suʻega faʻalogo. O suʻesuʻega i vaega o feusuaʻiga e leʻi maua ai ni eseesega faʻafeusuaiga. Na matou faaiuina o vaisu o ponokalafi e ono mafai ona fesootai ma le faaletonu o mafaufauga o upu i tamaiti laiti, e tusa lava po o le a le feusuaiga ma e aunoa ma se fegalegaleaiga.
1. faʻatomuaga
O mea ua fai ma vaisu ua leva ona lauiloa e mafua ai le tele o le mafaufau ma le amio, ona o lona aafiaga tuusaʻo i le faiai o le faiai aemaise lava i le muamua o le cortex [1]. Ae ui i lea, na folasia atu e faapea o vaisu amioga e mafai ona mafua ai foi aafiaga tutusa i luga o le faiʻai [2]. I totonu o nei mea, o le Tusi Taiala a le American Psychiatric Association i le 5 (DSM-2013) na iloa ai le faaletonu o le vavalalata e pei o suʻesuʻega aloaia ma ua manatu i le faaletonu o le gaosiga o le Initaneti mo suesuega atili [2, 3]. Ae ui i lea, o vaisu o ponokalafi na manatu e leai se suʻesuʻega ma tumau pea le le amanaiaina.
Tetele i ponokalafi ua sili atu ona taatele i tamaiti laiti i lenei taimi faaonaponei ao latou aafia i tekinolosi ma le Initaneti. Na iloa e Yayasan Kita Dan Buah Hati e toetoe lava o 97% o le vasega fa i le vasega lua o le vasega ono tausaga i Jakarta ma lona nofoaga lata ane na faʻaalia i ata o ponokalafi mai ituaiga eseese o le aufaasālalau [4]. O lenei mea e ono afaina ai a latou amioga faʻapitoa, aemaise lava i gaoioiga tau feusuaiga, e ono suia ai le fausaga ma le gaioiga oo latou mafaufau, ma e mafai ona afaina i vaisu i luga o Initaneti. O lenei, i le isi itu, sa fesootaʻi atu i galuega le lelei o le mafaufau, o lona uiga, o le mafaufau, manatuaina o le mafaufau, ma le pulea o mafaufauga [2], e pei foi o isi mea ua fai ma vaisu (e pei o le le fiafia i taaloga (5, 6) ma le Initaneti [7-10] , e pei o le vailaau o le tino [5, 11-15].
I le mea sili tatou te iloa, o suʻesuʻega uma talu ai e uiga i vaisu o ponokalafi sa faia i mataupu matutua. Ae peitai, tatou te talitonu e talafeagai foi le suesue i le sootaga i le va o vaisu ma vaisu ma gaioiga o le mafaufau i luga oi latou e sili ona lamatia i ai: tamaititi, talu ai o le matua o le faiʻai o le faiʻai ma sili atu ona faigofie ona fai ma vaisu [16, 17]. O lenei suʻesuʻega e faʻatatau i le suʻesuʻeina o eseesega i le manatuaina o gafatia i le va o ponokarafi-o mea ua fai ma vaisu ma tamaiti e le faʻaalia.
2. Mea ma Metotia
2.1. Tagata auai
O le aofai o 30 matāʻupu laʻitiiti (12-16 y) sa faʻataʻitaʻiina e faʻaaoga ai le Tupulaga Eseese o Tupulaga Faʻataʻitaʻiga na faia e Yayasan Kita Dan Buah Hati (faamalamalamaina i lalo) e tuʻuina atu i totonu o le vaega o vaisu o faʻataʻitaʻiga () ma le vaega o le le talitonu (). O faʻataʻitaʻiga o ponokarafi ua faʻamatalaina o le sikoa o fuainumera tutusa pe sili atu nai lo le 32. O le lesitala na faia i le aso Tesema 2017-Fepuari 2018, i le tele o mea na tutupu na faia e YKBH i Bekasi, Initonesia. Faʻafitauli e leʻi tuʻuina atu, agavale-lima, le gagana poʻo le le gagana, tala faasolopito o le maʻi o le faiʻai po o faʻamaʻi, mafatiaga o le ulu, mafatiaga i le taimi o le maʻitaga poʻo le fanau mai, atinaʻe, mafaufau, poʻo le maʻi o le mafaufau, poʻo le mafaufau.
2.2. Ponokalafi Faʻamatalaga Vailaau Mataʻutia
Ina ia faʻamautinoaina vaisu ponokalafi, na matou faʻaaogaina se fesili na fesiligia e le tagata lava ia. Faʻavae i luga o faʻataʻitaʻiga suʻesuʻega ma tusitusiga, na matou mauaina le tele o faʻailoga masani ona maua i tamaiti laiti ma maualuga ponokalafi taumafaina. O faʻailoilo mafai ona faʻavasegaina i ni itu se tolu: (1) taimi faʻaalu e faʻaaoga ai ponokalafi, faʻamatalaina o le numera o taimi, taimi, ma le umi faʻaaluina e faʻaaoga ai ponokalafi i le ono masina talu ai; (2) faʻaosofia e faʻaaoga ponokalafi, faʻamatalaina o mea taua e faʻaosofia ai le ulufale i ponokalafi, e pei o le fiailoa i feusuaiga, aloese mai lagona, lagona sailia, ma feusuaiga fiafia; ma le (3) faʻafitauli tau ponokalafi faʻafitauli, faʻamatalaina o le faʻanoanoa ma faʻagaioia faʻafitauli, soona faʻaaoga, faʻatonutonu faigata, ma le faʻaaogaina o ponokalafi e sola ese ai / aloese mai lagona le lelei. O le fesili na aofia ai le 92 aitema ma ua uma ona faʻataʻitaʻia luga o le 740 tamaiti aʻoga o le vasega ono i le sefulu i Indonesia, auiliiliina i se lipoti e leʻi lolomia. Ina ia faʻaititia le ono mauaina o ni mea lelei, e 3 fesili faʻaopoopo; mataupu na taliina nei e tusa ma manaoga lautele o le a le aofia ai. O suʻesuʻega a le Psychometric na faʻaalia ai o mea uma e aoga (CFA> 1.96) ma faʻatuatuaina (Cronbach's alpha> 0.7). Ponokalafi vaisu na faauigaina o le mamafa togi o sili atu pe tutusa i le 32.
O le fesili fesili sa faapitoa ona atiae ma fetuunai i tupulaga talavou i le tulaga o ponokalafi; o le mea lea, na talafeagai lelei mo lenei suʻesuʻega. E le gata i lea, sa i ai se masini le saogalemu mai i mataupu e faʻamaonia le lelei, ma o le tele o fesili na faʻaaogaina auala filifilia malosi e mafai ai ona faʻaitiitia le faʻaituau.
O le tapulaa o lenei fesili na aofia ai lana numera o fesili, lea e ono mafua ai le vaivai ma le le fiafia i mataupu. E le gata i lea, o lona faʻaaogaina i isi tulaga i fafo atu o vaisu a tamaʻitaʻi i ponokalafi e ono manaʻomia ai le faʻamatalaina o suiga, e pei o le malamalama i faʻataʻitaʻiga e fesoʻotaʻi ma ponokalafi e taua i le malamalama ma le tali atu i fesili.
2.3. Faʻamatalaga mo Mafaufauga
Ina ia iloilo galuega a le au auai, na matou faaaogaina le numera o le Ray Auditory Verbal Learning Test (RAVLT) mo le manatuaina o le lipine, faatasi ai ma le fuainumera / tuai o le Ray-Osterrieth Complex Figure Test (ROCFT) mo le mafaufau vaaia. E le gata i lea, talu ai ona o le amanaiaina e le lautele o se mea taua i le manatuaina o le mafaufau [6, 7], na matou iloiloina ai foi le Suʻeina o Suʻega (TMT) A ma B. Na faia uma suega e faʻaaogaina ai faʻataʻitaʻiga o loʻo faʻamatalaina i mataupu taʻitasi [18-19].
2.4. Talosaga Tino
Matou te leʻi faʻaalia o matou tagata i soʻo se ituaiga o ponokalafi i suʻega uma. O le suʻesuʻega na faʻamaonia e le Komiti Faʻafoe o Suesuega Soifua Maloloina o le Faculty of Medicine Universitas Indonesia (Faʻailoga Numera 1155 / UN2.F1 / ETIK / 2017).
2.5. Suʻesuʻega Faʻamaumauga
O le suega a Mann-Whitney na faʻaaogaina mo le faʻatusatusaga i le va o mea ua fai ma vaisu ma vaega e le o faʻamaonia. Na matou faʻatusatusaina foʻi suʻesuʻega o suʻesuʻega i le va o ulugalii i vaega taʻitasi. Na taua le taua o le fuainumera. O suʻesuʻega fuainumera uma sa faia e faʻaaoga ai le SPSS® version 22 i le Windows 7.
3. Iʻuga
3.1. Faʻamatalaga Faʻasolopito
Matou te lesitalaina 30 suʻega (vaega faʻasagaga vs vaega o mea ua fai ma vaisu: mean age = 13.27 ± 1.03 vs 13.80 ± 1.26 y) (Laulau 1). O vaega uma e lua-e tutusa ma (). Laulau 1: Faʻatusatusaga o fua faʻatatau o le tau ma le faʻataʻitaʻiga.
3.2. Faʻamaumauga o Iloiloga o le Mafaufau
Sa i ai se eseesega tele i le va o mea ua fai ma vaisu ma vaega e le talitonu i RAVLT A6 (MD = -1.80,), faatasi ai ma le naunautaiga, ae le o fuainumera, o eseesega i le A7 (MD = -1.60,) (Ripoti 1, Ata 1). O isi faʻataʻitaʻiga i vaega o feusuaʻiga e leʻi faʻaalia ai le eseesega o feusuaiga, e ese mai i le uiga o le RAVLT A7 i tamaʻitaʻi (MD = -2.30,). E leai se eseesega tele i le ROCFT, TMT-A, ma le TMT-B o suʻega. Ata 1: Pusa o pusa a RAVLT A6 ma A7, faʻatusatusa i le va o vaega. Fuainumera taua ().
4. Talanoaga
Na matou mauaina le sikoa o le RAVLT A6 i le vaega o ponokalafi i ata pe a faatusatusa atu i le vaega o le le talitonu, i le 1.80 o le uiga o le eseesega (13.36% o le faailoga o le le talitonu). E pei ona faailoa mai e A6 le mafai gafatia lata mai talu ai le faalavelave (i le B1), oa tatou taunuuga ua faaitiitia ai le gafatia o le mafaufau i ponokalafi o vaisu. O le manatuaina o galuega e iloa e iai se sao taua i le tausisia o amioga masani-sini [24, 25]; o le mea lea, oa matou sailiga na fautua mai ai e mafai ona i ai faafitauli i le ponokalafi-faʻasalaga talavou.
E pei o lenei suesuega o le muamua lea e iloa faapitoa e uiga i le mafaufauina o mea e fai i ponokalafi, aemaise lava i tamaiti, e le mafai ona tatou faatusatusaina ma suesuega muamua. O le mea lea, o le a tatou taumafai e talanoaina faʻamatalaga i se tulaga le tuusao ma isi suʻesuʻega e faʻatatau i ai, e masani lava o vaisu i le Initaneti, aua o mea uma ua fai ma vaisu e fai i amio ma le mea moni o le tele o vaisu i luga o le Initaneti e mafua mai le faʻaaogaina o le Initaneti e saili ai ponokalafi [26].
O se suʻesuʻega a le EEG e Yu et al. i luga o mea tau vaisu i luga ole Initaneti ua maualalo le faʻaititia o le televave faʻatasi ai ma le televave / tuai ona tuai i le maualuga o le P300 pe a faʻatusatusa i mataupu e le faʻatuatuaina, e fautuaina ai le faʻaititia o le gafatia o le mafaufau [9]. O le P300 o se talo lelei i luga o le EEG o loʻo tupu i le ± 300 ms pe a maeʻa se faʻamalosi e foʻia se tikeri o le le mautonu [27], lea e fuafuaina e fesoʻotaʻi ma le mafaufau ma le mafaufau [28, 29]. E tutusa lelei ma suesuega a Yu ma al, o isi suʻesuʻega na maua ai tali tutusa i le vailaau oona [28, 29], pei o le ava [30], cannabis [31], cocaine [32, 33], ma opioid / heroin [33] -35]. E le gata i lea, o le faaletonu o le P300 e fesoʻotaʻi foi ma le le atoatoa o le amio ma amioga le lelei [30, 36].
O suʻesuʻega muamua na maualalo ai le manatuaina o le mafaufau i le vailaau oona (5, 15, 37-39), ae le o ni taaloga faʻaletonu [5, 15]. Nie et al. suʻesuʻeina le faʻatinoina o mea faʻainitaneti i luga o le mafaufau e galue ai pe'ā feagai ma mea faʻainitaneti e fesootaʻi; o le suʻesuʻega na iloa ai o mataupu 'manatuaina o galuega i le 2-back job sa sili atu le leaga nai lo le masani masani, ae o le mea e ofo ai, na latou faia lelei i luga o le initaneti e faʻatusatusa i le komepiuta [10]. Laier et al. na faʻaaogaina ai ma le faʻaaogaina ponokalafi mea na maua ma maua ai le manatuaina o mafaufauga o le mafaufau i le ata o 4-back task [40], e ui lava o lenei suʻesuʻega e le o iloiloga faapitoa le tagofia o mea ua fai ma vaisu. Talu ai o le RAVLT, lea na matou faʻaogaina, fuafaatatau i upu, e tutusa ma mea na iloiloina i suesuega a Nie et al, o matou taunuuga e sili atu pe a faʻatusatusa i lenei suʻesuʻega ma faʻapea foi ona maua le faʻaititia i le mafai ona manatua.
O isi suʻesuʻega (faʻavae i luga ole laʻasaga o tamaʻitaʻi) e leai se eseesega faʻafeeseeseaiga i le va o le tamaʻitaʻi ma le tamaʻitaʻi. E ui lava sa masani ona iloa o ponokalafi e aafia ai alii nai lo tamaitai [2, 41, 42], o iinei na matou tuuina atu ai le tulaga tutusa o alii ma tamaitai i le tuufaatasia o vaisu o ponokalafi ma le gafatia gafatia mafaufau. O le mea lea, o faafitauli ma vaisu o ponokalafi e le gata i alii ma e tatau foi ona faʻataʻitaʻiina fafine ma togafitia mo vaisu o ponokalafi.
E ui lava i le vaʻaia o le avea o se mea e faʻafefeteina ai le mafaufauga [18, 19], na matou iloa ai e leai se eseesega tele i le suʻega o suʻega i le va o vaega e lua, o loʻo fautua mai ai e le o fesoʻotai le mafaufau mama i ponokalafi. O isi suʻesuʻega e tatau ona malamalama i le mafuaʻaga o lenei faaletonu.
O le tapulaʻa o lenei suʻesuʻega, o lona malosi foi, o le matou lesitalaina o tamaiti laiti. E ui lava i lo matou faʻamoemoe i paionia faʻamalosaga suʻesuʻega o vaisu i le taimi muamua ma le sili ona taua, o loʻo faʻaauau pea ona tuputupu ae le mafaufau o le tamaititi [43] ma mafai ai ona totogi le leaga o le faiʻai i lalo (44). E le gata i lea, e ui lava o se masani masani le faʻaaogaina o mea e fesoʻotai i ai ina ia maua ai ni taunuuga sili atu, ae o le mea e leaga ai, ia tatou suʻesuʻega e pei o le faʻaalia o ponokalafi i tamaiti laiti ua manatu e le faʻaleagaina. Lona lua, oa tatou suʻesuʻega, o se faʻasologa o fefaʻatauaʻiga, ua le mafai ona maua le fesoʻotaʻiga-ma-aʻafiaga i le va o le gafatia o mafaufauga ma ponokalafi. O le isi mea e tatau ona tatou mafaufau i ai, tatou te leʻi faasaʻoina a tatou taunuuga mo faʻatusatusaga e tele, ona o la tatou suesuega na o 3 faʻamaumauga moni e faʻatusatusa: suʻega vave vave manatuaina (o loʻo faʻatusalia e RAVLT A6), manatuaina o le tuai o le suʻega (A7), ma le manatua faʻatuai ole mafaufau (ROCFT Tuai ona tuai), lea na matou manatu e laʻititi e mafua ai se faʻataunuʻu-faatusatusa mea sese sese. O isi faʻamatalaga i la matou tali o mea uma lava na faʻatasi ma faʻamatalaga faʻaalia mo le maeʻa maeʻa: RAVLT A1-5 o ni taunuuga o le gasologa agai i le A6 ma le A7, ao TMT A ma le B o le a taofiofia le le atoatoa o le mafaufau.
O isi suʻesuʻega a le neurocognitive e uiga i aafiaga o ponokalafi i luga o le mafaufau, gauai atu, ma isi vaega o le faʻamaonia, aemaise lava i luga o faʻataʻitaʻiga faʻataʻitaʻiga masani ma faʻatinoga, e manaʻomia e faʻamaonia le mafuaʻaga ma le tele o le faʻaletonu.
5. Faaiuga
O faʻataʻitaʻiga o ponokalafi e mafai ona fesoʻotai ma le faaletonu o mafaufauga o le gagana i tamaiti laiti, e tusa lava po o le a le feusuaiga ma e aunoa ma le fegalegaleaiga.
Faʻamaumauga o Faamatalaga
O fua faʻatatau o fua faʻatatau o fuataga e faʻaaoga e lagolagoina ai mea na maua i lenei suʻesuʻega o loʻo aofia i totonu o le tusiga.
faailoaina
O se faʻamatalaga muamua o lenei galuega ua tuʻuina atu e pei o se otootoga ma se pepa lautele i le 3rd International Conference and Exhibition i luga o le Inisetiute Faʻafomai Faʻapitoa a Inisetiute ma Inisitituti (ICE i IMERI), 2018.
Feeseeseaiga o Tului
O tusitala e leai se feteenaiga e fiafia i ai.
Fesoasoani a Tagata Tusitala
Pukovisa Prawiroharjo ma Hainah Ellydar na saofagā tutusa i lenei suʻesuʻega.
tautinoga
O lenei suʻesuʻega na faʻatupeina e le Faʻalapotopotoga a Initanisia o le faʻamalosia o tamaʻitaʻi ma le Puipuiga o Tamaiti (o loʻo lagolagoina e le malo). O tusitala e fia faafetai ia Alexandra Chessa, Kevin Widjaja, ma Nia Soewardi mo a latou saofaga i lenei pepa.
Faʻaopoopoga mea
Faatusatusaga o mafaufauga ma suʻega o suʻega i le va o le faʻasalaga ma le faʻaaogaina o mea ua fai ma vaisu, faʻavaeina e le feusuaiga. (Faaopoopoga mea)
mau faasino
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