Faʻafesoʻotaʻiga i luga o le Initaneti, Fefaʻatauaʻiga o Tupulaga Talavou ma Atamai Taualoa i le Faʻafeusuaiga: Faʻataʻitaʻiga o se Faʻatulagaga Faʻapitoa (2015)

PLoS se tasi. 2015 Laitiiti 18;10(6):e0127787. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0127787.

Doornwaard SM1, Bogt TF1, Reitz E2, van den Eijnden RJ1.

lē faʻatino

O suʻesuʻega i le matafaioi o le faʻaogaina o le Initaneti e fesoʻotaʻi ma feusuaʻiga i le atinaʻeina o feusuaiga a le tupulaga e masani ona vavaeeseina le Initaneti ma amioga i luga ole laiga mai isi, faʻaoga tuusaʻo faʻalavelave i olaga o talavou, e pei o faʻagasologa i le va o tupulaga. O le faʻamoemoe o lenei suʻesuʻega o le suʻeina lea o se faʻataʻitaʻiga tuʻufaʻatasia e faʻamatalaina pe faʻafefea ona faʻafeiloaʻi (faʻataʻitaʻiga, faʻaogaina o mea tau feusuaʻiga i luga ole Initaneti [SEIM]) ma fesoʻotaʻiga (faʻaogaina o upega tafaʻilagi fesoʻotaʻiga [SNS]) faʻafeusuaiga i luga ole laiga e fesoʻotaʻi ma le vaʻaia o tupulaga. tulaga masani i le vavalo o aafiaga o tupulaga talavou i amioga tau feusuaiga. Faʻataʻitaʻiga faʻataʻitaʻiga i luga o faʻamaumauga umi mai le 1,132 Dutch adolescents (M (tausaga) T1 = 13.95; vaʻaiga 11-17; 52.7% tama) faʻaalia le tutusa, tuusaʻo, ma le le tuusaʻo aʻafiaga i le va o feusuaiga e fesoʻotaʻi i luga o le initaneti, masani masani a tupulaga, ma le poto masani ma amioga fa'afeusuaiga. O le fa'aogaina o le SEIM (i tama) ma le fa'aogaina o le SNS (i tama ma teine) na valoia ai le si'itia o manatu o tupulaga talavou i le fa'atagaina e tupulaga o amioga fa'afeusuaiga ma/po'o a latou fa'atatauga o le aofa'i o tupulaga fa'afeusuaiga. O nei manatu, i le isi itu, na valoia le faʻatupulaia o le tulaga o tupulaga talavou i amioga faʻafeusuaiga i le faaiuga o le suʻesuʻega. O le fa'aogaina e tama o le SNS na va'ai sa'o fo'i le si'itia o tulaga o le poto masani i amioga fa'afeusuaiga. O nei su'esu'ega o lo'o fa'ailoa mai ai le mana'oga mo su'esu'ega fa'apitoa ma atina'e fesoasoani e fa'alauiloa ai le soifua maloloina tau feusua'iga a tupulaga.

faʻatomuaga

I le sefulu tausaga talu ai, o le faʻatupulaia o suʻesuʻega mai vaega eseese o le lalolagi ua faʻatalanoaina le matafaioi o amioga faʻafeusuaiga i luga o le initaneti i le atinaʻeina o feusuaiga a le tupulaga. O amioga fa'afeusuaiga i luga o le initaneti e fa'atatau i le fa'aogaina o le Initaneti mo gaoioiga e fa'ata'amilo i fa'afiafiaga/fa'afiafiaga fa'afeusuaiga, su'esu'ega fa'amatalaga, feso'ota'iga, su'esu'ega, fa'aali o le tagata lava ia, ma feusua'iga i luga o le initaneti [1, 2]. O ia amioga e mafai ona talia, fa'afeso'ota'i mataupu tau feusua'iga i le tasi-auala mai le auala i le tagata fa'aoga, po'o le fegalegaleai, e mafai ai e tagata fa'aoga ona fatuina, tufatufaina, ma fa'amatalaga i mea tau feusuaiga. I le vaega o le taliaina, o le faʻaaogaina e le tupulaga o mea tau feusuaʻiga i luga ole initaneti (SEIM) ua matuaʻi faʻapitoa, ma o se numera tele o suʻesuʻega na taumafai e faʻamaumau uiga, lagona, ma amioga o le faʻaalia i lenei mea (mo se iloiloga, vaʻai. [3]). E tusa ai ma amioga faʻafesoʻotaʻi i luga ole laiga, Social Networking Sites (SNS) talu ai nei na suʻesuʻeina e avea ma faʻavae malosi mo tupulaga talavou e faʻavae ma iloilo ai manatu o feusuaiga ma feusuaiga, faʻapea foʻi ma le faʻataʻitaʻiina ma faʻaalia le faasinomaga tau feusuaiga o se tasi [4-6]. E le pei o le faʻaogaina o le SEIM, o le faʻaogaina o le SNS o se gaioiga faʻaagafesootai e leʻo faʻaalia faʻafeusuaiga i le ituaiga; o le tele o tupulaga talavou latou te le auai i lenei amio mo le fa'amoemoe o le sailia o le fa'aalia i mea tau feusuaiga. Ae ui i lea, e pei ona faʻaalia e le tele o suʻesuʻega [eg, 4-6], pe a faʻaaogaina SNSs talavou e mafai ona faʻaalia i feʻau faʻafeusuaiga a tupulaga, auai i fesoʻotaʻiga faʻafeusuaiga ma isi tagata faʻaoga, pe fatuina ma tufatufa atu mea e fesoʻotaʻi ma feusuaiga. O fa'amaoniga e o'o mai i le taimi nei o lo'o fa'aalia ai le fa'aogaina o le SEIM ma le SNS e va'ai ai vaega eseese o le atina'eina o feusuaiga a le tupulaga. O nei mea e aofia ai uiga tuʻufau ma tuʻufaʻatasiga i feusuaiga [7-9], faaitiitia le faamalieina i aafiaga tau feusuaiga a se tasi [2, 10], sili atu le mataituina o le tino ma popolega ata o le tino [2, 11, 12], ma muamua ma sili atu le poto masani i amioga tau feusuaiga [7, 8].

Ae ui i lea, e ese mai i mea latou te valoia, e itiiti lava le iloa pe faʻafefea e nei amioga faʻafeusuaiga i luga ole laiga e faʻaalia ai le atinaʻeina o feusuaiga a talavou. O le mea e mataʻina ai, o suʻesuʻega i aʻafiaga o le faʻaogaina o le Initaneti e fesoʻotaʻi ma feusuaʻiga e masani ona vavaeeseina ai le Initaneti ma amioga i luga ole laiga mai isi gaioiga tuusao i olaga o tupulaga talavou [13, 14]. E fa'afeagai lea ma auala iloga fa'alesiosiomaga ma faiga fa'a-vaega-e pei ole Bronfenbrenner's [15] Ecological Systems Theory-o loʻo faʻaalia ai le atinaʻeina o feusuaiga o se taunuuga o le tele o aʻafiaga ma fesoʻotaʻiga faiga [16]. Faatasi ai ma le tele o faiga o faatosinaga i olaga o talavou, o tupulaga e manatu i ai e taua tele. I le taimi o le talavou, e faʻaalu e tagata talavou le tele o taimi ma a latou uo, ma latou te faʻatau tele i faʻamoemoega ma manatu o tupulaga [17, 18]. E o gatasi ma lea manatu, ua fa'ailoa mai e fa'amatalaga fa'ata'ita'i e fa'atatau i tu'uaiga a tupulaga e fa'atatau i faiga fa'afeusuaiga e ta'ita'ia malosi ai le faia o filifiliga tau feusuaiga a tupulaga. Aemaise lava, o manatu o tupulaga i le faʻatagaina o amioga faʻafeusuaiga (faʻataʻitaʻiga, tuʻutuʻuga masani) ma manatu o amioga faʻafeusuaiga a tupulaga (faʻataʻitaʻiga, faʻamatalaga masani) ua maua e vaʻai ai lava gaioiga tau feusuaiga a talavou [19].

Ona o le faʻateleina o fesoʻotaʻiga ma le Initaneti ma tupulaga i le taimi o le talavou [17, 18, 20] ma le mea moni e faapea o nisi o amioga i luga o le initaneti—aemaise lava amioga fegalegaleai e pei ona faaaoga e le SNS—e faia a itiiti mai o se vaega i se talaaga a tupulaga, e foliga mai e tatau ona faia se suʻesuʻega i se auala tuʻufaʻatasia e malamalama atili ai pe faʻafefea ona fesoʻotaʻi ma tuʻufaʻatasia nei faiga i le faʻatulagaina o le atinaʻeina o feusuaiga a talavou. . O le faʻataʻitaʻiina o aʻoaʻoga autu i vaega o faʻasalalauga ma aʻafiaga a tupulaga, o le sini o le suʻesuʻega o loʻo i ai nei o le suʻeina lea o se faʻataʻitaʻiga tuʻufaʻatasia e faʻamatalaina ai pe faʻafefea ona fesoʻotaʻi amioga faʻafeusuaiga e lua i luga o le initaneti (ie, SEIM faʻaoga ma le SNS faʻaoga) i masaniga masani a tupulaga i le vavalo. aafiaga o tupulaga talavou i le olaga moni o feusuaiga.

Fa'ata'ita'iga tu'ufa'atasi o amioga fa'afeusuaiga i luga ole laiga ma tu'uaiga masani a tupulaga

Fig 1 o lo'o fa'aalia ai se fa'ata'ita'iga tu'ufa'atasi pe fa'afefea ona feso'ota'i uiga fa'afeiloa'i ma fegalegaleai i luga o le initaneti ma tu ma aga masani a tupulaga e va'ai ai aafiaga o tupulaga talavou i amioga fa'afeusuaiga. O aū o lo'o fa'atusalia ai manatu fa'apitoa eseese o lo'o fausia ai le fa'ata'ita'iga. E pei ona manino mai, o le faʻataʻitaʻiga faʻataʻitaʻiga e tolu ituaiga o sootaga i le va o feusuaiga e fesoʻotaʻi ma amioga i luga o le initaneti, masani masani a tupulaga, ma amioga faʻafeusuaiga: (a) mafutaga faʻavae, (b) aʻafiaga tuusaʻo, ma (c) aʻafiaga le tuusao. I mea o lo'o mulimuli mai, o nei sootaga o le a fa'amaoti mai o se faasologa o manatu.

Fig 1 

Fa'ata'ita'iga tu'ufa'atasi o amioga fa'afeusuaiga i luga o le initaneti, fa'amata'u a tupulaga, ma amioga fa'afeusuaiga.

Amioga fa'afeusuaiga i luga ole laiga ile tala'aga (fa'atasiga fa'avae)

Ua fa'atupula'ia le fa'ailoaina o le filifilia ma le fa'aogaina e tupulaga o ala fa'asalalau ose faiga fa'agaoioia ma fa'alagolago i le tala'aga [21]. E tusa ai ma le Media Practice Model [22, 23], o filifiliga fa'asalalau a tupulaga talavou o le fa'ai'uga lea o se seti o fa'ata'ita'iga (fa'ata'ita'iga, itupa, tausaga), patino (fa'ata'ita'iga, mea e fiafia i ai, poto masani), ma sociocontextual (eg, aiga, tupulaga). O lona uiga, e filifili ma fa'aoga e le autalavou le ala fa'asalalau e fetaui lelei ma po'o ai i latou ma mea e iloga ia i latou i se taimi patino. E moni foi lenei mea mo a latou amioga i luga ole laiga. Aemaise lava, o suʻesuʻega ua faʻaalia ai o le tele o faʻafeusuaiga, e lipoti atu e talavou le faʻaaogaina o le SEIM i taimi uma [7, 8, 24, 25]. E fa'apena fo'i, na maua e tupulaga talavou le fa'aogaina o mea fa'afeusuaiga i le tele o taimi pe a latou va'ai i amioga fa'afeusuaiga, po'o le fa'aalia i mea fa'asalalau e aofia ai amioga fa'afeusuaiga, e masani pe fa'atauaina a latou tupulaga [24, 26, 27]. Faʻavae i luga o nei suʻesuʻega, matou te faʻamoemoeina mea nei:

Manatu 1a: I luga ole laiga, o tupulaga e tele atu le poto masani i amioga fa'afeusuaiga o le a fa'aaoga soo le SEIM.

Manatu 1b: I luga ole laiga, o tupulaga talavou latou te iloa a latou tupulaga e sili atu le faʻatagaina o amioga faʻafeusuaiga (faʻataʻitaʻiga, faʻatonuga masani) ma ia sili atu le faʻafeusuaiga (ie, faʻamatalaga masani) o le a faʻaaoga soo le SEIM.

O su'esu'ega fa'apitoa i feso'ota'iga fa'afeusuaiga a le SNS e seasea. Ae ui i lea, i se suʻesuʻega talu ai nei i luga o le Facebook faʻaaliga faʻafeusuaiga a talavou ma mea taua e fesoʻotaʻi ma ia faʻaaliga, na maua ai oi latou e faʻaalia faʻamatalaga faʻafeusuaiga na sili atu ona auai i le Facebook nai lo a latou tupulaga e le faʻaalia. E le gata i lea, na lipotia mai e le au faʻaalia le tele o le poto masani i amioga faʻafeusuaiga ma le malosi o manatu e faʻamaonia e tupulaga amioga faʻafeusuaiga ma auai i feusuaiga [5]. O nei suʻesuʻega e ogatusa ma le manatu e mafai e SNS ona avea ma nofoaga taua mo le faʻaalia o le tagata lava ia i feusuaiga i le va o tupulaga talavou [4, 6]. O le mea lea, na matou manatu ai:

Manatu 1c: I luga ole laiga, o tupulaga e sili atu le poto masani i amioga faʻafeusuaiga o le a faʻaalu le tele o taimi ile SNSs.

Manatu 1d: I luga ole laiga, o tupulaga talavou latou te iloa a latou tupulaga e sili atu le faʻatagaina o amioga faʻafeusuaiga (faʻataʻitaʻiga, faʻatonuga masani) ma ia sili atu le faʻafeusuaiga (ie, faʻamatalaga masani) o le a faʻaalu le tele o taimi i SNSs.

O amioga fa'afeusuaiga i luga o le initaneti e va'ai ai amioga fa'afeusuaiga (a'afiaga I)

O la matou fa'ata'ita'iga tu'ufa'atasi e fa'apea o amioga fa'afeusuaiga e feso'ota'i ma feusua'iga i luga o le initaneti sa'o ma tulaga ese e va'ai ai le tulaga mulimuli ane o tupulaga talavou i amioga fa'afeusuaiga. Iinei, e taua le matauina e ala i le puleaina o tulaga faavae o le poto masani, o le fa'ata'ita'iga fa'ata'ita'iga o lo'o fa'atupula'ia taimi fa'atupu fa'afeusuaiga pe a mae'a fa'atasi i amioga fa'afeusuaiga i luga ole laiga. O se manatu faʻapitoa e faʻamatalaina pe faʻafefea e amioga faʻafeusuaiga i luga ole laiga e mafai ona vaʻai ai amioga faʻafeusuaiga mulimuli ane o le Social Cognitive Theory [28]. Aemaise lava, o lenei aʻoaʻoga o loʻo faʻaalia e faʻaaogaina e tagata amioga fou e ala i le matauina o amioga a tagata faʻataʻitaʻiga taua. O lenei aʻoaʻoga faʻapitoa poʻo le faʻataʻitaʻiga o amioga e sili ona tupu pe a (a) amio faʻaalia e talafeagai i le tagata matau, (b) faʻataʻitaʻiga e tutusa ma le tagata matau (faʻataʻitaʻiga, tutusa itupa poʻo tausaga), (c) faʻataʻitaʻiga e aulelei pe maualuga i le tulaga, ma (o) fa'aa'oa'oga e foliga mai e manuia mai le fa'aalia o le amio [21, 28]. O le mea lea, e ala i le matauina o ata matagofie i luga o le initaneti, e mafai e tupulaga talavou ona iloa po o fea amioga e tauia. O ia amioga e le faapea e vave fa'ata'ita'iina, ae o lo'o teuina e fai ma fa'amaumauga o amioga e mafai ona toe maua mai ma fa'aoga pe a fa'aosofia e tulaga [21, 29]. We tusa ai ma le faʻaaogaina o le SEIM, o le aʻoaʻoga faʻaagafesootai faʻaagafesootai o loʻo vavalo mai pe a vaʻaia pea e le au talavou faʻafeusuaiga ni uiga lalelei o loʻo fiafia i feusuaʻiga ma ni nai aʻafiaga leaga, o le a latou manatu o lenei amio e tauia ma oʻo ai ina faʻaosofia e auai i latou lava i feusuaiga. O le mea lea, matou te manatu ai:

Manatu 2a: Ole fa'aoga faifaipea ole SEIM ole a va'ai ai le fa'atupula'ia o tulaga o le poto masani i amioga fa'afeusuaiga.

Pe a faatusatusa i le SEIM, o upegatafa'ilagi fa'aagafesootai e le fa'aalia manino fa'afeusuaiga; o tupulaga talavou e fa'aogaina SNSs o le a fa'aitiitia le mata'ituina ma mulimuli ane, fa'aalia fa'aaliga va'aia o fa'ata'ita'iga aulelei o lo'o faia amioga fa'afeusuaiga. Nai lo lena, o le faʻataʻitaʻiga o amioga i SNS e mafai ona faia e ala i le mataʻituina o feusuaiga o se autu iloga ma taua. O lona uiga, afai e taatele manatu o feusuaiga poʻo talanoaga o faiga faʻafeusuaiga i SNSs, faʻamalosia lelei (faʻataʻitaʻiga, e ala i faʻamatalaga poʻo 'fiafia'), ma fatuina pe fefaʻasoaaʻi e taʻitoʻatasi tausaga, e ono faʻateleina ai faʻamoemoega lelei o tupulaga talavou e uiga i feusuaiga ma unaia le auai i amioga tau feusuaiga [6, 28, 30]. E le gata i le a'oa'oina o le mata'ituina ma le fa'ata'ita'iina o amioga, o saite fa'aagafesootai lava latou e ono fa'ateleina avanoa tau feusua'iga. O suʻesuʻega eseese ua fautua mai ai o nisi o tupulaga talavou e faʻaaoga SNS e faʻasalalau ai lagona alofa ma / poʻo feusuaiga, e amata ai fegalegaleaiga alofa, poʻo le sailia o paaga feusuaʻiga [4, 6, 31, 32]. I luga o le faavae o nei manatu, matou te manatu:

Manatu 2b: Ole fa'aogaina soo ole SNS ole a va'ai ai le fa'atupula'ia o tulaga o le poto masani ile amio fa'afeusuaiga.

O amioga fa'afeusuaiga i luga o le initaneti e va'ai ai tu ma aga masani a tupulaga (a'afiaga sa'o II)

I le mulimulitaia o manatu fa'apitoa o le atina'eina o feusuaiga [16], matou te manatu o le auai i le taliaina ma le fegalegaleai o amioga i luga o le initaneti e aʻafia ai amioga a tupulaga talavou e uiga i feusuaiga. E masani ona finau tagata popoto e faapea, talu ai ona o lona uiga e tasi, o le masani ona aafia i mataupu tau feusuaiga e mafai ona fausia ai manatu o talavou i le lalolagi o siomia ai i latou [21]. O lenei manatu e maua'a i le Cultivation Theory [33], lea e finau ai o faʻamatalaga faifaipea faʻasalalau e fausia ai se faʻaaliga patino ma faʻaituau o le mea moni, pe a maeʻa faʻasalalauga faʻapipiʻi, e ono faʻafefe ai faʻamatalaga mai isi sui faʻafesoʻotaʻi e pei o matua poʻo tupulaga. I le aluga o taimi, e mafai e talavou ona faasolosolo malie ona "tupuina" pe talia talitonuga e uiga i le "lalolagi moni" e ogatusa ma faʻamatalaga a le aufaasālalau. O nei talitonuga e mafai foi ona aofia ai manatu e uiga i le taliaina ma le faʻateleina o amioga faʻafeusuaiga i tupulaga. O le tele o suʻesuʻega - o le tele o ia mea na faʻaaogaina mamanu faʻasolosolo - ua faʻaalia ai o tupulaga talavou o loʻo faʻaalia i mataupu tau feusuaiga i ala faʻasalalau masani (faʻataʻitaʻiga, televise, mekasini) e ofoina atu le maualuga o faʻatusatusaga o numera o tupulaga faʻafeusuaiga [34-36]. E ono fa'alautele atu lea fa'atupu i tupulaga o lo'o fa'aaogaina le SEIM. Aemaise lava, afai e faʻaalia e le SEIM ia feusuaʻiga o se mea masani, malie, ma leai se lamatiaga, o le faʻaalia soo i ai e ono tupu aʻe ai manatu o amioga faʻafeusuaiga o loʻo taatele ma taliaina-e faapea "o loʻo faia e tagata uma" [21]. O le mea lea, matou te faʻapea:

Manatu 3a: Ole fa'aogaina soo ole SEIM ole a va'ai ai le fa'atupula'ia o manatu o lo'o fa'amaonia e tupulaga le amio fa'afeusuaiga (fa'ata'ita'iga, tulafono fa'atulafonoina).

Manatu 3b: Ole fa'aogaina soo ole SEIM ole a va'ai ai le fa'atuputeleina o fa'atatau o le aofa'i o tupulaga e iai le poto masani i amioga fa'afeusuaiga (ie, fa'amatalaga masani).

E iai le mafua'aga e fa'amoemoe ai o le va'aiga a tupulaga talavou e fa'atatau i amioga fa'afeusuaiga e sui fo'i ona o le fa'aogaina o le SNS. O suʻesuʻega ua faʻaalia ai o vaega o le aʻafia o ala o faasalalauga, e pei o le faʻamaoniaina ma faʻataʻitaʻiga faʻasalalau ma faʻamatalaga moni, e mafai ona aʻafia ai manatu o talavou i luga ma luga atu o le tele o le faʻaalia i mataupu tau feusuaiga [6, 37]. Talu ai o le tele o mea i luga o SNS e fatuina e tupulaga talavou, o le faʻamaonia ma le iloa o mea moni atonu e sili atu ona loloto mo le faʻaogaina o le SNS. O le mea moni, o galuega muamua na faʻaalia ai e masani ona iloa e le autalavou o faʻamatalaga i le faʻaaogaina o vailaʻau ma feusuaiga i luga o SNS o loʻo atagia saʻo ai uiga ma amioga moni o le olaga [38, 39]. Faatasi ai ma le tele o le taimi e faʻaalu e talavou i SNSs [5, 30], o le mea lea na taʻitaʻia ai i matou e faʻapea:

Manatu 3c: Ole fa'aogaina soo ole SNS ole a va'ai ai le fa'atupula'ia o manatu e fa'amaonia e tupulaga le amio fa'afeusuaiga (fa'ata'ita'iga, tulafono fa'atulafonoina).

Manatu 3d: Ole fa'aogaina soo ole SNS ole a va'ai ai le fa'atuputeleina o fa'atatau o le aofa'i o tupulaga e iai le poto masani i amioga fa'afeusuaiga (ie, fa'amatalaga masani).

Va'aiga masani a tupulaga e va'ai ai amioga fa'afeusuaiga (a'afiaga sa'o III)

E pei ona taʻua muamua, o suʻesuʻega ua faʻaalia i taimi uma o le faia o filifiliga tau feusuaiga a talavou e aʻafia e o latou talitonuga e uiga i masani masani a tupulaga [19]. O lenei faagasologa o loʻo faʻamatalaina i le Social Norms Theory [40], lea e taʻu mai ai e faʻatonutonu e tagata taʻitoʻatasi a latou amio e tusa ai ma o latou manatu i mea e masani ai, taliaina, pe faʻamoemoeina i le va o tagata faʻapitoa. O nei mea e ta'ua o agafesootai o lo'o fa'agaoioia e pei o fa'atonuga masani ma fa'amoemoega o taunu'uga i le ta'ita'iina o fa'ai'uga tau amio. O lona uiga, e ala i manatu o tupulaga o le faʻatagaina o amioga faʻafeusuaiga (faʻataʻitaʻiga, tuʻutuʻuga masani) e oʻo mai ai tupulaga talavou pe talia ma / pe faʻamoemoeina amioga faʻafeusuaiga, ma e ala i manatu o le auai a tupulaga i amioga faʻafeusuaiga (ie, faʻamatalaga masani) latou te iloiloina. pe tauia amioga fa'afeusuaiga ma o lea e aoga ai le amataina [40, 41]. E taua le maitauina o tulafono fa'atonu ma fa'amatalaga e fa'avae i luga o talitonuga fa'apitoa o talavou e uiga i le fa'atagaga a tupulaga ma le auai i nisi o amioga, ma o le mea lea e ono fa'aseseina ai le masani a tupulaga. Sa matou manatu:

Manatu 4a: O manatu e sili atu ona malosi e fa'apea o lo'o fa'amalieina e aumea le amio fa'afeusuaiga (fa'ata'ita'iga, tu'utu'uga fa'atonu) o le a va'ai ai le si'itia o tulaga o le poto masani i amioga fa'afeusuaiga.

Manatu 4b: O fa'atatauga maualuga o le aofa'i o tupulaga o lo'o faia amioga fa'afeusuaiga (fa'atusa, fa'amatalaga masani) o le a va'ai ai le si'itia o tulaga o le poto masani i amioga fa'afeusuaiga.

O suʻesuʻega o loʻo suʻesuʻeina ai le matafaioi o masani a tupulaga i amioga faʻafeusuaiga (tulaga lamatia) talavou ua faʻaalia ai o feusuaiga a talavou e sili atu le malosi o fesoʻotaʻiga ma mea latou te talitonu e fai e a latou tupulaga nai lo mea latou te talitonu e talia e a latou tupulaga [13, 19]. E ui lava o tusitusiga i luga o agafesootai e le maua ai se faʻamatalaga manino poʻo se faʻamatalaga mo lenei eseesega i le va o faʻamatalaga ma faʻatonuga masani, ua fautuaina e faapea o manatu o tupulaga o le auai i amioga faʻafeusuaiga e maua ai se vaega taua faʻamatalaga faʻamatalaga e uiga i le tulaga e talia ai le auai. i amioga fa'afeusuaiga [13, 19]. O lona uiga, e ono manatu tupulaga talavou e talia foi e tupulaga o loo faia amioga feusuai ia amioga faapea ma isi o loo faia faapea, ae atonu latou te lē o malamalama atoatoa i le faamaoniga o amioga feusuai i le va o tupulaga e lē o faia feusuaʻiga. I le isi itu, ua finau e faapea, afai o tulafono faʻatulafonoina o loʻo faʻatatauina e pei o le poto masani faʻamalosi e auai i se amio faʻapitoa (faʻataʻitaʻiga, o le tele o le auai i le amio e iloa e pei ona faʻamoemoeina e tupulaga), o faʻatonuga masani e mafai ona sili atu ona aʻafia i totonu. amio a tupulaga [41]. Ona o nei fa'amatalaga fa'afeagai, e leai ni a matou fa'aaliga e uiga i le taua fa'atatau o fa'atonuga ma fa'amatalaga masani i le va'aiga o le tulaga o tupulaga talavou i amioga fa'afeusuaiga.

Va'aiga masani a tupulaga e fai ma faiga fa'atalanoa (a'afiaga lē tu'usa'o)

Afai e lagolagoina manatu 3a-d ma le 4a+b, e mafai ona tu'ufa'atasia o latou ala e fai ai se seti o aafiaga le tuusao; o lona uiga, mai amioga fa'afeusuaiga i luga o le initaneti, e ala i tu ma aga masani a tupulaga, i tulaga mulimuli ane o le poto masani i amioga fa'afeusuaiga. Aemaise lava:

Manatu 5a: Ole fa'aogaina soo ole SEIM ole a o'o atu ai ile fa'ateleina o le poto masani ile amio fa'afeusuaiga e ala ile fa'ateleina o manatu ile fa'atagaga a tupulaga i amioga fa'afeusuaiga (fa'ata'ita'iga, tulafono fa'atulafonoina). [Manatu 5c mo le SNS fa'aoga]

Manatu 5b: Ole fa'aogaina soo ole SEIM ole a o'o atu ai ile fa'atuputeleina o le poto masani ile amio fa'afeusuaiga e ala ile fa'atuputeleina o fa'atusatusaga o le aofa'i o aumea fa'afeusuaiga (ie, fa'amatalaga masani). [Manatu 5d mo le SNS fa'aoga]

O faʻamaoniga mo ia aʻafiaga le tuusaʻo na maua i suʻesuʻega suʻesuʻe le fesoʻotaʻiga i le va o le faʻaalia i mataupu faʻafeusuaiga i faʻasalalauga masani ma manaʻoga ma amioga faʻafeusuaiga a talavou [36, 42]. Ae ui i lea, o nei suʻesuʻega na faʻaaogaina ai faʻasologa faʻasolosolo poʻo le le mafai ona faʻatonutonuina tulaga faʻavae o tu ma aga masani a tupulaga ma amioga, ma le mafai ai ona latou suʻeina faiga faʻaletino. E le gata i lea, i le iloa e le au tusitala, e leai ni suʻesuʻega na suʻesuʻeina pe faʻafefea e masani a tupulaga aʻafiaga o le faʻaogaina o le SEIM ma le SNS faʻaoga i amioga faʻafeusuaiga mulimuli ane.

itupa

O nisi o fa'agasologa autu i la tatou fa'ata'ita'iga tu'ufa'atasi e ono fa'alagolago ile itupa o tupulaga. E masani ona fa'ailoa o tama ma teine ​​talavou o lo'o fa'afeso'ota'i i tu'uga fa'afeusuaiga eseese. O lenei faʻafeusuaiga faʻafeusuaiga faʻapitoa e matua aʻafia lava i se mea faʻapitoa e faʻamatalaina o le "tulaga lua faʻafeusuaiga," lea e faʻatatau i le taliaina o se seti o tuʻutuʻuga faʻataʻitaʻiga faʻataʻitaʻiga faʻafeusuaiga ma le tauagafau faʻafeusuaiga mo teineiti, aʻo viia le faʻamalosia o feusuaiga ma le faʻatagaina mo tama [43-45]. O faiga fa'afeusuaiga fa'alua e mafai ona ta'ita'ia ai talitonuga fete'ena'i e uiga i tu ma aga masani e uiga i fa'afeusuaiga, lea e fa'amoemoeina ai faiga fa'afeusuaiga mo tama ae le fa'atagaina mo teine ​​[46]. O fe'au fa'afesoota'i 'ese'ese e mafai fo'i ona a'afia ai ituaiga o amioga i luga o le initaneti o lo'o faia e tama ma teine, ma le auala latou te fa'agasolo ai ma tali atu i mea fa'asalalau [22, 23, 47]. Mo se faʻataʻitaʻiga, ua fautuaina e faʻaaoga e tama le SEIM ma sili atu ona aʻafia i mea o loʻo i ai ona o le SEIM o loʻo faʻaalia ai feusuaiga i se auala e mafai ai e tama ona taliaina e le va fealoai, ae e masani ona faʻatusatusa ma tusitusiga faʻasalalau masani mo teine ​​[48]. Ona o nei eseesega e ono tula'i mai, na matou fa'ata'ita'i ese'ese ai la matou fa'ata'ita'iga tu'ufa'atasi mo tama ma teine.

faiga

Tagata e Auai

O faʻamaumauga mo lenei suʻesuʻega na aoina e avea o se vaega o le Project STARS, o se suʻesuʻega umi suʻesuʻega i luga o le alofa ma le faʻafeusuaiga o talavou Dutch. O se fa'ata'ita'iga fa'apitoa o tupulaga i vasega ono e o'o i le sefulu na tulitatao i galu e fa, ma vaeluaga e ono masina i le va o galu. Ole fua muamua ole galu (T1) na faia i le Pau o le 2011. O le faʻataʻitaʻiga umi e aofia ai le 1,297 tagata auai (53.3% tama). Mo le su'esu'ega nei, e na'o le vasega fitu i le vasega sefulu (n = 1,132) na aofia ai ona o fesili mo tamaiti aʻoga o le vasega ono e leʻo iai uma mataupu suʻesuʻe. I le T1, o lenei faʻataʻitaʻiga (52.7% tama) sa i ai le averesi o tausaga o 13.95 tausaga (SD = 1.18; vaeluaga 11–17). O le tele o tagata auai (79.2%) sa i ai se talaaga Dutch (tagata lava ia ma matua uma na fananau i Netherlands); 11.0% sa i ai se isi talaaga i Sisifo (tagata lava ia poʻo se matua na fanau i Europa, US, Kanata, Ausetalia, poʻo Niu Sila), ma 9.8% sa i ai se talaaga e le o Sisifo (tagata poʻo se matua na fanau i Aferika, Sasaʻe Tutotonu, Asia , po o le atunuu i Saute-Amerika). O tupulaga talavou na lesitala i ala fa'aa'oa'oga eseese, e tusa ma le 40% i polokalame o a'oa'oga matata ma le 60% i polokalame sauniuni i kolisi po'o iunivesite.

Ona o le toesea o le aʻoga i le aso o le fua ma le faʻauʻuga o le tele o vasega sefulu ina ua uma T2, o nisi o matou tagata auai sa le mafai ona fa'atumu uma fesili e fa. Mai le 1,132 tagata auai, 815 (72.0%) na saofagā faʻamaumauga i galu uma e fa. I le T1, T2, T3, ma T4, o le numera o tagata auai e 1,066 (94.2%), 1,047 (92.5%), 1,010 (89.2%), ma le 925 (81.7%). Pe a faatusatusa i tagata auai na faamaeaina uma fesili, o tagata auai na misia se tasi pe sili atu foi galu o fua e masani lava o tama, χ²(1, N = 1,132) = 10.21, p = .001, matua, t(503.21) = -6.71, p <.001, lesitala i tulaga maualalo o aʻoaʻoga, χ²(1, N = 1,065) = 66.80, p <.001, ma e masani ona i ai se talaaga e le o Sisifo, χ²(1, N = 1,132) = 12.55, p < .001. E le gata i lea, na latou lipotia maualuga maualuga o le faʻaogaina o le SEIM, t(314.96) = -5.00, p <.001, fa'atonuga ma fa'amatalaga a tupulaga, tfa'atonuga(363.54) = -8.55, p <.001 fa'asologa tfaamatalaina(342.64) = -8.26, p <.001, ma aafiaga tau feusuaiga, t(295.59) = -8.04, p <.001, i le amataga o le suʻesuʻega. E tatau ona maitauina o la tatou faʻataʻitaʻiga faʻamatalaga-faʻamatalaga (faʻamatalaga atoa le maualuga e ono mafai, o se faiga masani e faʻatautaia ai faʻamatalaga o loʻo misi) e aofia ai mataupu e iai faʻamatalaga misi; o le mea lea, o matou taunuuga e faʻavae i luga o le faʻataʻitaʻiga atoa [49].

taualumaga

Na fa'afaigaluegaina tupulaga talavou mai a'oga i 'a'ai tetele ma nu'u laiti i totonu o Netherlands. O aʻoga na faʻafeiloaʻi faʻafuaseʻi, ae na filifilia ma le faʻamoemoeina mai vaega eseese o Netherlands. O a'oga sa fiafia i ai na asia e le au su'esu'e mo se feiloaiga patino ma le puleaoga, lea na fa'ailoa mai ai ma fa'amatala ai sini ma faiga o su'esu'ega. Mulimuli ane, e fa aoga maualuluga na malilie e auai. Na filifili fa'atasi e pulea'oga ma tagata su'esu'e po'o fea vasega i totonu o le a'oga e filifilia mo le 'auai.

A'o le'i faia le fua muamua, na maua uma e talavou ma o latou matua ni tusi, polosiua, ma pepa e fa'amatala ai le fa'amoemoe o le su'esu'ega ma le avanoa e fa'aitiitia pe fa'amuta ai le auai i so'o se taimi. E mafai e matua ona toe fa'afo'i pepa saini e ta'u mai ai e le'o fa'atagaina le la tama e auai i le su'esu'ega (6.9% o matua na fa'afeso'ota'i na faia). O tupulaga talavou e iai le fa'atagaga fa'amatua fa'alogona na fa'amautinoaina i taimi ta'itasi e fuaina ai o le auai e ofo fua ma e mafai ona latou toe fo'i atu i o latou potu a'oga pe a latou le mana'o e auai i le su'esu'ega (0.1% na faia).

I galu ta'itasi, na fa'amae'aina e le tupulaga se su'esu'ega fa'akomepiuta, Dutch i le a'oga i taimi o a'oga masani. Sa iai tagata su'esu'e ma fesoasoani su'esu'e a'oa'oina e va'ava'ai le aoina o fa'amaumauga (fa'ailoa le poloketi ma le fa'atinoga, tali fesili, ma fa'amautinoa le maualuga o le le faalauaiteleina mai faiaoga ma isi tamaiti a'oga). E lei iai faiaoga i totonu o le potuaoga i le taimi o le aoina o faʻamaumauga. Sa mautinoa le le faalauaiteleina o tali, e pei o le filifiliga e taofi le auai i soo se taimi. Na maua e tupulaga talavou tusi tusi meaalofa o le fa'ateleina o tau pe a mae'a su'esu'ega ta'itasi. Sa fa'atupuina se fa'atonuga fa'apitoa pe a iai ni fa'afitauli po'o ni fesili a sui auai e uiga i fa'afitauli i lenei su'esu'ega. Na fa'amaonia e le Komiti Fa'atonu a le Faculty of Social and Behavioral Sciences a le Iunivesite o Utrecht uma su'esu'ega ma fa'atagaga.

Fua

Aafiaga i amioga faʻafeusuaiga (T1 ma T4)

Ina ia iloilo aafiaga o talavou i amioga tau feusuaʻiga, na fesiligia muamua tagata auai i ni fesili se lua: “Pe na e sogi Falani i se tasi?” ma le “Pe na e faia se feusuaʻiga ma se isi tagata? Faatasi ai ma feusuaiga tatou te uiga i mea uma mai le paʻi poʻo le milimili e oʻo i feusuaiga,” (0 = Leai, 1 = Ioe). O i latou na fa'aalia le Ioe i le fesili lona lua na maua fesili tulitatao e uiga i o latou aafiaga i amioga fa'afeusuaiga eseese: pa'i le lavalavā po'o milimili, faia po'o le mauaina o feusua'iga lima, faia po'o le faia o feusuaiga, ma feusua'iga po'o feusua'iga (0 = Leai, 1 = Ioe). O mea sogi ma amioga faʻafeusuaiga na tuʻufaʻatasia i se tasi fesuiaiga e fuaina ai le maualuga o le poto masani a talavou i amioga faʻafeusuaiga, e amata mai i le 0 = E leʻi oʻo i amioga uma e lima i le 5 = Aafiaga i amioga e lima (Cronbach's αT1 = .78; αT4 = .86).

Amioga fa'afeusuaiga i luga ole laiga (T1)

SEIM fa'aoga. Fa'avae i su'esu'ega i fa'amatalaga o fesili ma'ale'ale [50], o le faaaogāina e talavou o le SEIM sa iloiloina e faapea: “O le toʻatele o talavou e matamata i ata matagā i le Initaneti i nisi taimi. Matou te fia iloa pe fa'afefea lenei mea mo oe. E faafia ona e faaaogāina le Initaneti e matamata ai i se upega tafaʻilagi o porn (se upega tafaʻilagi e iai ata poʻo ata tifaga e faʻaalia ai le le lavalava poʻo tagata o loʻo faia feusuaʻiga)?" O vaega tali mo lenei mea o le 1 = E leai, 2 = E itiiti ifo ma le faatasi i le tausaga, 3 = E itiiti ifo i le faatasi i le masina, 4 = Tasi i le faatolu i le masina, 5 = Ta'itasi pe faalua i le vaiaso, 6 = Faatolu i le vaiaso pe sili atu.

SNS fa'aoga. O le fa'aogaina e tupulaga o SNS na fuaina i le fesiligia o tagata auai pe fia le tele o le taimi latou te fa'aalu malosi i aso ta'itasi i luga o latou upegatafa'ilagi e sili ona fa'aogaina. O vaega tali e 0 = E le o se sui SNS, 1 = E itiiti ifo i le 15 minute, 2 = 15–30 minute, 3 = 30–60 minute, 4 = 1–2 itula, 5 = 3–4 itula, ma le 6 = E sili atu nai lo 4 itula.

Tulaga masani a tupulaga (T1 ma T3)

Tulaga fa'atonu. O manatu o talavou i le faʻatagaina e a latou tupulaga i amioga faʻafeusuaiga na fuaina i se faʻataʻitaʻiga o se mea na faʻaaoga muamua e iloilo ai le faʻatagaina e matua o amioga faʻafeusuaiga [51]. O le aitema lea e faitauina: “O a’u uo mamae e talitonu o tama ma teine ​​o la matou tupulaga e le tatau ona faia feusua’iga i le taimi nei”, na togi i le fua e ono (1 = E le moni atoatoa, 6 = Moni atoatoa). Na toe fesuia'i togi, ina ia maua ai le maualuga o le togi e iloa ai e tupulaga talavou e sili atu le taliaina o amioga tau feusuaiga a latou tupulaga.

Tulaga fa'amatala. O manatu o tupulaga talavou i aafiaga o a latou tupulaga i amioga tau feusuaiga na fuaina i ni mea se tolu e faatatau i le vaega o uo na manatu talavou na i ai le poto masani i le kisi Farani, feusuaʻiga, ma le tasi-po tu [52,53], togi i se fua e ono-ai (1 = E leai se tasi o aʻu uo, 2 = Na o ni nai au uo, 3 = E itiiti ifo i le afa o aʻu uo, 4 = E sili atu i le afa o aʻu uo, 5 = Toeitiiti lava o aʻu uo uma. uo, 6 = O a'u uo uma). Na faia se sikoa tu'ufa'atasi e ala i le fa'atatauina o togi i nei mea (αT1 = .72; αT3 = .73).

Fuafuaga o au'ili'iliga

Le fa'ata'ita'iga manatu fa'aalia i totonu Fig 1 na faʻataʻitaʻiina i le faʻaaogaina o faʻataʻitaʻiga faʻatusa i Mplus (Version 7.2; [54]). Na matou fuafuaina ni faʻataʻitaʻiga se lua, tasi e aofia ai le faʻaogaina o le SEIM ma le tasi e aofia ai le faʻaogaina o le SNS. O amioga fa'afeusuaiga i luga ole laiga na fuaina ile laina fa'avae (T1); va'aiga masani a tupulaga ma le poto masani i amioga fa'afeusuaiga na fuaina i le laina fa'avae ma i le 12 (T3) ma le 18 (T4) masina tulitatao, i le faasologa. O le auala lea, e mafai ona su'esu'eina le suiga moni o taimi i ta'ita'iga a tupulaga ma amioga fa'afeusuaiga pe a mae'a le faia o amioga fa'afeusuaiga i luga ole laiga. O tausaga na aofia ai i faʻataʻitaʻiga e pei o se fesuiaiga o le pulea ma faʻataʻitaʻiga na faʻatatau mo tama ma teine ​​eseese.

Na matou faʻaogaina se faiga faʻapolopolo e faʻatusatusa ai faʻataʻitaʻiga aua e faʻaitiitia ai faʻafitauli i suʻega taua pe a solia manatu masani [55]-o se mea masani i suʻesuʻega faʻafeusuaiga. Na matou mauaina 1,000 bootstrap faʻataʻitaʻiga ma suʻesuʻeina le 95% faʻaituau-faʻasaʻoina taimi faʻamaonia mo aʻafiaga uma. Afai o nei vaeluaga e le aofia ai le tau zero, o le fua faatatau e taua tele. Na matou manatu o se aafiaga e taua pe afai e lua p-taua ma lona 95% fa'aituau-fa'asa'o fa'asa'o taimi fa'atuatuaina fa'ailoa mai ai se eseesega taua fa'amaumauina mai le zero. Fa'ata'ita'iga fetaui na su'esu'eina i le Fa'asinoga Fa'atatau Fa'atusatusa (CFI) ma le Root Mean Square Error of Approximation (RMSEA). CFI e sili atu i le .90 ma le RMSEA e itiiti ifo i le .08 na manatu o se faʻamaoniga o se faʻataʻitaʻiga talafeagai [56].

Ina ia suʻesuʻeina pe faʻaogaina e le tupulaga talavou le SEIM ma le SNS faʻaaogaina, e ala i le faʻalauteleina o manatu o le faʻatagaina ma le gaioiga a tupulaga, faʻateleina tulaga o le poto masani i amioga faʻafeusuaiga (H5), matou te iloiloina le taua o aʻafiaga le tuusaʻo faʻatupuina i le oloa-of-coefficients method.54, 57].

i'uga

Fa'amatalaga ma su'esu'ega muamua

Fa'amatalaga fa'amaumauga mo suiga autu o lo'o fa'aalia i totonu Laulau 1. O amioga fa'afeusuaiga i luga ole laiga e matua ese lava mo tama ma teine: o tama na lipotia mai e sili atu le fa'aogaina o le SEIM nai lo teine, ae fa'aalu e teine ​​le tele o taimi i le aso i SNSs. E tusa ai ma masaniga masani a tupulaga, na maua ai tama e lipoti atu le malosi o manatu e faʻamaonia e tupulaga ma auai i amioga faʻafeusuaiga nai lo teine, i le laina amata (T1) ma i le 12 masina tulitatao (T3). Faalua t O su'ega na fa'aalia atili ai, mo tama ma teine, ua matua'i fa'atupula'ia nei faiga masani a tupulaga ile va ole 12 masina (tama: tfa'atonuga(474) = -10.63, p <.001, tfaamatalaina(413) = -4.96, p < .001; teine: tfa'atonuga(453) = -8.80, p <.001, tfaamatalaina(417) = -6.99, p < .001). O tulaga faavae o le poto masani i amioga tau feusuaiga sa fai si maualuga mo tama pe a faatusatusa i teine; ae ui i lea, o lenei eseesega ua le toe iloa i T4. E pei ona faʻamoemoeina, na faʻateleina le tulaga o tama ma teine ​​​​i amioga faʻafeusuaiga i le 18 masina i le va o T1 ma T4 (tama: t(434) = -9.69, p < .001; teine: t(437) = -10.44, p <.001). Laulau 2 o lo'o fa'aalia ai le fa'atasiga fa'atasi o fesuiaiga o lo'o aofia i le fa'ata'ita'iga tu'ufa'atasi. E pei ona fa'aalia i lenei siata, o amioga fa'afeusuaiga i luga o le initaneti, va'aiga masani a tupulaga, ma le poto masani i amioga fa'afeusuaiga sa fa'amaopoopo lelei uma (sei vagana ai le fa'aogaina e teineiti SEIM ma le T.3 tulafono fa'atonu).

Laulau 1 

Fa'amatalaga Fa'amaumauga mo Su'esu'ega Autu i le Fa'ata'ita'iga Fa'atasi mo Tama ma Teine.
Laulau 2 

Fa'atasiga a Pearson i le va o Su'esu'ega Autu i le Fa'ata'ita'iga Fa'atasi mo Tama ma Teine.

Iloiloga o le faʻataʻitaʻiga tuʻufaʻatasia

O a matou uluai faʻataʻitaʻiga e leʻi faʻaalia le fetaui lelei (ie, RMSEA uma> .10). O le suʻesuʻeina o faʻailoga o suiga na faʻaalia ai e lua auala faʻaopoopo e tatau ona aofia i faʻataʻitaʻiga ina ia fetaui ma faʻamaumauga. Aemaise lava, faʻaopoopo auala mai (1) T1 amioga fa'afeusuaiga ia T3 fa'amatalaga masani ma (2) T1 faʻamatalaga masani ile T3 fa'atulafonoina fa'atulafonoina na maua ai fa'ata'ita'iga ma fa'atatau talafeagai, CFIs ≥ .99; RMSEAs ≤ .08. O faʻataʻitaʻiga mulimuli mo le faʻaogaina o le SEIM ma le SNS o loʻo tuʻuina atu i le Ata Ata 22 ma Ma3,3, ta'itasi. Ina ia fa'amamafa i'uga o le tele o mea e fiafia i ai, o fa'amaumauga nei o lo'o fa'aalia ai na'o fa'atatau mo va'aiga fa'atatau ma fa'amatala fa'ata'ita'i. O a'afiaga tu'usa'o mai fa'atasi (tausaga ma tulaga fa'avae o tu'aiga masani a tupulaga ma amioga fa'afeusuaiga) i suiga autu e le aofia mai le fa'atusa, fa'apea fo'i fa'atasiga fa'atasi o totoe. O nei ala sa lelei ma sili ona taua, sei vagana ai: (a) tausaga ma SEIM faʻaoga (teine), (b) tausaga faʻaoga SNS (tama ma teine), (c) tausaga i T3 fa'amatalaga masani (tama), (d) tausaga ia T4 amioga fa'afeusuaiga (tama ma teine); a'afiaga e le taua e afua mai B = 0.03 (β = .02) ia B = 0.09 (β = .08). O faʻataʻitaʻiga tuʻufaʻatasia na maua ai le 59% ma le 61% o le eseesega i le tulaga o tama o le poto masani i amioga faʻafeusuaiga ma le 50% ma le 51% o le eseesega i le tulaga o teineiti o le poto masani i amioga faʻafeusuaiga.

Fig 2 

Fa'ata'ita'iga fa'atatau mo le fa'aogaina o le SEIM.
Fig 3 

Fa'ata'ita'iga fa'atatau mo le fa'aoga SNS.

Asosi faavae

E pei ona valoia i le Hypothesis 1a, o talavou na sili atu le poto masani i amioga faʻafeusuaiga na lipotia mai le faʻaaogaina soo o le SEIM (tama: B = 0.92, β = .43, p <.001, bc 95% CI [0.71, 1.15]; teine: B = 0.10, β = .23, p = .008, bc 95% CI [0.03, 0.18]). E le gata i lea, e tusa ai ma le Hypothesis 1b, o tupulaga talavou na lipotia mai le sili atu o le faʻatagaina a tupulaga ma le faʻaogaina o tupulaga i feusuaiga i le amataga o le suʻesuʻega e faʻaaoga soo le SEIM (tama: Bfa'atonuga = 1.43, β = .46, p <.001, bc 95% CI [1.18, 1.69], Bfaamatalaina = 0.89, β = .43, p <.001, bc 95% CI [0.70, 1.08]; teine: Bfa'atonuga = 0.10, β = .14, p = .002, bc 95% CI [0.05, 0.18], Bfaamatalaina = 0.07, β = .15, p = .002, bc 95% CI [0.03, 0.11]). O mamanu tutusa na maua mo le SNS faʻaoga, faʻamaonia le Hypothesis 1c (tama: B = 0.49, β = .26, p <.001, bc 95% CI [0.30, 0.68]; teine: B = 0.34, β = .24, p <.001, bc 95% CI [0.21, 0.50]) ma le manatu 1d (tama: Bfa'atonuga = 0.63, β = .23, p <.001, bc 95% CI [0.38, 0.87], Bfaamatalaina = 0.54, β = .29, p <.001, bc 95% CI [0.37, 0.69]; teine: Bfa'atonuga = 0.59, β = .25, p <.001, bc 95% CI [0.35, 0.81], Bfaamatalaina = 0.54, β = .37, p <.001, bc 95% CI [0.41, 0.70]).

Aafiaga tuusao

O le Hypothesis 2a o loʻo taʻua ai o le faʻaaogaina soo o le SEIM o le a vaʻaia saʻo ai le maualuga o le poto masani i amioga faʻafeusuaiga. O lenei manatu sa tatau ona teena (tama: B = 0.08, β = .08, p = .120, bc 95% CI [-0.03, 0.17]; teine: B = 0.10, β = .03, p = .647, bc 95% CI [-0.36, 0.46]). Manatu 2b, vavalo o le tele o le faʻaaogaina o le SNS o le a taʻitaʻia ai le maualuga o le poto masani i amioga faʻafeusuaiga, maua le lagolago mo tama (tama: B = 0.16, β = .14, p <.001, bc 95% CI [0.08, 0.23]; teine: B = 0.08, β = .07, p = .099, bc 95% CI [-0.02, 0.17]). Ole tele ole SNS ole fa'aogaina ole va'aiga ole si'itia ole tulaga ole poto masani a tama ile 18 masina mulimuli ane.

O manatu 3a ma le 3b na valoia o le faʻaaogaina soo o le SEIM o le a faʻateleina ai manatu o talavou e faʻamaonia e tupulaga ma faia amioga faʻafeusuaiga. O nei aafiaga ova taimi na maua moni lava, e ui lava mo na o tama (tama: Bfa'atonuga = 0.10, β = .10, p = .020, bc 95% CI [0.10, 0.18], Bfaamatalaina = 0.08, β = .10, p = .028, bc 95% CI [0.01, 0.15]; teine: Bfa'atonuga = -0.15, β = -.04, p = .425, bc 95% CI [-0.56, 0.20], Bfaamatalaina = -0.09, β = -.04, p = .479, bc 95% CI [-0.32, 0.21]). O manatu 3c ma le 3d, lea na valoia o le tele o le faʻaogaina o le SNS o le a faʻateleina ai manatu o tupulaga talavou e faʻamaonia e tupulaga ma faia amioga faʻafeusuaiga, na lagolagoina se vaega. Aemaise lava, o le SNS a tama e faʻaogaina le faʻateleina o a latou faʻatonuga ma faʻamatalaga masani i le 12 masina mulimuli ane, ae o le SNS a teine ​​​​na faʻaogaina le faʻateleina o a latou faʻatonuga masani, ae naʻo sina vaega i a latou faʻamatalaga masani (tama: Bfa'atonuga = 0.17, β = .14, p <.001, bc 95% CI [0.08, 0.25], Bfaamatalaina = 0.08, β = .10, p = .010, bc 95% CI [0.02, 0.15]; teine: Bfa'atonuga = 0.15, β = .12, p = .003, bc 95% CI [0.05, 0.25], Bfaamatalaina = 0.07, β = .09, p = .051, bc 95% CI [0.00, 0.15]).

E pei ona faʻamoemoeina i le Hypotheses 4a ma le 4b, vaʻaia masani a tupulaga e uiga i feusuaiga na valoia lelei le aafiaga o talavou i amioga tau feusuaiga. Mo tama, o le malosi o manatu o tupulaga o loʻo faia feusuaʻiga na valoia le faʻatupulaia o tulaga o le poto masani i amioga faʻafeusuaiga i le ono masina mulimuli ane (Bfaamatalaina = 0.29, β = .23, p <.001, bc 95% CI [0.17, 0.45]); ae ui i lea, o le aʻafiaga o tulafono faʻatulafonoina i amioga faʻafeusuaiga mulimuli ane e leʻi oʻo i le taua (Bfa'atonuga = 0.05, β = .05, p = .211, bc 95% CI [-0.02, 0.13]). Mo teine, o manatu sili atu ona malosi e faʻamaonia e tupulaga ma faia feusuaʻiga na valoia le faʻateleina o le poto masani i amioga faʻafeusuaiga i le ono masina mulimuli ane (Bfa'atonuga = 0.16, β = .19, p <.001, bc 95% CI [0.09, 0.25], Bfaamatalaina = 0.18, β = .13, p = .022, bc 95% CI [0.03, 0.35]). (O nei tala fa'atatau e maua mai i fa'ata'ita'iga a le SNS; fa'atatau mai le fa'ata'ita'iga SEIM atonu e teisi teisi ae le suia ai fa'ai'uga.)

Aafiaga tuusao

I luga o le faʻavae o suʻesuʻega o loʻo i luga, na matou iloiloina ni auala eseese se tolu e mafai ai e amioga faʻafeusuaiga i luga o le initaneti ona faʻateleina ai le poto masani o talavou i amioga faʻafeusuaiga. Mo le auala muamua, o loʻo faʻatusalia ai le aʻafiaga o le SEIM a tama i luga o amioga faʻafeusuaiga mulimuli ane e ala i faʻamatalaga masani, o le aʻafiaga e leʻi oʻo i le taua (B = 0.02, β = .03, p = .066, bc 95% CI [0.00, 0.06]). Ae ui i lea, mo le auala lona lua, e fai ma sui o le aʻafiaga o le SNS a tama i luga o amioga faʻafeusuaiga e ala i faʻamatalaga masani, o le aʻafiaga le tuusaʻo na foliga mai e taua (B = 0.03, β = .02, p = .031, bc 95% CI [0.01, 0.05]). E faapena foi, o taunuuga mo le auala lona tolu, e aofia ai le aafiaga o teineiti SNS faaaogaina i amioga tau feusuaiga e ala i le injunctive masani, na faaalia ai se aafiaga le tuusao taua (B = 0.03, β = .02, p = .018, bc 95% CI [0.01, 0.05]). O le mea lea, e tusa ai ma le Hypotheses 5c ma le 5d, SNS faʻaogaina le faʻatupulaia o le maualuga o le poto masani i amioga faʻafeusuaiga e ala i le faʻateleina o manatu o tupulaga o loʻo faia amioga faʻafeusuaiga i tama ma manatu o tupulaga o loʻo faʻamaonia amioga faʻafeusuaiga i teine.

Talanoaga

O le suʻesuʻega o loʻo iai nei na faʻamoemoe e faʻaogaina se auala tuʻufaʻatasia e malamalama atili ai pe faʻafefea ona fesoʻotaʻi amioga faʻafeusuaiga i luga o le initaneti ma aʻafiaga a tupulaga ma tuʻufaʻatasia i le faʻatulagaina o le atinaʻeina o feusuaiga a le tupulaga. Aemaise lava, matou suʻeina se faʻataʻitaʻiga tuʻufaʻatasia e faʻamatalaina pe faʻafefea ona faʻafesoʻotaʻi (ie, SEIM faʻaoga) ma fesoʻotaʻiga (ie, SNS faʻaogaina) amioga i luga o le initaneti e fesoʻotaʻi i feusuaiga ma masani a tupulaga i le vaʻaia o le tulaga o le tupulaga talavou i amioga faʻafeusuaiga.

O a matou suʻesuʻega na saofagā i tusitusiga e uiga i le matafaioi o amioga faʻafeusuaiga i luga o le initaneti i le atinaʻeina o feusuaiga a talavou i le tele o auala. Muamua, o matou faʻaiʻuga na faʻaalia ai o amioga faʻafeusuaiga i luga ole laiga e moni lava e fesoʻotaʻi ma faiga faʻafeusuaiga i totonu o le va o tupulaga. Aemaise lava, o tupulaga talavou na faʻaaogaina le SEIM i le tele o taimi ma faʻaalu le tele o taimi i SNS e sili atu ona latou iloa a latou tupulaga o loʻo faʻamaonia amioga faʻafeusuaiga (faʻataʻitaʻiga, tuʻufaʻatasiga masani) ma faʻamalosi faʻafeusuaiga (ie, faʻamatalaga masani). E le gata i lea, o amioga fa'afeusuaiga a tupulaga talavou i luga o le initaneti ma a latou masani masani a tupulaga sa feso'ota'i fa'atasi ma tulaga maualuga o le poto masani i amioga tau feusuaiga.

O le sao lona lua o a matou sailiga o loʻo faʻaalia ai auala eseese e vaʻaia ai amioga faʻafeusuaiga i luga o le initaneti e vaʻai ai tupulaga talavou i amioga faʻafeusuaiga. O la matou faʻataʻitaʻiga na faʻaalia ai i tama, o le tele o taimi faʻaalu i SNS na faʻaalia saʻo ai le maualuga o le poto masani i amioga faʻafeusuaiga 18 masina mulimuli ane. O lenei aafiaga tuusaʻo e leʻi maua mo teine, e ui lava i le mauaina o le averesi o teineiti na lipotia mai le tele o le faʻaogaina o le SNS. E le gata i lea, e leai ni aʻafiaga tuusaʻo o le faʻaogaina o le SEIM a talavou i luga o latou aafiaga mulimuli ane i amioga faʻafeusuaiga na iloa. Ae ui i lea, o amioga fa'afeusuaiga i luga ole laiga e fa'apitoa lava ona valoia le si'itia o le tulaga o tupulaga talavou i amioga fa'afeusuaiga e ala i le a'afiaina o latou manatu i tu ma aga a tupulaga aga'i i feusuaiga. Aemaise lava, o tama na faʻaaogaina le SEIM i le tele o taimi ma na faʻaaluina le tele o taimi i SNS na faʻaalia le faʻateleina o le taimi i o latou talitonuga o loʻo faʻamaonia e tupulaga amioga faʻafeusuaiga ma a latou faʻatusatusaga o le aofaʻi o tupulaga faʻafeusuaiga. E fa'apena fo'i, o tama'ita'i na fa'aalu le tele o taimi i SNS na lipotia mai le fa'atupula'ia o latou manatu i le fa'atagaga a tupulaga i amioga fa'afeusuaiga (ma fa'aitiitiga i a latou fa'atusatusaga o le aofa'i o tupulaga fa'afeusuaiga). O nei fa'aaliga (fa'ata'ita'iga, fa'amatalaga masani mo tama, fa'atonuga ma fa'amatalaga masani mo teine), i le isi itu, na valoia le fa'atupulaia o tulaga o le poto masani i amioga fa'afeusuaiga. E ui lava o faʻatusatusaga faʻatatau o aʻafiaga le tuusaʻo e laʻititi (ma e le taua i le tulaga o le faʻaogaina e tama o le SEIM ma le faʻaogaina e teineiti SNS e ala i faʻamatalaga masani), thO nei suʻesuʻega o loʻo faʻaalia ai o amioga faʻafeiloaʻi ma fefaʻatauaʻiga e fesoʻotaʻi i luga ole laiga e iai le gafatia e suia ai manatu o talavou i mea e masani ma talia, atonu e mafua ai le faʻateleina o le faʻamalosi masani ma / poʻo le sili atu o faʻamoemoega lelei mo le auai i amioga faʻafeusuaiga. [40]. O le mea lea, o la matou suʻesuʻega e faʻamaonia ai manatu faʻapitoa o le Faʻatupuina o le Faʻalapotopotoga ma le Social Norms Theory e faʻapea o le faia o faʻaiʻuga faʻafeusuaiga e sili ona aʻafia i amioga masani, ma o mea faʻasalalau e mafai ona faʻaalia ai na manatu taua [19, 33, 40]. E le gata i lea, o a matou suʻesuʻega e faʻavae i luga o suʻesuʻega talu ai e faʻaalia ai o le faʻaalia i totonu o faʻasalalauga faʻafeusuaiga e vaʻai ai amioga faʻafeusuaiga a tupulaga talavou e ala i le suia o latou manatu i tu ma aga masani tau feusuaiga [36, 42]. O le mea taua, oa matou suʻesuʻega e faʻaalia ai atonu e moni lava lenei mea mo le faʻaogaina o le SNS-o se amioga faʻatuputeleina lauiloa e sili atu agafesootai nai lo feusuaʻiga faʻapitoa-ma faʻamaonia ai le manaʻoga e vaʻavaʻai faʻatasi i le tele o faiga faʻaosofia i le atinaʻeina o feusuaiga a talavou.

O le sao lona tolu oa matou sailiga o loʻo latou faʻamaonia ai eseesega taua o itupa i le auala e mafai ai e amioga faʻafeusuaiga i luga o le initaneti ona vaʻai i amioga faʻafeusuaiga mulimuli ane. Muamua, faʻatusatusa i tama, o le faʻaogaina e teineiti SEIM e leʻi fesoʻotaʻi ma suiga i le aluga o taimi io latou manatu o tupulaga masani e uiga i feusuaiga.. O lenei suʻesuʻega e mafai ona atagia mai ai le maualalo o le faʻaalia o teineiti i le SEIM, atonu e le lava e faʻaleleia ai manatu e uiga i le taliaina ma le faʻateleina o amioga faʻafeusuaiga [21, 33]. Atonu o teineiti e faʻaaogaina le SEIM latou te maua se lagona o le "tulaga ese sese", o lona uiga, latou te talitonu o lo latou faʻaogaina o le SEIM e faʻapitoa ma e le masani i totonu oa latou tupulaga tamaitai [58]. Talu ai latou te va'ai ia i latou lava o ni tagata fa'afeusuaiga, atonu latou te fa'aitiitia le fa'afeso'ota'ia o fa'atusa a le SEIM o fa'afeusuaiga ma a latou lava mea moni ma a latou tupulaga. I luga o se faʻamatalaga e fesoʻotaʻi, o le leai o ni aʻafiaga mo teine ​​e mafai ona faʻamatalaina i tulaga o le natura o le SEIM. O lona uiga, SEIM o loʻo faʻaalia faʻafeusuaiga masani i se uiga faʻafeusuaiga e mafai ona fetaui ma tusitusiga masani tau feusuaiga mo tama (faʻataʻitaʻiga, faʻamalosi feusuaʻiga), ae mafai ona faʻatusatusa ma tusitusiga masani mo teine ​​(faʻataʻitaʻiga, tauagafau feusuaʻiga, teine ​​e fai ma leoleo faitotoʻa; [43-45]). O teine ​​la, atonu e manaʻomia le faʻaogaina soo o le SEIM ina ia mafai ai ona faʻamalo nei tusitusiga masani ma suia o latou talitonuga o iai. Lona lua, o a matou su'esu'ega o lo'o fa'aalia ai o tu ma aga masani a tupulaga e mafai ona fa'atupuina i a'afiaga o le fa'aogaina e tama ma teine ​​SNS i o latou aafiaga mulimuli ane i amioga fa'afeusuaiga. E ui ina fa'aogaina e tama SNS ituaiga uma e lua o masani a tupulaga, o le fa'atuputeleina o a latou fa'atatau o le aofa'i o ta'aloga fa'afeusuaiga na mulimuli ane valoia le si'itia o latou lava tulaga o le poto masani i amioga fa'afeusuaiga. I se fa'afeagai, o lo'o fa'aogaina e teineiti SNS ua valoia le si'itia o tulaga o le poto masani i amioga fa'afeusuaiga ae maise le fa'ateleina o latou talitonuga e uiga i le fa'atagaga a tupulaga i feusuaiga. O lenei eseesega e foliga mai e atagia mai ai tusitusiga faʻafeusuaiga faʻafeusuaiga faʻafeusuaiga lea (le) faʻatagaina o feusuaiga o se autu autu mo teine, a'o le fa'amalosi tau feusua'iga e fa'amamafa mo tama [46]. O aʻue laga ai foi ni fesili taua e uiga i mataupu patino o lo'o fa'aalia e tama ma teine ​​ile SNS. Mo se faʻataʻitaʻiga, atonu e faʻafeiloaʻi e teine ​​​​le tele o uiga faʻafeusuaiga i SNSs, lea e mafai ai ona latou lagona le sili atu le toʻa e suʻesuʻe a latou feusuaiga. I le taimi lava e tasi, o le aʻafiaga taua tele o le faʻaogaina e teineiti SNS i luga o latou faʻamatalaga faʻamatalaga e manaʻomia ai se suʻesuʻega atili, aemaise lava le tuʻuina atu o lana matafaioi i amioga tau feusuaiga a teine. Faʻatasi, o nei suʻesuʻega o loʻo faʻasino atu i mea faʻapitoa e faʻaalia ai faʻasalalauga faʻasalalauga ma le taua o le suʻesuʻeina o feʻau faʻapitoa (itupa) e fatuina e talavou, faʻasalalau, ma faʻaalia pe a latou auai i amioga faʻafeusuaiga faʻafeusuaiga i luga o le initaneti [2].

E ui lava i nei sao taua, o nisi tapulaʻa o la tatou mamanu suʻesuʻega e tatau ona maitauina. Muamua, e ui lava o la matou faʻataʻitaʻiga umi na mafai ai ona matou faʻataʻitaʻiina manatu na maua mai i aʻoaʻoga faʻaagafesootai, aʻoaʻoga faʻatoʻaga, ma agafesootai masani e uiga i le faʻasologa faʻaletino lea e fesoʻotaʻi ai amioga a tupulaga talavou i luga o le initaneti, masani masani a tupulaga, ma amioga faʻafeusuaiga, isi auala. e mafai ona i ai se aafiaga. Mo se faʻataʻitaʻiga, o le taimi umi i le va o le fuaina o amioga faʻafeusuaiga i luga ole laiga ma le tulaga o tupulaga talavou i amioga faʻafeusuaiga i la matou suʻesuʻega atonu na tele naua e iloa ai ni aʻafiaga tuusaʻo i le va o nei faufale. Lona lua, e leai ni a matou faʻamatalaga e uiga i mea faʻapitoa na faʻaalia e tupulaga talavou pe a latou faia amioga faʻafeusuaiga i luga ole laiga. Ina ia malamalama atili pe aisea e fesoʻotaʻi ai amioga faʻafeusuaiga i luga o le initaneti ma suiga i masaniga masani a tupulaga ma, mulimuli ane, faʻatasi ai ma le faʻateleina o amioga faʻafeusuaiga, e tatau ona suʻesuʻeina le natura o feʻau e feagai ma talavou i luga o le initaneti. E ui lava o loʻo i ai a matou faʻamaoniga faʻapitoa-suʻesuʻeina faʻamatalaga e uiga i faʻaaliga iloga o feusuaiga i SEIM [59], o lea malamalama e le lava le avanoa pe a o'o mai i fe'au i SNS. E taua i lea tulaga le amanaia foi o faamoemoega eseese o SNS eseese. SNS fa'ata'ita'i fa'atatau ile nofoaga e pei ole Grindr ma le Tinder e sili atu ona fa'atatau ile su'eina o paaga fa'afeusuaiga ma fa'afeusuaiga, ma e ono eseese fa'atatau ile va'aiga masani a tupulaga ma amioga fa'afeusuaiga. Tolu, o la matou suʻesuʻega na taulaʻi i le SEIM faʻaoga ma le SNS faʻaoga e fai ma faʻailoga o amioga faʻafeusuaiga a tupulaga talavou i luga ole laiga. O suʻesuʻega i le lumanaʻi e tatau ona faʻalauteleina a tatou sailiga e ala i le suʻeina o faʻataʻitaʻiga tuʻufaʻatasia ma isi amioga i luga ole laiga, e pei ole suʻesuʻega faʻafeusuaiga ma cybersex. O suʻesuʻega i le lumanaʻi e tatau foi ona suʻesuʻeina pe faʻafefea ona fesoʻotaʻi amioga faʻafeusuaiga i luga o le initaneti ma fegalegaleai ma isi vaega o aʻafiaga, e pei o le tagata lava ia ma le aiga, i le vavaloina o le atinaʻeina o feusuaiga a talavou. I luga o se faʻamatalaga e fesoʻotaʻi, ua finauina e le au atamamai mai tu ma aga faʻasalalau ma fegalegaleaiga a tupulaga e faʻapea o faʻasalalauga ma aʻafiaga a tupulaga e iai faʻatonuga-o nisi o talavou e sili atu ona faigofie ia latou faatosinaga nai lo isi [60, 61]. Ina ia fa'ailoa ma ta'ita'ia taumafaiga puipuia ma fa'alavelave, e tatau ona fa'atatau su'esu'ega e fa'ailoa tulaga fa'apena e fa'ateleina pe fa'aitiitia ai a'afiaga o mea fa'asalalau po'o tu masani a tupulaga i feusuaiga a talavou. Lona fa, sa matou fuaina masani masani a tupulaga e uiga i feusuaiga i le va o uo (silisili) talavou. O suʻesuʻega i le lumanaʻi e tatau ona suʻesuʻeina pe o fesoʻotaʻiga faʻafeusuaiga a tupulaga talavou ma masaniga masani i ituaiga eseese o tupulaga, e aofia ai paaga matutua i le lautele, tulaga maualuga o tupulaga, sili atu ona mamao i luga ole laiga, motu o tagata, ma paaga faʻafeusuaiga poʻo feusuaiga [60]. Lona lima, na matou fuaina manatu i la matou faʻataʻitaʻiga tuʻufaʻatasia e faʻaaoga ai lipoti a le tagata lava ia. E ui lava o le auala sili lea ona taatele e aoina ai faʻamatalaga e uiga i feusuaiga, ae o loʻo faʻamaonia lelei e mafai e talavou ona lipotia a latou faʻafeusuaiga poʻo le faʻaogaina o faʻasalalauga faʻafeusuaiga, ona o le fefe i le maasiasi, le taliaina, poʻo faʻasalaga lautele [62]. Ma le mea mulimuli, o matou taunuuga e faʻavae i luga o se faʻataʻitaʻiga faigofie i Netherlands. Ole maualuga ole a tatou fa'ai'uga e mafai ona fa'asalalauina i isi faitau aofa'i o tupulaga e mana'omia nisi su'esu'ega.

iʻuga

O le atina'eina o feusuaiga a le tupulaga o se faiga lavelave e a'afia i le tele o faiga feso'ota'i. Faatasi ai ma nei faiga e tele o faatosinaga, o le Initoneti ma tupulaga o loo i ai se matafaioi faapitoa i olaga o talavou i aso taitasi; ae o su'esu'ega i le atina'eina o feusuaiga a talavou e seasea su'esu'eina fa'atasi nei faiga. O le suʻesuʻega o loʻo i ai nei na faʻataʻitaʻiina ai se faʻataʻitaʻiga tuʻufaʻatasia o loʻo faʻamatalaina pe faʻafefea ona fesoʻotaʻi (ie, SEIM faʻaogaina) ma fefaʻatauaʻiga (ie, SNS faʻaogaina) amioga faʻafeusuaiga i luga ole laiga e fesoʻotaʻi ma masani a tupulaga i le vaʻaia o le tulaga o tupulaga talavou i amioga faʻafeusuaiga. O a matou suʻesuʻega o loʻo faʻaalia ai o ituaiga uma o feusuaʻiga i luga o le initaneti e iai le gafatia e suia ai manatu o talavou i mea e masani ai ma talia, atonu e mafua ai le faʻateleina o le faʻamalosia ma / poʻo le sili atu o faʻamoemoega lelei mo le faia o amioga faʻafeusuaiga. E pei o lea, latou te faʻamamafaina le manaʻomia mo se auala faʻapitoa e suʻesuʻe ai i le atinaʻeina o feusuaiga a talavou. E lē gata i lea, o a tatou suʻesuʻega e mafai ona taʻitaʻia ai taumafaiga puipuia ma faʻalavelave e faʻamoemoe e faʻaleleia le soifua maloloina tau feusuaiga a talavou. O ia taumafaiga e le gata e tatau ona taulaʻi i le aʻoaʻoina o le autalavou i le faʻamatalaina ma le tuʻuina atu i se vaaiga i luga o le initaneti, ae faʻapea foʻi i le atinaʻeina o tomai e faʻatatau i le faʻaitiitia o le aʻafia i masaniga masani.

Faiga Faʻavae

O faʻamaumauga mo le suʻesuʻega nei na aoina o se vaega o se suʻesuʻega umi umi na faia i Netherlands e taʻua o le "Project STARS" (Studies on Trajectories of Adolescent Relationships and Sexuality), lea e faʻatupeina e le Dutch Organization for Scientific Research (NWO; http://www.nwo.nl) ma le Faaputugatupe mo Su'esu'ega Fa'asaienisi o Feusuaiga (FWOSl http://www.fwos.nl) [ NWO Grant nu. 431-99-018]. E leai se sao a le au faʻatupeina i suʻesuʻega suʻesuʻega, aoina o faʻamaumauga ma auʻiliʻiliga, faʻaiuga e lolomi, poʻo le sauniaina o tusitusiga.

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