Tauga tau feusuaiga i tama tane: aafiaga o aafiaga tau feusuaʻiga i luga o nofoaga tuʻufaʻatasia e fesoʻotaʻi ma le faʻamalosia ma le faʻasaina (2009)

Mafa. 2009 Jan;55(1):93-7. doi: 10.1016/j.yhbeh.2008.08.012. Epub 2008 Sep 12.

Tenk CM1, Wilson H, Zhang Q, Pitchers KK, Coolen LM.

lē faʻatino

Various behavioral models and studies have provided evidence suggesting that male rat sexual behavior has rewarding and reinforcing properties. However, there is little information regarding the rewarding values of the different components of sexual behavior. Therefore, this study used a conditioned place preference (CPP) paradigm to address whether ejaculation and intromissions differ in their rewarding incentive values. We also addressed whether the differential rewarding values were dependent on prior sexual experience. Sexually naïve and experienced males received one pairing of either intromissions or ejaculation with one of the chambers in the CPP box. The amount of time spent in each chamber of the CPP apparatus after conditioning was then measured. Both sexually naïve and sexually experienced males formed a CPP for ejaculation, while only sexually naïve, and not sexually experienced, males formed a CPP for intromissions. Moreover, in sexually naïve males, multiple pairings of ejaculation with the designated chamber resulted in a CPP relative to the control chamber paired with display of intromissions. These data support the hypothesis that there is a hierarchy of rewarding sexual behavior, with ejaculation being the most rewarding component, and that the rewarding incentive value of other components of sexual behavior is dependent upon prior sexual experience.

O le lomiga mulimuli a le tagata faʻasalalau lomiga o lenei tusiga o loʻo avanoa i Faʻafefe
Vaai i isi tala i le PMC faʻailoa le lomiga lolomi.

lē faʻatino

O fa'ata'ita'iga ma su'esu'ega 'ese'ese ua maua ai fa'amaoniga e ta'u mai ai o amioga fa'afeusuaiga tama tane e maua ai le taui ma le fa'amalosia o meatotino. Ae ui i lea, e itiiti ni faʻamatalaga e uiga i le tauia o tau o vaega eseese o amioga faʻafeusuaiga. O le mea lea, o lenei suʻesuʻega na faʻaogaina ai se faʻasologa o mea e fiafia i ai (CPP) e faʻailoa ai pe o eseʻesega ma faʻalavelave faʻafuaseʻi i a latou tau faʻaosofia. Na matou faʻatalanoaina pe faʻalagolago le eseesega o tau faʻatatau i le faʻafeusuaiga muamua. O tama fa'afeusuaiga fa'avalea ma le poto masani na maua se tasi fa'aluaina a le o le intromissions po'o le ejaculation ma se tasi o potu i totonu o le pusa CPP. O le aofaʻi o le taimi faʻaalu i potu taʻitasi o le CPP apparatus pe a maeʻa le faʻatulagaina ona fuaina lea. Na fausia e tama'ita'i fa'afeusuaiga ma fa'afeusuaiga se CPP mo le fa'ama'i, ae, na'o le fa'afeusuaiga, ae le o le fa'afeusuaiga, na fausia ai e tane se CPP mo fa'alavelave. E le gata i lea, i tamaʻitaʻi faʻafeusuaiga, o le tele o paiga o le ejaculation ma le potu filifilia na mafua ai se CPP e fesoʻotaʻi ma le potu faʻatonutonu faʻatasi ma faʻaaliga o faʻalavelave. O nei faʻamaumauga e lagolagoina le manatu o loʻo i ai se faʻauluuluga o amioga faʻafeusuaiga tauia, faʻatasi ai ma le ejaculation o le vaega pito sili ona tauia, ma o le tau faʻamalosia o isi vaega o amioga faʻafeusuaiga e faʻalagolago i le taimi muamua o feusuaiga.

uputatala: taui, tulaga tuusaʻo nofoaga, fefaʻasoaʻiga, amioga tau feusuaiga, aʻoaʻoga faʻapitoa

faʻatomuaga

I tama'i rodents, o amioga fa'afeusuaiga o se tauia ma fa'amalosia amioga, e aofia ai elemene eseese, e aofia ai su'esu'ega anogenital, mounts, intromissions, ma ejaculation. O le ejaculation e foliga mai o le vaega sili lea ona faʻamalosia o amioga faʻafeusuaiga (Coolen et al., 2004; mo iloiloga tagaʻi Pfaus ma Phillips, 1991). Mo se faʻataʻitaʻiga, e ese mai i tane faʻatagaina naʻo intromit poʻo le mauga, ae le o le ejaculate, o tane faʻatagaina e faʻafeiloaʻi i le ejaculation na faʻateleina le saoasaoa o le tamoe i T-mazes (Kagan, 1955), ala sa'o lima (Lopez et al., 1955), po'o le a'e fa'alavelave (Sheffield et al., 1951). E le gata i lea, o le ejaculation e taua tele mo le faʻavaeina o mea e fiafia i ai copulatory. O lona uiga, o le fesoʻotaʻiga o se manogi fou ma se tamaʻitaʻi faʻafeiloaʻi e taʻitaʻia ai se mea e fiafia i ai, faʻapea foʻi ma le faʻafaigofieina o amioga faʻafeusuaiga agaʻi i, o se tamaʻitaʻi manogi tutusa i tane faʻatagaina e faʻafeiloaʻi i le ejaculation, ae le o tane faʻatagaina e faʻaalia intromissions e aunoa ma le ejaculation (Kippin ma Pfaus, 2001).

O vaega tauia o le fa'aipoipoga ua fa'aalia i le fa'aaogaina o se fa'ata'ita'iga fa'atulagaina nofoaga (CPP) (Pfaus ma Phillips, 1991). O le faʻataʻitaʻiga a le CPP o loʻo faʻatatau i tali i le siosiomaga lea na tuʻufaʻatasia muamua ma faʻamalosia mea tutupu ma e mafai ona faʻaaogaina e iloilo ai le taua faʻaosofia o nei mea faʻamanuiaina ma le faʻamalosia o taui (Carr et al., 1989). O le meafaigaluega e faʻaaogaina e faʻaalia ai le CPP e masani lava ona aofia ai vaega faʻapitoa e faʻapipiʻi eseese ma faʻamalosi e le faʻamaonia: o le tasi itu e faʻapipiʻiina ma le faʻamalosi i le ejaculation, ae o le isi itu e faʻapipiʻiina e aunoa ma se mea poʻo se faʻatonuga. O le mea moni, o tamaʻi iole e faʻatagaina ona faʻaulu i le ejaculation e avea ma mea e fiafia i ai mo le vaega e fetaui ma lenei amio (Agmo ma Berenfeld, 1990; Martinez ma Paredes, 2001). Ae ui i lea, e le o iloa pe o le atinaʻeina o le CPP e faʻalagolago i le faʻaalia o le ejaculation, pe a lava le faʻaalia o faʻasalalauga. Matou te faʻapea o le ejaculation e sili atu le tauia pe a faʻatusatusa i isi elemene o amioga faʻafeusuaiga ona o suʻesuʻega talu ai o loʻo faʻaalia ai le tele o mea faʻaosofia.

O le mea lea, o le seti o faʻataʻitaʻiga o loʻo i ai nei na suʻesuʻeina pe sili atu le tauia o le ejaculation nai lo le faʻaalia o le tele o intromissions e faʻaaoga ai le CPP paradigm. E le gata i lea, na suʻesuʻeina le aafiaga o le faʻafeusuaiga i le tauia o le faʻafefe poʻo le ejaculation.

Mea ma metotia

manu

O isumu Sprague Dawley tane matutua (250-350g) na maua mai fale suesue a Harlan (Indianapolis, IN, ISA) poʻo le Vaitafe o Charles (Senneville, QC, Kanata) ma nofo taʻitoʻatasi i luga o le 12-itula fesuiaʻi moli / pogisa taamilosaga (momi 10 am. ). Sa maua mea'ai ma vai i taimi uma se'i vagana ai taimi o su'ega o amioga. O fafine faʻamalosi na faʻapipiʻiina ma faʻapipiʻiina i lalo o le 5% 17-β-estradiol benzoate Silastic capsules (1.98 mm i totonu, 0.5 cm le umi, Dow Corning Corporation, MI, ISA). O le taliaina o feusuaiga na faʻaosofia e tui i lalo o le paʻu o le progesterone (500 μg i le 0.1 ml o le suauʻu sesame) pe a ma le fa itula aʻo lumanaʻi sauniga faʻaipoipo. O taualumaga uma na faʻamaonia e le Komiti o le Tausiga ma Faʻaoga Manu a le Iunivesite o Cincinnati, Iunivesite o Western Ontario Animal Care Committee, ma faʻamalieina taʻiala a le NIH ma le CCAC e aofia ai manu feʻai i suʻesuʻega.

Mea faigaluega fa'apolopolo e fiafia iai

O le mea e fiafia i ai nofoaga (CPP) (Med Associates, Vermont, ISA) e aofia ai potu suʻega e lua (28 × 22 × 21 cm) e vavaeeseina e se vaega tutotonu (13 × 22 × 21 cm). O potu sa fa'avasegaina i fa'ailoga va'aia ma fa'aaliga. O le tasi potu su'esu'e e papa'e puipui ma u'amea fola, ae o le isi potu fa'ata'ita'i e lanu uliuli puipui ma fola pa fa'atasi. O le vaega tutotonu e aofia ai puipui efuefu ma se fola efuefu lamolemole. O faitotoa i itu uma e lua o le vaega tutotonu e vavaeese ai potu, ma e mafai ona sii i luga ina ia mafai ai e manu ona feoaʻi saoloto i totonu o le masini, pe tuu i lalo e faʻasaʻo i se vaega patino.

Fa'atonuga o amio ma su'ega

O su'ega uma na faia i le vaega pogisa (tolu i le ono itula talu ona pe moli). O mea e fiafia i ai muamua na fa'amauina i le aso muamua o le fa'ata'ita'iga e ala i se fa'ata'ita'iga na tu'uina atu i manu ta'itasi avanoa avanoa i potu uma o le CPP mo le 15 minute. O mataupu na pu'eina i vitiō, ma sa su'esu'eina le taimi na fa'aalu i potu ta'itasi e fa'aaoga ai le Microscoft Excel Custom Macro Program. O se manu e manatu o loo iai i totonu o se potu pe afai o loo iai le ogalaau atoa o le tino o le manu, e aofia ai ma suilapalapa, i lenā potu. O le potu na faʻaalu ai e le manu le taimi itiiti (o le itu muamua e le fiafia i ai) na faʻatulagaina le itu faʻafeusuaiga, ae o le isi itu (le itu muamua e sili ona fiafia i ai) na faʻatulagaina le itu e pulea. Sa faia le fa'ama'i i aso lua ma le tolu. I le taimi o le aso fa'afeusuaiga, o manu e fa'aipoipo ma se tama'ita'i fa'alogo lelei i totonu o le fale, ona fa'avave loa lea ona fa'afeiloa'i i le potu fa'afeusuaiga i totonu o le masini CPP mo le 30 minute. I le taimi o le fa'atonuga o le aso, na ave sa'o mai manu mai lo latou fale ma tu'u i totonu o le potu fa'atonutonu o le masini CPP mo le 30 minute. O le afa o manu i faʻataʻitaʻiga taʻitasi na tuʻuina atu i ai feusuaiga i le aso lua ma tuʻu i totonu o le potu faʻatonutonu i le aso tolu. O manu na totoe na tu'uina atu i ai le fa'atonuga i le aso lua ma le fa'afeusuaiga i le aso lona tolu. I le mae'a ai o lenei fa'ata'ita'iga e tasi (e aofia ai aso fa'anofo e lua), sa toe iloiloina le mana'o o manu mo potu e fa'aaoga ai se su'ega mulimuli i le aso mulimuli, lona fa, e tutusa lelei ma le su'ega muamua.

Faataʻitaʻiga faʻapitoa

E fa suʻega na faia. O le mamanu faʻatulagaina ma numera o vaega mo faʻataʻitaʻiga taʻitasi o loʻo faʻaalia i totonu Laulau 1. I le faʻataʻitaʻiga muamua, na maua e tamaʻitaʻi faʻafeusuaiga le faʻamalosi (n = 10) poʻo le faʻafeiloaʻi (ono-valu intromissions e aunoa ma le ejaculation; n = 11) faʻatasi ma le potu muamua e le fiafia i ai ae leai se feusuaʻiga na fetaui ma le potu muamua e manaʻo ai. O le fa'aaliga o le ejaculation na fa'atatau i le uiga fa'aalia o le afi e fa'aalia e le manu i le ejaculation, fa'apea fo'i ma le iai o le pala'ai i totonu o le pa'aga tama'ita'i. E le gata i lea, na faʻaopoopoina se vaega faʻatonutonu, e aofia ai tane (n = 10) na faʻaalia i potu o le CPP meafaigaluega i le maeʻa ai o le faʻaogaina ma le faʻatonutonuina o faʻataʻitaʻiga, ae aunoa ma le faʻaipoipo, ma faʻapea na avea ma faʻatonuga e le faʻamalosia. I le faʻataʻitaʻiga lona lua, na faʻaaogaina ai tamaʻitaʻi faʻafeusuaiga. O nei tane na faʻaipoipo i le tasi ejaculation i le lima faʻaipoipoga aʻo leʻi faʻatulagaina le CPP. Na'o tama'ita'i na fa'aalia le ejaculation i le tolu o nei vasega e lima na aofia i lenei fa'ata'ita'iga. E pei o le faʻataʻitaʻiga 1, o nei tamaʻitaʻi faʻafeusuaiga na maua faʻamaʻi faʻatasi ma le ejaculation (n = 10) poʻo le intromissions (ono-valu intromissions e aunoa ma le ejaculation; n = 10) faʻapipiʻiina ma le potu muamua e le fiafia i ai ae leai se feusuaʻiga e fetaui ma le isi. potu. I le faʻataʻitaʻiga lona tolu, o tamaʻitaʻi faʻafeusuaiga (n = 8) na faʻaalia le ejaculation faʻatasi ma le potu muamua e le fiafia i ai ma faʻafeiloaʻi (ono-valu intromissions e aunoa ma le ejaculation) faʻatasi ma le isi (pule) potu. Mulimuli ane, i le faʻataʻitaʻiga lona fa, o tamaʻitaʻi e leʻi faʻafeusuaiga aʻo leʻi faia lenei faʻataʻitaʻiga (n = 10) na faʻaalia le ejaculation poʻo le intromissions (ono-valu intromissions) faʻatasi ma le muamua e le fiafia pe pulea potu taʻitasi, e pei o le suʻega muamua. Ae ui i lea i lenei faʻataʻitaʻiga mulimuli, o le vaega faʻatulagaina na faʻalauteleina i le ono aso faʻamautu, lea na maua ai e tama tane isi paiga o le ejaculation poʻo le intromissions (3 o paiga taʻitasi). O le afa o alii na maua se faʻauluuluga i le aso muamua o le faʻamaʻiina, ma le afa na maua se faʻafeiloaʻiga.

Laulau 1  

Fuafuaga fa'atulagaina ma numera vaega mo fa'ata'ita'iga o amioga fa'afeusuaiga ta'itasi

Faʻamatalaga faʻamatalaga

O faʻamaumauga muamua ma suʻega faʻataʻitaʻiga na aoina mai faʻataʻitaʻiga CPP amioga faʻafeusuaiga na faʻaalia o le togi e sili ona fiafia i ai (o le pasene o le taimi e faʻaalu i le potu faʻafeusuaiga) ma le eseesega togi (taimi faʻaalu i le potu faʻafeusuaiga faʻatasi ai ma le taimi e faʻaalu i le le. potu fa'afeusuaiga). O su'ega-t fa'alua na fa'aogaina e au'ili'ili ai le taua o le togi e fiafia i ai ma le eseesega o togi i le va o le su'ega muamua ma le su'ega mulimuli. E le gata i lea, o le Pearson Product Moment Correlation test na faʻaaogaina e suʻesuʻe ai se fesoʻotaʻiga talafeagai i le va o numera o faʻauluuluga ma le togi faʻataʻitaʻiga posttest ma togi eseesega i totonu o suʻega taʻitasi. O le faʻataʻitaʻiga mo le taua na faʻatulagaina i le 0.05.

i'uga

I'uga mai le fa'ata'ita'iga muamua, na fa'aalia ai o tama'ita'i fa'afeusuaiga fa'afeusuaiga e maua se CPP taua i totonu o le potu fa'afeusuaiga, e pei ona fa'aalia i se fa'atusatusaga o le taimi na fa'aalu i totonu o potu i le taimi o le su'ega muamua ma le posttest (Mati. 1). O togi e fiafia i ai (p=0.023) ma le togi o le eseesega (p= 0.012) na faʻaalia ai se faʻaopoopoga tele o le taimi faʻaalu i totonu o le potu faʻapipiʻi-faʻatasi. E le gata i lea, na maua fo'i e tama'ita'i fa'afeusuaiga se CPP taua i totonu o le potu fa'atasi. A maeʻa le faʻatulagaina, o tamaʻitaʻi valea na faʻaalu le tele o taimi i totonu o le potu faʻapipiʻi faʻatasi nai lo le potu faʻatonutonu (p= 0.006 togi e fiafia i ai; p=0.005 togi eseese; Mati. 1). E le'i fa'atupuina e ali'i fa'atonu le fa'aosoina o so'o se mea e fiafia i ai (Sikoa fa'apitoa: Fa'ata'ita'iga fa'asaga i Su'ega Fa'ai'u: 35.8% ± 2.9 fa'asaga i le 38.3% ± 2.7, p=0.47; Sikoa ese'ese: Fa'ailoga muamua ma le Fa'ai'uga: 168.4 sec ± 34.4 ma le 152.4 sec. =33.3).

Ata 1  

O le tasi pa'iga fa'atasi ma le fa'aalia o le ejaculation (A, B) po'o le intromissions (C, D) fa'aosoina le CPP i tama fa'afeusuaiga. (A, C) sikoa fiafia, o le pasene o le taimi na faʻaalu i le ejaculation-(A) poʻo le intromissions- (C) potu faʻapipiʻi. (B, D) togi eseese, taimi ...

O faʻaiʻuga mai le faʻataʻitaʻiga lona lua na faʻaalia ai o tamaloloa na maua ni faʻafeusuaiga aʻo leʻi faia le suʻega CPP na fausia ai foi se CPP i le potu faʻapipiʻi ejaculation, e pei ona faʻaalia i se faʻaopoopoga tele i togi e lua e fiafia i ai (p<0.001) ma le eseesega o togi (p<0.001; Mati. 2). Ae ui i lea, e ese mai i suʻesuʻega i tamaʻitaʻi faʻafeusuaiga, o tamaʻitaʻi faʻafeusuaiga e leʻi fausia se CPP i le potu faʻapipiʻi faʻatasi. Po'o le sikoa e te mana'o ai (p=0.183) po'o le togi o le eseesega (p=0.235) matua suia ina ua uma le faʻatulagaina (Mati. 2).

Ata 2  

Tasi fa'atasi ma fa'aaliga o le ejaculation (A, C), ae le o fa'aulufaleina (C, D) fa'aosoina CPP i tama'ita'i fa'afeusuaiga. (A, C) sikoa e fiafia i ai, o le pasene o le taimi na faʻaalu i le ejaculation- (A) poʻo le intromissions- (C) potu lua. (B, D) eseesega ...

I le faʻataʻitaʻiga lona tolu ma le fa, na faʻataʻitaʻiina le manatu e sili atu le tauia o le ejaculation pe a faʻatusatusa i intromissions. O faʻaiʻuga o nei suʻesuʻega na faʻaalia ai, muamua, o tane e leʻi faʻafeusuaiga aʻo leʻi faia le suʻega CPP e leʻi fausia se CPP i le potu faʻapipiʻiina e faʻatatau i le potu faʻafeusuaiga-faʻatasi pe a maeʻa naʻo le tasi le paʻu o amioga faʻafeusuaiga taʻitasi ma le potu (Mati. 3). Matou te manatu e le lava se paʻu tasi o le ejaculation ma le intromission e faʻaosofia ai se eseesega i le fausiaina o le CPP i manu faʻafeusuaiga. O le mea lea, o le faʻataʻitaʻiga lona fa na faia ma se vaitaimi faʻalauteleina e aofia ai le tolu o ituaiga taʻitasi o faʻataʻitaʻiga. O le mea moni, ina ua maeʻa faʻatasiga taʻitasi taʻitasi ma le ejaculation, na faʻaalia e alii se faʻaopoopoga taua i le fiafia ma le eseesega o togi (p<0.001 mo togi e fiafia i ai ma eseesega; Mati. 3) mo le ejaculation-paiga faʻatatau i le intromission-paiga potu. O le mea lea, faatasi ai ma le tele o paiga, o le ejaculation na mafua ai le fausia o se CPP pe a faʻatusatusa i le faʻaalia o faʻasalalauga e aunoa ma le faʻafefe.

Ata 3  

O le tasi paiga ma le faʻaalia o le ejaculation e leʻi faʻaosoina le CPP i tamaʻitaʻi faʻafeusuaiga pe a faʻapipiʻi le potu faʻatonutonu ma faʻaaliga o faʻalavelave (A, B). I se fa'afeagai, o ali'i e le'i fa'afeusuaiga a'o le'i amataina le fa'amasani na maua ...

I faʻataʻitaʻiga taʻitasi, pe a faia faʻatasi ma le faʻaalia o faʻasalalauga, na faʻatagaina alii e faʻaalia 6-8 intromissions, talu ai o lenei mea e fetaui lelei ma le numera o intromissions e masani ona muamua atu i le ejaculation (Coolen et al., 1996; Coolen et al., 2003a). O le mea moni, o le toʻatele o tamaʻitaʻi i vaega faʻapipiʻi-faʻapipiʻiina na faʻaalia le 8 pe itiiti ifo intromissions aʻo leʻi faia le ejaculation. Ae ui i lea, o nisi o tane i faʻataʻitaʻiga taʻitasi na faʻaalia le sili atu i le 8 intromissions aʻo leʻi faia le ejaculation. O le mea lea, ina ia taofiofia se faʻasalalauga lelei i le va o numera o faʻasalalauga ma le faʻavaeina o le CPP, na faia ai se suʻesuʻega faʻatasi. O lenei auʻiliʻiliga na faʻaalia ai e leai ni faʻasalalauga i soʻo se suʻega i le va o numera o faʻasalalauga ma faʻamatalaga o le CPP.

Talanoaga

O suʻesuʻega o loʻo i ai nei na faʻataʻitaʻiina ai manatu e sili atu le tauia o le ejaculation pe a faʻatusatusa i le faʻaalia o faʻataʻitaʻiga pe a suʻesuʻeina e faʻaaoga ai le CPP paradigm ma o le faʻafeusuaiga faʻafeusuaiga e aʻafia ai meatotino tauia o faʻalavelave. O le mea moni, na faʻaalia o le ejaculation, ae le o faʻasalaga na mafua ai le mauaina o le CPP i manu faʻafeusuaiga. E le gata i lea, na maua e tamaloloa fa'afeusuaiga le CPP mo se si'osi'omaga fa'apa'aga fa'a-ejaculation i luga o se si'osi'omaga fa'alua fa'atasi. O aafiaga faʻafeusuaiga na aʻafia ai le tauia o faʻasalaga (e aunoa ma le ejaculation), talu ai o le faʻaalia o le ejaculation na maua na o le taua mo le CPP i tamaʻitaʻi faʻafeusuaiga, e pei o tamaʻitaʻi faʻafeusuaiga na faʻatupuina le CPP ina ua maeʻa faʻamaʻi faʻapea foʻi ma le ejaculation.

O le CPP o se faʻataʻitaʻiga mautu faʻaaogaina e suʻesuʻe ai mea tauia o amioga faʻafeusuaiga (Hughes et al., 1990; Mehrara ma Baum, 1990; Miller ma Baum, 1987). E lua fesuiaiga i le CPP taualumaga, postcopulatory CPP ma copulatory CPP, e eseese pe o le faʻaipoipoga e faia i le potu CPP pe leai (Pfaus et al., 2001). I le fa'agasologa muamua, lea na fa'aaogaina i le su'esu'ega o lo'o i ai nei, e fa'ataga tama iole e fa'atasi i se malae va'aia ma fa'asolo loa loa i se tasi vaega fa'apitoa o le CPP apparatus. I le fa'agasologa lona lua, e fa'atagaina le fa'atosina i le ejaculation i totonu o le potu CPP lava ia. O faiga uma e lua e maua ai le CPP malosi ma fa'atuatuaina. Ae ui i lea, o le postcopulatory CPP na faʻaaogaina i le suʻesuʻega nei e faʻaumatia ai se aʻafiaga o le faʻamoemoe o le tau feusuaʻiga i le faʻavaeina o le CPP. Pe a faʻaalia e tamaʻi iole faʻamatalaga o le siosiomaga e fesoʻotaʻi ma amioga faʻafeusuaiga muamua, o le a faʻagaoioia le mesolimbic system (Balfour et al., 2004) e foliga mai e atagia ai le faʻatalitali i le tali atu i faʻailoga faʻatulagaina. O le faʻaaogaina o se faʻataʻitaʻiga CPP o le a oʻo atu ai i aʻafiaga o le faʻaalia i faʻamatalaga faʻapitoa e fesoʻotaʻi ma le faʻafeusuaiga muamua i le potu CPP. O le mea lea, ina ia mafai ona faʻaesea le matafaioi o le faʻaogaina ma le ejaculation i le faʻafeusuaiga ma le poto masani manu i luga o le faʻavaeina o le CPP, na faʻaaogaina ai le postcopulatory procedure.

O le isi fesuiaiga i suʻesuʻega a le CPP o le numera o faʻataʻitaʻiga faʻataʻitaʻiga: Pe tasi (Straiko et al., 2007) po'o le tele o paga (Garcia Horsman ma Paredes, 2004; Hughes et al., 1990; Miller ma Baum, 1987) i'u i le CPP fa'atupu fa'aipoipo. Talu ai o se tasi o faʻamoemoega o le suʻesuʻega o loʻo i ai nei o le suʻesuʻeina lea o le aafiaga o feusuaiga i luga o le CPP faʻafeusuaiga, na faʻaaogaina paga taʻitoʻatasi mo le tele o faʻataʻitaʻiga ina ia puipuia ai le oʻo atu i le faʻalo o le CPP faʻaosoina. Ioe, o a matou faʻaiʻuga na faʻamaonia ai suʻesuʻega talu ai (Agmo ma Berenfeld, 1990) e fa'apea, o le tasi pa'u o le ejaculation i se si'osi'omaga, e lava mo le mauaina o le CPP i tama.

I faʻataʻitaʻiga o loʻo i ai nei, na maua ai e tamaʻitaʻi faʻafeusuaiga le CPP mo se siʻosiʻomaga e faʻapipiʻiina i luga o se siʻosiʻomaga faʻatasi-faʻatasi e faʻaalia ai o le ejaculation e sili atu le tau o le taui nai lo le intromissions. O lenei taunuuga e ogatasi ma suʻesuʻega muamua / faʻamalosia suʻesuʻega i T-mazes (Kagan, 1955), ala sa'o lima (Lopez et al., 1955), po'o le a'e fa'alavelave (Sheffield et al., 1951), lea e faʻaalia ai e sili atu le faʻamalosia o le ejaculation nai lo le faʻapipiʻiina poʻo le intromissions naʻo ia. E le gata i lea, o le ejaculation e taua tele mo le faʻavaeina o mea e fiafia i ai faʻamalosi (Kippin ma Pfaus, 2001). Faʻatasi, o nei suʻesuʻega e lagolagoina le manatu na tuʻuina mai e Crawford et. al. (1993) o le "malosi o feusuaiga e avea o se faʻamalosia e fesoʻotaʻi saʻo i le tulaga e faʻamaeʻa ai e mataupu le faʻasologa o amioga faʻamalosi".

I le faʻataʻitaʻiga o loʻo i ai nei, o le manaʻoga mo le ejaculation-fesoʻotaʻi siʻosiʻomaga i luga o le intromission-paiga potu e manaʻomia ai le tele o faʻataʻitaʻiga faʻataʻitaʻiga, ma e le lava se paʻu tasi e faʻaosofia ai le CPP. O le tasi faʻamatalaga e faʻapea i manu faʻafeusuaiga faʻatauvaʻa, e tasi le paʻaga o mea taʻitasi e le lava e faʻaeseese ai le tauia o le ejaculation ma intromissions. O le isi faʻamatalaga atonu o le tauia o mea tau faʻalavelave faʻaitiitia faʻatasi ma le faʻafeusuaiga, e ogatasi ma le mauaina o le ejaculation e taua mo le CPP i tamaʻitaʻi faʻafeusuaiga aʻo faʻaosoina le CPP i manu faʻafeusuaiga.

O le mauaina o le ejaculation e sili atu le tauia o meatotino nai lo intromissions e lagolagoina ai le manatu o loʻo i ai auala eseese o neural mo le faʻagasologa o faʻailoga-poʻo faʻailoga faʻapipiʻi. I le lagolagoina o lenei manatu, o le tele o suʻesuʻega i rat, hamster, ma le gerbil e faʻaaoga ai Fos e fai ma faʻailoga mo le faʻagaioiina o neural ua faʻaalia ai le faʻaogaina o neural faʻapitoa e faʻaosoina e le ejaculation, ae le o ni mauga poʻo le faʻafefe, i totonu o vaega laiti o le amygdala medial, moega o. o le stria terminalis, vaega muamua, ma le pito i tua o le intralaminar thalamus (Coolen et al., 1996; Coolen et al., 1997; Coolen et al., 2003a; Heeb ma Yahr, 1996; Kollack-Walker ma Newman, 1997). Na matou suʻesuʻeina talu ai nei pe o nei ejaculation-activated area e maua ai mea mai le lumbosacral spinal cord, ma faʻaalia i le faʻaaogaina o le retrograde tracing ma le hemisections o le ejaculation-activated subregion of the posterior intralaminar thalamus, ie medial subparafascicular thalamic nucleus (mSPFp) maua se mea faʻapitoa mai se faitau aofa'i o neurons i le lumbar spinal cord (Coolen et al., 2003a; Coolen et al., 2003b; Ju et al., 1987; Truitt et al., 2003b). I le isi itu, o nei sela e faʻaalia Fos faʻapitoa i le ejaculation, ae le o faʻamaualuga poʻo intromissions, e lagolago ai la latou matafaioi i le faʻaogaina o faʻamatalaga e fesoʻotaʻi ma le ejaculation (Truitt et al., 2003a). E le gata i lea, o lenei faitau aofaʻi o lumbar mSPFp-projecting sela o loʻo i ai i le tulaga faʻapitoa e maua ai mea faʻapitoa e fesoʻotaʻi ma le ejaculation mai totoga lautele ma faʻaalia le tele o neuropeptides, e aofia ai galanin, cholecystokinin, ma le opioid enkephalin (Coolen et al., 2003b; Ju et al., 1987; Nicholas et al., 1999). I le taimi nei, e le o iloa pe o lenei auala ma le neurotransmitters i totonu, o loʻo fesoasoani i amioga faʻaosoina, e pei o le CPP.

I le aotelega, o fa'ai'uga o lo'o iai nei ua fa'aalia ai o le ejaculation o le vaega sili lea ona tauia o amioga fa'afeusuaiga tama i isumu. E le gata i lea, matou te faaiʻuina o le faʻafeusuaiga e aʻafia ai meatotino tauia o vaega o amioga faʻafeusuaiga, e pei o le faʻafeiloaʻiga, e pei o le faʻafeiloaʻiga e faʻaosofia ai le CPP i feusuaiga le mautonu, ae le o tamaʻitaʻi faʻafeusuaiga.

tautinoga

O lenei su'esu'ega sa lagolagoina e fesoasoani mai le National Institutes of Health (R01 DA014591) ma Canadian Institutes of Health Research i le LMC.

Faamatalaga Faʻamatalaga

Le Faʻalauiloa a le Lomitusi: O le PDF lenei o se tusitusiga e leʻi faʻaaogaina lea na taliaina mo le lolomiina. I le avea ai ma se tautua mo o tatou tagata faʻatau, o loʻo tatou saunia lenei uluai kopi o tusitusiga. O le tusitusiga o le a faʻaaogaina le kopiina, faʻavasegaina, ma le toe iloiloga o le faʻamaoniga ao leʻi faʻasalalauina i lona tulaga mulimuli. Faamolemole ia matau i le faagasologa o le gaosiga e mafai ona maua ai mea sese e mafai ona aafia ai le anotusi, ma o tulafono uma e le faatagaina e faatatau i le tusi o talaaga.

mau faasino

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