Kubva paIndaneti Kunetseka: Zvatinoziva uye Zvatisingaiti-Ongororo Yakarongeka (2019)

LINK KUDZIDZA NOKUDZIDZA

Clin. Med. 2019, 8(1), 91; doi:10.3390 / jcm8010091

Rubén de Alarcón 1 , Javier I. de la Iglesia 1 , Nerea M. Casado 1 uye Ngirozi L. Montejo 1,2,*

1 Psychiatry Service, Chipatara Clínico Universitario de Salamanca, Institute of Biomedical Research yeSalancanca (IBSAL), 37007 Salamanca, Spain

2 Yunivhesiti yeSalamanca, EUEF, 37007 Salamanca, Spain

ngovepo

Mumakore mashoma apfuura, kwave kune mafungu ezvinyorwa ane chekuita neyekuzvibata akapindwa muropa; vamwe vacho vanotarisisa kupindwa muropa nezvinonyadzisira pamhepo. Nekudaro, kunyangwe kuedza kwese, isu hatichakwanise kutaura kana tichiita maitiro aya anova ezviratidzo. Zvinetso zvinowanzoitika zvinosanganisira: saruro yekufungidzira, kutsvaga kweanogona kuona zvekushandisa, kupesana nekukwana kwenyaya, uye chokwadi chekuti chinhu ichi chinogona kunge chakafukidzwa mukati medzidziso yakakura kwazvo (kureva, kupindwa muropa nebonde) inogona kuzviratidza iine chiratidzo chakasiyana. Kuverengera tsika dzekuzvibata kunogadzira nzvimbo isina kudzidza isina kudzidza, uye kazhinji inoratidza ine dambudziko rekushandisa muenzaniso: kurasikirwa kwekutonga, kukanganisika, uye kushandisa njodzi. Hypersexual kusagadzikana inokodzera iyi modhi uye inogona kuve yakaumbwa nehuwandu hwekuita zvepabonde, sekunetseka kushandisa kwezvinowanikwa online zvinonyadzisira (POPU). Kushandisa zvinonyadzisira paInternet kuri kuwedzera, nekugona kupindwa muropa nekufunga “katatu A” pesvedzero (kuwanikwa, kukwanisa, kusazivikanwa). Uku kushandisa zvinetso kunogona kuve nemhedzisiro inosimudzira mukuvandudzwa kwepabonde uye kushanda kwepabonde, kunyanya pakati pevechidiki. Isu tinovavarira kuunganidza ruzivo rwuripo pane zvinetso zvepamhepo zvekuona zvinonyadzisira kushandisa senzira yekurapa. Pano tinoedza kupfupisa zvatinoziva pamusoro pechinhu ichi uye kutaura dzimwe nzvimbo dzakakodzera kuferefetwa.
Mazwi akakosha: online zvinonyadzisira; kupindwa muropa; cybersex; internet; kumanikidza kuita zvepabonde; hypersexourse

1. ziviso

Nekuisirwa kwe "Kubhejera Kuvhiringidzika" mune "Zvidimbu Shandisa uye Kupinda Mikana" chitsauko cheDMM-5 [1], APA yakabvuma pachena kuti chinzvimbo chekupindwa muropa kwemaitiro. Uyezve, "Internet Gaming Disorder" yakaiswa mukati Chikamu 3- maitiro ekuenderera mberi nekudzidza.
Izvi zvinomiririra paradigm inoramba ichichinja mumunda wekupindwa muropa ine hukama nehukama maitiro, uye inoisa nzira yekutsvagisa kutsva mukujeka kwekuchinja kwetsika kunokonzerwa netekinoroji nyowani.
Panowanzove neiyo iripo yakajairwa neurobiological [2] uye zvakatipoteredza [3] pasi pakati pezvakasiyana zvinodhaka zvinopinda muropa, kusanganisira zvese zvinodhaka uye maitiro akapindwa muropa; izvi zvinogona kuratidza sekutenderera kwemasangano ese ari maviri [4].
Phenomenologically, vane hunhu vakapindwa muropa vanowanzoratidza dambudziko rekushandisa modhi: kudzora kusingadzoreki (semuenzaniso, kushuva, kuedza kusabudirira kudzikisa maitiro), kukanganisika (semuenzaniso, kudimbudzira kwezvaunofarira, kuregeredza dzimwe nzvimbo dzehupenyu), uye kushandisa njodzi (kuramba uchidya kunyange kuziva kwekukuvadza kwepfungwa maitiro. Kunyangwe iwo maitiro aya anosangana nehutano hwepanyama hune chekuita nekupindwa muropa (kushivirira, kubvisa) kuri kuita nharo [4,5,6].
Hypersexual kusagadzikana dzimwe nguva inoonekwa seimwe yeiyo maitiro ekupindwa muropa. Inoshandiswa sechaamburera inogadzira maitiro akasiyana ezvinetso (kunyanyisa bonhora, cybersex, kushandisa zvinonyadzisira, zvepabonde parunhare, tsika dzepabonde nevakuru vanobvumirana, mitsetse yekushanyira kirabhu, nezvimwe ..) [7]. Huwandu hwehuwandu hwehutachiona hwacho hunobva ku3% kusvika ku6%, kunyange zvichinetsa kuziva sezvo pasina tsananguro yakajeka yeiyi dambudziko [8,9].
Iko kushomeka kwe data rakasimba resainzi kunoita kuti kutsvakisisa kwayo, conceptualization, uye kuongororwa kuve kwakaoma, zvichitungamira kune dzakasiyana-siyana mazano ekuzvitsanangura, asi kazhinji inosanganiswa nekutambudzika kwakanyanya, kunzwa kwekunyara uye kwepfungwa kushupika [8], pamwe nemamwe maitiro anopinda muropa [10] uye inodudzira kuongororwa kwakananga.
Panguva imwe cheteyo, kusimuka kwematekinoroji matsva zvakare kwakavhura dhata reinetso kupindwa muropa nemaitiro, kazhinji Internet Kupindwa muropa. Uku kupindwa muropa kunogona kutarisisa pachishandiswa pane internet (kutamba, kutenga, kubheja, cybersex…) [11] nekukwanisa kuita njodzi-inopinda muropa nemaitiro; mune iyi nyaya, yaizoshanda senge nzira yekuratidzira kuratidzwa kweakataura maitiro [4,12]. Izvi zvinoreva kusakwanisa kusakundikana, kupa vatsva nzvimbo dzekupindwa muropa pamwe nekuyedza vanhu (nekuda kwekuwedzerwa kwekuvanzika, kana mukana) vangadai vasina kumbobvira vaita tsika idzi.
Kushandisa online zvinonyadzisira, inozivikanwawo seInternet zvinonyadzisira kushandisa kana cybersex, inogona kunge iri yeiya maitiro epaInternet ane njodzi yekupindwa muropa. Izvo zvinoenderana nekushandiswa kweInternet kuita zviitiko zvakasiyana siyana zvinonakidza zvepabonde [13], pakati payo panomira kushandiswa kwezvinonyadzisira [13,14] rinova rinozivikanwa basa [15,16,17] nehuwandu husina magumo ehupombwe hunowanikwa [13,18,19,20]. Kuenderera mberi kushandiswa mune iyi fashoni dzimwe nguva kunowanikwa mune zvemari, zviri pamutemo, zvebasa, uye hukama dambudziko [6,21] kana matambudziko emunhu, uine zvakasiyana siyana mhedzisiro. Kunzwa kwekurasikirwa kwekutonga uye kuramba uchishandiswa kunyangwe izvi zvinhu zvakashata zvinoumba "pamhepo zvepabonde kumanikidzwa" [22] kana Dambudziko Zvekushandisa Zvinonyadzisira paInternet (POPU). Iyi ine dambudziko yekushandisa modhi inobatsirwa kubva ku "Triple A" zvinhu [23].
Nekuda kwemuenzaniso uyu, bonhora rinoenderana nekuona zvinonyadzisira rinogona kunge rakawanda mazuva ano, asi ichi hachisi chikonzero chechirwere chepfungwa.21]. Isu tinoziva kuti chikamu chinofungidzirwa chevechidiki vehurume vanowana Internet yekushandisa zvinonyadzisira [24,25]; Muchokwadi, ichi ndechimwe chezvinyorwa zvavo zvehutano hwepabonde.26]. Vamwe vakaratidza kushushikana neichi, vachitaura nguva yakatarwa pakati peinotengeswa zvinonyadzisira kekutanga, uye chiitiko chekutanga chepabonde; zvakananga, kuti iyo yekutanga inogona sei kukanganisa mukuvandudzwa kwepabonde [27] senge chishuvo chakaderera chepabonde kana uchidya zvepamhepo zvinonyadzisira [28] uye erectile dysfunction, iyo yakawedzera zvakajeka pakati pejaya mumakore mashoma apfuura kana tichienzaniswa nemakumi emakore apfuura [29,30,31,32,33].
Isu takarongedza zvakarongeka zvinyorwa zviripo panhau yePOPU kuyedza uye nekupfupisa kufambira mberi kwakasiyana-siyana kwakaitwa maererano neshoko rezvirwere zvechirwere, kuratidzwa kwemakiriniki, humbowo hwehutachiona hunotsigira iyi modhi yekushandisa zvinetso, kuongororwa kwayo kwekuongorora maererano nehuropi zviridzwa uye nzira dzekurapa.

2. Nzira

Takaita ongororo yakateerana ichitevedzera PRISMA nhungamiro (Mufananidzo 1. Tichingopa chitsva chitsva cheuchapupu nezvechinhu ichi, takaita ongororo yedu pasina chakati nguva-yekufungidzira. Kunyanya kukosheswa kwakaiswa pamusoro pekuongororwa kwemabhuku uye zvinyorwa zvakaburitswa kuburikidza nehunyanzvi hwechinyakare maitiro ehusarudziro, zvakanyanya kune ongororo dzakatoburitswa pachinhu ichi. PubMed naCochrane ndiyo yaive dhata hombe dzaishandiswa, asi zvinyorwa zvinoverengeka zvakabatanidzwa kuburikidza nemuchinjiko-kuratidzira.
Mufananidzo 1. PRISMA inoyerera dhizaini.
Sezvo tarisiro yedu yaive kunyanya paInternet zvinonyadzisira nehupombwe hunhu hwekuita zvepabonde, isu takabvisa izvo zvinyorwa izvo zvaingova nehukama hwekudyidzana nazvo mukutsvaga kwedu: izvo zvine chekutarisira zvakapamhidzirwa Internet kupindwa muropa, izvo zvakatarisana neezvinonyadzisira zvakaenzana akasiyana paraphilias, uye izvo izvo akasvitsa nyaya kubva pamaonero emagariro.
Aya anotevera mazwi ekutsvaga uye zvavanotora zvakashandiswa mumusanganiswa wakawanda: cybersex, porn * (kubvumidza zviri zviviri "zvinonyadzisira" uye "zvinonyadzisira"), kupindwa muropa * (kubvumira "kupindwa muropa" uye "kupindwa muropa"), online, internet , bonde, inomanikidza bonde, hypersexuality. Iyo yekutarisa yekushandisa mudziyo Zotero yakashandiswa kuvaka dhata rezvinyorwa zvese zvinotariswa.

3. Mhinduro

3.1. Epidemiology

Kuona zvinonyadzisira muhuwandu hwevanhu kwakaratidza kuve kwakaoma kuyerwa zvakakwana, kunyanya kubva pakakwira Internet uye izvo "zvakapeteka A" zvinhu zvakatenderedza kuvanzika uye nyore kuwana. Chidzidzo chaW Wright pamusoro pekushandiswa kwezvinonyadzisira muhuwandu hwehurume hweUS uchishandisa General Social Survey (GSS) [34], uye Chidzidzo chekudzidza (icho chinowedzera pane Wright's nekusiyanisa pakati pezera, cohort, uye nguva yemhedzisiro)35] vanoumba vamwe vashoma, kana zvisiri izvo chete, zviripo zviripo zvinotevedzera zvinonyadzisira zvinoshandiswa muhuwandu hwevanhu. Ivo vanoratidza kuwanda kwekuwedzera kwekushandisa kwezvinonyadzisira pamusoro pemakore, kunyanya pakati pehuwandu hwevanhurume kusiyana nevanhukadzi. Izvi zvinonyanya kuitika pakati pevechidiki vechidiki, uye zvishoma nezvishoma zvinoderera nezera.
Zvimwe zvinonakidza chokwadi nezvekushandisa zvinonyadzisira maitiro. Chimwe chazvo ndechekuti 1963 uye 1972 murume cohort airatidza chete kuderera kushoma pakushandisa kwavo kubva pagore 1999 zvichienda mberi, achikurudzira kuti zvinonyadzisira pakati pemapoka aya zvakaramba zvichingogara zvichingoitika kubvira [35]. Imwe yacho ndeyekuti 1999 iri zvakare gore iro tsika yevakadzi vane makore 18 kuenda ku26 yekudya zvinonyadzisira yakava katatu sezvinobvira pane iyo yavakarembera 45 kuenda ku53, panzvimbo chete kaviri sezvingangove izvo zvavaimbova kumusoro kusvika panguva iyoyo [35]. Izvi zviviri chokwadi zvinogona kunge zvine chekuita nekuchinja maitiro ekushandisa zvinonyadzisira zvinosimudzirwa nehunyanzvi (kuchinja kubva kune isina kujairika kune iyo online modhi yekushandisa), asi hazvigoneki kuti uzive chokwadi sezvo data rekutanga haritori mutsauko mune zvese zviri kunze kwewebhu uye online. zvakasiyana pakutevedzera kushandiswa kwezvinonyadzisira.
Kana iri POPU, hapana yakajeka uye yakavimbika data mumabhuku akaongororwa anogona kupa kuongororwa kwakasimba kwehuwandu hwayo. Kuwedzera kune zvinangwa zvambotaurwa zvekushomeka kwe data pamanyorerwe ezvinonyadzisira, chikamu chayo chingangobva pane chaanoziva mamiriro enyaya iripo nevatori vechikamu, huwandu hwezvishandiso zvekuongorora zvinoshandiswa nevanoongorora, uye kushomeka kwekubvumirana pane izvo chaizvo zvinoumba kushandisa kwepanyama kushandisa zvinonyadzisira, izvo zvese zvinoongororwa zvakare mune iri pepa.

Huwandu hwakawanda hwezvidzidzo zvine chekuita nePOPU kana maitiro akajairika vanoshandisa masampula ekuzviyera, vachiwanzowana, zvisinei nekusiyana kwehuwandu, kuti vashoma vashoma vanoona tsika iyi kupindwa muropa, uye kunyange pavanodaro, vashoma vanofunga kuti izvi zvinogona kuve nemhedzisiro. maitiro pavari. Mimwe mienzaniso:

(1) Kuongorora kunoongorora hunhu pakati pevashandisi vezvinwiwa, vakawana kuti chete 9.80% kunze kwevatori vechikamu ve51 vanoona sevangave nehupombwe hwepabonde kana kuona zvinonyadzisira [36].

(2) Chidzidzo cheSweden icho chakatora muenzaniso wevatori vechikamu ve1913 kuburikidza nemubvunzo wewebhu, 7.6% yakaudza imwe dambudziko reInternet repabonde uye 4.5% yakaratidza kunzwa 'kupindwa muropa' neInternet nekuda kwerudo uye zvepabonde zvinangwa, uye kuti iyi yaive 'dambudziko hombe' [17].

(3) Chidzidzo cheSpanish chine sampu yevadzidzi vekoreji ye1557 vakaona kuti 8.6% yaive mungozi yekukudziridza kushandiswa kwepelografia paInternet zvinonyadzisira, asi kuti iyo chaiyo pathological mushandisi yaive 0.7% [37].

Icho chete chidzidzo chine mumiriri sampuli kusvika ikozvino ndeyaAustralia, ine muenzaniso wevatori vechikamu ve20,094; 1.2% yevakadzi vakaongororwa vakazvitora se vakapindwa muropa, nepo kune varume yaive 4.4% [38]. Kuwana kwakafanana kunoshandawo kune hypersexual maitiro kunze kwekuona zvinonyadzisira [39].
Vafungidziri vekuita dambudziko repabonde uye kushandisa zvinonyadzisira vari, pane vanhu vazhinji: kuva murume, zera, chinamato, kazhinji kushandiswa kweInternet, mamiriro akashata emamiriro ekunze, uye kuva vanowanzoita bonde nekushushikana, uye kutsva kutsvaga [17,37,40,41]. Zvimwe zvezvinhu izvi zvine njodzi zvinopiwawo varwere vane hunhu [39,42].

3.2. Ethiopathogenical uye Diagnostic Conceptualization

Kufungisisa maitiro epfungwa kunoenderera mberi kuve kwakaoma nhasi. Kunyange kuedza kwakati kuti kwakaitwa pamusoro pehunhu hwekuita, kusavapo kwemashoko akasimba senge izvozvi kunotsanangura chokwadi chekuti hapana kuwirirana pamusoro penyaya iyi [9]. POPU inoumbwa yakatarwa chaiyo yehunhu hwepabonde hunosanganisira tekinoroji. Nekuda kwekushomeka kwetekinoroji yekushandisa (kunyanya online technology) kunge iri ichangopfuura, isu tinofanirwa kutanga tataura nezve hypersexual maitiro isina hukama netekinoroji kuti tinzwisise nzvimbo ye online zvinonyadzisira mariri.
Zvepabonde sehunhu hunhu hune huzhinji, uye mativi ayo epfungwa anoverengeka akafundwa kwemazana emakore [43]. Naizvozvo, zvinomiririra dambudziko kumamodeli anoedza kuritsanangura zvakakwana, nekuti rinogona kusanganisira zviitwa kubva mukufungidzira uri wega kusvika kumhirizhonga yebonde.21]. Zvakaomawo kutsanangura kuti chii chinotora kusashanda chaiko uye kugona kudzivirira iko kusashandiswa kwakanaka kwedudziro iyi kuzvidza uye kuzvibata.44]. Semuenzaniso, vamwe vanoisa muganho pakati pezvakajairika uye wepelinha maitiro epabonde panguva dzinopfuura manomwe orgasms muvhiki [43] (p. 381), asi iyi nzira inotarisisa kuwanda inogona kuva nengozi, nekuti izvo zvinowanzoitika uye maitiro ezvekufamba kwepanyama anogona kusiana zvakanyanya pakati pevanhu. Uku kushayikwa kwekufanana uye kusawirirana mukugadzika kwayo kunogona kutadzisa kutsvagisa kutsvagurudza pakuongorora hunhu.45] uye woisa hanya nechero mhando inotarisa pane yakashata manzwiro akanangana nayo [46,47]. Pave paine mafomu ekudzoreredza iyi nyaya uchishandisa mamwe maturusi, yatogadzirwa kare sechikamu che hypersexual disorder zano rinoshandiswa mu DSM-5 munda muyedzo [43,47].
Hypersexuality inowanzoita seamburera inogadzira [7]. Yayo nomenclature ichiri nyaya yekune nharo kusvika nhasi, uye inowanzo kusangana mazwi akati kuti anoreva iyo pfungwa imwechete: inomanikidza kuita zvepabonde, kupindwa muropa nemhirizhonga, kusangana pabonde, hypersexual maitiro kana hypersexual kusagadzikana. Vamwe vanyori, apo vachiziva kukosha kwemazwi ekuti "kupindwa muropa" uye "kumanikidzwa", vanosarudza kutarisisa nyaya yehutongi uye kurasikirwa kwayo kana kutsauka sekunyanya kunetseka nezvenyaya iyi, nekudaro vachidana nezvayo se "kusarongeka" tsika dzebonde ”[45,48,49].
Kunyangwe hazvo tsananguro dzisiri dzakafanana, kazhinji dzinotarisisa kuwanda kana kuwanda kwezviratidzo [46] dzevamwe zvishuwo zvekare uye fungidziro, izvo zvaizoguma nekusagadzikana. Izvi zvinosiyanisa kubva paraphilic maitiro ebonde, kunyangwe kudiwa kwekujekeswa zviri nani kwemisiyano inogona kuitika, kufanana, uye kuwanda pakati pemhando mbiri idzi kuchiri kupfuurira [45].
Kazhinji inosanganisirwa muhuhu hunhu hwakawandisa kubata bonhora uye hunhu hwakasiyana-siyana hune hukama hwepabonde, sekungovimba nezvekusazivikanwa kwekusangana pabonde, kudzokorora unzenza, internet zvinonyadzisira, zvepabonde parunhare, uye kushanyira strip kirabhu.43,44,49,50,51]. Bancroft akafunga zvakanyanya kuti, mukushandisa internet, bonhora uye izvi zviitiko zvepabonde zvinogona kuzvisanganisa, achiti varume "vanoshandisa seyakafanana risingaperi rekubuda kwavo pasimba ekudzora maitiro."
Kunyangwe mukana wekuongorora hunhu hwehuhu hunhu hwaigara hunowanikwa ne "dambudziko rekusangana pabonde risingataurwe neimwe nzira" muDMM [1], Kafka [43] yakayedza kuikurudzira sechairo yekuongorora kweiyo DSM-5. Akasvitsa marongero ayo, sechikamu chechitsauko chezvepabonde. Aya mafomu akatsanangurwa aisanganisira hypersexual maitiro sekuti: (1) inokurudzirwa pabonde, (2) hunhu hunopindwa muropa, (3) chikamu chekucherekedza-chinodzvinyirira spectrum kusagadzikana, (4) chikamu chekushushikana-manyuko kushushikana, uye (5) an " vasingakwanisi kuzvibata ”. Ichi chirevo chakazorambwa nekuda kwezvikonzero zvinoverengeka; chikuru chakanzi kusavapo kweinosanganisirwa denda uye neuroimaging datha maererano nehunhu uhu [52,53], asi zvakare mukana wekushungurudzwa kwepamberi, iyo isina kunyatso kukwana nzira yekuongorora, uye inokwanisa yezvematongerwo enyika neyemagariro kurudziro yepadumbu nzvimbo inoenderana yehunhu kune hupenyu hwevanhu [54]. Zvinonakidza kuzvienzanisa nezvimwe zviviri zvakapfuura zviyero zviripo mumabhuku akaongororwa, izvo zvaPatrick Carnes naAviel Goodman [9]. Vese vatatu vanogovana pfungwa yekurasikirwa kwekudzora, nguva yakawandisa inoshandiswa pane maitiro ezvepabonde uye zvisina kunaka mhedzisiro kune vamwe / vamwe, asi dhirowa pane zvimwe zvinhu. Izvi zvinoratidza mune yakakura mitsetse kushomeka kwekubvumirana mune conceptualizing hypersexual maitiro mumakore ese. Parizvino, sarudzo huru dzinofunga kugona kwemaitiro kana kungava kwekukanganisa kudzora dambudziko kana kupindwa muropa neunhu [55].
Kubva pakufungidzira kuora mwoyo chirwere, hutano hwehupombwe hunozivikanwa seCompulsive Sexual Behavior (CSB). Coleman [56] anotsigira pfungwa iyi. Paanenge achitaura maitiro eparaphilic pasi peshoko iri [57], uye vanogona kugara pamwe chete mune dzimwe nguva, anozvisiyanisa zvakasiyana kubva kuSRP isingarapiki, izvo zvatinoda kufunga pamusoro pekuongorora uku. Zvinonakidza, kusava nemafungiro ehupombwe hwemashuga kunowanzosvika kakawanda, kana kwete, kune vamwe vanonyadzisa [43,58].
Zvisinei, tsanangudzo dzakawanda dzevaScB dzinowanzotaura nezvezviito zvepabonde zvakasiyana siyana zvinogona kumanikidzira: inonyanya kuzivikanwa kuva mhombwe, inoteverwa nekushandiswa kwekuona zvinonyadzisira, nekuita zvepabonde, kufamba kwechisimba, uye hukama huzhinji (22-76%) [9,59,60].
Kunyange zvazvo pane zvakanyatsoputika pakati pehupombwe nemamiriro ezvinhu akadai sokunyengera-kusagadzikana kwepfungwa (OCD) nezvimwe zvinetso zvekudzivirira zvinokonzera [61], kunewo zvimwe zvakasiyana-siyana kusiyana kwakaratidza: somuenzaniso, OCD maitiro haabatanisi mubairo, kusiyana nekuita zvepabonde. Uyezve, kana uchiita zvekumanikidziro kungaita kuti varwere ve OCD vasunungurwe kwenguva pfupi [62], hukama hwehupombwe huzhinji hunobatanidzwa nemhosva uye kuzvidemba mushure mokuita chiito [63]. Uyewo, kusagadzikana kunogona kuitika pane dzimwe nguva mufambiro wemurwere hakuwirirani nekugadzirisa kuronga kunowanzodiwa mu CSB (somuenzaniso, maererano nehutano hwepabonde) [64]. Goodman anofunga kuti kushungurudzwa kwepabonde kunowanikwa mumakamukwi ekumanikidzwa kwepfungwa (izvo zvinosanganisira kuderedza kuzvidya mwoyo) uye kusagadzikana kwepfungwa (zvinosanganisira kugutsikana), uye zviratidzo zvinowanikwa neurobiological method (serotoninergic, dopaminergic, noradrenergic, uye opioid systems) [65]. Stein anobvumirana nemuenzaniso unobatanidza nzira dzakasiyana-siyana dzehutanoti hwepamusoro uye unopa maitiro eABC (affective dysregulation, behavioral addiction, uye cognitive dyscontrol) kudzidza iri sangano [61].
Kubva pakuona maitiro ekurara, hutano hwehupombwe hunoenderana nekugovana zvakakosha zvezvinhu zvinodhaka. Izvozvi, maererano neDSM-5 [1], rinoreva zvinetso zvakataurwa zvinoshandiswa zvinoshandiswa kuhutano hwehupombwe, zvose zviri paIndaneti uye paIndaneti [6,66,67]. Uchapupu hwekuregerera uye kubvisa mune varwere izvi zvinogona kuva chinhu chinokosha pakuratidzira chikamu ichi sechirwere chechirwere [45]. Kutambudza kushandiswa kweIndaneti neIndaneti kunowanzofungidzirwa sehutsika hwekuzvibata [13,68].
Izwi rekuti "kupindwa muropa" richishandisa ichi chiitiko richine kupokana kukuru. Zitzman anotarisa kuti kuramba kushandisa mari iyi kupindwa muropa “kuratidziro yerusununguko rwekusangana pabonde uye kubvumidza pane kutadza kunyorerana kwechiratidzo uye kwekunzvera nedzimwe nzira dzekupindwa muropa”69]. Nekudaro, izwi iri rinoda kushandiswa nekuchenjerera, nekuti rinogona kududzirwa sekururamisa kwekutsvaga kusatsigira kwekugutsikana nemafaro ehusoni, uye kupomera mhomho inokanganisa pazviri.
Pave nenguva paine gakava pakati paPatrick Carnes naEli Coleman pamusoro pekuongororwa kwechi hypersexual maitiro. Coleman akafunga kuti hypersexuality inotungamirwa nekudiwa kwekudzora imwe mhando yekuzvidya mwoyo, kwete nechido chebonde.56] akachiisa muzvikamu zvinomwe (chimwe chazvo chiri kushandisa zvinonyadzisira zvepamhepo) [57], nepo Carnes (uyo akatsanangura kupindwa muropa se "hukama hwehukama nehunyanzvi hwekuchinja kwemamiriro ezvinhu") anowana fananidzo kune humwe hunhu kupindwa muropa sekubhejera, achitarisa kurasikirwa kwekutonga uye anoenderera mberi maitiro kunyangwe mhedzisiro yakaipa [70].
Ongororo yakakwana yezvinyorwa naKraus [71], akagumisa kuti kunyangwe izvi fananidzo, kukosha kwakanangana nekunzwisisa kweiyo pfungwa kunoomesa kupatsanurwa kwayo kupindwa muropa. Kunetseka kwakanyanya kunoitirwa kuwanda kwehuwandu hukuru hwekuwandisa, kureba kwemazuva mazhinji uye kiriniki data (kutsanangura zviratidzo zvikuru uye nemipimo yayo yekuongorora), inotsigirwa neuropsychological, neurobiological, uye genetic data, pamwe neruzivo zvine chekuita nekurapa kurapa nekudzivirira, uye inonongedza tekinoroji yehunyanzvi mune hypersexual maitiro sechinhu chakakosha chekutsvaga mune ramangwana.
Iko kusimuka kweInternet kunowedzera mikana yekuita zvepabonde, uye kwete chete online zvinonyadzisira (webcamming, zvakajairika zvepabonde mawebhusaiti). Kunyangwe kushandiswa kweInternet kunomiririra imwe nzira yemamwe maitiro ekudzokorora maitiro (semuenzaniso, kuita zvepabonde kana kubhejera) kana kuita chimwe chakasiyana nekodzero yake kuchine nharo [72]. Nekudaro, kana iri nyaya iri yekutanga, humbowo hwapfuura uye kufunga zvinogona kushanda chaizvo kune yayo yepamhepo shamwari.
Ikozvino pane kudikanwa kwemaitiro e empirically anotorwa ayo anotora hanya nezvinhu zvakasarudzika zvinoitika pamhepo (zvakapesana neinternet) hunhu hwepabonde, sezvo mazhinji acho asina vhezheni isingabvumirwe inogona kufananidzwa [73]. Parizvino, pane kutaurwa kwezvinhu zvitsva panguva yekubata online zvepabonde maitiro, sekuvapo kwe online dissociation [74], izvo zvinokonzera "kuve nepfungwa nepamoyo paunenge uchisungirirwa, uine nguva yakatarwa uye kuzvimiririra". Kusabatana uku kwakatotsanangurwa kare maererano nezvimwe zviitiko zvepamhepo [75], inotsigira pfungwa yekuti cybersex zvinetso kushandisa inogona kuenderana nezvose zviri zviviri internet uye zvepabonde kupindwa muropa.76].
Chekupedzisira, tinofanirwa kutaura kuti chinzvimbo chekuongorora chinonzi "inomanikidzira kuita zvehunhu hwekuzvibata" chiri kuverengerwa mune iri kuuya rinotsanangurwa reICD-11, mune "chishamiso chekudzora kusagadzikana" chitsauko [77]. Tsanangudzo inogona kubvunzwa kune https://icd.who.int/dev11/l-m/en#/http%3a%2f%2fid.who.int%2ficd%2fentity%2f1630268048.
Iko kusanganisira kweiyo chikamu mune ICD-11 inogona kunge iri mhinduro kune yakakosha yeiyi nyaya uye inopupurira kune yayo hutano hwekushandisa, nepo kukura asi asi isingaenzaniswi dhijitiro kunotidzivirira kubva kuigadzirisa nenzira kwayo sedambudziko rehutano hwepfungwa [72]. Iyo inofungidzirwa kupa chishandiso chiri nani (zvakadaro mukuvandudza maitiro) yekugadzirisa izvo zvinodiwa pakurapa kutsvaga varwere uye mhosva inogona kuve yakabatana [78], uye zvakare inogona kuratidza nharo dzinoramba dzichiitika nezvekugadziriswa kwakakodzera kwe CSB uye hushoma hwayo dhata mune dzimwe nzvimbo [55,71] (Tafura 1. Uku kusanganisira kunogona kuve yekutanga nhanho yekuziva iyi nyaya uye kuwedzera pairi, imwe kiyi yakakosha pasina mubvunzo yayo yepamhepo porno subtype.
Tafura 1. DSM-5 uye ICD-11 inosvikira pakuenzanisa hypersexual maitiro.

3.3. Kuratidzwa Kwechiremba

Kuratidzira kweCOPU kunogona kupfupikiswa muzvikamu zvitatu zvakakosha:

  • Erectile dysfunction: nepo zvimwe zvidzidzo zvakawana humbowo hudiki hwehukama pakati pekushandiswa kwezvinonyadzisira uye kusagadzikana pabonde [33], vamwe vanofunga kuti kukwira kwekushandiswa kwezvinonyadzisira kungave kuri chinhu chakakosha kutsanangura kusimukira kwekusagadzikana kweerectile pakati pevechidiki [80]. Mune kumwe kuongorora, 60% yevarwere vakatambura kusangana pabonde nemudiwa chaiye, ane hunhu akange asina dambudziko iri nekuona zvinonyadzisira [8]. Vamwe vanotaura kuti kurangana pakati pekushandiswa kwezvinonyadzisira uye kusangana pabonde kwakaoma kumisikidza, sezvo zvidzoreso zvechokwadi zvisinga zivikanwe zvinonyadzisira hazviwanzo kuwanikwa [81] uye vakurudzira maitiro angangodaro ekutsvaga mune izvi.
  • Kugutsikana kwepfungwa: kushandisa zvinonyadzisira kwakabatana nekusagutsikana kwepabonde uye kusangana pabonde, kwevanhurume nevanhukadzi.82], kutsoropodza muviri kana mumwe wavo, kuwedzera simba rekuita uye kushaya bonde chaiko [83], kuva nevazhinji vanoita zvepabonde uye kuita zvepabonde mubhadharo maitiro [34]. Mhedzisiro iyi inonyanya kucherechedzwa muhukama kana ichivezwa84], nenzira yakafanana kwazvo nekushandiswa kwembanje, kugovana zvinhu zvakakosha senge yakavanzika yepamusoro [85]. Izvi zvidzidzo zvinoenderana nekugara tisingashandisi nzira yekuona zvinonyadzisira, asi paInternet zvinonyadzisira pahunhu hazvigone kukuvadza pachako, kana zvazoita kupindwa muropa.24]. Izvi zvinogona kutsanangura hukama pakati pekushandiswa kwevakadzi-centric zvinonyadzisira uye zvimwe zvakanaka mhedzisiro yevakadzi [86].
  • Comorbidities: hypersexual maitiro yakabatana nekushushikana kusagadzikana, ichiteverwa nemamhepo kusagadzikana, kusashanda kwezvinodhaka kusagadzikana uye kusangana pabonde [87]. Izvi zvawanikwa zvinoshandawo kuPOPU [88], zvakare tichibatanidzwa nekusvuta, kunwa doro kana kofi, zvinwiwa zvinodhaka [41] uye zvinetso vhidhiyo-mutambo kushandisa [89,90].
Kuve neizvo chaizvo zvakadzama zvemukati zvido zvekufarira zvakabatana nekuwedzera kumatambudziko ataurwa [17]. Izvo zvakaverengerwa kana aya makiriniki maitiro emhedzisiro yekushungurudzwa cybersex kana kana nekuda kwezvikonzero vachizvinyatsoziva ivo sevamiririri [91].

3.4. Neurobiological Evidence Inotsigira Kupindwa Mhando Model

Kuunganidza humbowo nezvePOPU inzira yakaoma; data hombe pane iri nyaya ichiri mashoma nemasampuleti madiki sengeji, chete murume heterosexual samples uye cross-chikamu chikamu magadzirirwo [71], isina kukwana neuroimaging uye neuropsychological zvidzidzo [4], pamwe nekuda kwekukanganisa, zvemari uye zvipingamupinyi zvezvipingamupinyi. Uye zvakare, kunyange kupindwa muropa nezvinodhaka kunogona kucherechedzwa uye kuteedzeredzwa mumhuka dzinoedzwa, isu hatigone kuita izvi nekupindwa muropa nehunhu. izvi zvinogona kudzikisira kudzidza kwedu nezvezvinoitika zvehuropi [72]. Ziviso zveruzivo zvazvino maererano nekutsvagisa maitiro, pamwe nenzira dzaungagadzirisa, zvine hunyanzvi hwakavharwa uye hupfupikiswa muchinyorwa chaKraus [71]. Zvizhinji zvezvidzidzo zvinowanikwa mutsvagurudzo yedu zvine chekuita nehunhu, nemaitiro anonyadzisira achingova iwo ega ezvinyorwa zvawo zvakanyorwa.
Uhu ufakazi hwakavakirwa panzwisiso inoitika yeiyo neural process pakati pekushomeka-inoenderana nechiroplasticity kuchinja. Dopamine mazinga anotora chikamu chakakosha mune iyi yemubhadharo wekukurudzira, sekucherechedzwa kare mune preotemporal dementia uye pro-dopaminergic mishonga muParkinson chirwere ichi chakabatanidzwa nehupombwe.92,93].
Maitiro akapindwa muropa nezvinonyadzisira zvepamhepo anogona kunge achiwedzeredzwa neyekukurumidza uye "kukurudzira kukurudzira" (izwi rinoumbwa naNobel mubayiro Nikolaas Tinbergen) anoita Internet zvinonyadzisira [94]. Ichi chiitiko chinofungidzirwa kuti chinogadzira kukurudzira (mune ino kesi, zvinonyadzisira nenzira iyo inonyanya kudyiwa nhasi, fomu yayo yepamhepo) inowedzera mhinduro yakagadziriswa yemarudzi. Mufungo uyu ndewekuti vanogona kumisikidza yedu yemubhadharo system yakakwira pamazinga epamusoro pane izvo madzitateguru avakambo sangana nazvo sezvo pfungwa dzako dzakabva nekushanduka, dzichiita kuti ive neshungu yekuchinja kuva nzira inopinda muropa [2]. Kana isu tikafunga zvepamhepo porno kubva pamaonero aya, tinogona kutanga kuona zvakafanana kune zvinowanzoitika zvinodhaka.

Shanduko huru dzehuropi dzinoonekwa pane vakapindwa muropa nezvinodhaka dzinoisa hwaro hwekutsvaga kwekupedzisira kwehunhu hwekupindwa muropa [95], kusanganisira:

  • Sensitization [96]
  • Desensitization [97]
  • Dysfunctional prefrontal maseketi (hypofrontality) [98]
  • Kubata kusagadzikana system [99]
Idzi shanduko dzehuropi dzinoonekwa mune vakapindwa muropa dzakabatanidzwa nevarwere vane hypersexual maitiro kana vashandisi vanoita zvinonyadzisira kuburikidza nechero 40 zvidzidzo zvemhando dzakasiyana: magnetic resonance imaging, electroencephalography (EEG), neuroendocrine, uye neuropsychological.
Semuenzaniso, pane misiyano yakajeka muzviitiko zvehuropi pakati pevarwere vanekumanikidza maitiro ekuita zvepabonde uye zvinodzora, izvo zvinoratidzira izvo zvevanopindwa muropa nezvinodhaka. Patinoratidzwa nemifananidzo yebonde, hypersexual zvidzidzo zvakaratidza mutsauko pakati pekuda (mutsara nezvinodzora) uye kuda (kuda kwepabonde), iyo yaive yakakura [8,100]. Mune mamwe mazwi, mune izvi zvidzidzo kune chishuwo chete cheiyo chaiyo yekisheni, asi kwete kurongeka kwepabonde. Izvi zvinotinongedzera kuchiitiko chebonde ichocho chave kuwanikwa semubayiro [46].
Uchapupu hweiyi neural basa signalizing chido inonyanya kuonekwa mu prefrontal cortex [101] uye amygdala [102,103], kuva uchapupu hwekusimudzira. Kushanda muzvikamu izvi zveuropi kunotiyeuchidza mari yemubairo [104] uye inogona kutakura zvakafanana. Uyezve, kune ereji yepamusoro yeEEG mukuverengwa kwevashandisi, pamwe chete nechido chakaderedzwa chepabonde nemumwe wako, asi kwete nekuita bonhora kune zvinonyadzisira [105], chimwe chinhu chinoratidzawo musiyano muhutano hwekusimudzira [8]. Izvi zvinogona kuonekwa sechiratidzo chekutsvaga. Zvisinei, kudzidza kwaSteele kunowanikwa nenzira dzakasiyana-siyana dzekukanganisa (panyaya yehutano hwakakwana, kusakosha kwekuongorora zvirwere zvepfungwa kana kusagadzikana, kusavapo kweboka rinodzora, uye kushandiswa kwemashoko asina kubvumidzwa kushandiswa kwepabonde) [106]. Chidzidzo che Prause [107], nguva ino neboka rinodzora, rinotsanangura izvi zvakawanikwa. Basa rekuchengetedza reactivity nekuchiva mukuvandudzwa kwehutano hwepabonde paIndaneti zvakatsigirwa mune zvepabonde yevakadzi [108] uye ungochani varume samples [109].
Uku kufungisisa nezvekuita tsika dzebonde kwakanyanya kune vanhu vekutanga vane hypersexual [110], asi kuramba uchizviratidza kwavari kunoratidza kushaya simba [111,112]. Izvi zvinoreva kudzikiswa kwehurongwa hwemubairo, pamwe hwokuyananisirwa neiyo huru dorsal cingate [107,113,114]. Sezvo dorsal cingulate inobatanidzwa mukutarisira mibairo uye kupindura zviitiko zvitsva, kuderera kwezviitiko zvadzo mushure mekudzokororwazve kuratidzwa kunotinongedza kukudziridza kwekugara kune yekutanga kukurudzira. Izvi zvinoguma nekusavimbika kwakawedzerwa kuda kwehupombwe115], iyo inogona kuratidzira senzira dzekuyedza kutaura hugaro uye kushushikana kuburikidza nekutsvaga zvimwe (nyowani) zvinonyadzisira senzira yekugutsikana pabonde, kusarudza maitiro aya panzvimbo pebonde chairo [20].
Aya kuedza pakutsvagira zvinhu zvitsva anogona kukwiriraniswa kuburikidza nerectivreal reactivity [116] uye amygdala [117]. Izvo zvinozivikanwa kuti kutarisa kwezvinonyadzisira muvashandisi vanowanzo kuve kwakabatana nebasa rakakura reural [99], kunyanya mune ventral striatum [116,118] iyo inoita basa guru mukufungidzira mibairo [119].
Nekudaro, kubatana pakati pe ventral striatum uye prefrontal cortex kwakaderedzwa [103,113]; kuderera kwekubatana pakati pekutanga cortex uye amygdala kwakaonekwawo [117]. Uye zvakare, hypersexual zvidzidzo zvakaratidza kuderedzwa kwakabatana kubatana pakati pe caudate neye temporite cortex lobes, pamwe nekuchena grey nyaya munzvimbo idzi [120]. Dzese shanduko idzi dzinogona kutsanangura kusakwanisa kudzora maitiro epabonde.
Zvakare, zvidzidzo zvehypsexual zvakaratidza huwandu hwakawedzera hweamygdala [117], kusiyana neavo vane chirwere chisingaperi chinoratidzwa chinhu, chinoratidza yakaderera amygdala vhoriyamu [121]; musiyano uyu unogona kutsanangurwa nemhedzisiro inogona kuita neurotoxic mhedzisiro yezvinhu. Muzvidzidzo zvehu hypersexual, chiitiko chakawedzerwa uye huremu hunogona kuratidza kuwanda nehurongwa hwekupindwa muropa (kunyanya kutsigira zvinokurudzira dzidziso) kana kuve mhedzisiro yezvinetso zvekushushikana munezvemagariro, senge maitiro ekupindwa muropa pachawo [122].
Vashandisi ava vakaratidzawo kusagadzikana kwekunetseka kupindura, kunyanya kutaurirana kuburikidza ne hypothalamus-pituitary-adrenal axis [122] nenzira inoita girazi idzodzo dzinoonekwa mune vakapindwa muropa nezvinodhaka. Idzi shanduko dzinogona kunge dziri mhedzisiro yekushanduka kwe epigenetic pamasvikiro ekudzivirira ekuparidzira vanopindwa muropa, senge corticotropin-kusunungura- factor (CRF) [123]. Iyi epigenetic regulation hypothesis inofunga zvese hedonic uye anhedonic maitiro ezvibodzwa zvinokanganisa chikamu chemadopaminergic genes, uye zvimwe mamwe mamiririri anoenderana nehutachiona hwehutachiona gene polymorphisms [124]. Kune zvakare humbowo hwepamusoro tumor necrosis factor (TNF) mune zvepabonde zvinodhaka, zvine hukama hwakasimba pakati peTNF mazinga uye akanyanya zvikero mune hypersexuality rating zviyero [125].

3.5. Neuropsychological Evidence

Panyaya yekuratidzwa kweiyi shanduko mune hwepabonde maitiro, mazhinji neuropsychological zvidzidzo anoratidza imwe mhando isina kunanga kana yakananga mhedzisiro mukutonga kwebasa [126,127], pamwe semhedzisiro yekumberi kwekutanga cortex alterations [128]. Kana ikashandiswa pane zvinonyadzisira zvepamhepo, inobatsira mukukudziridza kwayo uye nekugadzirisa [129,130].
Zvinotsanangurwa zveiyo murombo anotyisa inoshanda inosanganisira: kushinha [131,132], kungwara kuomarara uko kunotadzisa maitiro ekufunda kana kugona kutamisa pfungwa [120,133,134], kutonga kwakashata uye sarudzo [130,135], kukanganiswa kwekushanda memory memory [130], hushoma pakubata kwemanzwiro, uye kunyanyisa kufunga nezvebonde [136]. Izvi zviwanikwa zvinoyeuchidza nezvehumwe hunhu hunopindwa muropa (hwakadai seyekufamba-gamba kubhejera) uye maitiro mune zvinosendamira pazvinhu137]. Zvimwe zvidzidzo zvinopesana zvakananga nezvakawanikwa izvi [58], asi panogona kuve paine zvimwe zvinogadziriswa munzira yekuenzanisira (semuenzaniso, diki senzaniso sero).
Kusvikira izvo zvinhu zvinoita basa rekusimudzira kwehu hypersexual maitiro uye cybersex, pane akati wandei acho. Tinogona kufunga nezve cue-reactivity, yakanaka yekusimbisa uye yekushamwaridzana kudzidza [104,109,136,138,139] seyakanyanya nzira dzekupindwa muropa nezvinonyadzisira. Nekudaro, panogona kunge paine zvinhu zvekukanganisika [140], se: (1) basa rekunakidzwa kwebonde uye kusagadzikana kubata mune vamwe vanhu vanofungidzirwa [40,141,142,143] kana iri mhedzisiro yekukanganiswa kwehunhu [144,145] kana mamiriro ekunze [146], uye (2) nzira yekudzivirira / kudzivirira147,148,149].

3.6. Kuzivikanwa

Zvizhinji zvezvidzidzo zvinoratidzirwa zvinoshandisa zvidzidzo zvine mukana wekuratidza kwenguva yakareba kuzvinonyadzisira zvepamhepo [34,81,113,114], saka kuratidzwa kwaro kwechipatara kunoratidzika semhedzisiro uye inopindirana mhedzisiro yekuita iyi yakaipa maitiro. Isu takataura kuoma kwekuwana zvigadziro zvekugadzira causation, asi mamwe mamiriro ezvinhu anoratidza kuti kuderedza kana kusiya maitiro aya kunogona kukonzeresa kusagadzikana kwekuita zvepabonde nekusagadzikana kwepfungwa [79,80] uye kunyangwe kupora kwakazara; izvi zvinogona kureva kuti akambotaurwa pfungwa dzeuropi dzinodzokororwa.

3.7. Zvishandiso Zvekuongorora

Zvirongwa zvinoverengeka zvekuongorora zviripo zvekugadzirisa CSB uye POPU. Vese vanovimba nekuvimbika nekupindura; pamwe zvakatonyanya kupfuura kungoongororwa ongororo dzechivanhu, nekuti tsika dzebonde ndidzo dzinozvinipisa kwazvo nekuda kwechimiro chavo chakavanzika.
Kune hypersexourse, kune pamusoro pe20 yekuongorora mibvunzo uye kubvunzurudzwa kwekliniki. Mamwe anonyanya kuzivikanwa anosanganisira Zvepabonde Kuwedzeredza Screening Test (SAST) yakarongedzwa naCarnes [150], uye yakazodzokororwa vhezheni SAST-R [151], iyo inomanikidzirwa yebonde Behaeve Inventory (CSBI) [152,153] uye iyo Hypersexual Disorder Screening Inventory (HDSI) [154]. Iyo HDSI yakatanga yashandisirwa kurapwa kwekuongororwa kweiyo DSM-5 shamba kurudziro ye hypersexual disorder. Kunyange zvichitsvagurudzwa zvimwe zvehunhu maererano nemaitiro uye kugadziriswazve kwezvikamu zvekucheka zvichidikanwa, parizvino inobata rutsigiro rwakasimba rwepfungwa uye ndicho chishandiso chakanyatsonaka pakuyera hypersexual disorder [151].
Kana dziri dzezvinonyadzisira zvepamhepo, chishandiso chinoshandiswa zvakanyanya paInternet Bonde-screening test (ISST) [155]. Inotarisisa zvikamu zvishanu zvakasiyana (kumanikidzwa zvepabonde kushamwaridzana, zvepamhepo zvepabonde maitiro-emagariro, online zvepabonde maitiro-akaparadzaniswa, kushandisa zvepabonde pamhepo uye kufarira pamhepo zvepamhepo maitiro) kuburikidza 25 dichotomic (hongu / kwete) mibvunzo. Nekudaro, zvimiro zvepfungwa dzayo hazvina kumboongororwa zvinyoro, zvine simba rakawanda muchiSpanish [156] iyo yakashanda senge yakajeka yezvidzidzo zvemashure [157].
Zvimwe zviridzwa zvinozivikanwa nedambudziko rekushandisa zvinonyadzisira chiyero (PPUS) [158] iyo inoyera zvikamu zvina zvePOPU (zvinosanganisira: kushushikana uye zvinetso zvinoshanda, kushandisa zvakawandisa, kudzora matambudziko nekushandiswa kwekutiza / kudzivirira kwemanzwiro akashata), ipfupi internet yekupindwa muropa nekuedzwa kwakagadziridzwa kuita zvepabonde pamhepo (s-IAT-zvepabonde) [159], 12-chinhu chemubvunzo kuyera zviyero zviviri zvePOPU, uye cyber-zvinonyadzisira shandisa zviyambi (CPUI-9) [160].
Iyo CPUI-9 inoongorora maitiro matatu: (1) masimba ekupinda, (2) akaona kumanikidzwa, uye (3) kushungurudzika kwepamoyo. Pakutanga yafungidzirwa kuva neinogonesa epfungwa dzepfungwa [9], iyi yekufungidzira yakaratidza kuve isina kuvimbika munguva pfupi: kusanganiswa kwe "kushushikana mupfungwa" mamiriro ekunyora kero zvinyadzo uye mhosva, izvo zvisiri muongororo yekuongorora uye nokudaro zvinogadzira uwandu hwepamusoro kumusoro [161]. Kunyoreredza hesera pasinga pedzisire iyi kunoratidzika kunyatso kuratidza kune kwakati kuti zvinomanikidza kushandisa zvinonyadzisira.
Imwe yazvichangobva kupfuura iyi idambudziko rekushandisa zvinonyadzisira zvinonyadzisira (PPCS)162], yakavakirwa paGriffith nhanhatu-chinhu chinwiwa chinodhaka muenzaniso [163], kunyangwe ichiyera kupindwa muropa, zvinonetsa chete kushandisa zvinonyadzisira zvine simba psychometric.
Zvimwe zviyero zvePOPU zvisina kugadzirwa kuyera kushandisa kwepamhepo zvinonyadzisira asi zvave zvichishandiswa uchishandisa vanoshandisa zvinonyadzisira paInternet [9], inosanganisira iyo Zvinonyadzisira Consume Inventory (PCI) [164,165].166] uye iyo Zvinonyadzisira Zvinoda Mibvunzo (PCQ) [167] iyo inogona kuongorora mamiriro ezvinhu pakati pezvakasiyana zvevashandisi vanoita zvinonyadzisira.
Pane zvakare maturusi ekuongorora kugona kwevanyadzisi kuona kuda kusiya maitiro kuburikidza nemaitiro ekuzvitangira ega.168] uye kuongororwa kwemhedzisiro yekurapa pakuita [169], ichinyanya kuratidza matatu angangoita ekudzoserwa kukurudzira: (a) kurara / kurara / kusuwa / mukana, (b) kudhakwa / nzvimbo / kuwana nyore, uye (c) kusagadzikana kwemanzwiro.

3.8. Kurapa

Tichifunga kuti ichine mibvunzo mizhinji inosara nezve conceptualization, kuongororwa, uye zvinokonzeresa maitiro uye POPU, pakave nematanho mashoma ekuyedza kusarudza nzira dzekurapa dzinogona kuitika. Muzvidzidzo zvakaburitswa, sampu dzekukura kazhinji dzinenge dziri diki uye dzakawandisa, kudzora kwekiriniki kuri kushomeka, uye nzira dzekutsvaga dzakapararira, hadzivheneke, uye hadziite [170].
Kazhinji, kusanganisa psychosocial, kuchenjera-maitiro, psychodynamic, uye pharmacologic nzira inoonekwa seinonyanya kurapa kurapwa kwekupindwa muropa, asi iyi nzira isiri-chaiyo inoratidza kushaiwa kwezivo nezvenyaya iyi [9].

3.8.1. Pharmacological Kusvikira

Izvo zvidzidzo zvakatarisana neparoxetine uye naltrexone kusvika ikozvino. Imwe nyaya yakatevedzana inosanganisira paroxetine paPOPU yakabatsira kudzikisira huwandu hwekuzvidya mwoyo, asi akazopedzisira atadza kuderedza maitiro acho ega [171]. Pamusoro pezvo, kushandisa SSRIs kugadzira kusabatana pabonde kuburikidza nemhedzisiro yavo kunenge kusiri kushanda, uye zvinoenderana nekiriniki ruzivo rwunoshanda chete mune varwere vane comorbid chirwere chepfungwa [172].
Nyaya ina dzematareji dzinosanganisira naltrexone yekubata POPU dzakatsanangurwa. Zvakawanikwa zvakapfuura zvakataura kuti naltrexone inogona kuve inogona kurapwa kune hunhu hunopindwa muropa uye hypersexual kusagadzikana [173,174], achifunga kuderedza kuchiva uye kukurudzira nekuvhara euphoria inoenderana nehunhu. Kunyangwe pasati paine muyedzo wakatemwa wekuedzwa pamwe naltrexone mune izvi zvidzidzo, kune mana makesi emishumo. Mhedzisiro inowanikwa mukuderedza kushandiswa kwezvinonyadzisira zvakasiyana kubva pane zvakanaka [175,176,177] kuita mwero [178]; kanenge mune imwe yadzo murwere akagamuchirawo sertraline, saka hazvizivikanwe kuti ingani inogona kutaurwa naltrexone [176].

3.8.2. Psychotherapeutic Kusvika

Hapana mubvunzo, psychotherapy inogona kuve yakakosha chishandiso mukunyatsonzwisisa uye kuchinja maitiro. Nepo kungwara-kwemaitiro kurapa (CBT) kunoonekwa nevarapi vazhinji kuve kwakakosha mukurapa hypersexual disorder [179], chidzidzo chakabatanidza vanezvinetso vepaInternet vanoshandisa zvinonyadzisira vakatadza kuwana hunhu [180], kunyangwe kana kuomarara kwezviratidzo zvekushungurudzika uye huwandu hwehupenyu hwakagadziridzwa. Izvi zvinounza pfungwa yekufarira kuti kungodzikisira kushandisa zvinonyadzisira kunogona kusamiririra chinangwa chakakosha kwazvo chekurapa [170]. Dzimwe nzira dzekushandisa CBT kurapa POPU dzakaitwa, asi kudzokorora zvinetso zvekusanzwisisika munzvimbo ino zvinotidzivirira kubva pamhedziso dzakavimbika [181,182].
Psychodynamic psychotherapy uye vamwe vakaita semhuri kurapwa, kurapwa kwevakaroorana, uye psychosocial kurapwa modeled mushure me12 nhanho zvirongwa zvinogona kuratidza zvakakosha pakugadzirisa misoro yekunyara uye mhosva uye kudzorera kuvimba pakati pevashandisi vepedyo hukama [170,172]. Iyo chete yakasarudzika yakadzorwa muedzo uripo nevanezvinetso vepa online zvinonyadzisira vashandisi inotarisa Kugamuchirwa uye Kuzvipira Therapy (ACT) [183], kugadzirisa kubva kwavo 2010 kesi akateedzera [184], yaive yekutanga yekuedza kudzidza kunyatsogadzirisa POPU. Chidzidzo chacho chakaratidza zvinobudirira mhedzisiro asi zvakawoma kutora kunze nekuti muyenzaniso uyu zvakare waive mushoma uye wakanangiswa pane chaiwo huwandu hwevanhu.
Kubudirira kwakabikwa neBTT, conjoint Therapy uye ACT inogona kuvimba nenyaya yekuti yakavakirwa pakurangarira uye kugamuchira maitiro. zvinoenderana nemamiriro akapetwa, kuwedzera kugamuchira zvinonyadzisira kugamuchirwa kunogona kuve kwakaenzana kana kwakakosha pane kuderedza kushandiswa kwayo [170].

4. Kukurukurirana

Zvinotaridza kuti POPU haingori chete imwe subtype ye hypersexual disorder, asi parizvino yakanyanya kuwanda sezvo ichiwanzoita bonhora. Kunyangwe izvi zvichinetsa kunyatsojekesa zvakapihwa kusazivikanwa uye kuwanikwa kwezvinhu zvinoita kuti kushandisa zvinonyadzisira kuvepo nhasi, tinogona kuona kuti mutungamiriri wekushandisa zvinonyadzisira akachinja kweanenge makore gumi apfuura. Izvo hazvingave zvisina musoro kufunga kuti iyo online yakasarudzika yakave nechinetso chakakosha kune vatengi vayo, uye kuti zvakapetwa Zvinhu zvinowedzera njodzi inogona kuvepo yePOPU uye humwe hunhu hwepabonde.
Sezvatakataura, kusazivikanwa chinhu chakakosha chengozi chekuti tsika yebonde iyi ipinde muchinetso. Isu tinofanirwa kugara tichiyeuka kuti nhamba maererano nedambudziko iri zviri pachena kune vanhu vezera repamutemo kuita zvepabonde, online kana zvimwe; asi hazvipukunyuke isu kuti zvepabonde hazviwanzo kutanga mushure mechikumbaridzo ichi, uye pane mukana ungangove wekuti vana vachiri pakati pebonde neurodevelopment vanhu vazhinji vari panjodzi. Chokwadi ndechekuti kubvumirana kwakasimba pane izvo maitiro ezvepabonde anogadzira, zvese zviri zvekunze uye online, zvakafanira kuyera zvakakwana nenzira inomiririra uye kusimbisa kuti yakakura sei dambudziko riri munharaunda yanhasi.
Sezvatinoziva, zvidzidzo zvenguva pfupi yapfuura zvinotsigira chikamu ichi sechirwere chechirwere nezvakakosha zviratidzo zvakadai sekushaya zvepabonde uye kusagutsikana kwepabonde. Zvose zvebasa riripo zvinobva pane tsvakurudzo yakafanana yakaitwa pazvinhu zvinodhaka, zvichienderana nehutano hwekuona zvinonyadzisira paIndaneti se'kusimudzira zvakanyanya 'kune chinhu chaicho chaicho, kuburikidza nekuenderera mberi kwekushandisa, chinogona kukonzera chirwere chinodhaka. Zvisinei, pfungwa dzakadai sekushivirira uye kuzvidzora hazvikwanise kusimbiswa zvakakwana kuti zvifananidzire kunyora kusagadzikana, uye naizvozvo inoumba chikamu chinokosha chekutsvakurudza mune ramangwana. Kwemazuva ano, chikwata chekutsvaga chinenge chichibva kunze kwekutonga zvepabonde chikabatanidzwa kuI ICD-11 nekuda kwehutano hwechirwere ichi, uye zvechokwadi chichashandiswa kugadzirisa varwere vane zviratidzo izvi zvinokumbira vanachiremba kuti vabatsirwe.
Zvishandiso zvakasiyana-siyana zvekuongorora zviripo kubatsira muvhareji chiremba nezvekuongorora nzira, asi kudzikamisa izvo zvechokwadi pathological uye kwete nenzira kwayo ichiri chinetso chiri kuenderera. Parizvino, chikamu chakakosha chezvikamu zvitatu zvemitemo yakatsanangurwa naCarnes, Goodman, uye Kafka inosanganisira pfungwa yepfungwa yekurasikirwa kwekutonga, nguva yakawandisa inoshandiswa pane maitiro epabonde uye yakaipa mhedzisiro kune iye nevamwe. Mune imwe nzira kana imwe, ivo varipowo muhuwandu hwekuongorora zvishandiso zvakaongororwa.
Zvinogona kunge zviri chimiro chakaringana pakuvakira. Zvimwe zvinhu, izvo zvinotariswa nemhando dzakasiyana dzekukosha, pamwe ungarevhesa isu kuti titore pfungwa dzemumwe neumwe. Kugadzira chishandiso chekuongorora icho chinosara neimwe nhanho yekushanduka-shanduka asi zvichikosha kuti uzive kuti chii chiri kunetsa nderimwe dambudziko riripo ratakatarisana naro, uye pamwe richazoenda pamwe nekuenderera mberi kwekutsvakisisa kwemweya kunotibatsira kunzwisisa zviri nani kana chikamu chakadzika Hupenyu hwevanhu hwakajairika hunobva pane hwakajairika kuita chirwere.
Kana dziri nzira dzekurapa, chinangwa chikuru parizvino chinotarisana nekudzora kushandisa zvinonyadzisira kana kuchisiya zvachose, sezvo zviratidzo zvekurapa zvichiratidzika kuva zvinoshandurwa. Iyo nzira yekuzadzisa izvi inosiyana zvichienderana nemurwere uye ingangoda humwe kusandudzika muzvirongwa zvinoshandiswa, nekufunga uye kugamuchira-kwakavakirwa-kurapa psychotherapy kuve yakaenzana kana yakakosha kupfuura nzira yemishonga mune dzimwe nguva.

Mari

Tsvakurudzo iyi haina kugamuchira kunze kwekubhadhara mari.

Kurwisana kweShoko

Rubén de Alarcón, Javier I. de la Iglesia, naNerea M. Casado vanoti hapana kupokana kwemafaro. AL Montejo akagamuchira mari yekubvunza kana honaria / tsigiro yemubatsiro mumakore mashanu apfuura kubva kuna Boehringer Ingelheim, Forum Pharmaceuticals, Rovi, Servier, Lundbeck, Otsuka, Janssen Cilag, Pfizer, Roche, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, naJunta de Castilla y León. .

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