Mafungidziro Ekufungidzira pane Zvinonyadzisira Matambudziko Nekuda Kwekusazvibata Nemaitiro eAddictive kana Okumanikidza Kushandisa Zvinonyadzisira: Ndeaya ma "Mamiriro" maviri sePfungwa Dzakasiyana Sezvakataurwa? (Kuongorora kweGrubbs tsika incongruence modhi)

Archives of Sexual Behavior

, Bhuku 48, Chinyorwa 2, pp 417-423 |

https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007%2Fs10508-018-1293-5

Matthias Brand, Stephanie Antons, Elisa Wegmann, Marc N. Potenza

ziviso

The Target Article neGrubbs, Perry, Wilt, uye Reid (2018) inotaura hurukuro inokosha uye yakakodzera panguva ine chokuita nezvinetso izvo vanhu vangave vachinzwa zvine chokuita nekuona zvinonyadzisira kushandisa. Grubbs et al. vanopokana kuti kune vanhu vanozviti vanozviona sevari kupindwa muropa nekuona zvinonyadzisira vasingaiti zvakajeka kushandiswa kushandiswa. Grubbs et al. inoratidza muenzaniso wezvinetso zvekuona zvinonyadzisira nekuda kwetsika dzisina kukodzera (PPMI) iyo "inogona kubatsira mukududzira zvinonyadzisira kusagadzikana mabhuku, nekutarisa zvakananga pamusoro pokuti tsika dzomunhu dzisina kukodzera-zvakanyanya, ruzivo rwekuita zvinhu zvinopesana nemitemo yepamusoro-tsika inogona kutungamirira kune zvinetso zvavanozviona zvichibva pakuona zvinonyadzisira. "

Iyo modhi paPPMI yakakodzera kufunga nezvayo. Iyo nhamba inopfupisa iyo modhi (ona Fig. 1 muGrubbs et al., 2018) inosanganisira "kushushikana" seyakanyanya kutenderera kusiyanisa, kusiyanisa nhanho nhatu dzakasiyana: kusanzwisisika / kushushikana kwepfungwa, kusangana kwevanhu / hukama hwehukama, uye kushushikana kwechitendero / kwemweya. Maitiro akataurwa anokonzera kushushikana anosanganisira nzira mbiri huru: Nzira 1, iyo inonzi "matambudziko ekuona zvinonyadzisira nekuda kwekukanganisa" uye Pathway 2, iyo inonzi "matambudziko ekuona zvinonyadzisira nekuda kwekusagadzikana kwetsika." Grubbs et al. taura kuti Pathway 1, iyo inoratidza nzira dzekuvandudza uye kugadzirisa kwekupindwa muropa kwekushandisa zvinonyadzisira, handiyo inonyanya kukoshesa modhi yakaunzwa uye, pachinzvimbo, vanoifananidza nedzimwe mhando (semuenzaniso, iyo I-PACE modhi) (Brand , Mudiki, Laier, Wölfling, & Potenza, 2016b). Kunyange zvakadaro, Grubbs et al. vakasarudza kuisa iyi Pathway 1 mumuenzaniso wavo, uye nzira iyi ine zvikamu zvakawanda zvekudhakwa kana kushandiswa kushandiswa kwezvinonyadzisira. Zvimwe zvikamu zvemugwagwa uyu zvakabatana nemichina yePPMI, somuenzaniso, zvose "kuderedza" uye "tsika incongruence" zvinofanirwa kuita "zvakananga zvinonzwisisika nezvinetso zvine chokuita nekuona zvinonyadzisira," zvino zvinokonzera kutambudzika.

Tinopikisa kuti nzira iyi-yekuisa nzira yekushandiswa kusina kushandiswa nekubatanidza nzira iyi nePPM-nzira isingatarisirwi neGrubbs et al. (2018). Kubva pamaonero edu, zvingave zviri nani kujekesa mberi pamusoro pekubatana kwepakati pezvikamu zveizvi mbiri dzinogona kuita uye kunyatsofungisisa deta, kunyanya maererano nezvimwe zvinhu zvisiri kunyatsoongororwa munyaya yacho, maererano, semuenzaniso, zvinokurudzira kuzvidzivirira uye kukanganisa kwokuzvidzora mumamiriro ezvinhu akadaro. Uyezve, Grubbs et al. kunogona kuisa mufananidzo mukati mekuda kwemaitiro ezvino ekuona zvinonyadzisira kuona uye zvimwe zvinokanganisa maitiro mukati mechitendero.

Mhinduro paPathway 1 yeMuenzaniso: Kusarudzwa Zvinonyadzisira Shandisa

Nzira yekutanga mumuenzaniso ndiyo muenzaniso wakajeka wematongerwo anoitwa mukugadzirwa nekugadzirisa izvo Grubbs et al. rinotsanangura sekumanikidzika kana kusaderedza zvinonyadzisira zvinoshandiswa. Iyi nzira, muhupenyu hwayo chaihwo, inosanganisira zvishoma zvishoma mienzaniso yekusiyana (semuenzaniso, kusagadzikana, kutsvaga kwekunzwa, kugadzirisa matambudziko), sezvikonzero zvinotungamirira kune zvinonyadzisira zvinoshandiswa nekuteererwa. Nhamba yacho inoratidza kuti maitiro asina kukonzerwa anotungamirira kunetseka, zvose zvakananga uye zvisina kukodzera, pamusoro pematambudziko anokonzera zvinonyadzisira anozviona. Zvisinei, zvinhu zvinokosha zvinosanganiswa nekuderedzwa kwezvinonyadzisira zvinoshandiswa zvinongotaurwa zvisinganzwisisiki uye zvakanyanya naGrubbs et al. (2018). Kunyange zvazvo nzira iyi isiri iyo inofanirwa nemuenzaniso, ingadai yakabatsirwa nekuwedzera mamwe mashoko pamusoro pekusimudzira kushandiswa kushandiswa kwezvinonyadzisira kuitira kuti zviri nani kusiyanisa (kana kuti kubatanidza) nzira mbiri.

Ongororo dzinoverengeka dzakatosimbisa kuti kune zvimwe zvehunhu hunhu hunogona kusimudzira kuvandudza kwekupindwa muropa kana kunyadziswa kushandisa zvinonyadzisira. Mienzaniso yakakosha inosanganisira kunakidzwa pabonde uye kurudziro (Laier & Brand, 2014; Lu, Ma, Lee, Hou, & Liao, 2014; Stark et al., 2017), Zvemagariro kuziva (Whang, Lee, & Chang, 2003; Yoder, Virden, & Amin, 2005), uye psychopathology (Kor et al., 2014; Schiebener, Laier, & Brand, 2015; Whang et al., 2003). Aya hunhu haugone kuve neakanangana nekuratidzira kwakasimba kwekupindwa muropa nekuona zvinonyadzisira kushandisa, asi mhedzisiro inoongororwa uye / kana kupindirana nehunhu uye nekuziva kugadzirisa kune zvekunze kana zvemukati zvinokonzeresa uye manejimendi (inhibitory kudzora) mabasa zvichikonzera sarudzo yekushandisa zvinonyadzisira ( Allen, Kannis-Dymand, & Katsikitis, 2017; Antons & Brand, 2018; Brand et al., 2016b; Schiebener et al., 2015; Snagowski & Brand, 2015). Pakati pekupindwa muropa nekuona zvinonyadzisira zvinoshandiswa cue-reactivity uye kuda mhinduro (semuenzaniso, Antons & Brand, 2018; Brand, Snagowski, Laier, & Maderwald, 2016a; Gola et al., 2017; Kraus, Meshberg-Cohen, Martino, Quinones, & Potenza, 2015; Laier, Pawlikowski, Pekal, Schulte, & Brand, 2013; Snagowski, Wegmann, Pekal, Laier, & Brand, 2015; Weinstein, Zolek, Babkin, Cohen, & Lejoyeux, 2015). Zvave zvichirangarirwa kuti kugutsikana kunoitika apo kushandisa zvinonyadzisira kunowedzera-nekuda kwekugadzirisa zvirongwa (Banca et al., 2016; Klucken, Wehrum-Osinsky, Schweckendiek, Kruse, & Stark, 2016; Snagowski, Laier, Duka, & Brand, 2016) -Chirevo chinotaurwa pamusoro pezvinonyadzisira-zvakasangana, zvinotungamirira mukuramba uchishandisa zvinonyadzisira (cf. Brand et al., 2016b). Ongororo dzakapfuura dzinoratidza kuti hutachiona hwemakomborero ehupfungwa, kunyanya avo avo kusanganisira ventral striatum, hunobatanidza nekuwedzera kwekuchiva uye zvimwe zviratidzo zvekunyadzisira kunoshandisa (Brand et al., 2016a; Gola, Wordecha, Marchewka, & Sescousse, 2016; Gola et al., 2017).

Mumuenzaniso wavo, Grubbs et al. (2018) inogona kuwedzera pfungwa inozivikanwa yechinhumba pasi peshoko rokuti dysregulation. Zvisinei, kuda kunowedzera kudarika kushungurudzika kwepfungwa, sezvo kunomirira manzwiro, zvinokurudzira, uye zvepanyama zvinopindurwa kune zvinokonzerwa nemishonga inokonzerwa nemishonga (Carter et al., 2009; Carter & Tiffany, 1999; Tiffany, Carter, & Singleton, 2000) zvichikonzera nzira mbiri uye dzekudzivirira (Breiner, Stritzke, & Lang, 1999; Robinson & Berridge, 2000). Kukosha kwekudzidza maitiro ekuda maererano neakawanikwa anoratidzwa neCyber ​​Zvinonyadzisira Shandisa Inventory-9 (CPUI-9) (Grubbs, Volk, Exline, & Pargament, 2015b) yakave yakacherechedzwa, kunyanya sekutsvaga zvine chekuita nekumanikidza kushandiswa kwezvinonyadzisira (sekushandisirwa ne "kunoonekwa kumanikidzwa" chikamu cheiyo CPUI-9) inoita kunge inoteerera kune ese ari maviri kukurudzira kwekurega kuona zvinonyadzisira uye kuwanda kwekushandisa kana uchiedza kurega (Fernandez, Tee, & Fernandez, 2017).

Chikamu che "kuzvidzora kuzvidzora" mumuenzaniso naGrubbs et al. (2018) zvinogona kunge zvinosanganisira kana zvinoreva kuderedzwa kushanda kwepamusoro nekudzivirira kudzivisa, se inhibitor yekuchiva mhinduro (Bechara, 2005), izvo zvinowedzera zvakare kudzikisira kudzora pamusoro pekushandisa zvinonyadzisira. Kusagadzikana kwemaitiro ekudzora, senge masimba ekushanda, kana uchinge uchinge uchinge uchinge uchinge uchinge uchinge uchinge uchinge uchinge uchinge uchinge uchinge uchinge uchinge uchinge uchinge uchinge uchinge uchinge uchinge uchinge uchinge uchinge uchinge uchinge uchinge uchinge uchinge uchinge uchinge uchinge uchinge uchinge uchinge uchinge uchinge uchinge uchinge 2014; Laier, Pawlikowski, & Brand, 2014a; Laier, Pekal, & Brand, 2014b). Kuparadzana kwekuona zvinonyadzisira kunogona kuitika kubva pakuita kuti munhu ave nehanya nekuona zvinonyadzisira nekuda uye pamwe nekudzikisa nzira dzakagadziriswa dzichikurudzirwa nemunhu zvakadai sekukurudzira zvepabonde, kusurukirwa, psychopathology (Brand et al., 2016b; Stark et al., 2017), Uye kusagadzikana (Antons & Brand, 2018; Romer Thomsen et al., 2018; Wéry, Deleuze, Kanale, & Billieux, 2018). Mumuenzaniso waGrubbs et al., Masangano akaoma aya anogumira kune chimwe chimiro chinonyatsopfupisa zvimwe zvezvinhu izvi. Zvisinei, kuratidza kuoma kwePathway 1 kunogona kubatsira mukusiyanisa zvakajeka pakati pehutano hwehutano hwehutano hwehupombwe muhuwandu, zvisinei nokuti zvingangodaro nemhaka yehutsika hutsika uye / kana kupindwa muropa kana kusashandiswa kushandiswa.

Mhinduro pamusoro pePathway 2 yeMuenzaniso: Zvinetso Zvakaitika Pamwe Nezvokuona Zvinonyadzisira Shandisa Maitiro Ezvakaipa

Kubva pane zvidzidzo zvekare, Grubbs et al. (2018) inoratidzira kubatana kwezvirevo zvakasiyana-siyana izvo zvakanyatsobatanidzwa nePPMI. Kunyange zvazvo zvitsva izvi zvichibva pane tsvakurudzo yakabudiswa kare, vanotambura nemafungiro pamusoro pe "kuonekwa kunokanganisa" uye zvingangodaro zvichiita kukanganisa kwenhema zvichienderana nekugadzirwa uye chiyero chinoshandiswa, pamwe nekuve nechechi chidiki chezvidzidzo zvishoma inoitwa kusvikira panguva ino.

Grubbs et al. (2018) vanopikisa kuti chinamato ndicho chekutanga fungidziro yezvangu-zvinoonekwa nezvinetso zvine chekuita nekuona zvinonyadzisira nemanzwiro ekutambudzika muPathway 2. Kutonga kubva kumiseve, Grubbs et al. zvinoita kunge zvinoratidzira (zvirinani kukwana) mhedzisiro kubva kunamato kusvika kuzvinetso zvinonzwisisika. Mukuwedzera, Grubbs et al. yaisanganisira museve kubva pakunamata pamusoro petsika kusagutsikana kwekuona zvinonyadzisira uye kunyanyisa kushandisa zvinonyadzisira kuita hunhu husina kunaka uyezve kuzvionera wega-zvine chekuita nezvinetso zvine chekuita nezvehupombwe uye manzwiro ekutambudzika (ona Fig. 1 muGrubbs et al., 2018). Izvi zvinoratidzika kuratidzira kuratidzira kwakasununguka kubva mune zvechitendero kune zvinonzwisisika zvinetso zvepabonde zvinonyadzisira-uye manzwiro ekutambudzika uye vatiririri vangave vane tsika dzisingabvumirwi, zvinonyadzisira zvinoshandiswa, uye tsika dzisina tsika. Muchiitiko ichi, zvingava zvinofadza kuona kuti zvimwe zvipi zvingaita kuti uite zvinonyadzisira kubva pakunamata uye tsika dzekunamata kuderedza kushandiswa kwayo. Mune mamwe mazwi: Sei vanhu vane tsika dzakanaka dzinoshandisa zvinonyadzisira, kunyange zvazvo kushandisa kunoputsa tsika dzavo?

Imwe tsanangudzo inofanirwa kutaurwa ndeyokuti zvidzidzo zvakabatanidzwa mune meta-analysis yakaongororwa zvikuru maKristu echikadzi. Semuenzaniso, mukudzidza kweGrubbs, Exline, Pargament, Hook, uye Carlisle (2015a), 59% yevatori vechikamu vaiva vaKristu (36% Protestant kana vaKristu veEvangelical, 23% VaKaturike), vachisimudza mubvunzo kana muenzaniso wacho wakanyanyogadzirirwa kune rimwe boka revanhu vezvitendero. Uyezve, chikamu chimwechete chetatu (32%) chevatori vechikamu muzaniso iyi vakanga vasingatendi mune zvechitendero kusanganisira vasingatendi uye agnostics. Izvi zvinomutsa mibvunzo pamusoro pokuti nzira yePathway 2 yemuenzaniso wePPMI inogona kuva yakakodzera kune vanhu vasiri vechitendero apo chitendero ndicho chekutanga kutarisa. Kune humwe huripo huripo huripo pakati pevanhu 'hunhu uye unhu hunove hunobatanidzwa mukushungurudzika kwakabatana nekuona zvinonyadzisa kushandisa izvo zvingave zvine chokuita nekuona zvinonyadzisira. Semuenzaniso, kune vanhu vane zvisiri izvo zvekusangana pabonde (kunyanya 10% yevatori vechikamu muGrubbs et al., 2015a), panogona kuve nekupokana pakati pechitendero chemunhu uye zvebonde / zvido (izvo zvinogona kutyora zvitendero), uye makakatanwa akadaro anogona kukanganisa manzwiro ekushushikana ane chekuita nekushandisa kweizvozvo zvinonyadzisira (semuenzaniso, zvisiri-zvevakadzi). Kukurukurirana kwakadaro kunogona kukoshesa kufunga kana uchiongorora zvinoitika zvekunamata paPPMI. Saizvozvowo, neazvino zvinonyadzisira zvinowanzo kuratidza mhirizhonga kuvakadzi uye kuve nemitambo inozivikanwa yekubata chibharo uye makunakuna (Bridges, Wosnitzer, Scharrer, Sun, & Liberman, 2010; O'Neil, 2018), inofanirwa kunge yakagadziriswa here kana ichiongorora tsika dzisina tsika? Zvinosuruvarisa, izvo zvinokurudzira uye zvinonyadzisira-zvakagadzikana-zvakabatana zvinhu hazvibatanidzi zvakajeka mumugwagwa / muenzaniso. Isu tinopikisa kuti zvinhu zvinoita kuti zvinonyadzisira zvishandise pasinei nekusazvibata nemitemo uye / kana tsika dzechitendero zvingangodaro zvakaoma uye zvisina kufanana pane zvataurwa.

Zvimwe zvikonzero zvinoratidza kubvunzurudza zvinogona kusanganisira mamiriro ezvehupfumi nezvimwe zvinhu. Mienzaniso yezvinhu zvekubudisa nhau-izvozvi, zvakare zvakapfupikiswa naGrubbs et al. (2018), vanogona kuwana, kusingazivikanwi, uye kuwanika (injini inonzi katatu) sezvakataurwa naBooper (1998), uye kuona kuti zvinonyadzisira zvepaIndaneti zvinopa mukana wokutiza kubva kuchokwadi, sezvinotaurwa muACE-model by Young (2008). Zvimwe zvinotungamirira kune zvinonyadzisira zvinoshandiswa, kunyange zvazvo kushandiswa kuri kukanganisa tsika dzomunhu, zvinogonawo kurara mumunhu oga, zvakadai seshumo yekuita zvepabonde (Stark et al., 2017). Zvakaitika kare zvakaitika kune zvinonyadzisira zvinoshandisa (semuenzaniso, kugutsikana nekugutsikana uye kugutsikana kwepabonde) (cf. Brand et al., 2016b), zvinogona zvakare kuwedzera mukana wekushandisa zvinonyadzisira (uchienderera mberi), uchipiwa kuti hunhu hwepabonde hunosimbisa (cf. Georgiadis & Kringelbach, 2012).

Pfungwa yedu huru ndeyekuti humwe hukama huri pakati pemigwagwa miviri hunofungisisa. Izvi zvinonyanya kukosha kubvira Grubbs et al. (2018) vanopikisa kuti vari kutarisira kupa "kududzira zvinonyadzisira zvinodhaka mabhuku." Mukuwedzera, Grubbs et al. chiitiko chekuti: "Zvimwe zviri nyore, sezvatinoongorora zviri pasi apa, kunyanya kunetseka (sezvakambofungidzirwa mumabhuku epakutanga) kazhinji inogona kushanda semuperekedzi kwemaonero akawanda ezvinonyadzisira anoshandisa sechinetso nekuda kwemanzwiro ezvetsika zvisiri izvo."

Tinobvumirana ne "kuonekwa kunodhaka" kwete nguva yakakodzera uye inogona kunge yakaoma zvikuru. Kushandiswa kweCPUI-9 chikwata chakanaka kuti chirondedzere "kuonekwa kunokanganisa" hakuratiki kwakakodzera kupa kuti zvikamu zvitatu zvisingabvumirwe kuongorora zvakasiyana-siyana zvinodhaka. Somuenzaniso, kushuva hazvikwanisi kutaridzirwa (ona pamusoro), kusagadzikana hakusi kunotsanangurwa nehuwandu / huwandu hwezviyero (izvi zvinogona kusiyanisa zvakanyanya mukusagadzikana kwezvinhu-kushandisa; onawo kukurukurirana kwehuwandu / huwandu hwezviyero zvakafanana nehuwandu hweCUPUI-9 zvikoro muFernandez et al., 2017), uye zvimwe zvakawanda zvinokonzerwa nekudhakwa hazvifungidzirwe zvakakwana (semuenzaniso, kupindira muhukama, basa, chikoro). Mazhinji emibvunzo yeCCUI-9, yakadai seye yakabatana nekushungurudzika kwepfungwa uye yakabva pamiganho yakabatana nemafungiro / maitiro echitendero, haibatanisi zvakanaka pamwe chete nemamwe maviri akanyanyobatana CPUI-9 anotengesa maererano nekumanikidzwa uye kuwanikwa (Grubbs et al. , 2015a). Nokuda kwechikonzero ichi, vamwe vatsvakurudzi (semuenzaniso, Fernandez et al., 2017) vakati, "zvatinowana zvinokonzera kusava nechokwadi kwehutano hwekushungurudzika kweEmotional Distress subscale sechikamu che CPUI-9," kunyanya sezvo iri Emotional Distress chikamu icho nguva dzose hachiratidze ukama hwehuwandu hwezvinonyadzisira zvinoshandiswa. Uyezve, kuiswa kwezvinhu izvi muchiyero chinorondedzera "kunonoka kunodhaka" kunogona kusvitsa kutsvaga kuderedza mupiro kubva pakuonekwa kusagadziriswa kushandiswa uye kupfurikidza mupiro wekuonekwa kwakanaka kwetsika (Grubbs et al., 2015a). Kunyange zvazvo izvi zvinyorwa zvinogona kupa rubatsiro rwekuparadzaniswa kwezvinhu izvi kubva kune vamwe vari muchiyero (zvingangodaro mukutsigira chinangwa chinorongedzwa), zvinhu zvinongotarisa chete pakunzwa kurwara, kunyadziswa, kana kuora mwoyo patinoona zvinonyadzisira. Aya manzwiro asina kunaka anongori kungoita zvisingabatsiri zvinokonzerwa neInternet-zvinonyadzisira zvinoshandiswa, uye izvo zvinonzwisiswa zvakabatana kune zvimwe zvikamu zvezvimwe zvitendero zvezvitendero. Kuti urege kudzivisa kushandiswa kwemishonga uye PPMI, zvakakosha kuongorora kwete chete rutivi rwePPMI, asiwo kukwanisa kuwirirana pakati penzira dzekudhakwa kana kusashandiswa kushandiswa uye avo vanozvipira kuPPMI kuitira kuti vanzwisise zviri nani mamiriro maviri aya uye kana vari, zvechokwadi, akaparadzaniswa. Grubbs et al. (2018) kurwisana (mune chikamu: "Zvakadini nenzira yechitatu?") kuti pangava neimwe nzira yezvinetso zvine chokuita nekuona zvinonyadzisira, izvo zvingangodaro kusanganiswa kwe "chinangwa chekuregeredza" uye PPMI panguva imwe chete. Isu tinopikisa kuti kusanganiswa kwezvikamu zvose zviri zviviri zvingasava chechitatu, asi zvichida nzira inotarisana ne "zvose" zvinetso zvekuona zvinonyadzisira zvinoshandisa. Mune mamwe mazwi, tinofunga kuti dzimwe nzira dzehutano hwehutano uye zvinhu zvinokurudzira zvingashanda paPMMI uye "kushandiswa kushandiswa." Izvi zvinogona kunge zviripo kunyange kana nguva yakashandiswa kuona zvinonyadzisira zvingasiyana nekuremekedza kuunza dambudziko kana kuora mwoyo muPPMI uye " kushandiswa kushandiswa kushandiswa. "Mu" zvose zviri zviviri, "zvinonyadzisira zvinoshandiswa kupfuura zvinotarisirwa, izvo zvingaguma nemigumisiro yakaipa uye kushushikana, uye zvinonyadzisa zvinoshandiswa zvinopfuurira pasinei nemigumisiro yakaipa. Nzira dzepfungwa dzinoenderana nekushandiswa kwakadaro dzinogona kufanana, uye idzi dzinofanira kuongororwa zvakadzama.

Mhinduro pamusoro peZvingangodaro Connections Pakati Pezviviri Pathways Panzvimbo Yekuratidza Nzira yechitatu

Mibvunzo yakawanda inokosha inoramba iripo: Chii chinonzi PPMI maererano nehutano hwepfungwa? Vanhu vanorondedzera PPMI vane manzwiro ekuderedzwa kuderedzwa pamusoro pekushandisa kwavo (maduku kana pakati) zvekuona zvinonyadzisira? Vanonzwa here kuti zvakaoma kudzivisa kushandisa zvinonyadzisira? Vanoona kukakavara pakati pekukurudzira kwekushandisa zvinonyadzisira kune rumwe rutivi uye panguva imwechete kunzwa kuti zvinonyadzisira zvinoshandiswa zvinorambidzwa nekuda kwemitemo yetsika kune rumwe rutivi here? Zvakakosha kunzwisisa zviri nani chido chechido uye chinokurudzira kushandisa zvinonyadzisira (Brand et al., 2011; Muvezi, Janssen, Graham, Vorst, & Wicherts, 2010; Stark et al., 2015, 2017) mune vanhu vane PPMI. Kuda uye kukurudzira kwekuona zvinonyadzisira kunoshandisa, simba rekuita uye kugadzirisa maitiro kana uchishandisa zvinonyadzisira-semuenzaniso, maererano nekukurudzira salience dzidziso uye mbiri maitiro ehurongwa hwekupindwa muropa (Everitt & Robbins, 2016; Robinson & Berridge, 2000) -Uye zvichidaro matambudziko ane ruzivo ekudzora mashandisiro, anogona kufanana kune vanhu vane PPMI uye mune avo vane dysregulated / muropa kushandiswa. Muchirevo chechinyorwa chino, chinyorwa chakakosha kushuva (ona pamusoro). Ko vanhu vanotaura nezvePPMI vanoziva kushuva uye kuda kushandisa zvinonyadzisira muhupenyu hwavo hwezuva nezuva? Vari kubatikana nekushandisa zvinonyadzisira here? Vanowanzo funga nezve kushandisa zvinonyadzisira kana nezve kana ivo vanoputsa hunhu hwavo pavanoshandisa zvinonyadzisira? Vane zvakashata manzwiro kana vasina mukana wekushandisa zvinonyadzisira? Iyi mibvunzo inofanirwa kugadziriswa muzvidzidzo zvenguva yemberi paPPMI kuitira kuti unzwisise zvirinani etiology yechiitiko ichi. Pamusoro pezvo, nhaurwa inonakidza yekusiyanisa pakati pePPMI uye kupindwa muropa nekushandisa zvinonyadzisira zvaizove zvinotarisirwa-zvine chekuita nekushandisa, sezvakaratidzwa kune mamwe marudzi eInternet -kushandisa kusagadzikana, hunhu hwekupindwa muropa, uye kusagadzikana-kwekushandisa zvinodhaka (Borges, Lejuez, & Felton, 2018; Taymur et al., 2016; Wegmann, Oberst, Stodt, & Brand, 2017; Xu, Turel, & Yuan, 2012). Ko vanhu vanofungidzirwa kuti PPMI vanoshandisa zvinonyadzisira kuitira kuti vadzivise kusagadzikana kana kurarama nekushushikana kwezuva nezuva? Vanotarisira kugutsikana kwakasimba (Cooper, Delmonico, Griffin-Shelley, & Mathy, 2004) izvo zvisingakwanisike neimwe chiitiko? Pane here chaiwo mamiriro ezvinhu mavanonzwa vasingakwanise kudzora kwavo kushandisa zvinonyadzisira (Kraus, Rosenberg, Martino, Nich, & Potenza, 2017) kunyange kana kutyora mitemo?

Izvo zvinogona kuwirirana pakati pemigwagwa miviri zvingava zvinofadza uye zvinogona kukurudzira kutsvakurudza mune ramangwana. Vatsvakurudzi vangaita kuti vasafadze zviitiko zvinoratidzira vamwe vanhu vanozviona sevanodhakwa nekuona zvinonyadzisira kana kuti vane PPMI, maererano, pasinei nekukanganisika kwekuona zvinonyadzisira-shandisa huwandu kana huwandu.

Zvichibatanidza pakati pemigwagwa miviri zvinogona kuva:

  • Kurwisana pakati pekuchiva uye tsika dzepamusoro paunenge uchitarisana nezvinonyadzisira-zvine chokuita nehutano

  • Kupesana pakati pekukosha-mazano ekudzivirira-kutonga matanho uye kuda

  • Kurwisana pakati pemafungiro ekushandisa zvinonyadzisira uye tsika

  • Kurwisana pakati pekutarisana nemafungiro uye kukosha-maitiro inhibitory-control processes

  • Kupesana pakati pekuita sarudzo nekuremekedza mhedziso yenguva pfupi (kugutsikana nekuda kwekuona zvinonyadzisira) uye kwenguva yakareba migumisiro tichifunga tsika dzakanaka

  • Manzwiro ekunyadziswa uye kuregererwa mushure mokushandisa zvinonyadzisira, izvo zvingaguma nemafungiro asina kunaka uye zvinogona kuwedzera mukana wekushandisa zvinonyadzisira zvekare kuitira kuti utsungirire mafungiro anotaura uye manzwiro ekutambudzika

Tinopikisa kuti zvakakosha kufunga nezvekubatana kwezvinhu zvinogona kuitika kune zvingazobatanidzwa mune ramangwana mienzaniso yakazara yakawanda yezvinetso zvinonyadzisira zvinoshandiswa. Izvi zvinogonawo kubatsira kubvisa mararamiro akajeka uye akajairika mune zvakasarudzirwa. Kutsvakurudza kwemazuva anotevera kunogona kubatsiro kubva mune imwe pfungwa yekushandura pane kutsvaga mitsara miviri yakafanana yekutsvakurudza inoratidzira orthogonality yemhando dzakasiyana dzematambudziko dzine chokuita nekuona zvinonyadzisira.

Mashoko pamusoro peKliniki Inonzi Implications

Grubbs et al. (2018): "Pasinei nokuti munhu anowanzoona zvinonyadzisira zvinoshandisa (semuenzaniso, kushaya zvinodhaka) kana PPMI, tinobvuma zvose zvinyorwa zvechirwere zvinogona kuwirirana nemarwadzo ekurwadziwa, kutambura kwepfungwa, uye zvinokonzera kukanganisa. Ndicho chikonzero nei isu tichifambisa muenzaniso wedu wePPMI seimwe nzira yekufungidzira kubatsira kubatsira kuti chinangwa chechirongwa chekare chive chei. "Tinobvumirana nemafungiro ekuti zvose zviitiko (uye vamwe) zvakakodzera kutarisirwa nevanakiriniki kana vanhu vanotsvaka ruzivo rwechirwere runoshanda kuora mwoyo kana kushushikana. Kunyanya, sezvakambotaurwa kare nevamwe vatsvakurudzi (Fernandez et al., 2017), zvakakosha kufunga nezvimwe zvipiki zvechirwere zvinosanganisira izvo zvine chokuita nekudzidzira tsika. Zvisinei, nokuda kwekurapa kwechipatara kwekushandisa zvinodhaka zvekuona zvinonyadzisira uye PPMI, kunzwisisa kwakanakisisa kwezvinhu zvakajairika uye zvakasiyana-siyana zvezvinhu zvose izvi zvinotarisirwa. Tinoramba tichitaura kuti kusanganiswa kwemitemo inobatanidzwa mumhando dzakawanda dzezvinetso zvekuona zvinonyadzisira zvinoshandiswa zvinogona kuderedza kushushikana kwepfungwa, kushandiswa kwemhirizhonga, nezvimwe zvinhu zvinowanikwa nevanhu uye saka zvinofanira kutarisirwa mumwe nomumwe.

Grubbs et al. (2018) inoti: "Muchidimbu, tinofunga kuti PPMI matambudziko chaiwo ane mhedzisiro yepfungwa, asi kuti hunyanzvi hweaya matambudziko hwakasiyana neupombwe chaihwo. Mumakiriniki, kukwanisa kusiyanisa aya maitiro eetiological kwakakosha. ” Sezvambotaurwa pamusoro apa, tinobvumirana nemaonero ekuti zvese zviri zviviri-PPMI uye kushandiswa kwakadzora- zvinokodzera kutariswa mumakiriniki. Tinoda kusimbisa iyi pfungwa sezvo isu tichidavira kuti maonero akatumirwa naGrubbs et al. haifanire kuturikirwa sekudzora kukanganiswa kwekuona zvinonyadzisira kunoshandiswa pane vamwe uye nekushanda kwavo. Ndokunge, isu tinotenda zvakasimba kuti iyo PPMI modhi haifanire kushandiswa kudzikisira kukiriniki kwehutambudzi hwezvinonyadzisa hunoshandiswa mune zvimiro zvaro zvakasiyana kana kuita mhedziso yekuti kuona zvinonyadzisira kune vanhu vane PPMI inorongwa hakuna mhosva, pamusoro-inoshanda, kana neimwe nzira haina basa . Nekudaro, zvinokwanisika kuti maitiro ekuvandudza uye kugadzirisa kweese anoonekwa ekumanikidza / ekushandisa muropa uye PPMI haana kusiyanisa kupfuura zvakataurwa naGrubbs et al. uye panogona kunge paine zvakafanana kana zvingangobatana pane nzira dzekutsanangudza dzinotsanangura kushungurudzika kwepfungwa. Izvo zvinofanirwawo kucherechedzwa kuti kushushikana kunogona kuchinja maringe nematanho ekudhakwa uye kuti iyi modhi inofanirwa kuyedzwa muzvizhinji zvekiriniki (semuenzaniso, kushingairira kutsvaga kurapwa pamwe nekuregererwa), kupihwa anove akasiyana siyana mazinga enzwisisiro ane chekuita nekutambudzika uye kukanganisa. Izvo zvinonzwisisika kuti ma etiologies ezvese ari maviri ekumanikidza / ekushandisa muropa uye kushushikana kwetsika anogovera zvimwe zvakakosha zvekukurudzira, zvine hunyanzvi, uye nekuziva maitiro. Isu tinotenda kuti kune mibvunzo yakavhurika ine chekuita neyeeology uye kurapwa kwekumanikidza / kupindwa muropa kana kushungurudzika kushandiswa kwekuona zvinonyadzisira, uye zvinhu zvekunzwisisa kupfuura izvo zvakatorwa neCPUI-9 uye zvakadzidzwa kusvika zvino zvinodiwa kuti zvifambise mberi kutsvagisa uye kurapwa kwetsika. Mukuita uku, kufunga kweakawanda mativi ehurukuro akakosha, kusanganisira zvinokurudzira kutsvaga kurapwa, kukanganisa kwekuona zvinonyadzisira, uye zvinangwa zvekurapwa. Mune zvimwe zviitiko, zvinoita zvine musoro kushandisa Kugamuchira uye Kuzvipira Therapy matekinoroji, sezvakakurudzirwa naGrubbs et al. Zvisinei, mune dzimwe nguva, maitiro ekugadzirisa uye mamwe maitiro ekuziva maitiro ekurapa anogona kubatsira kana chinangwa chemutengi chiri nani kurarama nezvishuwo zvake uye zvishuwo zvekushandisa zvinonyadzisira uye kwake / kwake kuziva, kuzvidzora kwekuzvidzivirira, uye zvinotarisirwa zvine chekuita nekuona zvinonyadzisira. (Potenza, Sofuoglu, Carroll, & Rounsaville, 2011). Zvinhu zvakawanda zvinofanirwa kutariswa apo vanhu vanosangana nematambudziko ane chekuita nekuona zvinonyadzisira vanoshandisa kutsvaga kurapwa (Kraus, Martino, & Potenza, 2016). Nokudaro, zvinhu zvakasiyana-tsika-tsika dzisina kukodzera uye nzira dzekuita zvinodhaka, zvakadai sekuchiva, kuvhara maitiro, kusarudza kwekuita-kunofanirwa kuongororwa zvizere kana kuongorora matambudziko evanhu ane chokuita nekuona zvinonyadzisira anoshandiswa kupa hutano hwakanaka, humwe hwehutano.

Notes

Kuteerera neMitemo Maitiro

Kurwisana kwekufarira

Vanyori vanotaura kuti havana kupesana kwechido. Dr. Brand akagamuchira (kuYunivhesiti yeDuisburg-Essen) mari kubva kuGermany Research Foundation (DFG), yeGermany Federal Federal for Research and Education, yeGerman Federal Ministry for Health, uye European Union. Dr Brand akashandisa zviongorori zveongororo yezvikwata zvakawanda; rakagadzirisa magazini zvinyorwa uye zvinyorwa; yakapa hurukuro dzezvidzidzo mumakiriniki kana masayenzi; uye yakagadzira mabhuku kana zvitsauko zvebhuku kune vaparidzi vemagariro ehutano hwepfungwa. Dr. Potenza akambokumbira uye akakurudzira Rivermend Health, Opiant / Lakelight Therapeutics, uye Jazz Pharmaceuticals; vakagamuchira rubatsiro rwekutsvakurudza (kuYale) kubva kuMohegan Sun Casino uye National Center for Responsible Gaming; kubvunzurudzwa kana kurayira mutemo uye kubhejera masangano panyaya dzine chokuita nekudzivirira pfungwa uye maitiro ekukwezva; kupa rubatsiro rwekuchirapa rwakabatana nekudzivirira kwekudzivirira uye kuzvipinza maitiro; vakaita zvikwereti zveongororo; rakagadzirirwa makorapi / mabhuku emagazini; kupa hurukuro dzezvidzidzo mumitambo yakakura, CME zviitiko, uye mamwe makiriniki / nzvimbo dzezvesayenzi; uye akabudisa mabhuku kana zvitsauko kune vaparidzi vemagariro ehutano hwepfungwa.

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