Zvidzidzo zvinobatanidza kushandiswa kwezvinonyadzisira nezvinogumbura, kushungurudzwa pabonde, uye kumanikidza zvepabonde

CHIKAMU # 1: Zvidzidzo zvinobatanidza kushandiswa kwepabonde kune zvekuita zvepabonde, hutsinye hwepabonde, uye kumanikidza kwepabonde (zvakanyorwa nezuva rekuburitswa)

CHIKAMU # 2: Asi hazvina kubata chibharo uye zvehupombwe zvakaramba kubva pakauya zvinonyadzisira zveInternet?

Wakambonzwa here zvinowanzodzokororwa zvekutaura (neanovhura porn uye pro-porn vashandi) izvo "zvinonyadzisira zvakaderedzwa zvakanyanya kubatwa chibharo?"Maererano ne mitsva itsva yakabudiswa neFBI (chidimbu chiri pasi), nhamba yekubatwa (kwe100,000 yevanhu) yakaramba ichiwedzera kubva ku2014-2016 (gore rapera maitiro awanikwa). MuUnited States, paive nemhosva dzepabonde dze138,045, up 23%, mumwedzi ye12 isati yaSeptember, 2017.

Asi haina kubatwa chibharo mitengo kubva pakauya internet internet? Mune dzimwe nyika ehe, uye mune vamwe kwete. Iyoyo yekuti kuwanikwa kwekupinda porn mukati yakawiriraniswa nekuderera kwemitengo yekubatwa chibharo kunoenderana chete neruzivo rwenyika kubva kumarudzi mashoma akasarudzwa. Sezvakawedzerwa pane zvikamu zvishanu zvinotevera, izvi zvinongedzo zvine imba yemakadhi, iyo isingateereri kupokana kwedata uye akasiyana anokosha, akadai se:

Nyika dzakasimukira dzakasangana nekuderera (pa100K yevagari - iyo unit inowanzo shandiswa kuona mitengo yekubata chibharo) mu boka rezera rinowanzoita mhosva dzepabonde (12-34) sezvo vagari vakura.
Zvidzidzo zvinoratidza kuti mitengo yekubatwa chibharo inowanzo kuve isingataurwe - uye inogona kunge ichikwira mumakore makumi maviri apfuura.
Nyika dzinoverengeka dzakashuma kuwedzera kwehuwandu hwekubatwa chibharo panguva ino.
Rates of mhosva dzebonde dziri kuwedzera muUS neUnited Kingdom (maviri evashandisi vakakura veSchubhub).
Zvidzidzo zvinoongorora vanoshandisa zvinonyadzisira zvinoratidza chinongedzo pakati pehupombwe uye nekuwedzera chisimba chepabonde, hutsinye uye kumanikidza (wongororo yezvinyorwa uye meta-kuongororwa).
Mari yeUS zvose Zviito zvechisimba zvakatenderera zvakapoteredza 1990, uye zvakaramba kusvika kusvika ne2013, apo Kubata chibharo kwakatanga kuwedzera. Zvakakosha kuti uzive kuti zvibharo zvakadzikira zvishoma (zvemapoka ematsotsi) vamwe vachiramba.

Kuenderera mberi nekugadzirisa nhema:

#1 - Zvakadii nezvimwe zvinhu zvine chekuita nemhirizhonga mhosva?

Correlation haina kuenzana causation. Dzakawanda mimwe misiyano ingangove inokonzeresa kuderera kwekubatwa chibharo munyika dzakasarudzwa. Chinonyanya kujeka chiri kutamba chinzvimbo ndechekuti nyika dzakabudirira dzakasangana kuderera (pa 100K yehuwandu) mu boka rezera rinowanzoita mhosva dzepabonde (12-34) sezvo vagari vakura. Sezvaunogona kuona muchirafu, US mazinga zvose Zviito zvechisimba zvakatenderera zvakapoteredza 1990, uye zvakaramba kusvika kusvika ne2013, apo Kubata chibharo kwakatanga kuwedzera. Zvakakosha kuziva kuti kubata chibharo zvakakanganwa zvishoma (zvezvikamu zvemhosva) panguva iyi:

Kuderera kwemhosva dzechisimba kwakabatana nekuwedzera kwepesenti kwenhengo dzakwegura pamakore zana ehuwandu, uye kuderera kunoenderana muzera rebato zvakanyanya vanogona kupara mhosva yechisimba. Uku kudhindwa kwenhamba kwakaitika mune dzakawanda "nyika dzekutanga" nyika. Kutanga, iyo 100 yehuwandu hwekugoverwa nezera. Cherekedza huwandu hwevanhu vari mukati memakore gumi nemashanu kusvika makumi mana nemashanu.

Tevere, iyo 2015 yehuwandu hwekugoverwa nezera. Cherekedza kuderera kwemapoka ezera angangoita mhosva dzechisimba, uye kuti vanhu vangani vanoita chikamu chakakura kwazvo chehuwandu.

Iyo yepamusoro yedemo yekuchinja inogona kukonzera kuderera mukati Zvinonzi huwandu hwekubatwa chibharo pagumi revagari, kana mitengo yacho muchokwadi yakaderera (chikumbiro chakapokana nedzimwe nyanzvi). Muongorori Neil Malamuth vakapindura pane yakakura rondedzero yebonde kune Milton Diamond mapepa akanyorwa (akapihwa nevamwe vanoita zvebonde seuchapupu hwezvavanoreva zvisina kufanira):

Nyaya yeAggregate - Ituitively, inoita kunge inonzwisisika kuti iyo "yepazasi" ndiyo inoratidzika kunge iri kuitika mu "nyika chaiye" (semuenzaniso, huwandu hwehutsotsi hwechisimba) sekurwiswa kwenhau uye / kana kushandisa zvinonyadzisira yakawedzera pamusoro pemakore. Ini ndinofunga kuti pane zvinopesana, matambudziko ekutarisa izvi akakura uye hazvibviri kusvika kune chero chikonzero uye mhedzisiro yekutarisa iyo yakaunganidzwa data. Semuenzaniso, funga nezvesangano rinotevera: Kuwanda kwepfuti muUS uye huwandu hwemhosva.

Sezvakaratidzwa mune inotevera chinyorwa Pew: Kuzviuraya Mazana Akachekwa Muhafu Yekare Kare 20 Makore (Kunyange zvazvo Nzvimbo YemaGumi Idzimba Yakasimudzwa) sezvo huwandu hwepfuti muUS hwawedzera zvakanyanya mumakore makumi maviri apfuura, huwandu hwehumhondi hwadzikira zvakanyanya. Vangani vedu vanoda kugumisa saka kuti kuwanikwa kwakazara kwepfuti kuri chinhu chakanyanya kunaka uye kwakabatsira mukuderedza kuponda, seizvo vamwe vangakurumidze kugumisa? Drew Kingston uye ini tinokurukura iyi nyaya yekuwedzera zvakanyanya mune zvinotevera: Matambudziko neAggregate Data uye kukosha kwekusiyana kwepamwechete muChidzidzo cheNzenza nekunyadzisira (2010).

Mutsara wemagariro ehutano maererano nekuona zvinonyadzisira anoshandisa uye kuparwa (semuenzaniso, basa rinokosha raMickey Diamond) rakawanikwa, kune ruzivo rwangu, chete muDenmark uye muJapan. Munyika mbiri idzi, kazhinji kacho kwave kuri kuwanda kwehutano hwehupombwe hunozivikanwa. Isu tinogona kutarisira kubva kune iyo dhiyabhorosi pamwe chete nemamwe mabhuku ezvinyorwa zviri munyika idzi, pane varume vashomanana vane ngozi yekuita zvepabonde (mukati metsika uye mune zvisiri zvehondo nguva). Naizvozvo, mumamiriro ezvinhu efungidziro yeConfluence Model, munyika dzakadai tinogona kufungidzira zvishoma kana kusava nekuwedzera kwehukasha hwepabonde sekuwanikwa kwezvinhu zvinonyadzisira zvinowedzera, sezvakataurwa nedhaimondi nevasonganiri..

Yeuka, kuti varume vatakadzidza muUnited States avo vakafanana nehutano hushoma havana kuratidza humwe huwandu huripo kunyange nehuwandu hwekuona zvinonyadzisira hunoshandiswa. Sekutsvaga kwekutambudza, sezvandakaona kare, Martin Hald neni takaona kuti kunyange kuDenmark, varume vane ngozi yakawandisa vakanyatsoratidza mafungiro makuru ekubvuma kurwisana nevakadzi sekushanda kwekutsvaga kuenzanisa mubazi uye " sangano "renyika (ona 2015 publication). Ndinenge ndichinyanya kufarira kuona zvichazoitika kana kuchinja kukuru kuitika kuwanikwa kwezvinonyadzisira mune nyika dzine huwandu huwandu hwevarume vane hutano hwepamusoro uye hunobatanidza, zvepabonde, maitiro ekugamuchirwa chisimba pamusoro pevakadzi, kuvengana nevakadzi, nezvimwewo. ).

Zvakare, zviyero zvemhosva inozivikanwa zvinogona kunge zvisiri izvo "zvinotsigira kusiyanisa" kuongorora (ona pazasi). Kunyangwe uwandu hweJapan hwakatemerwa huwandu hwechisimba kuvanhukadzi hwakaderera kwazvo (uye ruzivo rwangu rwakashoma makore mazhinji apfuura pandakashanya kuJapan akataura kuti vakadzi vanonzwa vakachengeteka mumigwagwa husiku) manhamba akanyanya kubatwa chibharo akambotongwa muzuva rimwe chete akaitwa nemaJapan. varume (kuChina muguta reNanking). Nekudaro, kana tsika yabvumidza mhirizhonga, zvingangove zviwanikwa zvinogona kuve pachena. Kupfuurirazve, muJapan yazvino, kunoratidzika kuve kune kumwe kuratidzira kwezvinogona kunzi zvinyadzi zvekupenga uye zviitiko zvine hukama uye hunhu kune vakadzi (semuenzaniso, kumashure muna 2000, mota dzinokosha dzechitima dzakaunzwa kuti vakadzi varwe nekukwiridzira kwevarume (chikan).

I "Chinhu Chinoramba Chichienderera" Nyaya

Sezvandambotaura kare, Mutungamiri weConfluence unotarisa pane zvepabonde mafungiro nemafambiro evanhu mune vanhu vose, kunyanya vadzidzi vekukoloni. Zvinenge zvisiri zvevatori vechikamu vatakadzidza vakatombotongwa. Kuzivikanwa matsotsi matsotsi saka zvimwe hazvina basa. Sechikamu chekukurukurirana kwekushandiswa kwemuenzaniso, takurudzira mumakore apfuura kuti kana zvasvika kune vanhu vane mhosva, muenzaniso uyu haukodzeri zvakanyanya sezvo zvichiita sekuti nevarume vakadaro "hunhu hwese hwekurwisa hukama" vane hukama hwakanyanya. . Varume vane mhosva vanowanzo havazi "nyanzvi" asi kazhinji vanogona kupara mhosva dzakasiyana siyana.

Zviyero zvakaratidza zviripo basa ravo mukufungidzira kweanopomhodza vatinodzidza, (huvengo kune vakadzi, hunhu hunotsigira mhirizhonga kuvanhukadzi, nezvimwewo) havana kuwanikwa vachifungidzira matsotsi anozivikanwa munzvimbo ino. Kunyangwe shanduko muhuwandu hwehasha hwepabonde pakati pevadzidzi ingave yakakodzera, zviri kure nekujeka kuti izvi zvanyatso kuwedzera kana kuderera here mumakore apfuura kana paine angangove akatarisisa nezvenyaya yacho (ini ndinofunga yekupedzisira yakakosha). Izvi zvinoenderana ne "dambudziko rakawedzeredzwa": Kunyange kuwanikwa kwezvekuona zvinonyadzisira kwakawedzera zvakanyanya mumakore, panguva imwecheteyo pakange paine kupindira kwakawanda kuderedza kurohwa kwepabonde uye kuwedzera kuzivikanwa kwakakodzera.

Anenge yunivhesiti imwe neimwe iri kurudzi rwuno yakaraira kupindira kwevatsva vese, chimwe chinhu chaive chisiri makore apfuura. Tichifunga nezve mimwe midhiya inokonzeresa kuwedzera humboo hwekuita zvebonde, isu tingaitisa sei kusarudzika kuwedzera kunoenderana neruzhinji rwekuziva nezve nyaya yekusangana pabonde uye kupindira chaiko kunoitika panguva imwechete iyoyo?

Iyo sexology rondedzero-shumiro yekukurukura yakaenderera. Hezvino zvakataurwa naNeil Malamuth pamusoro pekudzidza kwaDiamondi ("Iwe Wanyora" anobvunza, mhinduro ndiMaramuth):

Kushandiswa kwezvinonyadzisira uye mhosva dzebonde: Ini ndinofunga kuti vanhu vazhinji vanoita seane fungidziro yekuti nyika inoenderana nekutsvaga yakaratidza kusawirirana pakati pekushandisa zvinonyadzisira nokubata chibharo. Handitende kuti ichi ichokwadi zvachose. Kana iwe ukaenda kune saiti yeMilton Diamond iwe unogona kuona kuti kana data racho rapatsanurwa pakati pekushungurudzwa kwevechidiki nekubatwa chibharo, zviri pachena kuti iyo yekupedzisira haina kuderera (asi zvakare haina kuwedzera) sezvo porn yakatanga kuwanikwa. Uyezve iwe unogona kuona kuti pane nyika dzedzinogona kuyambuka-chikamu, pane yakanyanya kunaka kuwirirana pakati pezviviri.. Semuenzaniso, pane chinyorwa ipapo chinoratidza kuti,

"Papua New Guinea, inyika inonyanya kuona zvinonyadzisira munyika, maererano neGoogle Trends. PNG ine huwandu hweasingasviki 8 mamirioni vanhu uye yakaderera mitengo yekushandiswa kweintaneti, asi ane huwandu hukuru hwekutsvaga mazwi e "porn" uye "zvinonyadzisira" zvichienzaniswa nenyika tsvaga yekutsvaga. Chimwe chidzidzo chakabudiswa muThe Lancet chakataura kuti 59 muzana yevarume vari muPNG Autonomous Region yeBougainville vakange varova mumwe wavo uye 41 muzana vakange varova mukadzi akanga asiri shamwari yavo.

Uye zvakare, chinyorwa chinoratidza kuti Nyika dzekumusoro gumi dzinotsvaga 'zvinonyadzisira': Google Trends
1. Papa Nyu Gini
2. Zimbabwe
3. Kenya
4. Botswana
5. Zambia
6. Ithiyopiya
7. Marawi
8. Uganda
9. Fiji
10. Naijeriya

Ndingafungidzira kuti pakati peizvi panogona kunge paine nyika dzakakwira huwandu hwebonde uye mamwe marudzi echisimba kuvanhukadzi. Ndokumbirawo muone kuti ini handisi kupokana kuti zvinonyadzisira ndi "kana" kana "kukonzeresa" asi ndinopesana nekutenda kwakajairwa kuti kwepasi rose kana kwenguva refu kuti mubatanidzwa wakasarudzika wakaratidzwa pakati pekushandisa zvinonyadzisira uye chibharo. Zvingave zvinonakidza kuitisa chidzidzo icho chaitaridzika zvakasarudzika pamusangano mushure mekudzora manhamba nekuda kwezengozi zveConfluence Model, kunyanya Hative Masculinity. Ndingafungidzira kuti munyika idzodzo dzine njodzi dzakanyanya, pane kuwirirana pakati pekushandisa zvinonyadzisira uye kubatwa chibharo (kunyanya pakati pevanhurume kazhinji pane kungoita mhosva dzakasarudzika) asi pasina kuwirirana kana imwe inopesana nenyika dzine varume vashoma vane njodzi maererano neiyo Confluence Model.

UNOGONA: pamusangano wevanhu, zvinonyadzisira zvingava nemigumisiro yakanaka pamhosva dzepabonde dzakagadziriswa

MHINDURO: Sezvandakamboratidza, handitendi iyo yedhaimani uye dhata yakanangana iyi inoratidza zvinowanzo fungwa nezve mhosva dzebonde kazhinji. Seizvo madhaimondi nevamwe vake vakazviona ivo pachavo, iyo data inoratidza hukama hwakasarudzika pakati pekuwanikwa kwezvinhu zvinonyadzisira uye kushungurudzwa kwevasikana. Hakuna hukama hwakakosha hwakafanana pakati pekunze nekubatwa chibharo. Zvinokonzeresa kubatwa chibharo uye hunhu hwevanobata chibharo vanopesana nevana kazhinji kazhinji kwakasiyana uye hakufanire kuvhenekerwa pamwe chete. Uye zvakare, iyo data inowirirana padanho renyika kazhinji uye inoda kungwarira kukuru nezvehukama hwehukama, pamwe nekuda kwe "dambudziko rehuwandu" (Kingston & Malamuth, 2011).

Chii chinogona kupedzwa nechivimbo ndechekuti nyika dzadzidzwa, hapana kuwanda kwekubatwa chibharo kana mitemo yezvemanyowa ichishandurwa kuti ibvumidze kuwanikwa kwezvinhu zvinonyadzisira. Zvakare, zvakakosha kuti uzive kuti zvinoratidzika kuti nyika dzese dzakadzidziswa nedhaimani nevanoshamwaridzana vanoita kunge idzo dzingave nevarume vashoma vari munjodzi huru yekuita zvehombwe. Ini ndakanga ndisati ndambotarisa kuCroatia, asi kutsvaga nekukurumidza google kunoratidza kuti 94% haibvumirane neshoko rekuti vakadzi vanofanirwa kushivirira mhirizhonga kuitira kuti mhuri irambe iripamwe.

UNOGONA: asi, mukati mehurumende iyo vanhu vakawanda vanoona zvepabonde apo zvinonyadzisira zvinowedzera njodzi yekuita zvechisimba zvepabonde, nemhaka yekubatana kwezvipingamupinyi zvepabonde

MHURI: zvakanyanya maererano nezvakanyora asi zvakatsanangura zvakasiyana zvakasiyana: Kune varume muhuwandu hwevanhu vane huwandu hwakanyanya pane iyo "kiyi" njodzi, iyo data inonyatsoratidza kuti "inorema" kushandisa zvinonyadzisira inogona kuwedzera maitiro echisimba pabonde uye maitiro.

UNOGONA: mapoka anobvumira kubvisa zvinonyadzisira angave ari kuita basa, achibvuma zvishoma zvengozi yakawanda muboka duku rekuwedzera kwehuwandu hwehuwandu hwehuwandu hwehuwandu hwevanhu vakawanda

MHINDURO: Ini ndinofunga isu tinofanirwa kungwarira nezvekuita generalizations nezve nzanga tisina kufunga nezve mutsauko wepakati pakati pavo. Ndingafungidzira kuti kuchinja mitemo yezvemanyowa muSaudi Arabia vs Denmark kunenge kwakave nemhedzisiro dzakasiyana. Zvakare, ndinofunga kuti kutarisa chete kana kunyanya pakubata mhosva dzebonde dzakatarwa, kunyanya kubata chibharo, zvinogona kuve dambudziko. Semuenzaniso, sezvatakanyora kumwe kunhu, Japan inowanzo shandiswa seimwe yemhando dzepamusoro dzenyika umo zvinonyadzisira zvinowanikwa zvakanyanya (kusanganisira "nechisimba" porn) uye huwandu hwevanhu vanobatwa chibharo hwakaderera izvozvi uye munhoroondo.

Japan zvirokwazvo inyika yakave nehukama hwakasimba hwekuzvidzivirira kubva mukati me "boka" mhirizhonga kuvakadzi. Asi, chimbofunga zvimwe zvinogona kuratidzwa: “Kutsvangadzira muzvitima zvine vanhu vakawanda kwave kunetsa muJapan: maererano neongororo yakaitwa neTokyo Metropolitan Police neEast Japan Railway Company, zvikamu zviviri kubva muzvitatu zvevakadzi vanofamba vari mumakore avo makumi maviri nemakumi matatu vakashuma kuti takatsvangadzira muzvitima, uye ruzhinji rwaiwanzonetswa. ” Kana mhirizhonga kuvanhukadzi yave yakaregererwa, yave yakanyanya kukwirira (semuenzaniso, ona Chang, * Rape yeNanking *,). Kunyangwe ini ndisiri kupokana nepfungwa yako, handina chokwadi chekuti tinogona kusvika mhedzisiro panguva ino.

Taura zviri nyore, tichivimba nezvikamu zviviri zveruzivo rwenyika (zvakashumwa mhosva dzepabonde uye kuwanikwa kwehupombwe) kubva kune mashoma enzvimbo (apo uchisiya hanya nemazana edzimwe nyika), kutsigira chirevo chekuti zvinonyadzisira zvinonyatso kukonzera zvikanganiso zvishoma zvepabonde, hazvireve bhururuka pakati pevasayenzi vechokwadi.

Chimwe chimiro chakakosha chinoenderana ne (mu) kukarurama kwezviverengero zvine chokuita nekupara kwepabonde.

# 2 - Zvidzidzo zvinoratidza kuti mitengo yekubatwa chibharo inowanzo kuve isingazivikanwe - uye inogona kunge iri kuwedzera.

Zvakakosha kuchengeta mupfungwa kuti mhosva yekubatwa chibharo inogara iri pasi-yakataurwa. Kunyange nhepfenyuro kumapurisa inogona kunge yakasununguka, sezvo pepanhau repurofesa wezvemitemo reUnited States rinotaura kuti: Nzira Yokureva Nayo Rape Statistics: America yakavanzwa Dambudziko reRape Rrisis (2014).

Kushandisa nzira iyi yeruzivo kuti uone kana mamwe masunharaunda angakundikana kuudza nhamba chaiye yezvipompe zvekubata chiitwa, Ndinowana huwandu hunokosha hwekubatwa chibharo nematare emapurisa munyika yose. Zvigumisiro zvinoratidza kuti inenge 22% ye210 yakadzidza mapurisa emapurisa anotarisirwa nevanhu vepashoma ye100,000 vanhu vane zvikanganiso zvakakura zvekubatwa kwemashoko ekubata chibharo zvinoratidza kuwandisa kukuru kubva ku1995 kusvika ku2012. Zvinonzwisisika, nhamba yehupfumi huri pasi pehuwandu hwakawedzera nepamusoro pe61% mukati memakore gumi nemasere akadzidza.

Kugadzirisa dhata yekubvisa mapurisa ari pasi nekuwandisa data kubva kuhuwandu hwehumhondi hwakanyatso kuwanda, ongororo yacho inofungidzira kuti 796,213 kusvika ku1,145,309 kunyunyuta kwekubatwa kwevanhukadzi kwevakadzi nyika yese yakanyangarika kubva kuzvinyorwa zve1995 kusvika 2012. Kupfuurirazve, iyo yakagadziriswa data inoratidza kuti nguva yekudzidza inosanganisira gumi neshanu kusvika gumi nemasere emitengo yepamusoro yekubatwa chibharo kubvira pakuteverwa kwedatha kwakatanga mu1930. Panzvimbo pekusangana ne "kuderera kukuru" mukubatwa chibharo, America iri pakati pechakavanzika chokubata chibharo.

# 3 - Nyika zhinji dzakataura kuwedzera huwandu hwekubatwa chibharo panguva ino.

Semuenzaniso, zvidzidzo kubva kuSpain neNorway zvinotsvaga zvakawanikwa zvinopesana nezvataurwa naDaymond (zvese zvinosiyiwa nevanoongorora nezvepabonde vachiedza kusimudzira nyaya yekuti porn inoderedza kubatwa chibharo):

Kuita zvechisimba zvepabonde kunobatanidza nekubudiswa kweInternet Empirical uchapupu kubva kuSpain (2009) - Excerpt: Kushandisa nzira yemapapanhau emapurovhinzi eSpain munguva ye1998-2006, zvigumisiro zvinoratidza kuti pane kushandiswa kwepabonde nekuona zvinonyadzisira zveIndaneti, apo zvinonyadzisira zveIndaneti zvinowedzera zvimwe zvekuita zvepabonde zvechisimba, zvakadai sekurova zvepabonde.
Broadband Internet: An Information Superhighway Kuita zvepabonde? (2013) - Mutsara: Kutengesa kweIndaneti kunokonzera uipi hwepabonde? Tinoshandisa dunhu reNorway rakasiyana-siyana pamusoro pehutachiona uye kubvumirwa kwetaneti kuti tibvhenekere mubvunzo uyu. Purogiramu yevanhu vasina mari shoma yakagadziriswa nehuwandu hwehutano hwepabonde mu 2000-2008, uye inopa maitiro akasiyana-siyana akasiyana-siyana mubasa rekushandisa. Zvimwe zvinoshandiswa zvakasiyana-siyana zvinoratidzira zvinoratidza kuti kushandiswa kwetengesi kunobatanidza nekuwedzera kwakanyanya mumishumo miviri, mhosva uye kutongwa kwekubata uye dzimwe mhosva dzepabonde. Zvatinowana zvinoratidza kuti kuitika kwakananga kwepabonde utsotsi hwakanaka uye husingaregi, zvichida sechikonzero chekuwedzera kushandiswa kwezvinonyadzisira.

Tora Kutarira iyi tafura yekubata chibharo uye iwe uchaona kuti hapana chaiyo yepasi rose maitiro (inoratidza dambudziko nekuunganidza huwandu hwechokwadi). Chinhu chimwe ndechechokwadi, Diamondi yakasiya nyika dzakawanda “dzazvino” uko kuwanikwa kwehuwandu hwehupombwe uye kubatwa chibharo kwakawedzera, seNorway, Sweden, Costa Rica, New Zealand, Iceland, Italy, Argentina, Portugal, nezvimwe.

#4 - Rates of Kuita zvepabonde kunokwira muU.S. uye kuUnited Kingdom (zviviri zveHadhubhu hombe vashandisi)

Maererano ne mitsva itsva yakabudiswa neFBI (ona grafu), nhamba yekubatwa chibharo (pamusana pe100,000 yevanhu) yakaramba ichiwedzerwa kubva ku2014-2016 (gore rapera maitiro ayo aripo). MuUnited States, maiva nezvikwereti zvepabonde zve 138,045, zvichikwira 23%, mumwedzi ye12 isati yaSeptember, 2017. Asi, panguva iyochete nguva:

vanhu vanogara vachiri kuyaruka,
ED mazinga nokuti varume vari pasi peCNUMX vakadengenyeka, uye
huwandu hwehutano hwehupombwe hwakaramba huchidonha, sezvakave kubereka mari muWest.

# 5 -Studies kuongororesa vanoita zvinonyadzisira vanoratidza hukama pakati pezvehupfumi uye kuwedzera mhirizhonga yebonde, hutsinye uye kumanikidzwa (wongororo yezvinyorwa uye meta-kuongororwa).

Panzvimbo yezvidzidzo zvisingafungidzirike pazvinhu zvishoma zvakasarudzika (nyika dzakachekwa?), Zvakadii nezvezvidzidzo pavashandisi vanoita zvinonyadzisira?

Meta-analysis inopfupisa migumisiro yezvinonyadzisira II: Kushungurudzika mushure mekutsvaga (1995) - Mutsara:

Yakagadzirisa meta-tsvakurudzo yezvidzidzo zve 30, yakabudiswa 1971-1985, kuti iongorore kushanda kwekuona zvinonyadzisira pane unhu hutsinye pasi pematambudziko e laboratori, tichifunga zvinhu zvakasiyana-siyana zvekuita zvepabonde, huwandu hwekutsamwa kwepabonde, rudzi rwekuona zvinonyadzisira, hutano hweS, hutano hwezvinangwa zvechisimba, uye midzi inoshandiswa kuratidza mashoko).

Migumisiro inoratidza kuti nhamba yemifananidzo inotadzisa hupenyu hunotevera hutsinye, kuti kushandiswa kwezvinhu zvinoratidza kusagadzikana kwepabonde kunowedzera hukama hwechisimba, uye kuti zviratidzo zvevhidhiyo zvechisimba zvepabonde zvinokonzera hutsinye kune izvo zvisingaiti zvepabonde. Hapana mumwe muongorori akashandura zvakagadzirwa zvakafanana.

Zvinonyadzisira uye utsinye hwepabonde: pane pane zvinokanganisa uye tinogona kuzvinzwisisa here? (2000)- Mutsara:

Kupindura kune dzimwe nguva dzichangotsoropodzwa, isu (a) tinoongorora zvirevo uye data yakapihwa mune idzo tsanangudzo, (b) tinobatanidza zvakawanikwa zvezvikamu zvakati metaanalytic zvipfupiso zvekuyedza uye zvehuzvisaruro, uye (c) kuita ongororo yehunyanzvi pane yakakurumbira muenzaniso. Matanho ese aya matatu anotsigira kuvepo kwehukama hwehukama pakati peanogara achiona zvinonyadzisira uye maitiro ehupombwe, kunyanya zvechisimba zvinonyadzisira uye / kana nevarume vari panjodzi huru yekuitirwa utsinye pabonde.. Tinokurudzira kuti nzira yevanhu vane utsinye vanodudzira uye vanoita kune izvozvi zvinonyadzisira zvingasiyana kune zvevanhu vasina hanya, maonero anobatsira kubatanidza kuongororwa kwezvino kuongororwa nekuenzanisa vanopenga uye vasingagadziri uye pamwe nekutsvakurudza kwetsika-tsika.

Meta-kuongorora tsvakurudzo yakabudiswa pamigumisiro yezvinonyadzisira (2000) - Mutsara:

Meta-kuongororwa kweC46 yakabudiswa zvidzidzo yakaitwa kuti ione migumisiro yezvinonyadzisira pamusoro pekusvibisa zvepabonde, kuita zvepabonde, mafungiro nezvehukama hwepedyo, uye mafungiro pamusoro pezvakaitika zvekubatwa chibharo. Zvizhinji zvezvidzidzo zvakaitwa muUnited States (39; 85%) uye yakatarwa kubva musi we1962 kusvika ku1995, ne 35% (n = 16) yakabudiswa pakati pe1990 ne1995, uye 33% (n = 15) pakati pe1978 uye 1983. Shanduro yehuwandu yehuwandu hwe12,323 vanhu yakange iri meta-analysis. Migumisiro yakakura (d) yakaverengwa pane imwe neimwe yezvinyorwa zvakatarisa zvekuongorora zvakabudiswa mumagazini yezvidzidzo, zvaive neushambadziro hwekukura kwe12 kana hukuru, uye hwaisanganisira boka kana boka rekuenzanisa.

Avhareji asina huremu uye akaremerwa d's ekutsauka kwekuita zvepabonde (.68 uye .65), kushata kwepabonde (.67 uye .46), hukama hwehukama (.83 uye .40), uye chirevo chokubatwa chibharo (.74 uye .64) inopa humbowo hwakajeka. kusimbisa kubatana pakati pekuwedzera njodzi yekukudziridzika kwakashata paunoratidzwa nezve zvinonyadzisira. Mhedzisiro iyi inoratidza kuti kutsvagiridza munzvimbo ino kunogona kufambisira kumberi kwemubvunzo wekuti zvinonyadzisira zvine simba here mumhirizhonga uye kushanda kwemhuri.

Basa rekuona zvinonyadzisira mukuita zvepabonde kudarika (2007) - Mutsara:

Kutsvakurudza uye Migumisiro Yechiito Yakabatana neIndaneti

Neweaaver (1993), kukakavara kunobva pamitatu mitatu yemigumisiro yekutsvaga zvinonyadzisira:

Chimiro chepabonde sechimiro chekudzidza tichifunga nezvemagariro evanhu akaenzana nezvakave zvichirambwa kana kuti zvakavanzika (rusununguko) - kuvhara, kushaya mhosva, kutenderera, kurongedza zvepabonde, zvose zvingabviswa pamwe nekuona zvinonyadzisira (Feshbach, 1955) .2 Kutchinsky (1991) akadzokorora pfungwa iyi, achitaura kuti chiyero chekushungurudzwa kwepabonde chakaderera apo zvinonyadzisira zvakaitwa zviri nyore nyore, kushanda semhando yekuchengeteka kwevhavha iyo inoderedza kusawirirana kwepabonde nekudaro inoderedza kuwandisa kwemhosva dzepabonde. Kunyange zvazvo zvakakosha zvikuru, izvo zvinorehwa zvinorevei ndezvokuti zvinonyadzisira zvinopa maitiro ekudzidza izvo, maererano nemunyori, zvinokonzera kushanda. Zvinokanganisika nokuti nharo iyi inoshandiswawo nevatsigiri vekusununguka kweupfambi senzira yekugona kuderedza nhamba yekushungurudzwa kwepabonde (McGowan, 2005; Vadas, 2005). Nzira iyo yekufunga inoderedza kukudzwa kwevanhu uye zvinorevei kuva munhu. Chinokosha ndechokuti vanhu havasi zvinhu;

Kudzvinyirirwa kwomunhu, Kusiyana nematongerwo akafanotaurwa, uye apo zvinonyadzisira ndezvokutanga uye zvinonyanya kufanana nevarume vemaonero evanhukadzi (Jensen, 1996; Stoller, 1991);

Kushungurudzika kuburikidza nemufananidzo izvo hazvienderane nechokwadi. Zvichitaurwa zviri nyore, zvinonyadzisira zvinopa maonero anoderedza ekudyidzana. Nekuti icho chifananidzo hachisi chinhu chinopfuura kungoteedzana kwezvakajeka, zvinodzokororwa uye zvisingaitike zvebonde, bonhora kune zvinonyadzisira chikamu chezvikamu zvakamonyaniswa uye kwete chikamu chechokwadi. Izvo zvinokanganisa zvinogona kuwedzeredzwa nesimba uye static criminogenic misiyano. Kugara uchionekwa kunodzikisira munhu nekuchinja zvishoma nezvishoma hunhu uye hunhu sezvo zvinokurudzira zvichinyanya (Bushman, 2005; Carich & Calder, 2003; Jansen, Linz, Mulac, & Imrich, 1997; Malamuth, Haber, & Feshbach, 1980; Padgett & Brislin-Slutz, 1989; Silbert & Pines, 1984; Wilson, Colvin, & Smith, 2002; Winick & Evans, 1996; Zillmann & Weaver, 1999).

Muchidimbu, kutsvakurudza kwakaitwa kusvika kune imwe nguva hakuna kuratidza zvakajeka chinokonzera-uye-chibatano chekubatana pakati pekushandiswa kwezvinhu zvinonyadzisira uye kushungurudzwa kwepabonde, asi chokwadi chinoramba chiripo kuti vatsvakurudzi vakawanda vanobvumirana pamusoro pechinhu chimwe: Kugara kwenguva yakareba kuzvinhu zvinonyadzisira inofanira kubvisa munhu wacho. Izvi zvakasimbiswa naLinz, Donnerstein naPenrod muna 1984, kozoti Sapolsky gore rimwe chete, Kelley muna 1985, Marshall uyezve Zillmann muna 1989, Cramer, McFarlane, Parker, Soeken, Silva, & Reel muna 1998 uye, munguva pfupi yapfuura, Thornhill uye Palmer muna 2001, uye Apanovitch, Hobfoll naSalovey muna 2002. Pachikonzero chebasa ravo, vose ava vatsvakurudzi vakagumisa kuti nguva yakareba kubudiswa kwezvinonyadzisira kune chinokonzera kuwandisa uye kunotungamirira vatadzi kuti vaderedze chisimba mumabasa avo avanoita.

Zvinonyadzisira uye mafungiro anotsigira chisimba pamusoro pevakadzi: kuongororazve hukama mune zvidzidzo zvisingaverengeki (2010) - Mutsara:

Meta-kuongororwa kwakaitwa kuti ione kana zvisingabatsiri zvidzidzo zvakaratidza kushamwaridzana pakati pezvinonyadzisira zvevanhu zvekushandisa uye maitiro avo anotsigira chisimba pamusoro pevakadzi. Meta-analysis yakaruramisa matambudziko neyekare yakabudiswa meta-analysis uye yakawedzera zvimwe zvakawanikwa munguva ichangopfuura. Kusiyana nematare ekuongorora, mhinduro dzezvino dzakaratidza huwandu hunokosha hunobatana pakati pezvinonyadzisira zvinoshandisa uye mafungiro anotsigira chisimba kuvakadzi mune zvidzidzo zvisingatauriki. Mukuwedzera, mafungiro akadaro akawanikwa kuti awirirane zvakanyanya nekushandiswa kwechisimba chinonyadzisira chepabonde kunze kwekushandiswa kwekuona zvinonyadzisira, asi hukama hwekupedzisira hwakawanikwa hunokosha.

Chidzidzo chacho chinogadzirisa chinoita sechinhu chinopesana chinopesana mumabhuku ekuona zvinonyadzisira uye mafungiro ane utsinye nekuratidza kuti mhedziso kubva kune zvidzidzo zvisinganzwisisiki munharaunda iri chaizvo zvakakwana maererano neyedzidzo yekuenzanisa navo. Kuwana izvi kune zvakakosha pamabhuku ose ekuona zvinonyadzisira uye utsinye.

Bhizimusi rekuita zvepabonde kutsvaira pamusoro pehupenyu huripo kutanga uye nguva dzose zvepabonde zvinogumbura (2014) - Excerpts:

Kutsvakurudza kwakaongorora zvinonyadzisira zvinoshandiswa pakukanganisa. Zvisinei, pasina basa hapana chakaedza kana zvimwe zviitiko zvepabonde zvinosangana nehupombwe hwepabonde. Nokuwedzerwa, kuwedzerwa kwemigumisiro yezviitiko izvi hazvizivikanwi. Dzidzo yekugara mune zvekugara inofanotaura kuti kufanirwa kunofanira kuwedzera kukanganisa.

Kuisa pane retrospective data longitudinal, isu tinoongorora kutanga kana kuvepo panguva yevechiri kuyaruka kunobatanidza nevechidiki kutanga; isu tinoongororawo kana vanhu vakuru varipo vanobatanidza nehuwandu huzhinji hwekugumbura.

Zvakawanikwa zvinoratidza kuti mhando dzakawanda dzekufumurwa kwevechiri kuyaruka pamwe nekuburitswa zvakakwana kwakabatana nezera rekutanga kwekutanga. Kufumurwa panguva yekukura kwaive kwakabatanidzwawo nekuwedzera kwekukanganisa pabonde, asi mhedzisiro yacho yaitsamira pa “mhando."

Meta-Kuongorora kwezvinonyadzisira kushandiswa uye zvechokwadi Mabasa ehupombwe muGeneral Population Studies (2015). - Ongorora:

Meta-kuongororwa kweongororo yekuongorora yakawana migumisiro pane unhu hutsinye uye mafungiro. Iko kwekunwa zvinonyadzisira kunoenderana nemweya wehasha mune zvidzidzo zvechisikigo zvakawanikwawo. Asi, hapana meta ‐ ongororo yakagadzirisa mubvunzo unosimudzira iri rebasa: Kusevenzera zvinonyadzisira kunoenderana here nekuita zvehasha zvepabonde? 22 zvidzidzo kubva ku7 nyika dzakasiyana dzakaongororwa. Kusevenzeswa kwakabatana nehukasha hwepabonde muUnited States uye nekune dzimwe nyika, pakati pevanhurume nevanhukadzi, uye muzvidzidzo zvekumashure. Shamwari dzaive dzakasimba pamashoko pane zvepabonde zvepabonde, kunyange zvazvo zvose zvaive zvakakosha. Zvose zvinowanzoitika zvinoratidza kuti zvigaro zvechisimba zvinogona kuva zvinowedzera.

Vechiduku uye Zvinonyadzisira: Ongororo yeC20 Makore Okutsvakurudza (2016) - Mutsara:

Chinangwa chekuongororwa uku ndechekugadzirisa tsvakurudzo yepamusoro yakabudiswa mukati nyanzvi dzemagazini dzeChirungu dzinoverengeka pakati peC1995 ne2015 pane kuwanda, vafungidziri, uye zvinorehwa nekushandisa kwevachiri kuyaruka nezvekuona zvinonyadzisira. Tsvagiridzo iyi yakaratidza kuti vayaruka vanoshandisa zvinonyadzisira, asi huwandu hwehuwandu hwekuwanda hwakasiyana zvakanyanya. Vechidiki avo vaishandisa zvinonyadzisira kazhinji kazhinji vaive vanhurume, panzvimbo yakanyanyisa kufambira nzvimbo, vanotsvagira pfungwa, uye vaine hukama husina simba kana hwemhuri. Kuita zvinonyadzisira kwaisanganiswa nehumwe hunobvumidza bonde uye hunhu hwakave hwakabatana nezvakasimba zvechikadzi- stereotypical zvepabonde zvitendero. Zvaiita sezvo zvakabatana nezvakaitika zvepabonde, ruzivo rwakawanda nekuita zvepabonde zvisiri zvepabonde, uye humwe hupombwe hwezvepabonde, zvose maererano nekutadza uye kushungurudzwa.

Kufanotaura kuwedzera kwehupombwe muhutano (2017) - Mutsara:

Mushure mekugadzirisa kune izvo zvinogona kuve nehunhu hunhu, kuratidzwa kwepamberi pekushungurudzwa kwevabereki nekuwonekera kwezvinonyadzisira zvemazuva ano zvese zvakabatana zvine simba nekubuda kweSV kufambiswa-kuyedza kubatwa chibharo kunze kweiyo zvinonyadzisira inoratidza chisimba. Maitiro echisimba iyezvino akaomedzeredzwa zvakanyanya mumhando dzese dzekutanga SV kuputika kunze kwekubatwa chibharo. Kutambudzwa kwepamberi kwekushungurudzwa pabonde nekushungurudzwa kwepfungwa muukama kwaive kuwedzera kufungidzira kweumwe SV yekutanga, kunyangwe mune maitiro akasiyana.

Mune ino nyika yekudzidza kwenguva refu yemhando dzakasiyana dzeSV kushambadzira pakati pevanhurume nevanhukadzi vachiri kuyaruka, zvakawanikwa zvinongedza zvinoverengeka zvikonzero zvinoda kuverengerwa, kunyanya zvinyorwa zvechisimba-zviri mumunhu zvinoteedzerwa nevabereki vanoshungurudza mudzimba dzevechidiki uye zvinosimbiswazve nemhombwe.

Zvinokonzeresa Zvepabonde Midhiya Kuratidzirwa pane Vachiri Kuyaruka uye Vanobuda Vakwegura 'Kudanana uye Mhirizhonga Yezvepabonde Maitiro uye Maitiro: Kuongorora Kwakakosha kweMabhuku. (2017) - Abstract:

Kufambidzana zvechisimba (DV) uye mhirizhonga yebonde (SV) matambudziko akapararira pakati pevachiri kuyaruka uye vakuru vari kubuda. Mumuviri uri kukura wemabhuku unoratidza kuti kuratidzira nezvekuburitsa midhiya zvinonyadzisira (SEM) uye zvepamhepo chisimba media (SVM) zvinogona kuve nenjodzi dzeDV uye SV. Chinangwa chechinyorwa ichi ndechekupa yakarongedzeka uye yakazara mabhuku eongororo yemhedzisiro yekuratidzwa kweSEM uye SVM paDV neSV maitiro uye maitiro. Ongororo yakakwana makumi mana neshanu inoshandisa svomhu dzechidiki uye dzinobuda samples dzakaongororwa, uye pamwe chete zvakawanikwa zvinoratidza kuti:

(1) kuratidzwa kweSEM uye SVM kwakanyatsoenderana neDV uye SV ngano uye kwakawanda kugamuchira maitiro kune DV uye SV;

(2) kuratidzwa kweSEM uye SVM kwakanyatsoenderana nezve chaiyo uye inotarisirwa DV uye SV kushungurudzwa, kuparara, uye nekumirira nonintervention;

(3) SEM uye SVM zvinonyanya kukanganisa maDV evarume uye maSV maitiro nehunhu kupfuura vakadzi veDV uye SV maitiro nemaitiro; uye

(4) preexisting mafungiro ane hukama neDV uye SV uye zvido zvemidhiya zvine mwero hukama pakati peSEM neSVM kuratidzwa uye DV neSV maitiro uye maitiro.

Isu tinopedzisa neimwe posvo kubva kune huru sexology inonyora kukurukurirana kwehupombwe uye zvepabonde mhosva / utsinye Sezvauri kuona, munyori pro-porn (uye PhD bonde muongorori):

Ndinofunga kuti mhedziso yakawanda yandakaita inomiririra kushungurudza zvepabonde pamwe chete nemimwe mhando dzakasiyana. Panguva ino, kuwedzera kune a) data yekubatana inoratidzira kuratidzwa kwakanyanya kune zvinonyadzisira zvakabatana nemhando dzose dzehupombwe uye hunhu hwekutsamwa uye hunhu, isu zvakare tine:

b) data rekuyedza rinoratidza kuti kuona zvinonyadzisira kunowedzera hukasha hwevanyengeri murabhu (zvinhu zvakaita semuviri, zvinhu, kana kushungurudzika kwepfungwa senge manejimendi emagetsi) (33 zvidzidzo meta-zvakaongororwa muAllen, D'Alessio, & Brezgel, 1995);

c) data rekuyedza rinoratidza kuratidzwa kwe porn rinowedzera maitiro anotsigira mhirizhonga pabonde (kugamuchirwa kwemhirizhonga, kubata chibharo kugamuchirwa, uye kushungurudzwa pabonde) (16 zvidzidzo meta zvakaongororwa muEmers, Gebhardt, & Giery, 1995);

d) longitudinal humbowo hwekuti kutarisa zvimwe zvinonyadzisira paNguva 1 zvakabatana nezviito zveicho chaihwo hupenyu hwehukama hwepabonde paNguva 2 (5 zvidzidzo meta-zvakaongororwa muWright, Tokunaga, & Kraus, 2015), kunyangwe mushure mekudzora kwakawanda kunogona kukanganisa zvinhu, kusanganisira kushungurudzwa pabonde, kushandisa zvinodhaka, nezvimwe.

Mukuona kweuchapupu uhwu hwose, zvakaoma chaizvo uye hazvina musoro, mumaonero angu, kutaura kuti hupenyu chaihwo-humwe hukama huripo pakati pehupenzi nehutsinye hunenge husiri hwechokwadi uye husina zvachose huripo. Ehe, dofo rekusahadzika rinofanira kuramba riripo, uye zvirinani uyezve nekutsvagisa zvidzidzo kunofanira kuramba kuchiitwa, asi izvozvi, kana ndikamanikidzwa kubheja, ndaizofanira kutaura kuti ndaizoisa mari yangu ipapo ipapo KUTI NDIMWE mhedzisiro yakaipa ye porn pamhirizhonga yebonde, nemhedzisiro iyi inogona kunge iri) diki, b) yakaganhurwa kune rakakura boka rine njodzi revanhu, uye c) zvakanyanya kutaurwa kune mamwe marudzi ezvinyadzo (zvechisimba) kupfuura vamwe (zvisingaite asi zvakajairika) mainline porn) uye asipo kune mamwe marudzi ezvinonyadzisira (feminist, Queer).

Ehe, chero kuedza kana kureba data yakakwana yekusarudza causality mune chairo nyika, asi isu tese tinoratidzika kubvuma kuti vanoreva nesimba causality kana zvasvika kune dzimwe nzvimbo dzekutsvaga kwepfungwa. Iwo ndiwo edu ndarama zviyero zvekugadzira causality yemarudzi ese ezvibodzwa maitiro. Sei isu tichifunganya kudaro kana zvasvika kune ino imwe nzvimbo yekutsvaga? Nekuti hazvienderane nezvido zvedu zve porn hazvigone kuve nemhedzisiro? Ndine urombo, asi ini ndinoda porn zvakawanda sewese imi (Ini ndinoita chaizvo), asi handikwanisi kururamisa kubata porn kune yakakwirira mienzaniso yehufakazi nekuti ini handifarire zvawanikwa. Izvi ndizvo zvandaireva pandakataura kuti kuramba kana kufuratira izvi zviwanikwa zvinotiita sevasingaone uye pfungwa pamusoro pazvo sevanorwisa zvinonyadzisira ...

… .. Handina kureva kutienzanisa nesu neanopinga-porn pamashandisiro atinoita zviwanikwa uye zvazvinoreva kupindira chaiko-kwenyika kwatinobva kwavari. Zvandaitaura ndezvekuti sevanoita ivo. tinoita sekunge tiri kushandisa mamwe makobvu akasimbisa kusimbisa maases kuti tingoona zvatiri kuda kuona. asi nekutendera kusarangarira humboo hunoramba huchikwira, isu tiri kukanganisa kuvimba kwedu sevanotsvaga chokwadi, uye isu tiri kudzikisira maitiro edu chinzvimbo kuti kurambidza zvinonyadzisira haisi iyo mhinduro inogona kuva nekuita chaiyo-yenyika shanduko.

Nekutora chinzvimbo chakanyanyisa ("hapana rudzi rwekuona zvinonyadzisira rwunoita chero hutsinye hwepabonde") husina kutsigirwa neuchapupu, isu tiri kuzviita vasina kukosha uye nekudzikiswa zviri nyore sekutungamirwa kwepfungwa kunge ma crazies anotora zvimwe zvakanyanyisa chinzvimbo ("zvese zvinonyadzisira zvinowedzera hutsinye pabonde munhu wese anozviona").

Zvekare, usanditore zvisiri izvo: Ini ndinoda porn, ndinoiona nguva dzose, uye ndine zero zero yekurambidza.

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