O vaega o le mafaufau o le tagata matua ma lona tulaga tulagaese i mea e faʻaalia manino i feusuaiga (2019)

Lisi i faʻamatalaga - J talavou. 2019 Feb 9;72:10-13. doi: 10.1016/j.adolescence.2019.01.006.

Brown JA1, Wisco JJ2.

lē faʻatino

FOLASAGA: O le taulaiga o lenei suʻesuʻega puupuu o le suʻesuʻeina pe o iai se sootaga i le va o faʻataʻitaʻiga faʻapitoa faʻapitoa ma le physiological o le faiʻai talavou ma le faʻalauteleina o lagona i mea faʻafeusuaiga.

METHODS: O faʻamaumauga a le EBSCO Research Data na suʻesuʻeina e faʻaaoga ai upu autu nei: talavou, atinaʻeina o faiʻai talavou, neuroplasticity, mea faʻafeusuaiga, feusuaiga, ma ponokalafi.

Iʻuga: O tusitusiga na faʻamaonia ai le tele o vaega o le faiʻai talavou e ese mai le faiʻai matua. O nei mea e aofia ai: o se faʻamaʻi faʻamaʻi muamua ma le sili atu ona tali atu i le limbic ma le striatal circuits, taimi maualuga mo le neuroplasticity, overactive dopamine system, o le HPA axis, faʻateleina le maualuga o le testosterone, ma le tulaga tulaga ese o hormones steroid. O le tali fa'aletino i mea fa'afeusuaiga fa'afeusuaiga ua fa'ailoa mai. E mata'ina le fa'aogaina o vaega taua e feso'ota'i ma le atina'eina o fai'ai fa'apitoa a talavou ma mea fa'afeusuaiga. O se otootoga faʻataʻitaʻiga galue e faʻatusatusa ai le tali a le tagata matua ma le faiʻai talavou i le faʻamalosi faʻafeusuaiga tutusa o loʻo faʻamatalaina.

FAAIUGA: O tusitusiga o loʻo fautua mai ai o le faiʻai talavou atonu e sili atu ona maaleale i mea faʻafeusuaiga, ae ona o le le lava o suʻesuʻega faʻamalosi e le mafai ona taliina ma le mautinoa. Fautuaga mo su'esu'ega i le lumana'i ua tu'uina atu e fa'alautele atili ai le galuega i lenei matā'upu talafeagai o aso nei.

UPU AUTU: Talavou; Atina'e fai'ai talavou; Neuroplasticity; Ponokalafi; Fa'afeusuaiga; Mea tau feusuaiga

PMID: 30754014

FAIA: 10.1016 / j.adolescence.2019.01.006

Tulaga tulaga ese o le fai'ai talavou

O le taulaiga o lenei iloiloga puupuu o le suʻesuʻeina lea pe i ai se sootaga i le va o faʻataʻitaʻiga faʻapitoa faʻapitoa ma le physiological o le faiʻai talavou ma le faʻateleina o le lagona i mea faʻafeusuaiga. O faʻamaumauga o suʻesuʻega a le EBSCO na suʻesuʻeina e faʻaaoga ai upu autu nei: talavou, atinaʻeina o faiʻai talavou, neuroplasticity, mea faʻafeusuaiga, feusuaiga, ponokalafi. O le talavou o le vaitaimi lea i le va o le tamaitiiti ma le tagata matua e aofia ai suiga i le tino, mafaufau, ma agafesootai (Ernst, Pine, & Hardin, 2006).

O faʻataʻitaʻiga tulaga ese o le faiʻai talavou e aofia ai mea nei: 1) O se faʻamaʻi faʻamaʻi muaʻi faʻamaʻi ma le sili atu le tali atu o le limbic ma le taʻavale (Dumontheil, 2016; Somerville & Jones, 2010; Somerville, Hare, & Casey, 2011; Van Leijenhorst et al. , 2010; Vigil et al., 2011); 2) O se vaitaimi maualuga mo le neuroplasticity (McCormick & Mathews, 2007; Schulz & Sisk, 2006; Sisk & Zehr, 2005; Vigil et al., 2011); 3) Faiga o le dopamine overactive (Andersen, Rutstein, Benzo, Hostetter, & Teicher, 1997; Ernst et al., 2005; Luciana, Wahlstrom, & White, 2010; Somerville & Jones, 2010; Wahlstrom, White, & Luciana, 2010). ; 4) O se axis HPA ta'u (Dahl & Gunnar, 2009; McCormick & Mathews, 2007; Romeo, Lee, Chhua, McPherson, & McEwan, 2004; Walker, Sabuwalla, & Huot, 2004); 5) Faʻateleina maualuga o le testosterone (Dorn et al., 2003; Vogel, 2008; Mayo Clinic / Mayo Medical Laboratories, 2017); ma le 6) Le aʻafiaga tulaga ese o hormones steroid (cortisol ma testosterone) i le atinaʻeina o faiʻai i le taimi o le faʻamalama faʻalapotopotoga o le talavou (Brown & Spencer, 2013; Peper, Hulshoff Pol, Crone, Van Honk, 2011; Sisk & Zehr, 2005; Vigil et al., 2011).

O Blakemore ma ana paaga na taʻitaʻia le fanua i le tuputupu ae o faiʻai o le tauleʻaleʻa ma ua latou manatu o tausaga talavou e tatau ona mafaufauina o se taimi maʻaleʻale ona o le toe faʻatulagaga tele o le faiʻai o loʻo faia (Blakemore, 2012). O vaega o le faiʻai e sili ona suia i le taimi o le tauleʻaleʻa e aofia ai le puleaina o le lotoifale, tele-tasking and planning (Blakemore, 2012).

Blakemore ma Robbins (2012) faʻafesoʻotaʻi le talavou i le faia o filifiliga mataʻutia ma mafua ai lenei uiga i le vavalalata i le va o le faʻagesegese, faʻalauteleina o le faʻaogaina o le manaʻo ma le faʻalavelave tali i le taimi o le talavou ma le atinaʻeina e le faʻaogaina o le polokalama taui, lea e masani ona tali atu i le. taui i le talavou.

Faʻamatalaga manino faʻafeusuaiga

O mea faʻafeusuaiga faʻaalia e faʻagaoioia ai le amygdala o le limbic system (Ferretti et al., 2005; Karama et al., 2002; Redoute et al., 2000; Walter et al., 2008). O le fa'agaoioia o le amygdala e amata fa'atasi ai mea nei: 1) fa'agaoioi e le hypothalamus neu i totonu o le fai'ai o le fai'ai ma le va'ai e amata ai le vaeluaga alofa o le autonomic nervous system e mafua ai le tu'uina atu o le epinephrine ma le norepinephrine; 2) o le hypothalamus e faʻaosofia ai le pituitary gland, e mafua ai le tuʻuina atu o cortisol e ala i le hypothalamic- pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis, ma le testosterone faʻamalolo e ala i le hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal (HPG) axis (Viau, 2002); 3) o loʻo faʻagaoioia le nucleus accumbens e ala i le dopamine. Mo se iloiloga atoatoa o le amygdala ma ona innervations ma tulafono faatonutonu o somatic faagasologa vaai Mirolli, Mannella, and Baldassarre (2010) . O le galuega a le cortex prefrontal ua faʻaitiitia, ma o le gaioiga o le basal ganglia ua faʻateleina ona o le tuʻuina atu o neurotransmitters (Arnsten, 2009; Hanson et al., 2012; Radley, 2005).

O le faʻaaogaina masani ma le faʻaaogaina o upega tafaʻilagi ponokalafi na matua fesoʻotaʻi ma le faʻaleagaina o agafesootai i le va o talavou Eleni (Tsitsika et al., 2009). O le fa'aogaina o ponokalafi na saofagā i le fa'atuai o le fa'aitiitiga, po'o le fa'aitiitiga o se tagata i taunu'uga i le lumana'i e fa'atatau i taui vave (Negash, Sheppard, Lambert, & Fincham, 2016). Na faʻaaogaina e Negash ma ana uo se faʻataʻitaʻiga e iai le averesi o le 19 ma le 20 tausaga, lea na faʻamaonia e le tusitala o loʻo faʻapea lava o talavou. Na latou toe taʻua o latou faʻataʻitaʻiga e leʻi lipotia mai o ni vaisu pe faʻamalosi tagata faʻaoga, ae o suiga i faiga faʻaiʻuga na faʻaalia pea.

O le faʻaogaina o ponokalafi e fesoʻotaʻi atu i le faʻaosofia ma le neuroplasticity o le mesolimbic dopaminergic reward system (Hilton, 2013). O suʻesuʻega a le MRI na maua ai se fesoʻotaʻiga le lelei tele i le va o le lipotia o ponokalafi itula i le vaiaso ma le lanu efuefu i le saʻo saʻo ma le fesoʻotaʻiga faʻatasi ma le dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (Kuhn & Gallinat, 2014). O ponokalafi e mafai ona avea ma mafuaʻaga o lenei neuroplasticity, ae o se tulaga muamua e faʻateleina ai le tauia o ponokalafi e le mafai ona faʻaumatia.

Aotelega fa'ata'ita'iga galue

Matou te tuʻuina atu se faʻataʻitaʻiga faʻapitoa e faʻatatau i galuega, ma mafaufau i tulaga tulaga ese o le faiʻai o le tagata matua ma uiga o faʻamatalaga manino faʻafeusuaiga. O le tele o vaega autu e fesoʻotaʻi ma le mafaufau tulaga ese o le faiʻai ma mea faʻapitoa faʻafeusuaiga e taua.

I luga o le faʻaalia i mea tau feusuaiga, o le faʻaosofia o le amygdala ma le HPA axis o le a faʻaleleia i le talavou, faʻatusatusa i le tagata matua. O lenei mea o le a taʻitaʻia ai le faʻaitiitia o le pito i luma o le cortex ma faʻamalosia le faʻagaoioia o ganglia basal i le talavou. O lenei tulaga, o le mea lea, o le a faʻafefeteina ai galuega faʻapitoa, lea e aofia ai le faʻasaina ma le pulea e le tagata o ia lava, ma faʻaleleia ai le impulsivity. Talu ai o loʻo faʻaauau pea le atinaʻeina o le faiʻai o le talavou, e sili atu le faʻaogaina o le neuroplasticity. O le pito i luma o le pito i luma o loʻo alu i le "off-line," o lona uiga, e faʻauluina le faʻaogaina o le faʻaogaina o le faʻaogaina e fiafia i le atinaʻeina o le subcortical. Afai e faʻaauau pea le le atoatoa o le neuroplasticity i le aluga o taimi, e mafai ona iʻu ai i se faʻalavelave faʻavaivaia o le cortical circuit e fiafia i le sili atu le malosi o le subcortical circuit, lea e mafai ona faʻaalia ai le talavou i le faʻaauauina o le faamalieina o le tagata lava ia ma le le mautonu. O le nucleus accumbens o le talavou, poʻo le nofoaga autu o le fiafia o le faiʻai, e faʻateleina le faʻaosofia pe a faʻatusatusa i le tagata matua. O le maualuga o le maualuga o le dopamine o le a faʻaliliuina i lagona faʻateleina e fesoʻotaʻi ma le dopamine, e pei o le fiafia ma le tuʻinanau (Berridge, 2006; Volkow, 2006).

Ona o le maualuga o le testosterone, o lona maualuga o le a faʻateleina pe a faʻatusatusa i le tagata matua. O lenei faʻateleina o le testosterone e mafai ona oʻo atu ai i le maualuga o le osofaʻiga (Banks & Dabbs, 1996; Goetz et al., 2014; Nelson, Leibenluft, McClure, & Pine, 2005; Schulz & Sisk, 2006) ma le faʻamoemoe i feusuaiga (Amstislavskaya & Popova, 2004; Bonilla–Jaime, Vazquez-Palacios, Arteaga-Silva, & Retana-Marquez, 2006; Exton et al., 1999; Redoute et al., 2000; Stoleru et al., 1999; ).

Ona o le faʻamalama faʻatulagaina o le atinaʻe i le taimi o le talavou, o le cortisol ma le testosterone o le a i ai se aafiaga tulaga ese i le faʻatulagaina o faiʻai poʻo le faʻaogaina o le neural circuits eseese. O lenei aafiaga e le maua i le tagata matua ona o lenei faamalama patino o le faalapotopotoga ua tapunia. O le faʻaalia faifaipea i le cortisol o loʻo i ai le gafatia, i le vaitaimi o le faʻalapotopotoga o talavou, e faʻauluina ai le neuroplasticity lea e mafua ai le faʻaleagaina o le mafaufau ma le faʻamalosia o le faʻamalosia e oʻo lava i le matua (McEwen, 2004; Tsoory & Richter-Levin, 2006; Tsoory, 2008; McCormick & Mathews, 2007; 2010). O le malosi o le amygdala post puberty, a itiiti mai i se vaega, e faʻalagolago i le tele o le faʻaalia o le testosterone i le taimi o le faʻamalama o le atinaʻeina o talavou (De Lorme, Schulz, Salas-Ramirez, & Sisk, 2012; De Lorme & Sisk, 2013; Neufang et. al., 2009; Sarkey, Azcoitia, Garcia- Segura, Garcia-Ovejero, & DonCarlos, 2008). O se amygdala malosi e fesoʻotaʻi atu i tulaga maualuga o lagona faʻalagona ma faʻafefeteina le pulea e le tagata lava ia (Amaral, 2003; Lorberbaum et al., 2004; De Lorme & Sisk, 2013).

Talanoaga ma le taitaiga i le lumanai

O lenei pepa na taumafai e amata le talanoaga faʻale-aʻoaʻoga: E mafai e talavou ona sili atu ona nofouta i mea faʻafeusuaiga faʻafeusuaiga ona o le tulaga faʻapitoa faʻapitoa ma le physiological paradigms o le faiʻai talavou? O tusitusiga o loʻo i ai nei o loʻo fautua mai ai o le faiʻai talavou atonu e sili atu ona maaleale i mea faʻafeusuaiga, ae ona o le leai o ni suʻesuʻega faʻapitoa e le mafai ona taliina ma le mautinoa lenei fesili. O le lu'itau o le galue e ala i iloiloga fa'atatau mo su'esu'ega fa'atonutonuina ose fa'alavelave taua, e ui lava ina malamalama, i le alualu i luma fa'asaienisi i lenei matata.

I le amataga, matou te fautuaina le faia o suʻesuʻega o tagata e faʻaaoga ai suʻesuʻega o suʻesuʻega a le tagata lava ia e suʻesuʻe ai uiga masani aʻo leʻi faʻaalia muamua i mea tau feusuaiga, ma pe a uma tikeri eseese o le faʻaalia. E mafai fo'i ona tu'uina atu su'esu'ega i matua e fa'amautinoa ai pe o le va'aiga matua ma le fanau ose mea taua i le soifua maloloina o le tamaitiiti (ma le fa'atinoga o a'oa'oga).

O le isi auala su'esu'e e tatau ona mafaufau i ai o le matafaioi a tekinolosi e fai ma faitoto'a mo tupulaga talavou ina ia fa'aalia i mea tau feusua'iga. Talu ai e mafai ona siaki ma fa'atusatusa le fa'aogaina moni o ala o feso'ota'iga i le fa'aogaina, o su'esu'ega e fai atu ai i tagata auai e iloilo e le tagata lava ia lo latou fa'aogaina o tekonolosi ma le fa'aalia i mea fa'afeusuaiga fa'afeusuaiga o se su'esu'ega sa'o sa'o e fa'atino.

Mulimuli ane, o se sao taua i lenei matata e mafai ona avea o se suʻesuʻega umi e aofia ai le mulimuli i se vaega o tamaiti e oʻo atu i le talavou ma le matua faʻatasi ma faʻamaumauga faʻafomaʻi talaʻaga ma le mauaina o faʻamatalaga faʻapitoa, physiological, ma le mafaufau mai le faʻatulagaina masani ma le MRI faʻatinoga, ma/poʻo PET ata.

Fuafuaina ma le fa'aeteete su'esu'ega fa'ale-aganu'u e su'esu'e ai le a'afiaga o le fa'aalia o mea fa'afeusuaiga i luga o le fai'ai talavou o se laasaga talafeagai lea e malamalama ai i le fesuisuia'i o aafiaga o tagata matutua ma mea fa'afeusuaiga.

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