Kumanikidza Internet Zvinonyadzisira Shandisa uye Hutano hwepfungwa: Chidzidzo cheMuchinjikwa-Chikamu mune Muenzaniso weVadzidzi veYunivhesiti muUnited States (2021)

ziviso

Nyaya dzehutano hwepfungwa inyaya iri kukura yekunetsekana kwepasirese, kunyanya pakati pevadzidzi veyunivhesiti, sekutsvagurudza kunoratidza kuwedzera kuri kuitika mune zvehutano hwepfungwa munharaunda iyi (Macaskill, 2013; Beiter et al., 2015; Bruffaerts et al., 2018; Patterson et al., 2019; Torales et al., 2019). Tichifunga kuti vadzidzi veyunivhesiti vanonyanya kutarisana nenyaya dzehutano hwepfungwa, kuedza kwekutsvagisa kuri kuramba kuchiongorora zvinhu zvakasiyana izvo zvinokonzeresa kune zvinoonekwa zvisina kunaka hutano hwepfungwa (Beiter et al., 2015; Cashwell et al., 2016; Pal Singh Balhara et al., 2019). Muhuwandu hwevanhu, pakati pezvakataurwa zvinogona kuwirirana ndeyemari, nhamo yehudiki uye hunhu hwekuita (semuenzaniso, zvinhu, bonde uye internet kupindwa muropa) (Weiss, 2004; Moscow, 2008; Opitz et al., 2009; Ljungqvist et al., 2016; Karacic uye Oreskovic, 2017; Alhassan et al., 2018; Selous et al., 2019; Wang et al., 2019). Izvi zvinhu zvinoonekwa pakati pevadzidzi veyunivhesiti (Cranford et al., 2009; Beiter et al., 2015; Cashwell et al., 2016; Richardson et al., 2017; Karatekin, 2018; Pal Singh Balhara et al., 2019; Tangmunkongvorakul et al., 2019), mukuwedzera kune mamwe anogona kuenderana, kusanganisira kuita zvedzidzo, kumanikidzwa kuti ubudirire uye zvirongwa zvekupedza kudzidza (Beiter et al., 2015).

Pamusoro pezvo, kutsvagisa kunoratidza kuwedzera kwehuwandu hwehunhu hwehunhu hune njodzi (semuenzaniso, huwandu hwevanoita zvepabonde, zera rekutanga kusangana pabonde, kutumira mameseji, nezvimwewo) pakati pevadzidzi veyunivhesiti (Tyden et al., 2012; Stenhammar et al., 2015; Ingram et al., 2019; Yang et al., 2019), iyo yakanziwo inosangana nenyaya dzehutano hwepfungwa (Meade naSikkema, 2007; Agardh et al., 2012; Tesfaye et al., 2019). Zvakafanana ndiko kuwedzera kwehuwandu hwehuwandu hwekuona zvinonyadzisira hunoshandiswa pakati pevanhu ava (Carroll et al., 2008; Willoughby et al., 2014), ine mishumo yemhedzisiro mhedzisiro inosanganiswa nekushandisa kwayo, kusanganisira kushamwaridzana nedzimwe njodzi dzakanyanya pabondeWeinberg et al., 2010; Morgan, 2011; Poulsen et al., 2013; Wright, 2013a,b; Van Ouytsel et al., 2014; Braithwaite et al., 2015). Uku kuwedzera kunogona kuve kwakabatana neakakosha mahormone, epanyama, epfungwa uye emanzwiro shanduko anoitika mukati memakore ekuyaruka uye hujaya hwevanhu vakuru (Ostovich naSabini, 2005; Fortenberry, 2013; Kar et al., 2015; Kneeland naDovidio, 2020).

Pakutanga ichipedzwa kunyanya kuburikidza nemagazini, maitiro ekuona zvinonyadzisira anoshandiswa akagadzira zvekuti nhasi, internet ndiyo yekutanga sosi yekuona zvinonyadzisira kushandiswa (D'Orlando, 2009). Shanduko iyi yaita kuti zvinonyadzisira zviwanikwe kupfuura zvekare nekuda kwekusazivikanwa, kuwanikwa, uye kugona kunowanikwa neinternet kumutengi (Cooper et al., 2000; Fisher naBaraki, 2001; Mutengo et al., 2016). Uyezve, kuvandudzwa kwemafoni efoni, uye kuwanda kwavo pakati pevechidiki (Pew Ongororo Center, 2015), yakabatsira mukureruka uku kwekuona zvinonyadzisira (Bailin et al., 2014; Vanden Abeele et al., 2014). Mishumo yekushandisa zvinonyadzisira inoshandiswa zvakasiyana, nenhamba dzakasiyana kubva pa19.0-78.4% muvakadzi uye 40.0-79.0% muvanhurume (Carroll et al., 2008; Regnerus et al., 2016; Dwulit uye Rzymski, 2019).

Nezve misiyano pakati pevanhurume nevanhukadzi, kutsvagisa kunoratidza mutsauko pakati pevane vakadzi mune zvebonde maitiro uye maitiro (Petersen naHyde, 2010), nevarume kazhinji vachinyanya kutariswa uye vakadzi vachishuvira kuve vanokurudzirwa zvakanyanya nezvehunhu hwepabonde (Brody, 2003; Hamann et al., 2004; Rupp naWallen, 2008). Kutsigira izvi kutsvagurudza kunoratidza kuti, mumadzimai, kupindwa muropa nemurume nemukadzi pabonde kunoitisa kuti kuve nehukama "McKeague, 2014). Zvakafanana misiyano muhuwandu hwehuwandu hwekuona zvinonyadzisira hunoshandiswa pakati pevanhurume nevanhukadzi. Pasinei nekuwedzera kwemishumo yekuona zvinonyadzisira kunoshandiswa pakati pevakadzi (Wright et al., 2013), kuwanda kwekushandisa kwakadai kunoramba kwakakwira mune varume (Regnerus et al., 2016). Pamusoro pezvo, kutsvagurudza kunoratidza musiyano munzira iyo varume nevakadzi vanobatana nayo nekuona zvinonyadzisira, pamwe nekusiyana kwemaonero avo nezvinoitika mukuona zvinonyadzisira mukati me mamiriro ezvinhu akasiyana (semuenzaniso, muhukama, nezvimwewoCarroll et al., 2016; Döring et al., 2017). Semuenzaniso, vanhurume vanowanzo sangana nekuona zvinonyadzisira pazera rapfuura, kushandisa zvinonyadzisira vega, kuita bonhora uchiona zvinonyadzisira, uye kuona zvinonyadzisira zvichishandisa mukati mehukama hwakazvipira hunogamuchirwa kupfuura vakadzi (Hald, 2006; Carroll et al., 2008; Morgan, 2011; Olmstead et al., 2013; Carroll et al., 2016). Vakadzi kazhinji vanoona zvinonyadzisira seisingagamuchirike munharaunda pane varume (Carroll et al., 2008; Carroll naLynch, 2016); zvisinei, ivo vanowanzo dya zvinonyadzisira mumamiriro ezvinhu e "magariro", senge ane waunodanana naye kana kuburikidza nemasvikiro senge dzimba dzekutandarira pabonde (Green et al., 2012). Kutsvagurudza kunoratidza kuti vakadzi zvakare vane mukana wekudya zvinonyadzisira kuti vafadze mumwe wavo nekuzvidya pamwechete (Solano et al., 2020). Pamusoro pezvo, nepo mavhidhiyo achiramba ari ekutanga maitiro ekushandisa mune vese varume nevakadzi, vakadzi vanotaura mazinga epamusoro ekushandisa zvakanyorwa zvinonyadzisira kupfuura varume (Solano et al., 2020).

Mhedzisiro yekushandisa zvinonyadzisira inoramba ichiva chikonzero chekupokana sezvo zvinyorwa zvichiratidza mishumo yezvose zvakanaka (Carroll et al., 2008; Weinberg et al., 2010; Pfupi et al., 2012; Olmstead et al., 2013; Minarcik et al., 2016) uye zvisina kunaka (Vega neMalamuth, 2007; Padilla-Walker et al., 2010; Pfupi et al., 2012) mhedzisiro yekuona zvinonyadzisira shandisa pamutengi. Mimwe mishumo inoratidza kuti, pakati pevanhu vanoona zvinonyadzisira vanoshandisa sekugamuchirwa, kushandiswa kwakadaro kunovhura musuwo wekupa simba pabonde uye kuzvitonga (Weinberg et al., 2010; Olmstead et al., 2013). Nekudaro, sezvambotaurwa, zvinyorwa zvinomiririra zvakashata zvinosanganisira kuwedzera kutora chikamu muzviito zvine njodzi pabonde, senge kuwanda kwenhamba yevanorara navo, kubvumidzwa pabonde, kuita bonde, uye kubhadhara zvepabonde (Maddox et al., 2011; Gwinn et al., 2013; Poulsen et al., 2013; Wright, 2013a,b; Maas naDewey, 2018). Pamusoro pezvo, kunyange hazvo zvinonyadzisira zvichiratidzira zviito zvine hukama muhunhu, tsvagiridzo inoratidzawo kuti kuona zvinonyadzisira kune mhedzisiro pahukama kugutsikana, kugutsikana pabonde, uye hukama hwepedyo mukati mehukama hwepabonde, vese kufambidzana uye kuroora, kunyanya kana murume ari anoshandisa zvinonyadzisira (Maddox et al., 2011; Morgan, 2011; Poulsen et al., 2013; Resch naAlderson, 2013; Minarcik et al., 2016; Perry naHayward, 2017). Zvakare, zvinonyadzisira zvinoshandiswa hazvina kunge zvichingo sangana nehunhu husina kunaka hwebonde, asiwo nekunwisa kudhakwa maitiro uye kushandisa zvinodhaka (Carroll et al., 2008; Padilla-Walker et al., 2010; Harper naHodgins, 2016).

Kunyanya pakati pevechidiki, tsvagiridzo yakaratidza hukama pakati pekushandisa zvinonyadzisira uye zvese zvakadzora hunhu hwehukama uye akakwira mamazinga ekuongorora muviri mumadzimai madiki (Padilla-Walker et al., 2010; Maas naDewey, 2018). Pamusoro pezvo, zvinonyadzisira zvinoshandiswa zvakabatana nehukama hwehukama hwakadzikira nevabereki uye nepfungwa dzakaipa dzekugamuchirwa munharaunda mumajaya nemhandara (Padilla-Walker et al., 2010). Zvakare, zvinyorwa zvakapfuura zvakaratidza mukana wekubatana pakati pekugara kwepfungwa uye kushandisa zvinonyadzisira, kusanganisira zvine hukama ne zvakaonekwa kupindwa muropa nezvinonyadzisira (Grubbs et al., 2015b,c; Dalby et al., 2018).

Zvisinei, apo kutsvakurudza kwakapfuura kwakatsvaga kuongorora hukama pakati pekushandisa zvinonyadzisira, hutano hwepfungwa uye zvakaonekwa kupindwa muropa nekuona zvinonyadzisira sezvakaratidzwa pamusoro, tsvagurudzo yakanangana nebasa rehunhu hwakasiyana hunobatana ne kubvumira pane kungoona wega nezvehukama pakati pekushandisa zvinonyadzisira uye hutano hwepfungwa husipo. Pamusoro pezvo, zvakapihwa mishumo iri kuwedzera yehutano hwepfungwa pakati pevadzidzi veyunivhesiti, pamwe nekuwanda kwekuona zvinonyadzisira kunoratidzwa pakati pevakuru vechidiki uye kugona kwayo kukanganisa hutano hwepfungwa, chinangwa chekudzidza kwedu ndechekutsvaga zvakananga hukama hungavepo pakati pehunhu kuratidza kumanikidza kushandiswa kwekuona zvinonyadzisira uye hutano hwepfungwa, kunyanya mune vadzidzi veyunivhesiti. Pamusoro pezvo, zvichipiwa musiyano unogara uripo pakati pevanhurume nevanhukadzi maererano nehunhu hwepabonde, kusanganisira zvinonyadzisira zvinoshandiswa, chidzidzo chedu chakatsvagawo kuongorora kana mutsauko wakadai wakaramba uripo muhukama hwekuisa pakati pekushandisa zvinonyadzisira, hunhu hwekumanikidza uye hutano hwepfungwa muvadzidzi veyunivhesiti, kunyanya zvakapihwa zvakakosha. shanduko munzira uye kusununguka kwekuwana zvinonyadzisira izvo zvaitika pamusoro pemakore uye zvakasarudzika mukupindura zvinokurudzira, kunyangwe padanho reurourobiological, pakati pevakadzi.

Zvinhu uye Nzira

Mukutevera Federal Mutemo unoratidza kuti vese vaongorori vanoita kuyedza pane vanhu vatori vechikamu vanofanirwa kupedzisa kudzidziswa pamusoro pekudzivirirwa kwezvidzidzo zvekutsvaga, vese manejimendi manejimendi vakapedza iyo Kudzivirira Yevanhu Vanotsvagurudza Vatori vechikamu Kudzidzisa Module yakapihwa neNIH Hofisi yeExtramural Research. Certification inochengetwa pafaira yezvinyorwa zvinyorwa. Isati yaitwa ongororo iyi, mvumo yeFranciscan University yeSteubenville Institutional Review Board (IRB) yakawanikwa (# 2019-07). Kudzidza kwedu kwaive nemuenzaniso uri nyore weyunivhesiti / koreji (undergraduate uye vakapedza kudzidza) vadzidzi vanobva kuFranciscan University yeSteubenville, yunivhesiti diki yakazvimirira yeKaturike iri muSteubenville, OH, United States. Ongororo isingazivikanwe yakatumirwa kuburikidza neyunivhesiti kero email yevadzidzi, kune vese vadzidzi vanotora makosi kuFranciscan University, vaive pamusoro pemakore gumi nemasere. Pakati pevhiki mbiri (Gumiguru 18 - Gumiguru 2, 15), ongororo yakaitwa kuburikidza iyo online yekuongorora injini SurveyMonkey^®. Vasati vapedza ongororo iyi, vatori vechikamu vakanyorerwa fomu yekubvumidza, iyo yaitsanangura zvakavanzika uye mhando yechidzidzo nemhedzisiro, uye yakatsanangura kuti kutora chikamu muchidzidzo kwaireva mvumo yekuongorora nekutsikisa zvabuda zvese. Vatori vechikamu vasina kupa mvumo vakaendeswa kune Kukanganiswa Peji. Nguva yakatarwa yekutonga uye kupedzisa ongororo yaive ingangoita gumi min. Iwo iwo mirairo yakaratidza kuvadzidzi kuti vanofanirwa kupa mhinduro yavo yakatendeseka uye kwete kupedza nguva yakawandisa pane chero mubvunzo. Peji rekupedzisira reongororo iyi yaisanganisira zviwanikwa zvakasiyana zvevatori vechikamu kana vachida kutsvaga rubatsiro maererano nekushandisa kwavo zvinonyadzisira.

Kusagadziriswa Criteria

Maitiro ekuregedza aisanganisira chero munhu: (1) anga ari mudiki pane makore gumi nemasere ekuberekwa (n = 2), (2) anga asiri mudzidzi kuFranciscan University yeSteubenville (n = 4), (3) akapindura "Kwete" (n = 15) kana haana kupedzisa mubvunzo maererano nemvumo (n = 73), (4) vasina kupedzisa mubvunzo wekuongorora nezvezera ravo (n = 23), uye (5) vasina kupa mhinduro kekupedzisira pavakaona zvinonyadzisira (n = 24). Nhamba yekupedzisira yevatori vechikamu vane mhinduro dzakasangana nematanho ekubatanidza yaive 1031 (kunze kwevokutanga 1172 vakapindura, kureva, 88%).

Maitiro Ekuongorora

Demographic Mibvunzo

Mibvunzo yehuwandu hwevanhu yaisanganisira: zera, bonde, kirasi, nhamba yemestest yakapedzwa kuFranciscan University, hombe, dzimba mukati megore rechikoro panguva yekuongorora, uye hukama hwehukama. Vatori vechikamu vakabvunzwawo kuti varatidze kana vaive online-chete uye / kana mudzidzi wekuchinjisa uye kuti vakagovana kamuri nemumwe munhu mukati megore rechikoro.

Mibvunzo pane Zvinonyadzisira Shandisa uye Pfungwa

Vatori vechikamu vakabvunzwa kuti varatidze kekupedzisira nguva yavakaona internet zvinonyadzisira, nguva yavo yekushandisa panguva yavo yekushandisa zvakanyanya, nguva yezuva iyo yavaiwanzoona zvinonyadzisira uye ndeapi maficha ekuona zvinonyadzisira avaiwanzo kuwana / kutariswa. Mibvunzo yakabvunzwawo zvine chekuita nezvekuti sei uye rudzii rwezvinonyadzisira zvavakatanga kuburitswa, pamwe nezera ravo rekutanga kuburitswa. Zvakare, vatori vechikamu vakabvunzwa kusarudza ese maficha akavabatsira kudzikisa kushandisa kwavo zvinonyadzisira. Vatori vechikamu chete vanoratidzira imwe nhanho yehupenyu hwekushandisa zvinonyadzisira vakaendeswa kuzvikamu zveongororo zvine chekuita nekushandisa kwavo pachako zvinonyadzisira.

Pamusoro pezvo, ongororo iyi yakabvunza nezvei muzana muzana yevanhurume nevanhukadzi paYunivhesiti yeFranciscan yavanofunga kuti yakarwa nekuona zvinonyadzisira. Vatori vechikamu vakabvunzwawo kuyera, pachiyero chemapoinzi mana (kubva Kwete zvachose zvinonyadzisira to Kunyanya zvinonyadzisira), sei zvinonyadzisira zvavakafunga zvakasiyana siyana (semuenzaniso, Nude mapikicha, Cinematic bonde zviitiko, Nude art, nezvimwewo) kuve.

Yakagadziridzwa Inomanikidza Internet Shandisa Scale (mCIUS)

Ongororo iyi yaisanganisira iyo gumi nemimwe mibvunzo ye mCIUS (Downing et al., 2014) kuitira kuti uongorore zvinhu zvakasiyana siyana zvine chekuita nekumanikidza kushandisa internet zvinonyadzisira. Vatori vechikamu vakarairwa kuti vapindure mibvunzo inoenderana nenguva yavo yekushandisa zvakanyanya zvinonyadzisira. Wese mubvunzo weMCIUS waiverengerwa pane mashanu-poindi Likert sikero (kubva Never to Nguva zhinji). Muchiyero ichi, akakura avhareji zvikoro zvinoratidza kushandiswa kwepamusoro kwekumanikidza kweinternet zvinonyadzisiraDowning et al., 2014).

Emotional uye Zvepabonde States Mubvunzo (EmSS)

Mibvunzo ine chekuita nemanzwiro uye zvepabonde (Downing et al., 2014) vakabvunzwawo kuitira kuti vaongorore apo vanhu vaiwanzo tarisa internet zvinonyadzisira (semuenzaniso, nemumwe wawakarara naye, akashatirwa, nezvimwewo). Shanduko mbiri dzakaitwa kumibvunzo yekutanga, yekutanga kuve iyo oga yakakamurwa kuita mibvunzo miviri yakasiyana: ndega uye shurikirwa, kupihwa mutsauko pakati penyika mbiri idzi (Algren et al., 2020). Izwi Horny yakagadziridzwa zvakare ku kunzwa kumutswa pabonde. Kuwedzera, while Kuderedza et al. (2014) tashandisa chiyero chechina cheLikert, ongororo yedu yakashandisa chiyero cheLikert chemapoinzi mashanu (Zvakasimba Kusabvumirana, Haana kubvumirana, Hapana Kubvumirana kana Kusabvumirana, Bvumiranai, uye Gvumirana zvakasimba) kuitira kupa mukana wekuti munhu apindure kana kubvumirana kana kupokana.

Kushungurudzika, Kushushikana, uye Kushushikana Scale (DASS-21)

Iyo 21-yemubvunzo vhezheni yeDASS (Lovibond uye Lovibond, 2004) yakaverengerwawo muongororo, iyo inoyera akasiyana epakati zviratidzo zvine chekuita nekushushikana (D), kushushikana (A), uye kushushikana (S). Vatevedzeri vakadzidziswa kuratidza kuti chirevo chimwe nechimwe chakashandiswa sei kwavari pasvondo rapfuura pachiyero chechina cheLikert (kubva ku0 = Izvo hazvina kushanda kwandiri zvachose to 3 = Zvakashanda kwandiri zvakanyanya, kana nguva zhinji). Iyo DASS-21 haina kuitirwa kuti uongorore kusagadzikana kwakanangana nekushushikana, kushushikana kana kushushikana. Zvikamu zvevatori vechikamu muzvikamu zvitatu (D, A, uye S) zvakakamurwa nekuomarara se "zvakajairika," "zvinyoro," "zvine mwero," "zvakanyanya," kana "zvakanyanya kuomarara," sezvakatsanangurwa kare (Lovibond uye Lovibond, 1995).

Nhamba yekuongorora

Ongororo dzakaitwa pane rese data (n = 1031). Uchishandisa R vhezheni 3.6.2, Chi squared kana Fisher bvunzo chaiyo yakaitwa, sezvakakodzera, kuongorora mutsauko muzvikamu pazvinhu zvakasiyana siyana zvine chekuita nekushandisa zvinonyadzisira, pamwe nemipimo yehutano hwepfungwa, nepakati nepakati pebonde. Pamusoro pezvo, matanho akazvimirira t-yedzo uye mbiri-nzira dzakazvimirira matanho ANOVA akaitwa, achishandisa SigmaPlot vhezheni 14.0, kuongorora mutsauko muhutano hwepfungwa parameter zvichienderana nekushandisa zvinonyadzisira, kune vese vanhukadzi. Tukey post hoc ongororo yakaitwa pazvinenge zvakakodzera. Exploratory factor analysis (EFA) yakashandiswa muchidzidzo chedu apo taitsvaga kuongorora hukama pakati pezvakasiyana, uye nekufumura zvimwe zvinogona zvine chekuita nekumanikidza maitiro (mCIUS), manzwiro uye zvepabonde (EmSS) uye zvinonyadzisira zvinoshandiswa, pane kuyedza simbisa imwe pfungwa yekufunga maererano neakasiyana maficha uye zvinonyadzisira zvinoshandiswa. Uchishandisa Jamovi 1.1.7, kuyedzwa kwaBartlett kwechitenderedzwa uye Kaiser-Meyer-Olkin chiyero chekuenzanisira kukwana kwakashandiswa kuona kugona kweiyo data kubva kune ese mCIUS neEmSS zvinhu. Zvichibva pamhedzisiro kubva kumiyedzo miviri yapfuura, EFA, yakaitiswa ichishandisa Jamovi 1.1.7, yakashandiswa kuongorora mapinduriro emapatani mukati meMCIUS zvinhu uye zvinhu zveEmSS, zvakasiyana. Kudzokera kumashure nhanho yekudzora kudzora kwakashandiswa kuona hukama pakati pehuwandu hwevanhu, akasiyana maficha ekuona zvinonyadzisira anoshandiswa, uye hutano hwepfungwa parameter (D, A, S). Mhando mbiri dzakasiyana dzakashandiswa: modhi 1 yaisanganisira iyo mCIUS zvinhu sekufungidzira zvinoshanduka, nepo modhi 2 ichitarisa zvinhu zveEmSS semafungidziro akasiyana. Kune ese ari maviri mamodheru, huwandu hwakasiyana hwevanhu hwakayerwa, pamwe nehumwe hune chekuita nekushandisa zvinonyadzisira, zvakaverengerwa sekuwedzera mifanidzo yezvinofungidzirwa, uye kushushikana, kushushikana uye huwandu hwekushushikana hwaifungidzirwa semhando dzakasiyana.

Results

Demographics

Zvinowirirana nemafambiro enyika (semuenzaniso, Kurumidza, 2019), Kugovaniswa kwevatori vechikamu muongororo yaive 34% yechirume uye 66% yevakadzi, iyo yaifananidzwa nekuparadzirwa pabonde kwemutumbi wevadzidzi paFranciscan University. Iyo data yemibvunzo yehuwandu ine chekuita nezera, kirasi, huwandu hwemasemita akapera (Semesters apera), chinzvimbo chekugara uye chinzvimbo chehukama chakabatanidzwa Tafura 1 kuratidzwa pabonde. Vadzidzi vakawedzeredzwa kubvunzwa kuti varatidze kana kwete ivo vaive online-chete mudzidzi (Online-chete), wekuchinjisa mudzidzi (Chinjana), uye kana vakagovana kamuri nemumwe munhu mukati megore rechikoro (Mugovana kamuri). Iyi data inosanganisirwa mukati Tafura 1.

Ikozvino Zvinonyadzisira Shandisa

Tichifunga kuti chikamu chevatori vechikamu vanoratidzira hupenyu hwehupenyu hwekushandisa hachina kusiyana zvakanyanya kune avo vanotaura kuti havana kumboshandisa zvinonyadzisira [χ²(1, N = 1031) = 0.0, p > 0.05 uye χ²(1, N = 1031) = 0.7, p > 0.05, zvichiteerana] mu online-chete maringe nekugara (kureva, kwete online-chete) vadzidzi, pamwe nevaya vakaendesa kuyunivhesiti kune avo vasina, kuongororwa kwedatha kwakaratidzwa pazasi hakuiti musiyano zvichibva pane izvi misiyano miviri.

Kune mibvunzo ine "Zvimwe (ndapota taura)”Sarudzo yemhinduro, nekuda kwenhamba shoma yevatori vechikamu vanosarudza sarudzo iyi, nekusiyana uye kusanzwisisika kwemhinduro dzakapihwa, izvo zvingangokanganisa kududzira, mhinduro idzi dzakabviswa pakuwongorora uye zvikamu zvakaratidzwa.

Yekupedzisira Yakataurwa Zvinonyadzisira Shandisa

Kubva kune vakapindura 1031, yakakwira zvakanyanya muzana [χ²(1, N = 1031) = 35.9, p <0.001] yakaratidza kushandiswa kwehupenyu hwezvinonyadzisira (56.6%) kune avo vakataura kuti havamboshandisa zvinonyadzisira (43.4%).

Zvakare zvinoenderana nemaitirwo azvino (Carroll et al., 2008; Regnerus et al., 2016; Dwulit uye Rzymski, 2019), chikamu chevanhurume (87.6%) vachitaura kuti vakashandisa zvinonyadzisira zvaive zvakakwirira kwazvo [χ²(1, N = 1031) = 202.3, p <0.001] kupfuura iya yevakadzi (40.9%). Kugovaniswa kwevakapindura avo vakataura kwekupedzisira kuona zvinonyadzisira kwakaparadzirwa seinotevera: Handina kumbobvira ndaona zvinonyadzisira (Never, 43.4%), Kupfuura gore rapfuura (>1 Year, 20.1%), Mukati megore rapfuura (Gore Rakapfuura, 12.6%), Mukati memwedzi wapfuura (Mwedzi Wapfuura, 9.4%), Mukati mesvondo rapfuura (Vhiki rapfuura, 12.3%), uye nhasi (2.2%). Kuparara kwakadzama kwekuona zvinonyadzisira kunoshandiswa mukati mepabonde kunowanikwa mukati Mufananidzo 1A [χ²(1, N = 1031) = 202.3 (Never), 0.1 (>1 Year), 17.0 (Gore Rakapfuura), 34.1 (Mwedzi Wapfuura), 84.2 (Vhiki rapfuura), 23.1 (nhasi)].

mukati Varume, hama kune avo vakataura kuti havana kumbobvira vaona zvinonyadzisira (12.4%), chikamu chakanyanya kukwirisa chakashuma yavo ichangoburwa yekushandisa zvinonyadzisira sevari Kupfuura gore rapfuura (20.7 muzana, p <0.05) uye Mukati mesvondo rapfuura (25.6 muzana, p <0.001), nepo yakaderera zvakanyanya muzana ichinzi yaona zvinonyadzisira nhasi (5.5 muzana, p <0.05). Iyo muzana yeavo vanotaura vanoshandisa mugore rapfuura kana mwedzi wapfuura yanga isina kunyanya kusiyana (p > 0.05) kubva kune avo vanotaura vasina kumboona zvinonyadzisira [χ²(5, N = 347) = 61.3, p <0.001].

Mukupesana, chikamu chakakwirira zvakanyanya [χ²(5, N = 684) = 1164.1, p <0.001] yevakadzi vanonzi havana kumbobvira vaona zvinonyadzisira zvine hukama nedzimwe sarudzo dzekuona zvinonyadzisira (zvese p <0.001).

Kakawanda Kwezvinonyadzisira Shandisa

Pakati pevane 584 vakapindura vachisimbisa kuti vakamboshandisa zvinonyadzisira, 488 vakapedza mubvunzo une chekuita nekuwandisa kwekushandisa panguva yekushandisa zvakanyanya. Iyo frequency yekushandisa yakataurwa yakagoverwa seinotevera: Pasi pane mwedzi (<pamwedzi, 23.4%), pamwedzi (6.6%), pavhiki (24.8%), mazuva ose (26.8%), uye Akawanda nguva zuva nezuva (>mazuva ose, 18.4%). Zvimwezve zvimwe zvine chekuita nekuwanda kwekushandisa kune vese vanhukadzi zvinoratidzwa mukati Mufananidzo 1B [χ²(1, N = 488) = 33.0 (pamwedzi), 2.3 (pamwedzi), 0.0 (pavhiki), 8.6 (mazuva ose), 17.0 (>mazuva ose)].

Chiyero chevanhurume vanotaura Pasi pane mwedzi (12.6%) uye pamwedzi (4.7%) kushandiswa kwaive kwakadzikira zvakanyanya (zvese p <0.01) kupfuura pavhiki (24.4%), mazuva ose (32.7%), uye Akawanda nguva zuva nezuva (25.6%). Pamusoro pezvo, chikamu chakashuma pamwedzi kushandiswa kwakadzikira zvakanyanya (p <0.05) kupfuura avo vanotaura Pasi pane mwedzi shandisa [χ²(4, N = 254) = 79.3, p <0.001].

Yakanangana nevakadzi, chikamu cheavo vanotaura Pasi pane mwedzi (35.0%) kushandiswa kwaive kwakakwirira zvakanyanya kupfuura pamwedzi (8.5 muzana, p <0.001), mazuva ose (20.5 muzana, p <0.01), uye Akawanda nguva zuva nezuva (10.7 muzana, p <0.001), nepo chikamu cheavo vanotaura pavhiki (25.2%) kushandiswa kwakaratidza maitiro ekukoshesa (p = 0.08). pamwedzi use yanga yakadzikira zvakanyanya kupfuura ese ari maviri pavhiki (p <0.001) uye mazuva ose (p <0.01), asi yanga isina kunyanya kusiyana ne Akawanda nguva zuva nezuva (p > 0.05). Pamusoro pezvo, pavhiki uye mazuva ose use zvese zviri zviviri zvakakwirira kupfuura Akawanda nguva zuva nezuva (p <0.001 uye p <0.05, zvichiteerana). Zvisinei, pavhiki use yanga isina kusiyana zvakanyanya kubva mazuva ose shandisa (p > 0.05) [χ²(4, N = 234) = 69.0, p <0.001].

Nguva Yezuva Rezvizhinji Zvinowanzoitika Zvinonyadzisira Shandisa

Mubvunzo wakabvunza nezvenguva yezuva iro zvinonyadzisira zvainyanya kutariswa zvakapindurwa nevapindura 488. Tichifunga kuti pakanga pasina musiyano wakakosha pakati pemhinduro dzevanhurume nevanhukadzi [χ²(1, N = 488) = 2.3, 0.1, uye 1.0 ye Usati watanga zuva rako, Panguva yezuva rako uye Kupera kwezuva rako, zvichiteerana, zvese p > 0.05], iyo yakasanganiswa data yevakomana yakaongororwa. Chikamu chikuru chevakabvunzwa chakataura kakawanda vachiona zvinonyadzisira pakupera kwezuva ravo (71.1%), iyo yaive yakakwira zvakanyanya kupfuura vese vachiona mukati mezuva ravo (24.2%, p <0.001) uye zuva ravo risati rasvika (4.7%, p <0.001). Iyo muzana yevaya vanotaura vachiona zvinonyadzisira mukati mezuva ravo yaive zvakare yakakwira zvakanyanya kupfuura avo vanotaura vachitarisa zuva ravo risati ratanga (p <0.001).

Maitiro Ezvinonyadzisira Akawanikwa Sei

Tichifunga nezvekuti zvinonyadzisira zvaiwanzowanikwa sei, pakanga pasina musiyano wakakura pakati pemhinduro dzevanhurume nevanhukadzi (χ² kana Muedzo weFisher, zvese p > 0.05). Nekudaro, iyo yakasanganiswa data yevanhurume nevanhukadzi yakaongororwa (Mufananidzo 2A). Maitiro ekutanga ekuona zvinonyadzisira akataurwa kuti anoshandiswa nevazhinji vakapindura aive matekinoroji ane chekuita neinternet (Nhare mbozha, komputa uye desktop makomputa, nemapiritsi; 98.2%) Kunyanya, pinda kuburikidza ne Nharembozha (69.4%) yaive yakakwira zvakanyanya kupfuura dzimwe sarudzo dzese (zvese p <0.001). Nzira inotevera yepamusoro yekuwana yakataurwa yaive Laptop computer (15.2%), iyo yaive yakakwira zvakanyanya kupfuura Mahwendefa (semuenzaniso, Kindle, iPad, nezvimwewo) (6.3%), Desktop kombiyuta (7.3%), terevhizheni (0.6%), Magazines (0.8%), uye Mabhuku epanyama (mapepa) (0.4%), zvese p <0.001. Pamusoro pezvo, avo vanotaura nezvekushandisa kwemaviri mahwendefa uye komputa yedesktop yaive yakakwira zvakanyanya kupfuura terevhizheni, Magazines, uye Mabhuku epanyama (mapepa) (zvese p <0.001). Zvimwe zvese kuenzanisa zvaive zvisina kukosha (zvese p > 0.05). Muchirevo chemubvunzo uyu, vatori vechikamu vasere vakapindura mwe, ichiita 1.6% yevakawanda vakapindura kumubvunzo uyu.

Fomu Rezvinonyadzisira Rakawanikwa

Zvichienderana nemhando yezvinonyadzisira izvo zvaiwanzo kuwanikwa nevakomana pabonde, misiyano yakakura yaivepo pakati pevasikana {Mufananidzo 2B, χ²(1, N = 447) = 0.0 (Zviziviso paInternet), 10.6 (TV / Mafirimu, 61.6 [Webhusaiti yevakuru (semuenzaniso, mawebhusaiti ezvinonyadzisira)], 39.1 (Vakuru / erootic mabhuku), 9.5 (Sexting / foni pabonde / nharembozha / Snapchat)}.

Nezve vanhurume, ruzhinji rwevakabvunzwa (83.5%) rwakaratidza kuti kazhinji vaiwanzowana Webhusaiti yevakuru (semuenzaniso, mawebhusaiti ezvinonyadzisira), iyo yaive yakakwira zvakanyanya kupfuura dzimwe sarudzo dzese [Zviziviso paInternet (4.2%), TV / Mafirimu (5.5%), Vakuru / erootic mabhuku (3.0%), Magazini Anonyadzisira (2.1%), Sexting / foni pabonde / nharembozha / Snapchat (1.3%), Mitambo yevakuru vhidhiyo (0.4%); zvese p <0.001]. Iyo muzana yeavo vanotaura kuwana kuburikidza TV / Mafirimu yakanga yakakwira zvakanyanya kupfuura zvese kutumira mameseji, nezvimwe (p <0.05) uye mitambo yevakuru vhidhiyo (p <0.01). Pamusoro pezvo, pinda kuburikidza Zviziviso paInternet yaive yakakwira zvakanyanya kupfuura Mitambo yevakuru vhidhiyo (p <0.05). Zvimwe zvese kuenzanisa zvaive zvisina kukosha (p > 0.05).

Kufanana nevarume, ruzhinji rwevakadzi (48.1%) vanotaura kazhinji vachiona zvinonyadzisira kuburikidza nevakuru mawebhusaiti. Izvi zvaive zvakakwirira zvakanyanya kupfuura dzimwe sarudzo dzese [Zviziviso paInternet (4.8%), TV / Mafirimu (15.2%), Vakuru / erootic mabhuku (22.9%), Magazini Anonyadzisira (1.4%), Sexting / foni pabonde / nharembozha / Snapchat (7.6%), Mitambo yevakuru vhidhiyo (0.0%); zvese p <0.001]. Izvi zvakateverwa nemabhuku evakuru, ayo aive akakwirira zvakanyanya kupfuura kushambadzira kweinternet, magazini ezvinonyadzisira, kutumira mameseji, nezvimwewo nemitambo yemavhidhiyo yevakuru (zvese p <0.001). Chiyero chevakadzi vanotaura kupinda kuburikidza neTV / Mafirimu, fomu yechitatu yepamusoro kazhinji inowanikwa, yaive yakakwira zvakanyanya kupfuura kushambadza paInternet, magazini ezvinonyadzisira, uye mitambo yevakuru yevhidhiyo (p <0.001), pamwe nekutumira mameseji anotumira mameseji, nezvimwe (p <0.05). Zvinonyadzisira zvinowanikwa kuburikidza Sexting / foni pabonde / nharembozha / Snapchat yakanga yakakwira zvakanyanya kupfuura ese maviri emagazini ezvinonyadzisira (p <0.01) uye mitambo yevakuru vhidhiyo (p <0.001). Chekupedzisira, kupinda kuburikidza neinternet kushambadza kwaive kwakakwira zvakanyanya kupfuura vakuru vhidhiyo mitambo (p <0.01). Zvimwe zvese kuenzanisa zvaive zvisina kukosha (zvese p > 0.05).

Nezve iwo mubvunzo unobvunza muchimiro chekuona zvinonyadzisira chinowanzo kuwanikwa, vatori vechikamu 41 vakapindura Zvimwe (ndapota taura), ichiita 8.4% yevakawanda vakapindura kumubvunzo uyu.

Kutanga Kuona Kune Zvinonyadzisira

Sezviri pamusoro, kumibvunzo ine "Zvimwe (ndapota taura)”Sarudzo yemhinduro, idzi mhinduro dzakabviswa pakuongorora uye zvikamu zvakaratidzwa.

Zera rekutanga Kuratidzwa kune Zvinonyadzisira

Kuongorora kwakaratidza kusiyana kukuru pakati pevanhurume nevanhukadzi zvine chekuita nezera rakataurwa rekutanga kuona zvinonyadzisira [Mufananidzo 3A, χ²(1, N = 470) = 2.5 (8 kana mudiki), 27.3 (9-13), 5.3 (14-17), 16.1 (18 kana mukuru)].

Vazhinji varume (63.7%) vakashuma 9-13 sezera rekutanga kuona zvinonyadzisira, izvo zvaive zvakakwirira zvakanyanya kupfuura dzimwe sarudzo dzese [8 kana mudiki (8.9%), 14-17 (25.8%), 18 kana mukuru (1.6%), zvese p <0.001]. Zvimwe zvese kuenzanisa kwezera rekutanga kuburitswa kwevanhurume zvaive zvakakosha (zvese p <0.001) [χ²(3, N = 248) = 305.0, p <0.001].

Yakanangana nevakadzi, yakafanana nevarume, iyo modhi zera rekutanga kuburitswa yaive zvakare 9-13 (39.2%). Kunyangwe izvi zvaive zvisina kunyanya kukwirira kupfuura avo vaitaura 14-17 (36.0 muzana, p > 0.05), yaive yakakwira zvakanyanya kupfuura ese ari maviri 8 kana mudiki (14.0%) uye 18 kana mukuru (10.8%), zvese p <0.001. Pamusoro pezvo, chikamu chevakadzi vanotaura 14-17 yaive zvakare yakakwira zvakanyanya kupfuura ese ari maviri 8 kana mudiki uye 18 kana mukuruzvose p <0.001. Pakanga pasina mutsauko wakakosha (p > 0.05) pakati pevakadzi vakashuma 8 kana mudiki hama ne 18 kana mukuru kunge zera ravakatanga kuratidzwa zvinonyadzisira [χ²(3, N = 222) = 76.5, p <0.001].

Maitiro Ekuona Zvinonyadzisira Akaitika

Nezve maitiro ekutanga kuratidzwa kwekuona zvinonyadzisira kwakaitika, mutsauko wakakura waive uripo pakati pevakadzi [Mufananidzo 3B, χ²(1, N = 458) = 0.0 (Kuburikidza nemhuri), 0.2 (Kuburikidza neshamwari), 4.5 (Chido cheMunhu), 6.8 (Kuratidzira Kusingadiwi)].

Mune zvese varume nevakadzi, Kuda kuziva kwako pachako (Murume: 45.1%; Mukadzi: 34.9%) uye Kufumurwa kusingadiwi (Munhurume: 32.9%; Mukadzi: 45.3%) ndidzo dzaive nzira dzekutanga kubudikidza nekutanga kuburitswa. Nekudaro, muvanhurume, kuda kuziva kwaive kwakakwira zvakanyanya kupfuura kuratidzwa kusingadiwe (p <0.01), ichiri mumadzimai, kuratidzwa kusingatarisirwi kwaive kwakakwirira kupfuura kuda kuziva kwako (p <0.05). Dzese nzira idzi dzekufumura dzaive dzakakwirira zvakanyanya, mune vese vanhukadzi, kupfuura Kuburikidza nemhuri (Varume: 5.3%; Vakadzi: 5.2%) uye Kuburikidza neshamwari (Murume: 16.7%; Mukadzi: 14.6%), vese p <0.001. Pamusoro pezvo, mune vese varume kana vakadzi, kuburitswa kuburikidza neshamwari kwanga kwakakwirira zvakanyanya kupfuura kuburitswa kuburikidza nemhuri (Vanhurume: p <0.001; Vakadzi: p <0.01). Nezve uyu mubvunzo, gumi nevaviri vatori vechikamu (12% yevakawanda vakapindura kumubvunzo uyu) vakasarudzwa mwe [Murume: χ²(3, N = 246) = 121.5, Mukadzi: χ²(3, N = 212) = 114.2, zvese zviri zviviri p <0.001].

Kutanga Kujekesa: Fomu Rezvinonyadzisira

Zvichienderana nemhando yezvinonyadzisira zvakatanga kuburitswa nevapinduri, ongororo yakaratidza kusiyana kukuru pakati pevanhurume nevanhukadzi mukati memhando dzakasiyana dzekuratidzwa [Mufananidzo 3C, χ²(1, N = 437) = 0.9 (Pop-ups / Kushambadzira paInternet), 1.7 (TV / Mafirimu), 11.3 (Webhusaiti yevakuru (semuenzaniso, mawebhusaiti ezvinonyadzisira), 22.8 (Vakuru / erootic mabhuku), 6.2 (Magazini Anonyadzisira)].

Nezve vanhurume, 44.2% yakashumwa Webhusaiti yevakuru (semuenzaniso, mawebhusaiti ezvinonyadzisira) sechimiro chekuona zvinonyadzisira kwavakatanga kuratidzwa. Izvi zvaive zvakakwirira zvakanyanya kupfuura mamwe mafomu ese: Pop-ups / kushambadzira paInternet, 15.2%; Terevhizheni / Mafirimu, 17.7%; Mabhuku evakuru / eerotic, 3.0%; Magazini anonyadzisira, 17.3%; Sexting / foni pabonde / nharembozha / Snapchat, 0.9% uye Mitambo yevakuru vhidhiyo, 1.7%, ese p <0.001. Iyo muzana yevanhurume vanotaura Terevhizheni / Mafirimu, Magazini anonyadzisira uye Pop-ups / kushambadzira paInternet yaive yakakwira zvakanyanya (zvese p <0.001) kupfuura zvinyorwa zvevakuru, kutumira mameseji, nezvimwe, uye mitambo yevakuru vhidhiyo. Zvese zvimwe fananidzo zvaive zvisina kukosha (p > 0.05).

Zvakafanana nevanhurume, mawebhusaiti evakuru ndiyo yaive yakanyanya kutaurwa yezvinonyadzisira izvo vakadzi vakatanga kuburitswa (28.2%), iyo yaive yakakwira zvakanyanya kupfuura mamwe mafomu [Pop-ups, nezvimwe (18.9%) uye zvinyorwa zvevakuru (17.0%) , zvese p <0.05; Magazini (8.7%), kutumira mameseji, nezvimwewo (3.4%) uye mitambo yevakuru vhidhiyo (0.5%), ese p <0.001], kunze kweTV / mabhaisikopo (23.3%, p > 0.05). Pop-ups, nezvimwewo, TV / mabhaisikopo uye zvinyorwa zvevakuru zvese zvaive zvakakurisa kupfuura kutumira mameseji, nezvimwewo nemitambo yevakuru vhidhiyo, ese p <0.001, pamwe nemagazini anonyadzisira (zvine hukama nePop-ups, nezvimwe. p <0.01, TV / mafirimu, p <0.001 uye zvinyorwa zvevakuru, p <0.05). Pamusoro pezvo, chikamu cheavo vanotaura nezvezvinonyadzisira magazini chaive chakakwirira zvakanyanya kupfuura zvese kutumira mameseji, nezvimwe, p <0.05, uye mutambo wevakuru wevhidhiyo, p <0.001. Zvese zvimwe fananidzo zvaive zvisina kukosha (p > 0.05). Pakati pevose vakapindura, 33 (7.0%) vakasarudzwa Zvimwe (ndapota taura) zvine chekuita nemhando yezvinonyadzisira izvo zvavakatanga kuratidzwa.

mCIUS Mibvunzo

Muzhinji, maitiro echikamu chevatori vechikamu vanopindura "Kazhinji"Kana kuti"Nguva zhinji”Yemibvunzo ine chekuita nekumanikidza kushandisa zvinonyadzisira yainge yakafanana kune vese varume kana vakadzi. Vatori vechikamu munhurume nevanhukadzi vakasarudzwa zvakanyanya "Kazhinji"Kana kuti"Nguva zhinji”Yemibvunzo inoratidza kuti: (1) vaifunga kuti vanofanirwa kushandisa nguva shoma pamawebhusaiti ekuona zvinonyadzisira (SpendLess, Bonde rakabatana: 70.5%; Murume: 77.6%, Mukadzi: 62.8%), (2) vakawana mawebhusaiti pavanonzwa kushushikana ( FeelDown, Bonde rakabatanidzwa: 49.0%; Varume: 55.9%, Mukadzi: 41.5%), (3) vakaramba vachiwana mawebhusaiti kunyangwe vaine chinangwa chekumira (AccessStop, Bonde rakabatana: 45.3%; Murume: 52.0%, Mukadzi: 38.0% ), (4) vakawana iwo mawebhusaiti kutiza / kuwana zororo kubva pamanzwiro asina kunaka (EscpSor, Bonde rakabatanidzwa: 42.0%; Varume: 48.4%, Mukadzi: 35.0%), (5) zvakakuomera kurega kuwana mawebhusaiti kana uri online ( DiffStop, Bonde rakabatanidzwa: 41.4%; Murume: 48.4%, Mukadzi: 33.8%), uye (6) vasina kubudirira kuyedza kushandisa nguva shoma pamawebhusaiti (Vakasabudirira, Bonde rakabatanidzwa: 40.6%; Varume: 48.0%, Mukadzi: 32.5% ). Misiyano yakakosha pachiverengero yaivapowo pakati pechikamu chikuru chevanhurume kupfuura vanhukadzi vanotaura "Kazhinji"Kana kuti"Nguva zhinji”Yezvinhu izvi chaizvo mu mCIUS [χ²(1, N = 488) = 10.2 (DiffStop), 9.0 (AccessStop), 9.6 (FeelDown), 8.4 (EscpSor), p <0.01; 12.0 (Spendless), 11.6 (Hauna kubudirira), p <0.001]. Zvese zvimwe fananidzo zvaive zvisina kukosha (p > 0.05). Iyi misiyano uye mhedzisiro yemibvunzo yasara isina kutaurwa pamusoro inotsanangurwa muna Mufananidzo 4A uye Supplementary Table 1.

Kubva pane zvinyorwa zvekare zvine chekuita nekushandisa internet (Guertler et al., 2014; Yong et al., 2017; Fuchs et al., 2018) uye uchifunga nezve chokwadi chekuti mCIUS ine mibvunzo gumi nematatu (Downing et al., 2014), mukupesana neyekutanga ongororo yezvinhu gumi nemana (Meerkerk et al., 2009), Kupatsanurwa kwekuomarara kwakaiswa panzvimbo yekucheka yemapoinzi makumi maviri nematanhatu (yakakura kupfuura kana yakaenzana ne26; zvichibva pamhinduro kanenge dzimwe nguva yechinhu chiri chose cheMCIUS) kuratidza zvinodhaka zvinodhaka zvinoshandisa, 20-25 se chinetso chinonyadzisira chinoshandisa, uye <20 senguva dzose. Pasi peichi chikamu, 57.0% yeavo vakapindura kune mCIUS yakaratidza kunetsa uye kupindwa muropa nekushandisa zvinonyadzisira (16.6 uye 40.4%, zvichiteerana).

Yekuongorora Kwechinhu Kuongorora kwe mCIUS

Yekuongorora yekuongorora chinhu (EFA) uchishandisa mukuru-axis factor kuburitsa (Costello naOsborne, 2005; Baglin, 2014) yakashandiswa kuongorora chimiro chechimiro cheMCIUS yekuongorora zvinhu. Kuongorora kwakafanana (Costello naOsborne, 2005; Baglin, 2014) yakakurudzira mhinduro yezvinhu zvitatu (Tafura 2). Zvichipa kuwirirana kwakakwira kwezvinhu, iyo 'promax' (oblique) kutenderera (Costello naOsborne, 2005; Baglin, 2014) yakashandiswa mukududzira kwezvinhu zvitatu. Kutenderera uku kwaive nemari dzekukwikwidza dzakatenderedzwa kubva pa1.81 kusvika pa4.16. Iko kuwirirana coefficients pakati pezvinhu zvakatangira kubva pa0.699 - 0.755.

Chinhu chekutanga, chinozivikanwa se "Kufungisisa," chaisanganisira kusarudza kuwana mawebhusaiti pane kushandisa nguva nevamwe (TimeOthers), kushaya hope nekuda kwekukwira uchiona mawebhusaiti (ShortSleep), kufunga nezvemawebhusaiti kunyangwe usiri online ( ThinkSites), tichitarisira kunotevera internet sosi yekuwana iwo mawebhusaiti (LookFwd), inomhanyisa basa kuti uwane mawebhusaiti (RushWork), uchisarudza kuwana mawebhusaiti uku uchisiya zvisungo zvezuva nezuva (NglctOb), uye kunzwa kusagadzikana, kunetseka kana kutsamwiswa kana isingakwanise kuwana mawebhusaiti (Restless). Chinhu chechipiri chakazivikanwa se "Kutendeseka," uye chaisanganisira DiffStop, AccessStop, SpendLess, uye Kusabudirira. Chekupedzisira, chinhu chechitatu, chinozivikanwa se "Emotional Coping," chaisanganisira FeelDown uye EscpSor. Kuzivikanwa kwezvinhu izvo zvichawedzerwa kugadziriswa muhurukuro.

EmSS Mibvunzo

Pakazara, maitiro akawandisa echikamu chevatori vechikamu vanopindura "Bvumiranai"Kana kuti"Gvumirana zvakasimba”Yemibvunzo ine chekuita nemanzwiro uye dzepabonde zvine chekuita nekushandisa zvinonyadzisira yakanga yakafanana pakati pevarume nevakadzi. Vatori vechikamu mune vese murume nemukadzi vanonyanya kutaurwa "Bvumiranai"Kana kuti"Gvumirana zvakasimba”Yemibvunzo inoratidza kuti vaive kunyanya kuona zvinonyadzisira zvepaIndaneti apo: (1) vaive vega (Voga, Bonde rakabatanidzwa: 94.3%; Varume: 97.2%, Mukadzi: 91.2%), (2) vaive vachinzwa kumutswa pabonde (Vakamutswa, 80.9%), (3) vakasuwa ( Bored, Bonde rakabatanidzwa: 73.5%; Murume: 80.0%, Mukadzi: 66.4%), uye (4) vakanzwa kusurukirwa (Kusurukirwa, 71.2%). Pakanga paine, zvisinei, misiyano yakakosha pakuwanda pakati pehuwandu hwevanhurume nevanhukadzi vanotaura "Bvumiranai"Kana kuti"Gvumirana zvakasimba”Yezvinhu zvakasarudzika muEmSS. Kunyanya, vanhurume vazhinji kupfuura vanhukadzi vaigona kushandisa zvinonyadzisira kana vari vega [χ²(1, N = 476) = 7.0] kana kunzwa kufinhwa [χ²(1, N = 476) = 10.6], zvese zviri zviviri p <0.01, nepo chikamu chakanyanya kukura chevakadzi kupfuura varume [χ²(1, N = 476) = 6.9, p <0.01] yakashuma ichishandisa zvinonyadzisira kana uine wawakarara naye (Murume: 6.8%, Mukadzi: 14.6%). Zvese zvimwe fananidzo zvaive zvisina kukosha (p > 0.05). Iyi misiyano uye mhedzisiro yezvinhu zvakasara zvisina kutaurwa pamusoro zvinotsanangurwa mu Mufananidzo 4B uye Supplementary Table 2.

Yekuongorora Yechinhu Kuongorora kweiyo EmSS

Kamwe zvekare, EFA ichishandisa chikuru-axis factor kuburitsa kwakashandiswa kuongorora chimiro chechinhu chezvinhu zvine chekuita nemanzwiro uye zvepabonde. Kuongorora kwakafanana kwakaratidza kuvapo kwezvinhu zvitatu (Tafura 3). Tichifunga kuti zviyero zvakasiyana zve data zvaive zvisiri-orthogonal, iyo oblique ('promax') kutenderera yakashandiswa. Kutenderera uku kwaive nemari dzekukwirana dzakatakurwa kubva pa0.923 kusvika 1.498. Iko kuwirirana coefficients pakati pezvinhu zvakatangira kubva pa0.240 kusvika 0.679.

Chinhu chekutanga chakaonekwa se "Chisinganzwisisike," zvichiratidza zvinhu zvine chekuita nemamiriro ezvinhu anonyanya kusanganisira ivo vanhu vacho uye zvichibva pamanzwiro emukati. Izvi zvaisanganisira Wega, Kusurukirwa, Bored, uye Kumutswa. Chinhu chechipiri, chinozivikanwa se "Asina simba," chakaratidza mukana wakawanda wekushandisa zvinonyadzisira unobatana nekushaikwa kwemikana yekuita zvepabonde, kunyanya, kusaita bonde munguva (N ngochani) uye kusawana mumwe munhu wekurara naye (Noonesex). Chekupedzisira, chinhu chechitatu, "Extrinsic," chakaonekwa kuratidza mamiriro ezvinhu aisanganisira zvinokanganisa vekunze, kusanganisira kuva newaunoita naye bonde (Sexpart), kumanikidzwa nevezera rako (Peerpres) uye kudhakwa kana kunzwa mhedzisiro yemishonga / zvisiri pamutemo zvinhu (Zvidhakwa) .

Dass-21

Kubva pane kurova kweiyo DASS-21 (Lovibond uye Lovibond, 2004), Kubva kune vatori vechikamu vakapedza chikamu ichi cheongororo (n = 872), 55.4, 56.0, uye 63.5% yevose vatori vechikamu vakawira pasi pe "zvakajairika" chikamu chekupererwa, kusagadzikana uye kusagadzikana, zvichiteerana. Pamusoro pezvo, chikamu chakakura chevatori vechikamu chakaratidza zviratidzo zve "zvakanyanya" kana "zvakanyanya" maitiro ekushushikana (17.0%), kushushikana (20.4%), uye kushushikana (13.5%) (ona Supplementary Figure 1).

Kuongorora hakuna kuratidza kusiyana kwakakosha (zvese p > 0.05) pakati pevanhurume nevanhukadzi pamatanho akasiyana ("zvakajairika," "zvinyoro," nezvimwewo) zvekushushikana. Nekudaro, chikamu chakanyanya kukwirira chevanhurume chakataura "zvakajairika" mazinga eese kushushikana (62.2%) uye kushushikana (69.1%) maererano nevakadzi (A: 53.0%; S: 60.9%), χ²(1, N = 872) = 6.1 uye 5.0, zvichiteerana, zvese zviri zviviri p <0.05. Pamusoro pezvo, chikamu chakakwirira zvakanyanya [χ²(1, N = 872) = 4.1, p <0.05] yevakadzi (22.4%) kupfuura yevarume (16.2%) yakashumwa ingave "yakanyanya" kana "yakanyanya kuomarara" kunetseka. Chikamu chakakwirira zvakanyanya [χ²(1, N = 872) = 4.2, p <0.05] yevakadzi (15.5%) yakaratidza "zvine mwero" nhanho yekushushikana inoenderana neyevarume (10.1%). Zvimwe zvese kuenzanisa zvaive zvisina kunyanya kusiyana (zvese p > 0.05).

Utano hwepfungwa (D, A, S) uye Zvinonyadzisira Shandisa

Yekupedzisira Yakataurwa Zvinonyadzisira Shandisa uye Hutano hwepfungwa

Kuongorora kwakaitwa kuongorora kukanganiswa kwekupedzisira kunoratidzwa zvinonyadzisira zvinoshandiswa pahutano hwepfungwa, sekuyerwa neDASS-21. Ivhareji D, A, S zvikoro zvevadzidzi vanotaura nezvekushandisa zvinonyadzisira zvaive zvakakwirira kwazvo [t(870) = -5.55 uye -3.81 yeD naA, zvichiteerana, zvese zviri zviviri p <0.001; t(870) = -3.14 yeS, p <0.01] kupfuura avo vanotaura vasina kumboona zvinonyadzisira.

Zvakare, mhedzisiro yakaratidza chakakosha mhedzisiro mumatatu ese hutano hwepfungwa parameter (D, A, S) pabonde [D: F(1,866) = 7.80, p <0.01; A: F(1,866) = 18.73, p <0.001; S: F(1,866) = 13.35, p <0.001] uye yekupedzisira yakashumwa zvinonyadzisira zvinoshandiswa [D: F(2,866) = 22.04; A: F(2,866) = 11.97; S: F(2,866) = 12.15; zvese p <0.001], asi kwete mukubatana pabonde uye yekupedzisira yakataurwa kushandiswa [D: F(2,866) = 1.48; A: F(2,866) = 0.39; S: F(2,866) = 0.88; zvese p > 0.05]. Kushungurudzika, kushushikana uye kushushikana mamaki (kureva uye SEM), kune vese varume nevakadzi, panguva dzese dzekupedzisira dzakashumwa kushandisa zvinonyadzisira zvinoratidzwa mu Mifananidzo 5A-C.

Zvichienderana nevanhurume, zvikwiriso zvakakwirira zvakanyanya zvakaonekwa mukuora mwoyo uye kusagadzikana (zvese p <0.05) mune avo vanotaura vachishandisa zvinonyadzisira mugore rapfuura (Nhasi, Mukati mevhiki rapfuura, Mukati memwedzi wapfuura, Mukati megore rapfuura) pane avo vanotaura vasina kumboshandisa zvinonyadzisira. Kufananidza kumwechete, zvine chekuita nekushushikana, kwakaratidza maitiro ekukosha (p = 0.06). Zvese zvimwe fananidzo zvaive zvisina kukosha (p > 0.05).

Panyaya yevakadzi, zvakakwirira zvakanyanya muzvikamu zvese zvitatu zvehutano hwepfungwa (zvese p <0.001) yakataurwa kune avo vanotaura zvinonyadzisira vanoshandisa mugore rapfuura kune avo vanotaura kuti havana kumboshandisa. Zvikamu zvekushushikana uye kushushikana zvaive zvakanyanya zvakanyanya (p <0.001 uye p <0.01, zvichiteerana) mune avo vanotaura vachishandisa zvinonyadzisira mugore rapfuura maererano neavo vanotaura vachishandisa zvinonyadzisira Kupfuura gore rapfuura. Nepo maitiro akafanana akaonekwa muzvikamu zvekushushikana, zvakaenzana, uyu mutsauko waive maitiro kune kukosha (p = 0.08). Pamusoro pezvo, huwandu hwekushushikana kune avo vanotaura kuti vakashandisa zvinonyadzisira Kupfuura gore rapfuura yaive zvakare yakakwira zvakanyanya kupfuura avo vaiti havana kumboshandisa zvinonyadzisira (p <0.05). Zvimwe zvese kuenzanisa zvaive zvisina kukosha (p > 0.05).

Panyaya yekupedzisira yakashumwa zvinonyadzisira zvinoshandiswa, kana tichienzanisa vanhukadzi, vanhukadzi vakashuma zvakakwirira kupfuura zvevanhurume mune ese hutano hwepfungwa parameter. Post hoc ongororo yakaratidza zvakanyanya kushushikana, kushushikana uye kunetseka zvikoro (zvese p <0.001) mune vakadzi kupfuura varume vakaona zvinonyadzisira mugore rapfuura. Pamusoro pezvo, vanhukadzi vanotaura kuti havana kumbobvira vashandisa zvinonyadzisira vakawanawo mazinga epamusoro pane evanhurume vari muchikamu chimwe chete (p <0.05), nepo zvibodzwa zvekushushikana zvichingoratidza maitiro ekukosha (p = 0.06). Chekupedzisira, pakanga paine tsika yekukosha (p = 0.07) musiyano uripo pakati pevakadzi nevarume mumatambudziko ekuzvidya mwoyo kune avo vanotaura vachishandisa zvinonyadzisira Kupfuura gore rapfuura.

Hutano hwepfungwa uye Zvekare Zvinonyadzisira Shandisa

Tichifunga kuti DASS-21 inobvunza vatori vechikamu kuti vatarise kushanda kwechimwe chirevo pamusoro pe Svondo rapfuura, D, A, S zvikwata zvakaongororwa kubva kuvatori vechikamu vachipindura kuti kekupedzisira nguva yavakaona zvinonyadzisira yaive Mukati mesvondo rapfuura or nhasi, uye kuti vaiona zvinonyadzisira kanenge vhiki (Akawanda nguva zuva nezuva, mazuva ose, kana pavhiki) (Yakashandiswa) hama kune avo vasina kumboshandisa zvinonyadzisira (Hazvishandiswe).

Kuongorora kwakaratidza kwakakosha kuitika kwekuona zvinonyadzisira kunoshandiswa mumatatu ese hutano hwepfungwa [D: F(1,527) = 45.98; A: F(1,527) = 21.08; S: F(1,527) = 21.96; zvese p <0.001]. Paivewo nemusiyano wakakura pabonde nekushushikana [F(1,527) = 5.37, p <0.05] nekushushikana [F(1,527) = 7.59, p <0.01], asi kwete kushushikana [F(1,527) = 3.40, p > 0.05]. Pamusoro pezvo, hapana kumwe kutaurirana kuri maererano nebonde nekushandisa zvinonyadzisira kwaive kwakakosha [D: F(1,527) = 0.23; A: F(1,527) = 0.38; S: F(1,527) = 0.13; zvese p > 0.05]. Kushungurudzika, kushushikana, uye kushushikana mamore (kureva uye SEM), kune vese varume nevakadzi, vakashandisa uye vasina kushandisa zvinonyadzisira zvinoratidzwa mune Mifananidzo 5D-F.

Mukati mevose varume nevakadzi, pakanga paine mutsauko wakakura mukushushikana (zvese p <0.001), kushushikana (Vanhurume: p <0.001; Vakadzi: p <0.01) uye kushushikana (Vanhurume: p <0.01; Vakadzi: p <0.001) zvibodzwa pakati peavo vakashandisa (Vakashandisa) uye vasina kushandisa (Haina Kushandiswa).

Kana tichienzanisa vanhurume nevanhukadzi, ongororo yakaratidza kuti mukati meavo vaishandisa zvinonyadzisira (Zvakashandiswa), vanhukadzi vakataura zvakanyanya zvakanyanya kunetseka zvikoro (p <0.05) kupfuura varume; zvisinei, pakanga pasina musiyano wakakosha pakati pevasikana mune kushushikana uye huwandu hwekunetseka (zvese p > 0.05) mukati meKushandiswa. Mune vatori vechikamu vanotaura kuti havamboshandisa zvinonyadzisira, vakadzi vakahwina zvakanyanya mukushushikana (p <0.05), asi kwete kushushikana (p > 0.05). Paive zvakare nekombamiro yekukosha pakati pevanhurume nevanhukadzi mumatambudziko ekunetseka mukati meKusina Kushandiswa (p = 0.05).

Kudzokorora Kunowanzoverengeka

Kuongorora kudzvinyirira kwakaratidza hukama hwakasiyana pakati pevanhu vakasiyana siyana (zera, bonde, huwandu hwesemesters dzakapedziswa kuFranciscan University, uye kana iye anenge ari mukwikwidzi akagovana kamuri) akaongororwa, akasiyana maficha ezvinonyadzisira anoshandisa (kekupedzisira nguva iyo anenge achitora chikamu achiona zvinonyadzisira, kuwanda Zvekushandisa zvinonyadzisira, iyo nguva yezuva iyo yavakawanzoona zvinonyadzisira, uye zera rekutanga kuona zvinonyadzisira), kusanganisira izvo zviyero zvakayerwa neMCIUS neEmSS, uye kushushikana, kushushikana nekushushikana. Yakadzama mhedzisiro saizi (β-kukosha) neyavo p-kukosha kunoratidzwa mune Tables 4, 5.

Ose ari maviri modhi 1 (ayo anosanganisira mCIUS zvinhu) uye modhi 2 (izvo zvinosanganisira zvinhu zveEmSS) zvakaratidza kuti zera remubatanidzwa, bonde, uye kekupedzisira pavakaona zvinonyadzisira zvakanyanya kufanotaura nezvakawanda zvekuora mwoyo (modhi 1: R² = 0.163, muenzaniso 2: R² = 0.157). Zvepabonde uye zera rekutanga kuona zvinonyadzisira zvakafanotaura kushushikana kwese (muenzaniso 1: R² = 0.109, muenzaniso 2: R² = 0.091) uye kushushikana (modhi 1: R² = 0.149, muenzaniso 2: R² = 0.144) zvibodzwa. Pamusoro pezvo, iyo yekupedzisira nguva iyo mukwikwidzi aona zvinonyadzisira zvaive zvakare chirevo chakakosha chekushushikana.

Nezve izvo zvakasarudzika zvinhu mukati meMCIUS (modhi 1), NglctOb uye EscpSor zvakanyanya kufanotaura kushushikana mamakisi, nepo DiffStop, ShortSleep, uye Restless zvakanyanya kufungidzira kunetseka, uye NglctOb uye Kusazorora kwaive kwakakosha kufanofungidzira kwekunetseka zvikoro.

Nezve izvo zvinhu zveEmSS (modhi 2), Kusurukirwa kwakanyatsofungidzira zvese zvitatu zvehutano hwepfungwa zvakayerwa (D, A, S). Pamusoro pezvo, Akamutswa aive akakosha kufungidzira kwekushushikana nekushushikana, asi kwete kuora mwoyo zvikoro.

Zvimwe Information

Chii Chakabatsira Kuderedza Zvinonyadzisira Shandisa

Zvine chekuita nemubvunzo maererano nezvakabatsira uyo anotora chikamu kudzikisa kushandisa kwavo zvinonyadzisira, "Zvimwe (ndapota taura)”Mhinduro sarudzo (n = 66) yakasiyiwa kubva pakuongorora uye zvikamu zvakaratidzwa, nekuda kwekusiyana uye kusanzwisisika kwemhinduro dzakapihwa, izvo zvingangokanganisa kududzira.

Kugovaniswa kwese kwemhinduro maererano nezvezvinhu zvakabatsira kudzikisira kushandiswa kwezvinonyadzisira kwaive seinotevera: Internet zviwanikwa (kureva CovenantEyes.com) (18.2%), Kuzvidavirira Partner / Boka - pane kambasi (10.9%), Kuzvidavirira Partner / Boka - kure kambasi (14.7%), Hupenyu hwekutenda (80.1%), Maitiro etsika (76.6%), Zvinokurudzira iwe pachako (81.2%), Counselling services (8.3%), Hapana chakabatsira (3.9%), uye Kwete kufarira kudzikisira kushandiswa (5.5%).

Vese varume nevakadzi vakashuma Hupenyu hwekutenda (Varume: 83.5%; Vakadzi: 76.2%), Maitiro etsika (Varume: 77.4%; Vakadzi: 75.7%), uye Zvinokurudzira iwe pachako (Varume: 82.3%; Vakadzi: 79.9%) sezvinhu zvinonyanya kubatsira mukuderedza zvinonyadzisira zvinoshandiswa. Idzi sarudzo nhatu dzaive dzisina kusiyana zvakanyanya (zvese p > 0.05) kubva kune mumwe nemumwe muvarume vese [χ²(8, N = 243) = 1017.4, p <0.001] nevakadzi [χ²(8, N = 214) = 1000.9, p <0.001]. Nekudaro, mune vese vanhukadzi, huwandu hwevatori vechikamu vanomhan'ara idzi sarudzo sosi dzekubatsira dzaive dzakakwirira zvakanyanya kupfuura dzimwe sarudzo dzese dzemhinduro (zvese p <0.001). Sezvineiwo, 63.9% yevakapindura kumubvunzo uyu yaisanganisira musanganiswa wevatatu veiyi sarudzo (Kutenda Hupenyu, Maitiro etsika, uye Zvinokurudzira iwe pachako) semanyuko akabatsira kudzikisira kushandisa zvinonyadzisira.

Muvanhurume, zviyero zvinoratidzira internet zviwanikwa (23.5%) uye nekuzvidavirira mudiwa vese pa- (16.5%) uye kunze kwekambasi (20.2%) vaive vakakwira zvakanyanya kupfuura vese avo vanotaura kuti hapana chakabatsira (4.9%) nevaya vanoratidza kuti ivo vanga vasingafarire kudzikisa mashandisiro avo ezvinonyadzisira (4.1%; zvese p <0.001). Pamusoro pezvo, huwandu hwevanhurume vanotaura kuti mabasa ekupa mazano (9.1%) akabatsira kudzikisa mashandisiro avo aive akaderera zvakanyanya kupfuura zviwanikwa zvese zveinternet (p >p <0.01). Zvimwe zvese kuenzanisa kwevanhurume zvaive zvisina kukosha (zvese p > 0.05). Kufanana nevarume, chikamu chakakwira zvakanyanya chevakadzi chakataura kuti zviwanikwa zveinternet (12.1%) zvakabatsira kudzikisira kushandiswa kwezvinonyadzisira kupfuura avo vanotaura kuti hapana chakabatsira kudzikisira kushandisa kwavo (2.8%, p <0.01). Kumwe kuenzanisa kwevakadzi kwanga kusingakoshe [Kuzvidavirira Partner / Boka - pane kambasi (4.7%), Kuzvidavirira Partner / Boka - kure kambasi (8.4%), Counselling services (7.5%), Kwete kufarira kudzikisira kushandiswa (7.0%); zvese p > 0.05].

Pakange pasina misiyano yakakosha muhuwandu hwevanhurume nevanhukadzi vanotaura nezvehunhu [χ²(1, N = 457) = 0.1, p > 0.05] uye kurudziro yako [χ²(1, N = 457) = 0.3, p > 0.05] sosi dzekubatsira mukuderedza zvinonyadzisira zvinoshandiswa. Zvisinei, paive nekombamiro pakukosha muhupenyu hwekutenda [χ²(1, N = 457) = 3.4, p = 0.06]. Izvo zvikamu zvevarume vanotaura internet zviwanikwa [χ²(1, N = 457) = 9.0, p <0.01] uye wekuzvidavirira shamwari pa- uye kunze-kembasi [χ²(1, N = 457) = 15.0 uye 11.6, zvichiteerana, zvese zviri zviviri p <0.001] yaive yakakwira zvakanyanya kupfuura vanhukadzi. Zvimwe zvese kuenzanisa zvaive zvisina kukosha [χ²(1, N = 457) = 0.2, 0.9, uye 1.3 ye Counselling services, Hapana chakabatsira, uye Kwete kufarira kudzikisira kushandiswa, zvichiteerana, zvese p > 0.05].

Kufunga kwekutambudzika Nezvinonyadzisira paKampasi

Nezve iyo mibvunzo inobvunza muzana revadzidzi vechirume neechikadzi vatori vechikamu vakafunga kunetseka nekuona zvinonyadzisira pamusasa wedu, sarudzo yakanyanya kusarudzwa yaive 50 - 74% maringe neperesenti yevanhurume (41.4%) uye 25 - 49% zvine chekuita nehuwandu hwevakadzi (41.8%). 11.6, 31.4, uye 15.7% yevatori vechikamu vakaratidza kuti vaifunga 0-24, 25-49, uye 75 - 100% yevanhurume pakambasi vakarwa nekuona zvinonyadzisira. Zvakare, zvine chekuita nehuwandu hwevakadzi vanotenda kunetseka nekuona zvinonyadzisira pamusasa wedu, 0 - 24% yaive yechipiri sarudzo yakasarudzwa yemhinduro (39.6%), ichiteverwa na 50 - 74% (16.9%) uye 75 - 100% (1.7%). Kuparara kwakadzama kwemaonero evarume nevakadzi ekurwira zvinonyadzisira pamusasa, mune vese vanhukadzi, zvakatsanangurwa mu Supplementary Table 3.

Kufungidzira kweZinga reZvinyadzo Zvemukati

Zvichienderana nemubvunzo maererano nekuona zvinonyadzisira vanopindurwa vakafunga zvakasiyana zvinhu, Zvine mwero zvinonyadzisira (Mod) uye Kunyanya zvinonyadzisira (Ext) yaive mhinduro mbiri dzakakwirira kwazvo dze Mifananidzo isina kupfeka (semuenzaniso, Playboy) (Mod: 37.3%, Zvimwe: 50.4%), Mabhuku anokwezva (Mod: 44.0%, Zvimwe: 31.3%), Zvepabonde mavhidhiyo (Mod: 10.6%, Ext: 86.8%), uye Cinematic zvepabonde zviitiko (Mod: 40.2%, Wedzera: 37.4%). Nezve Nude art (semuenzaniso, Chiumbwa chaDavid, Sistine Chapel), Kwete zvachose zvinonyadzisira (73.4%) uye Zvinyoro zvinonyadzisira (21.4%) ndidzo dzaive sarudzo dzakanyanya kusarudzwa. Pamusoro pezvo, 49.4 uye 29.3% yevatori vechikamu vakashuma Inonyengedza kushambadzira (semuenzaniso, Chakavanzika chaVictoria) as Zvinyoro zvinonyadzisira uye Zvine mwero zvinonyadzisira, zvichiteerana. Mashoko akazara ezvekuona zvinonyadzisira ivo vatori vechikamu vakafunga zvinhu zvakasiyana kuti zvive, pamwe nekusiyana pabonde mukuona, zvinopihwa mu Supplementary Table 4.

hurukuro

Hukama huripo pakati pekuona zvinonyadzisira, kumanikidza uye hutano hwepfungwa hwakaomarara uye hunogona kuita multidirectional maererano nehunhu uye zvikamu zvakasiyana zvinoumba musiyano wega wega. Sezvinoratidzwa muNhanganyaya, chimwe chakakosha chinoshandiswa ndiko kuwedzerwa kushandiswa nekuwanika kweinternet kwezviitiko zvine chekuita nezvebonde, iyo yave nzira huru yekuona zvinonyadzisira yakadyiwa, kunyanya pakati pevechidiki (Döring, 2009; Döring et al., 2017; Solano et al., 2020). Chidzidzo chedu chakatsvaga kuongorora izvi zvakasiyana mumuenzaniso wevadzidzi veyunivhesiti, netariro yekupa kunzwisiswa kuri nani kwesimba rehukama uhu. Muzhinji, mhedzisiro yacho inoita kunge inoratidza kusiyanisa uye kwakakosha musiyano wepabonde zvine chekuita nezvese zvinonyadzisira zvinoshandiswa uye mhedzisiro yekushandisa kwakadai pahutano hwepfungwa. Zvakare, ongororo yacho zvakare inoita kunge inosimbisa humwe hunhu hunoita kunge hune kufanana kwakanyanya kune zvehunhu hunodhakwa, izvo zvinokanganisa kugadzikana kwepfungwa.

Sekureva kwemishumo yapfuura (Carroll et al., 2008; Willoughby et al., 2014), kudzidza kwedu kunoratidzika kuratidza huwandu hwakakosha hwevadzidzi veyunivhesiti vanotaura nezvehupenyu hwese hwekushandisa zvinonyadzisira Zvinonyanya kukosha kuti vanhurume kupfuura vanhukadzi vakashumwa vachishandisa zvinonyadzisira, nguva pfupi yadarika uye kazhinji, neiyo pre-teen (9-13) makore ari iwo ekutanga nguva yekutanga kuratidzwa kune zvinonyadzisira muvanhurume. Nepo iyi nguva-nguva yekutanga kuburitswa yaive yakakosha muvakadzi, kusiyana nevarume, yakawedzera kusvika pazera rekuyaruka (14-17) makore. Mumwe musiyano uripo pakati pevanhurume nevanhukadzi ndewekuti, panguva mbiri idzi, vazhinji vevatori vechikamu vakaoneswa zvinonyadzisira vasati vasvika makore gumi nemasere, huwandu hwevanhurume vari muchikamu ichi hwakanga hwakakwirira zvakanyanya kupfuura hwemadzimai. Nepo vese vari vaviri vanhukadzi vakataura nzira mbiri dzekutanga dzekutanga kuburitsa pachena, vaive vakasiyana pakuti vakadzi vazhinji vaiburitswa vasingadi, nepo vamwe varume vachifumurwa kubudikidza nekuda kwavo. Pamusoro pezvo, vese vanhukadzi vakataura nharembozha senzira yekutanga yekuwana uye mawebhusaiti evakuru senzira yekutanga yekuona zvinonyadzisira ivo vakatanga kuburitswa uye vakaramba vachipinda kazhinji.

Panyaya yekumanikidzira internet zvinonyadzisira kushandisa uye zvemanzwiro uye zvepabonde zvine chekuita nekushandisa kwakadai, chikamu chevanhurume chaive chakakwira zvakanyanya muzvinhu zvakaratidza kusiyana kukuru kwepabonde kunze kwechinhu chine chekuita nekuona zvinonyadzisira kana uine wawakarara naye, uko chikamu chevakadzi chaive chakakwirira. Zvatinowana zvakare zvinoita sekuratidza kuti zvinhu zvinotaurisa zvekumanikidza zvinoshandisa uye zvezvepfungwa uye zvebonde zvine chekuita nekushandisa kwakadai kwainyanya kutaurwa nevarume vaviri, zvine chekuita nezvezvinhu zvine chekuita nekuvimbika, kubata kwepfungwa uye kufungidzira. Nekudaro, izvo zvinhu zvine chekuita nekufungisisa uye kufungidzira ndizvo zvinhu zvainyanya kufanotaura mhedzisiro yehutano hwepfungwa.

Hutano hwepfungwa

Zvakafanana nebasa redu rapfuura (Beiter et al., 2015), nhamba yakati wandei yevadzidzi muchidzidzo ichi yakashuma zviratidzo zvinoratidza kushushikana kwakanyanya uye kwakanyanya, kushushikana nekushushikana, nezvikamu zviri kuwedzera kubva makore apfuura. Sezviri pachena mumabhuku esainzi, kuyedza hakuna kumbomira kuongorora vangangove vanopa kuwanda kuri kuwedzera nhoroondo dze psychopathologies pakati pevadzidzi veyunivhesiti, pamwe nedzimwe nzira dzekudzora dambudziko. Chinangwa chechidzidzo chedu chaive chekuwedzera kuwedzera kune iro muviri wemabhuku nekutsvaga hukama hwezvinonyadzisira zvinoshandiswa, pamwe nezvimwe zvinhu zvehunhu hwakabatana zvine chekuita nekumanikidza kushandiswa, uye kugona kwayo kukurudzira yunivhesiti mudzidzi wepfungwa hutano.

Zvigumisiro zvedu zvinopa kumabhuku aripo anoratidza kugona kubatana pakati pezvinonyadzisira kushandisa uye kudzikisira kugadzikana kwepfungwa muvakadzi vachiri kuyaruka (Dalby et al., 2018), pamwe nekudzikira kwepfungwa nemagariro muvadzidzi veyunivhesiti vakashuma zvakakwirisa zveinternet zvinonyadzisira zvinodhaka (Harper naHodgins, 2016). Pamusoro pezvo, apo ongororo yapfuura yakaratidzawo hukama pakati pehutano hwepfungwa uye zvakaonekwa kupindwa muropa nekuona zvinonyadzisira, pamwe nehunhu hwetsika uye zvechitendero / zvekunamata (Grubbs et al., 2015a,b,c, 2018, 2019; Bradley et al., 2016; Wilt et al., 2016), kudzidza kwedu kwakatsvaga kumisikidza hwaro hwekuferefetwa kwehukama hungavepo pakati pekushandisa zvinonyadzisira nekupindwa muropa, kuburikidza nekuyera kwehunhu chaihwo hunoratidzwa kuratidza kumanikidza, chinova chinhu chinodhaka (Meerkerk et al., 2009).

Kukanganiswa Kudzora

Iyo yekutanga kuvandudza kweCIUS (Meerkerk et al., 2009) yaive yakanangana nekutora zvinodhaka uye kufanana kuripo pakati pekumanikidza kwekushandisa internet uye maitiro ekurwisa. Kunyange zvakafanana pamatanho akasiyana (Grant et al., 2006; Potenza, 2009; Kim naHodgins, 2018), hunhu hunodhakwa hunosiyana nekushandisa zvinodhaka sezvo zvichiratidzira maitiro ehunhu hwehunhu pane kushandisa chinhu chakasarudzika kuzadzisa mhedzisiro / kunzwa (Grant et al., 2010; Potenza, 2014; Pinna et al., 2015). Kugadziriswa kweiyo yekutanga CIUS, na Kuderedza et al. (2014), inobvumidzwa kushandiswa kwechikero kuongororwa kwekumanikidza kwekushandisa kweinternet zvinonyadzisira. Kunyange kunyanyisa kushandisa zvinonyadzisira kuchizivikanwa pasi pechikamu chehunhu hwekuzvibata, asi haisi nzira yekuongorora mukati meFifth Edition yeDiagnostic uye Statistical Manual yeMental Disorders (DSM-V; American Psychiatric Association, 2013), Hwakasiyana hunhu hune chekuita nekumanikidza kwekushandisa zvinonyadzisira zvinotsanangurwa neInternational Classification yeDaase bhuku (ICD-11; World Health Organization, 2018) kurongeka kweKunyanyisa Kuita Bonde Maitiro.

Kufungisisa

Mukushushikana kwekushandisa zvinhu, zvine chekuita nekumanikidza kushandiswa, kufungisisa kana kutarisira / kuchiva kwechinhu kunotsanangurwa pasi peCriterion 4, muchikamu chine chekuita neKushandiswa Kwezvinhu Zvinoshandiswa muDSM-V (American Psychiatric Association, 2013), pamwe nemumabhuku esainzi (Koob uye Volkow, 2009). Ongororo yedu inoita kunge inosimbisa kuvepo kwechinhu chinoratidzira fungidziro, inomiririrwa nemaitiro akaita sekumhanyisa basa kuitira kuti uwane mawebhusaiti ezvinonyadzisira, uchifunga nezve mawebhusaiti kana asiri online uye tarisiro yeinotevera internet internet chikamu.

Dependence

Zvimwe zvinowoneka zvinoratidza kutadza kutonga ndezveMCIUS zvinhu zvine chekuita nekuomerwa kurega kushandisa mawebhusaiti ezvinonyadzisira, kuenderera mberi nekuwana iwo mawebhusaiti zvisinei nechinangwa chekumira, uchifunga kuti nguva shoma inofanira kushandiswa pamawebhusaiti ezvinonyadzisira uye pasina kubudirira kuedza kushandisa nguva shoma pane iwo mawebhusaiti, ayo anoita kunge anoratidza mwero wekutsamira pane kana kunamatira kune zvinonyadzisira. Aya maitiro anoonekerawo kune avo vanoonekwa mukushomeka kwekushandisa zvinodhaka (American Psychiatric Association, 2013), chaizvo, hunhu hunosanganisira kudzokorora kuyedza kudzikisira kana kurega kushandisa uye yakawandisa nguva inoshandiswa kushandisa.

Njodzi Maitiro

Sezvambotaurwa, zvinonyadzisira zvinoshandiswa zvave zvichisanganisirwa nekuwedzera kubatanidzwa mumaitiro ane njodzi zvakanyanya pabonde, kusanganisira kushamwaridzana nenhamba yakawedzera yevanokwikwidzana, kusangana pabonde nemukanwa uye kusangana pabonde panguva yekubatana, kubvumidzwa kwepabonde, kusangana pabonde nekumashure, huwandu hwe vadyidzani, kuita bonde kunze, uye mukubhadhara bonde (Baggaley et al., 2010; Weinberg et al., 2010; Brody naWeiss, 2011; Morgan, 2011; Poulsen et al., 2013; Wright, 2013a,b; Braithwaite et al., 2015; Stannah et al., 2020). Kunyangwe zvaive kupfuura chiyero chechidzidzo chedu kugadzirisa zvakananga kuwanda kwehunhu hwakadai mune yedu miedzo, izvo zvine chekuita neiyo Kunze chinhu, kusanganisira kuve nemukana wekuona zvinonyadzisira zvepainternet kana uchinge wakadhakwa nedoro kana zvinodhaka uye kuva newaunoita naye bonde kana kumanikidzwa nevezera rako kunoratidzika kunge kuchiratidza mamiriro ezvinhu nekwaniso yekumisikidza munhu kumamiriro ezvinhu anotambura anosanganisira maitiro ane njodzi pabonde (Lane et al., 2004; Camchong et al., 2014; Yang et al., 2019).

Kusagadzikana Kwemagariro uye Kusurukirwa

Iyo DSM-V (American Psychiatric Association, 2013inofunga kutadza kwehukama maererano nekushandisa zvinodhaka sekusanganisira kuzadzikiswa mukuzadzikiswa kwezvisungo zvehupenyu zvakakosha (semuenzaniso, basa, chikoro, imba), pamwe nekuderedzwa kwezvinhu zvakasiyana-siyana zvakakosha munzanga, zvebasa kana zvekuvaraidza. Zvatinowana zvakaratidza maitiro akafanana pakati pevadzidzi vanotaura imwe nhanho yehupenyu hwekuona zvinonyadzisira vanoshandisa, kusanganisira kufarira kuona zvinonyadzisira pamusoro pokupedza nguva uine vamwe, kuregeredza zvisungo zvezuva nezuva nekuda kwekusarudza kuona zvinonyadzisira, uye kumhanyisa kuburikidza nebasa kuti uwane mawebhusaiti. Aya maitiro, ane chekuita nekufungisisa nekushandisa zvinonyadzisira, anoratidza kukanganisa kwekushandisa kwakadai pane zvakajairwa mashandiro ezuva nezuva, kusanganisira hunhu hwemagariro, kuratidza kufanana kwekumanikidza kwekushandisa kweinternet zvinonyadzisira uye maitiro ane hukama nehusiku.

Pamusoro pezvo, kumanikidza internet kushandisa zvinonyadzisira kwave kuchiratidzwa kuve kwakabatana neyakawedzera nzvimbo yekuzviparadzanisa (Green et al., 2012). Izvi zvinoonekwa mumhinduro kuzvinhu zveEmSS zvichibvunza nezvekuti ndezvipi zvinonyadzisira zvaigona kuzotariswa, kunyanya, nhamba yevakapindura avo vakaratidza kuti vaigona kuona zvinonyadzisira kana vari vega kana kunzwa kusurukirwa. Hukama pakati pezvinonyadzisira uye kupindwa muropa, zvisinei, hwakaomarara. Butler et al. (2018) inoshuma kuti hukama pakati pezvinonyadzisira kushandiswa uye kusurukirwa ndeye bidirectional. Izvo zvinokwanisika kuti hukama hwehukama nekuda kwekuona zvinonyadzisira hunoshandisa hunowedzera kusurukirwa, nepo kusurukirwa kuchikurudzira kushandisa zvinonyadzisira nekuda kwekugona kwayo kushandisa senzira yekugadzirisa. Izvi zvinoratidzwa mune zvakawanikwa zve Popovic (2011) zvichiratidza kuti avo vanodya huwandu hwakawanda hwekuona zvinonyadzisira vanoratidza kuda kwepamusoro kwehukama hwepedyo. Zvinoenderana neizvi zvinhu zveEmSS zvakarongedzwa pasi pechinhu chakanyorwa sa Kusasimba, izvo zvinoratidza zvinonyadzisira zvinoshandiswa mumamiriro ezvinhu akabatana neakadzikira mikana yekugona kuita zvepabonde.

Pamusoro pezvo, ongororo yedu inoita kunge inoratidzira chinhu chekumanikidza chekushandisa zvinonyadzisira chinoshandisa chinhu chinosanganisira mCIUS zvinhu zvine chekuita nekuwana mawebhusaiti ezvinonyadzisira kana uchinzwa pasi kana kupukunyuka / kuwana zororo kubva pamanzwiro akashata. Zvakare, iko kuzviparadzanisa kwakaitika, kunokonzerwa nekuona zvinonyadzisira kunoshandiswa, hakusi kungori padanho rekufungidzira, asi kunowedzera kunze kuti kuvezve nehunhu hunokanganisa hukama. Nekuda kweizvozvo, hazvishamise kuti zvinonyadzisira zvinoshandiswa zvine chekuita nekusurukirwa (Yoder et al., 2005; Butler et al., 2018; Tian et al., 2018).

Hupenyu Zvinhu, Zvinonyadzisira Shandisa, uye Hutano hwepfungwa

Chinangwa chekutanga chechidzidzo ichi chaive chekugadzirisa hukama pakati pekushandisa zvinonyadzisira uye hutano hwepfungwa, kutsvaga kutsvaga kuti kumanikidza kushandisa zvinonyadzisira kunobatsira here pakuderedza hutano hwepfungwa hunoonekwa pamisasa yeyunivhesiti. Sezvambotaurwa, mhedzisiro yedu inoita senge inotsigira zvinyorwa zvakapfuura zvichiratidza kuvepo / simba rekusiyana pabonde mune hutano hwepfungwa uye zvakasiyana zvinhu zvine chekuita nekushandisa zvinonyadzisira.

Hupenyu hwepakutanga zvinhu zvinokanganisa kutaura uye kugona kugadzirisa kushushikana, kushushikana uye kushushikana. Nekudaro, mhedzisiro yedu inoita kunge inoratidza musiyano pakati pekuora mwoyo, kwakafanotaurwa nezera razvino revatori vechikamu, uye kushushikana nekushushikana, izvo zvakafanotaurwa nezera rekutanga kuona zvinonyadzisira, asi kwete zera razvino revatori vechikamu. Zvine hukama nekushungurudzika, zvinokwanisika kuti izvi zvinogona kuratidza kutsvagisa kunoratidza kusangana kwezvinhu zvakasiyana siyana zvinoguma nekutaura kusvika kumagumo emakore ekuyaruka, zvichiteverwa nekuderera mumakore anotevera (Hankin, 2015; Kwong et al., 2019). Izvo zvinokwanisika kuti mutsauko uripo zvine chekuita nekushushikana uye kushushikana, uchifanotaurwa nezera rekutanga kuratidzwa kune zvinonyadzisira, inogona kunge iine hukama nehumwe hunhu uye hurefu hwehukama kune chaiwo zviitiko zvinotambudza izvo zvinogona kuratidza kushandurwa kwekushushikana kwekunetseka. Kushushikana kwekushushikana kwakataurwa kuve muyananisi akakosha mukuvandudza zviratidzo zvekushushikana, asi kwete kushushikana (McLaughlin naHatzenbuehler, 2009). Iyo inogona kunge yakafanana mashini inogona kunge ichiitika maererano nehukama pakati pezera rekutanga kuburitswa nekushushikana (Grasso et al., 2013; Tyborowska et al., 2018).

Zvakananga zvakanangana nekuona zvinonyadzisira zvinoshandiswa, kudzidza kwedu kwakaratidza kuti nguva yekupedzisira zvinonyadzisira zvaionekwa zvakafanotaurwa zvese kushushikana uye kushushikana, asi kwete kusagadzikana. Pamusoro pezvo, mhedzisiro yedu yakaratidza kuti zvinhu zvekutanga mukati meMCIUS zvakafanotaura zvese zvitatu zvehutano hwepfungwa (D, A, S) zvaive zvakabatana nechimwe chinhu chekufungisisa nekushandisa zvinonyadzisira. Kunyanya, kuregeredza zvisungo kuitira kuti uone zvinonyadzisira zvakanyanya kufanotaura kushushikana nekushushikana, izvo zvinoita sekuratidza kuvapo kwekutambudzika kwakanyanya kana kukanganisika kwekuita, zvine chekuita nekuziva kushushikana (American Psychiatric Association, 2013).

Pamusoro pezvo, zvakafanana nekiriniki kutaura kwekufunganya (American Psychiatric Association, 2013), kunzwa kwekusagadzikana / kushungurudzika / kutsamwa kana usingakwanise kuwana zvinonyadzisira mawebhusaiti zvakafanofungidzira kushushikana nekushushikana. Uyezve, imwe yekufungidzira yekushushikana, inosanganisirwa nechimwe chinhu chekufungisisa, kwaive kushomeka kwekurara nekuda kwekuona zvinonyadzisira, kuchitsigira kutsvagurudza kwakapfuura kune hukama husina kukwana nekuwedzera kutaura kwekushushikana (Silva et al., 2004; Sagaspe et al., 2006; Ben Simon uye Walker, 2019). Pamusoro pezvinhu zvine chekuita nekufungisisa, kushandiswa kwezvinonyadzisira kudzikisira manzwiro asina kunaka, zvine kufanana nemishumo yekushandisa zvinhu kuzvirapa pakuedza kubvisa zviratidzo zvisina kunaka (Bolton et al., 2009; Torres naPapini, 2016), zvakare akafanotaura nezvakawanda zvekuora mwoyo. Uyezve, kufanana nezvinetso zvekushandisa zvinodhaka zvinoita kunge kuripo maererano nekuona zvakaoma kurega kushandisa zvinonyadzisira paunenge uri online, zvinogona kuratidza mwero wekushushikana kwakanangana nehukama (Smith neBhuku, 2008).

Zvese zvinhu zviri mukati meEmSS kufanotaura zvikoro zvehutano hwepfungwa zvakange zvakabatana nechinhu chepfungwa. Kunyanya, kuona zvinonyadzisira kana kusurukirwa kufanotaura kushushikana, kushushikana uye kushushikana. Tsvagurudzo yapfuura yakaratidza kuti kusurukirwa kunoenderana nekudzikira kwemuviri uye kunosanganisira kusanzwisisika kwekufungisisaArnold et al., 2019), iyo, zvakare, inoita senge chinhu chakakosha cheakasiyana mamiriro ehutano hwepfungwa Khalsa et al., 2018). Uyezve, hukama hwakacherechedzwa pakati pekuona zvinonyadzisira kana uchinzwa kusurukirwa uye kushushikana uye kushushikana kunogona zvakare kuve kuyananiswa neimwe nhanho yekuzvisema (Ypsilanti et al., 2020), izvo zvinogona kubatsira mukutaura kwechido chekurega kuona zvinonyadzisira. Chimwe chinhu chekuzvinyangadza chingangodaro chine chekuita nehukama hwehukama nehunhu hwekuzvionera (Stewart naSzymanski, 2012; Sun et al., 2014; Tylka, 2015), iyo pachayo yanga iine hukama neyakaipa hutano hwepfungwaGillen, 2015; Duchesne et al., 2016).

Nepo kuziva kwekufungidzira kwave kwakabatana chaizvo nekumutsa zvepabonde (Nobre et al., 2004; Berenguer et al., 2019), hukama huripo pakati pekuona zvinonyadzisira kana uchinzwa kumutswa pabonde uye zvisina kunaka hutano hutano hwepfungwa, senge kushushikana uye kushushikana, zvinoita sekureva kuti, mukushandisa zvinonyadzisira, kumutsa kwacho kunogona kuve nechokuita nechinhu chakakanganiswa kufungidzirwa.

Zviitiko Zvinobatsira Nekuderedza Zvinonyadzisira Shandisa

Tichifunga zvakambotaurwa zvakashata zvakashata zvezvinonyadzisira, kudzidza kwedu kwakatsvagawo kuongorora zviwanikwa zviwanikwa izvo avo vanoshandisa / vakashandisa zvinonyadzisira vanoshandisa / vanoshandisa uye vanoonekwa kuvabatsira mukuderedza kushandisa zvinonyadzisira.

Mhedzisiro yedu inoita kunge inoratidza simba rekutenda, hunhu uye kurudziro yemunhu pakuedza kudzikisira kushandiswa kwezvinonyadzisira. Ongororo yapfuura yakaratidza kuti zvinhu zvakaita sekuzvikurudzira, kufunga, chitendero uye zvekunamata zvinokanganisa hutano hwepfungwa (Yonker et al., 2012; Vitorino et al., 2018; Fountoulakis naGonda, 2019; O'Driscoll et al., 2019). Pamusoro pezvo, akakwira mwero wekunamata wakaratidzirwa kuve unosanganisirwa neyepasi frequency yekuona zvinonyadzisira kushandiswa (Poulsen et al., 2013; Perry naHayward, 2017). Nekudaro, zvine chekuita nezve zvemweya / zvechitendero, basa rapfuura rakaratidzawo kukosha kwekushandisa kwechokwadi kwehupenyu hwepamweya / hwechitendero kuitira kudzivirira "kudarika kwemweya" (Welwood, 1984), izvo zvinogona kukuvadza kupora (Cashwell et al., 2007, 2009). Nekudaro, zvichipiwa hukama hwakacherechedzwa uye hunhu husina kunaka hwezvinonyadzisira pahutano hwepfungwa hwakayerwa muchidzidzo chedu, zvinoita sekunge kuedza kunoitirwa kubatsira vanhu vanokanganiswa nekuona zvinonyadzisira vanofanirwa kufunga nezve mukana wekubatanidzwa kwehupenyu hwechokwadi hwekutenda uye hwaro hwetsika, zvakare sekuedza kusimudzira hunhu hunobatanidzwa nekukurudzira kune hutano mune chero kurapwa kupihwa.

Zvinonyadzisira Shandisa uye Coronavirus Chirwere 2019 (COVID-19)

Ipo chidzidzo ichi chichiitwa pasati pasvika denda re COVID-19, zvakakosha kuti utarise kukosha kwezvatinowana zvine chekuita nekuwedzera kwekushandiswa kwekuona zvinonyadzisira kwakaitika kutanga kwaKurume kusvika pakati paApril 2020, iine kuwedzera kwepamusoro pasirese ye24.4% iri kutaurwa munaKurume 25th (US yepamusoro: 41.5%; European yepamusoro: 18.0%) (Zvinonyadzisira, 2020), pamwe nekuedza kunoitwa kukurudzira kubatanidzwa mune zvebonde zvinoita kuti kuderedze kusangana (Turban et al., 2020). Uku kuwedzera, kunogona kushushikana-zvine hukama (semuenzaniso, semhedzisiro yekuzviparadzanisa), zvakare inonyanya kukosha mukukonzera nzira dzisina kunaka dzekutarisana nehukama nematambudziko / pathological yekusimbisa mapatani kuburikidza nekushandisa kweinternet-zvine hukama matekinoroji (Kiraly et al., 2020; Mestre-Bach et al., 2020). Zvichireva zvakananga kuvadzidzi veyunivhesiti, iyo inogona kukanganisika yekukiya kwakabatana neiyo COVID-19 denda pane izvo pfungwa zvakaongororwa nekukurukurwa muchidzidzo chedu zvine chekuita zvakanyanya, kwete chete kubva pakuona kwekuwedzera kwekugona kwehutachiona kurira nekuda kwekuwedzera kunetseka inosangana neshanduko inodiwa, asi zvakare kubva pakuona yenguva yakawedzerwa yakashandiswa pakombuta nepamhepo, zvichidikanwa nekuda kwekuenderera mberi nemakirasi.

Nokuremara

Sezvo nezvose zvidzidzo zvevanhu, zvichipiwa kuoma kwehunhu hwevanhu uye kugona kwakasiyana kwesampuro yedu, pamwe nenyaya yekuti kudzidza kwedu kwakabatanidzira vatori vechikamu kubva kunzvimbo imwechete, chenjedzo inodikanwa maererano ne generalizability nemipimo dzakasiyana dzinoda kutariswa zvese kududzirwa kwemhedzisiro, pamwe nekutungamirwa kwezvidzidzo zvenguva yemberi. Izvi, zvisinei, zvinoda kutorwa mumamiriro ezvinhu kuenderana kuripo pakati pemhedzisiro yedu neiya yakataurwa mune zvese zvidzidzo zvepasirese nepasirese. Sezvo nezvose ongororo zvinoshandisa kuzvitaurira, pane mikana yekurangarira kusarura. Nepo kuyedza kwakaitwa mune kumwe kuongorora kwekutarisa pane chaiwo nguva dzichangoburwa, mukana wekurangarira kusarongeka haugone kuraswa uye unofanirwa kutariswa mukududzirwa kwemhedzisiro. Tichifunga kuti kutsvagurudza kwakapfuura (Fisher naBaraki, 2001; Salmon uye Diamond, 2012; Bishop, 2015; Chet et al., 2018; Lung et al., 2018) inoita kunge inoratidza kumwe kusiyanisa pamhedzisiro yemhando dzakasiyana dzezvinonyadzisira (semuenzaniso, mhirizhonga vs. isingaite zvechisimba, paraphiliac vs. isingaite paraphiliac, heterosexual vs. ngochani theme etc.) pamushandisi, pakati pekukanganisa kwechidzidzo ichi izvo zvekuti hapana mutsauko wakaitwa kupatsanura hunhu hwezvinonyadzisira zvakashandiswa. Nepo kudzidza kwedu kuchiongorora kuwanda kwekushandisa kwemunhu zvinonyadzisira, isu hatina kutarisa kana kusiyanisa pakati penguva dzezvikamu zvega (semuenzaniso, 1 h kamwe pamwedzi vs. 5 h kamwe pamwedzi). Zvimwe zvinhu zvanga zvisina kutaurwa zvinosanganisira (1) mutoro wezvemari unosanganisirwa nekushandiswa kwekuona zvinonyadzisira, (2) iro rinogona kuita danho rekutenda kwemunhu iye zvino nehunhu zvinokanganisa maonero emunhu kuona zvinonyadzisira, uye (3) zvakanangana nezve kune hunhu hwakabatana nekuona zvinonyadzisira kushandisa. Zvichienderana neanogona kuwana zviwanikwa zvinonzi zvakabatsira kudzikisira kushandiswa kwezvinonyadzisira, mhedzisiro yedu inoita kunge inoratidza kukosha kwekuparara kwakadzama kwezvimwe zvinhu mukati mezvimwe zviwanikwa zvakanyorwa muchidzidzo chino (semuenzaniso, Hupenyu hwekutenda: kuenda kumabasa echitendero, kuwedzera kuverenga kwemweya , nezvimwewo). Kuwedzera kuferefeta kwakakosha kuona kuti kunzwisiswa kuri nani kwebasa rezvinhu zvakasiyana siyana, kusanganisira kutenda, izvo zvinogona kubatsira mukusimudzira hutano hwepfungwa, kuburikidza neuwandu uye hunhu (kusanganisira kuburikidza nekushandisa kubvunzurudza kwakadzika) zvidzidzo. Pamusoro pezvo, mhedzisiro yetsvagurudzo iyi inoratidza kuti zvidzidzo zvenguva yemberi zvinofanirwa kutora mukana wekupa mukana wekutarisa, padanho rekiriniki, chero zvinetswa zvine chekuita nemhedzisiro yehutano hwepfungwa inosanganisirwa nekushandisa zvinonyadzisira.

mhedziso

Iko kudikanwa kwekunzwisisa kukanganiswa kwezvinonyadzisira kwakazara nekuda kwesimba rayo rekugona kukanganisa zvinhu zvakakosha zvevanhu, kusanganisira kusangana kwevanhu, hukama hwevanhu uye kuvimbika kwavo (semuenzaniso, kuvimbika, kugutsikana kwehukama), hunhu hwevanhu (semuenzaniso, kusurukirwa, kusurukirwa) , uye kugadzikana kwepfungwa (semuenzaniso, mudiwa kushushikana) (semuenzaniso, Charny naParnass, 1995; Mabhiriji et al., 2003; Maddox et al., 2011; Minarcik et al., 2016).

Zvekunetsekana ingangoita mukana wekuona zvinonyadzisira kukanganisa zvinyorwa zvebonde kuburikidza nekumisikidza maitiro anoonekwa (Tsitsika et al., 2009.Gerger et al., 2007), Pakati pevarume vaviri (Foubert et al., 2011) uye vakadzi (Norris et al., 2004).

Mukupedzisa, kudzidza kwedu kunoratidzira hukama pakati pezvinonyadzisira zvinoshandiswa uye zvakashata zvehutano hwepfungwa muyunivhesiti / vadzidzi vekoreji, zvakafanotaurwa nemaitiro ekumanikidza anoratidza hunhu hwekuzvibata, zvichiratidza mukana wehukama neyakavakirwa neurobiological nzira dziripo mune zvinodhaka maitiro (Kuhn naGallinat, 2014, 2015). Pamusoro pezvo, zviwanikwa zvedu zvinopa zvimwe zvinoratidza zviwanikwa zvinogona kupihwa zvekutarisa pakuderedza kushandiswa kwezvinonyadzisira uye mhedzisiro yakaipa yehutano hwepfungwa. Zvichipa mutsauko unoonekwa pakati pevane murume nemukadzi, kuenderera mberi kwekuedza kuri madikanwa kuti unzwisise zvirinani zvinoitika zvekuona zvinonyadzisira pane mumwe murume kana murume, pamwe nekunzwisisa zvirinani nzira dzakasiyana dzekurapa pabonde rega rega.

Isu tinotenda kuti zvidzidzo zvenguva yemberi zvinofanirwa kufunga nezvezviwanikwa izvi, zvichitsvaga kusimudzira kutarisisa nekupa kumwe kujekesa pamhedzisiro yezvinonyadzisira pahutano hwepfungwa uye kufanana kwadzo nemaitiro ekurwisa.

Data Kuwanikwa Chirevo

Iwo madhatabhesi anowanikwa pane chikumbiro. Iyo yakasvibirira data inotsigira mhedziso yechinyorwa chino ichaitwa kuti iwanikwe nevanyori, pasina kuchengetedzwa kusakafanira, kune chero muongorori anokwanisa.

Ethics Statement

Zvidzidzo zvinosanganisira vanhu vatori vechikamu zvakaongororwa uye zvakagamuchirwa neFranciscan University yeSteubenville Institutional Review Board. Varwere / vatori vechikamu vakapa mvumo yavo yakanyorwa kuti vatore chikamu muchidzidzo ichi.

Munyori Mipiro

SS yakatarisira kudzidza. SS neCC vakabatsira pakubata, dhizaini yekudzidza, uye kuitisa chidzidzo. SS, CC, uye JP vakaita ongororo dzinoverengeka. SS, CC, uye JP vakanyora runyorwa rwekutanga rwechinyorwa. Vese vanyori vakapa kuti zvinyorwa zvidzokororwe, verenga uye vabvumire iyo yakatumirwa vhezheni.

Mari

Mari yechidzidzo ichi yakapihwa neSchool of Humanities neSocial Sayenzi neMadhipatimendi ePsychology, Hupenyu hweVadzidzi uye Zvekudzidza, Franciscan University yeSteubenville.

Kurwisana kwezvaunofarira

Vanyori vanotaura kuti kutsvakurudza kwakaitwa mukusabatwa kweukama hwekutengeserana kana hwezvemari hunogona kunzi sekugona kukakavara kwechido.

Supplementary Material

Iyo Supplementary Material yechinyorwa ichi inogona kuwanikwa online pa: https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fpsyg.2020.613244/full#supplementary-material