Kudzora kudarika muZvinyadzo Tsvagiridzo: Ngazvizvirege, Ngazviende… (2021) naPaul J. Wright

Wright, PJ Arch Sex Sex Behav 50, 387-392 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10508-020-01902-9

“Ngazviende, zviende

Haukwanisi kuidzora zvakare

Chirega chichienda, chichienda

Tendeuka ugo rova ​​musuwo ”(Elsa - Disney's -oma)

Huchenjeri hwekuzvidzora kwaElsa kuti arege kuedza kwake kwekudzora kwakandirova sechidzidzo cheupenyu chakakosha nguva yekutanga pandakaona -oma nevazukuru vangu. Ndiri kutarisira mwanasikana wangu mudiki (achangopfuura rinopfuura gore, uye kekutanga kuteerera kwaari -oma nziyo svondo rino) dzinogona zvakare kudzidza iyo yakakosha musimboti yekurega ichienda.

Kohut, Landripet, uye Stulhofer's (2020) chinyorwa chazvino pamusoro pezvinonyadzisira uye hutsinye hwepabonde chakandiyeuchidza kuti ndanga ndichida kuratidza zvakafanana kune vamwe vandaitsvaga navo zvekuona zvinonyadzisira kweanenge makore mashoma ikozvino nezve kushandiswa kwe "kudzora" akasiyana (S. Perry, kutaurirana wega, June 26, 2018). Kunyanya, chinangwa chetsamba iyi ndechekukurudzira vamwe vangu kuti "vasiye" uye "rova musuwo" munzira iripo yekurapa kwechitatu kusiana mune zvinonyadzisira mhedzisiro yekutsvagisa (kureva., Kufunga kwekutanga kweanoshanduka echitatu sezvingangoita nyonganiso, panzvimbo pekufungidzira, varevereri, kana mamodharireri).

Ini ndinodonongodza matambudziko akati wandei nemaitiro azvino. Ndinopomera basa rangu ndimene semufananidzo chaiwo, pane kudoma nemazita basa revamwe, sezvo neniwo ndanga ndine mhosva yekuwandisa. Nekuti ini ndiri shamwari, shamwari yangu yeKinsey Institute yakabatana, uye mushandirwi kuna Stulhofer (Milas, Wright, & Stulhofer, 2020; Wright & Stulhofer, 2019), uye nekuti chinyorwa chake ndicho chekupedzisira chakakurudzira tsamba iyi, ndinoshandisawo Kohut et al . (2020) semuenzaniso chaiwo wekuenzanisira mapoinzi angu. Chinangwa changu ndechekukurudzira maitiro ekutsvagisa ayo anoita kuti tinzwisise mhedzisiro yezvinonyadzisira, kwete kuita excoriate kana kukurudzira. Ini ndinotenda izvi zvinozadziswa zvakanyanya kuburikidza nekuzviongorora kwekuvaka kwako neshamwari dzako, pane kusazivikanwa nevamwe.

Maitiro Ekuchizvino uye Matambudziko Awo

Zvinonyadzisira zvinokonzeresa kutsvagisa inzvimbo yepasirose mhedzisiro mhedzisiro, umo masayendisiti enzanga anoshandisa nzira dzakawandisa kuongorora mhedzisiro yezvinonyadzisira pane zvavanotenda, maitiro, uye maitiro (Wright, 2020a). Ndingadai ndakamanikidzwa kukurudzira nzira inoshanda yekunyanyisa (uye kunetesa, mune ese epanyama nepfungwa pfungwa) kujairana nemuviri wekutsvagurudza pane kuitisa ongororo dzerondedzero yenguva dzose (semuenzaniso, Wright, 2019, 2020a; Wright & Bae, 2016) uye meta-ongororo (semuenzaniso, Wright & Tokunaga, 2018; Wright, Tokunaga, & Kraus, 2016; Wright, Tokunaga, Kraus, & Klann, 2017). Kuburikidza neaya mabhuku ezvinyorwa, ini ndaona kuti (1) ruzhinji rwezvinonyangadza zvinokonzeresa zvidzidzo kubva kuma1990s zvave zvichiitwa uchishandisa nzira dzekuongorora uye (2) iyo inonyanya kuongorora paradigm mumuviri uno wekutsvaga ndeyekubvunza kana zvinonyadzisira zvichishandiswa (X) ichiri kuenderana nekumwe kutenda, maitiro, kana maitiro (Y) mushure mekugadzirisa manhamba kuti irambe ichiwedzera uye ichinyanya kushamisa rondedzero ye "kutonga" akasiyana (Zad infinitum).

Iyi ingori mienzaniso mishoma yemisiyano iyo vaongorori vakaona yakakodzera kuisanganisira sekudzora: ruzivo rwepabonde, chinzvimbo chepamuviri, zera, chinzvimbo chehukama, zvebonde, zvevakadzi, zvedzidzo, mamiriro ezvehupfumi, rudzi, maonero ezvinyorwa zvechitendero, kubatana kwepfungwa nemuchengeti. , kuratidzwa kumhirizhonga yewanano, kushandisa zvinodhaka, chinzvimbo chewanano, kubatana kwezvematongerwo enyika, maawa ekushanda muvhiki, chinzvimbo chevabereki, kusangana pabonde, hunhu, kusabatana, zviratidzo zvekuora mwoyo, zviratidzo zvePTSD, kugutsikana kwehukama, kuda kufanana, kutaura zvepabonde vezera rako, kushamwaridzana nevabereki, kuona terevhizheni, kutonga kwevabereki, ruzivo rwepabonde rwevezera rako, kutsvaga kwekunzwa, kutsvaga pabonde kutsvaga, kugutsikana kwehupenyu, kumashure kwemhuri, kuzviremekedza pabonde, kuzvidzora pabonde, maitiro ekumanikidzwa pabonde, zera reshamwari, kusangana kwevanhu. , internet shandisa, mimhanzi vhidhiyo yekutarisa, chinamato chekubatana, hurefu hwehukama, wevatorwa mamiriro, kugara mune hombe cit y, basa revabereki, kuputa fodya, nhoroondo yekuba, kukamba chikoro, kuita zvinetswa kuchikoro, zera rekuita bonde, kudanana, kutaura manyepo, kubiridzira pamiyedzo, enzaniso yekuenzanisira, nzvimbo yekugara, bonhora nguva zhinji, kupinda kwechitendero, kupinda pabonde. kugutsikana, kugutsikana nekutora sarudzo, huwandu hwevana, vakamborambana, chinzvimbo chebasa, nhamba yeshamwari dzekunamata, kuwanda kwebonde muvhiki rapfuura, uye kunyoresa muchikoro chesekondari.

Zvekare – iyi ingori mienzaniso mishoma.

Iyo (ostensible) pfungwa iri pasi pemaitiro aripo ndeekuti zvinonyadzisira zvinogona kunge zvisiri izvo zvinokonzeresa kugarisana kwevanhu; asi, chimwe chechitatu-chinoshanduka chinogona kukonzera vanhu vese kudya zvinonyadzisa uye kuratidza / kuita mukutenda, maitiro, kana maitiro ari mubvunzo. Vashoma vanyori, zvisinei, vanonyatso tsanangura kuti musiyano wega wega wavakasarudza sekutonga ungakonzera sei kushandiswa kwezvinonyadzisira uye mhedzisiro ichidzidzwa. Dzimwe nguva, chirevo chakajairika chinoitwa (dzimwe nguva nemanyorerwo, dzimwe nguva pasina) kuti kutsvagurudza kwepamberi kwakaratidza misiyano senge ingangoita nyonganiso uye ndosaka ichisanganiswa. Dzimwe nguva, hapana tsananguro inopihwa kunze kwekunyora akasiyana siyana ekudzora akasiyana. Zvakaoma kwazvo kuwana zvidzidzo zvinoratidza imwe pfungwa yekufungidzira sekururamisa kusarudzwa kweanodzora (zvimwe pane ino poindi gare gare). Izvo zvinotoshamisira kuwana chidzidzo chinopembedza kuti nei misiyano yakaenzanisirwa sedhiraivhu pane kufanofungidzira, varevereri, kana mamodharire (handitende kuti ndakamboona izvi).

Sezvakavimbiswa, ndinoreurura kuti neniwo ndakasanganisira bhatiri rekudzora zvisina tsarukano muzvidzidzo zvakawanda. Semumwe muenzaniso, muWright and Funk (2014), ini ndakabatanidza zvinomwe zvinodzora zvisina kururamisa kupfuura chirevo chekuti "kutsvagurudza" kwakaratidza "kukosha kwekutonga" kwavari (peji 211). Semumwe muenzaniso, muTokunaga, Wright, and McKinley (2015) Ini ndakabatanidza gumi kudzora misiyano nechikonzero chega chekuti ivo ndivo "vanogona kuvhiringidza akasiyana" akakurudzira "mukutsvagurudza kwakapfuura" (peji 10). Mukuzvidzivirira kwangu, zvirinani kuti ndakanyora "kutsvagisa / kutsvagurudza kwakapfuura" iyo yakanga yaratidza izvi zvakasiyana…

Muchidimbu, apo zvinonyadzisira zvinokonzeresa kutsvagurudzwa kwenzvimbo kunoonekwa zvizere, kupokana kwangu kuti kuiswa kweanodzora ndekwe idiosyncratic, kusapindirana, kusadavira, uye kudarika. Kufungidzira kwangu kwakanyanya ndekwekuti vaongorori vanogona kusanganisira kutonga nekuti vapamberi vevatsvagiri vane, ivo vanotenda kuti vapepeti kana vaongorori vanozvitarisira (Bernerth & Aguinis, 2016), kana nekuti ivo vakawira pasi peiyo "nzira yekumaguta matarenda" ayo "hukama nekutonga akasiyana padhuze nechokwadi kudarika kusadzora zvinochinja ”(Spector & Brannick, 2011, peji 296). Ndinoziva kuti pakutanga pabasa rangu rimwe nerimwe rakashanda kwandiri.

Zvinetso neizvi "zvese kunze kwekunyura kwekicheni nzira" yekudzora kusiana kusanganisa (Becker, 2005, peji 285) yakawanda. Asi izvo zviviri zvinonyanya kukosha munzira iyo madhiraivhi anoshandiswa mune zvinokanganisa zvinyorwa zvinyorwa ndeizvi:

  1. Mukana weRudzi rwechipiri kukanganisa hunowedzera nekuda kwekusiyana kwechokwadi kuchipatsanurwa kubva pane zvinonyadzisira-mhedzisiro kuwirirana (Becker, 2005). Becker anoona zvakare kuti Type I zvikanganiso zvinogona kuwedzera kana iwo madhiragi akabatana neanofungidzira asi kwete muyero. Zvisinei, ini handizive izvi sedambudziko mune zvinonyadzisira zvinokanganisa zvinyorwa. Mubvunzo unogara uri wekuti zviverengero zvakakosha zvinonyadzisira- mhedzisiro bivariate kuwirirana inobata mushure mekudzora Zad infinitum.
  2. Mukana wekushayikwa zvachose uye / kana kusanzwisisa chaiko "zvinopesana-mamiriro-mhedzisiro" mune zvinonyadzisira- mhedzisiro inowedzera zvinoshamisa (Campbell & Kohut, 2017, peji 8). Kufambira mberi kwezivo hakungomiswe chete asi kunovhiringidzwa nguva dzese musiyano zvisiri izvo zvinonzi "zvinokanganisa" apo wechitatu-musiyano iri, muchokwadi, anofungidzira, murevereri, kana mutungamiriri muhurongwa hwekupora mifananidzo (Spector & Brannick, 2011). Icho chikamu chechikonzero ichi kuti Meehl (1971) akaona nzira iriko yezvazvino yechitatu mune zvinonyadzisira zvinokonzeresa zvinyorwa (kureva., Zvinokatyamadza zvakanyanya sedhiraivhu, kwete vafemberi, varevereri, kana mamodharire) se "nzira yekuteedzera" inotungamira ku "zvakanyanya mafungiro asiri iwo ”(peji 147).

Aya matambudziko anogona dzimwe nguva kuumbana. Semuenzaniso, kana chiri chaicho muyananisi chakaenzanisirwa sekutonga, kusanzwisisika kwekuita kunowedzera sezvinoita mukana weRudzi rwechipiri kukanganisa maererano neiri kuwedzera kuwedzera kusaona zvinonyadzisira - mhedzisiro kuwirirana.

Kunamata uye kutsvaga kwekunzwa ndiyo mienzaniso yekutanga. Aya misiyano inotorwa seyakareruka sekukanganisika kungangoitika kunofanirwa "kudzorwa" apo, pachokwadi, paine humbowo hwekuti ivo vari chikamu cheiyo porn effects mhedzisiro. Perry (2017, 2019; onawo Perry & Hayward, 2017) yakawana mune dzinoverengeka zvenguva refu zvidzidzo pane akasiyana sampuro izvo zvinonyadzisira zvichiona zvichitarisira zvinofungidzira zvinoderera mukunamata kwevechiri kuyaruka nevakuru. Nekudaro, pachinzvimbo chechitendero chinokanganisa kushamwaridzana pakati, semuenzaniso, zvinonyadzisira zvinoshandiswa uye mafaro ekuzvivaraidza nezvebonde (semuenzaniso, Peter & Valkenburg, 2006), inogona kunge iri muyananisi (zvinonyadzisira → zvinoderera muchitendero → maitiro akanaka pamusoro pebonde rekuvaraidza).

Kutsvaga kwekutsvagisa kwakafungidzirwawo sehunhu husingachinjiki hunogona kungovhiringidza zvinonyadzisira - mhedzisiro kuwirirana. Rondedzero yakatorwa-ye-yakapihwa ndeyekuti kutsvaga kwekunzwa kunogona kukanganisa kushandiswa kwezvinonyadzisira uye (isa mhedzisiro yenjodzi pabonde pano) uye nekudaro ive inovhiringidza, asi haigone kukanganiswa nekushandisa zvinonyadzisira. Izvo zvinyorwa zvinyorwa zvinoratidza zvakasiyana, zvakadaro. Munzvimbo yevezvenhau vezvepabonde zvakajairika, Stoolmiller, Gerrard, Sargent, Worth, uye Gibbons (2010) yakawanikwa mune yavo ina-wave, akawanda makore ekureba kwenguva yekudzidza kwevechiri kuyaruka iyo R-yakarongwa kutaridzwa kwemamuvhi kwakafanotaurwa kunzwika kwekunzwa kwekutsvaga, apo yapfuura manzwiro ekutsvaga haana kufanotaura gare gare R-yakatarwa kuona kwemamuvhi. Stoolmiller et al. cherekedza kuti mhedzisiro yavo "inopa humbowo hwehukama hwezvakatipoteredza midhiya mhedzisiro pakutsvaga kwekunzwa" (peji 1). Kwakaenderera mberi kuongororwa kweiyi data yakanangana nezve zvemukati mepabonde zvakanyatsoona kuti kuratidzwa kwehupombwe kwakafungidzirwa kuwedzera mukutsvaga kwekunzwa, izvo zvakazofungidzira maitiro ane njodzi pabonde (O'Hara, Gibbons, Gerrard, Li, & Sargent, 2012). Munzvimbo yekuona zvinonyadzisira kunyanya, yedu meta-ongororo yezvinonyadzisira uye bonde risina kondomu zvakayedzwa zvakajeka kana kutsvaga kwekunzwa kuri nani kufungidzirwa sekuvhiringidzika kana muyananisi (Tokunaga, Wright, & Vangeel, 2020). Iyo data yakatsigira kugadzirisa kwekufungidzira, kwete kuvhiringidza kufunga.

"Preexisting" hunhu hwepabonde hwakafungidzirwawo kuvhiringidza zvinonyadzisira - mapato ezvepabonde. Nekudaro, ndichishandisa mana emunyika mikana metasamples yevakuru, zviyero zviviri zvekuona zvinonyadzisira, zviyero zviviri zvehunhu hwebonde, uye matanho maviri ehunhu hwepabonde, ini ndakawana mune ongororo ichangoburwa yekuti maitiro ezvepabonde haana kuvhiringidza zvinonyadzisira - masangano ekuita zvepabonde; vakavareverera (zvinonyadzisira → mafungiro ezvepabonde → maitiro epabonde) (Wright, 2020b). Zvimwechetezvo, yedu meta-ongororo yezvinonyadzisira uye zvisiri zvebhuku mabhuku zvakaona kuti zvinonyadzisira zvinoshandisa kufungidzira hunhu hwepabonde kuburikidza nehunhu hwepabonde (kureva, hunhu hwepabonde hwaive murevereri). Hapana humbowo hwakawanikwa hwekufungidzira kuti kushamwaridzana pakati pezvinonyadzisira uye hunhu hwepabonde kwakavhiringidzwa nemafungiro epabonde (Tokunaga, Wright, & Roskos, 2019).

Asi zvimwe zvinoshanduka- semuenzaniso, huwandu hwevanhu - zvinofanirwa kunge zvichinyonganisa chete, mumwe anogona kutsiva. Ini ndinokurudzira kuti kunyangwe "demographic" misiyano iongororwe zvakanyatso. Funga nezvekurara pabonde, musiyano wakatorwa seyakareruka sekutonga mune zvinokanganisa mabhuku. Dhauriridzo data rakanyatsojeka kuti zvinonyadzisira zvinogona kukanganisa zvese kuzivisa uye kutaura kwehunhu hwakasiyana pabonde. Semuenzaniso, murume ari kuGiano's (2019) kudzidza kwekuti online zviitiko zvebonde zvinoumba sei mazita evarume ngochani akati:

Ndinoyeuka kekutanga nguva yandakaenda kune porno saiti ndikaona varume vaviri vachiita bonde. Ndinoyeuka ndichifunga kuti handifanire kuvhurwa dai ndanga ndisiri ngochani, asi ini ndaive. Yaiva panguva iyoyo pandakaona kuti izvi ndezvechokwadi-ini ndiri ngochani. Izvo zvaive zvakafanana zvinonakidza uye zvinotyisa. (peji 8)

Saizvozvowo, Bond, Hefner, naDrogos (2009) vakataura kuti "vechidiki varume muchikamu chekutanga kubuda vaishandisa zvinonyadzisira zvepaInternet kuti vanzwisise nekukudziridza kwavo kuita bonde" (p. 34).

Muchidimbu, nemaitiro azvino ekudzora mune zvinonyadzisira zvinokanganisa zvinyorwa, (1) "simba rinogona kuderedzwa [iro] rinogona kukonzeresa kukanganisa kweRudzi II (Becker, 2005, peji 287) uye (2)" zvinogoneka kuti [misiyano yechitatu inoenzanisirwa sedhiraivho] inotora chinhanho panzvimbo pechinzvimbo chekunze muhukama hwehukama muongorori ari kudzidza, ”asi zvinosuwisa kuti hatizive izvi (Becker et al., 2016, peji 160).

Kohut et al. (2020) yakashuma mhedzisiro yekuona zvinonyadzisira kushandiswa uye kushungurudzwa pabonde kubva kune maviri masampula evarume vechidiki. Kusarudzwa kwavo uye kupembedzwa kweanodzora zvinotevera maitiro ekutanga mune ezvinonyadzisira zvinokonzeresa zvinyorwa uye haisiyo pfungwa yangu yekutanga yekusimbisa. Kufanana nevamwe vazhinji, kusanganisira ini (ona Tokunaga et al., 2019 naWright, 2020b, kunze kwekusiyana), havana kuona chero dzidziso sekutungamira kwavo kuzivikanwa kwekutonga. Ivo vakangotaura zvavo avo vekare mariro (Baer, ​​Kohut, & Fisher, 2015) nezve zvidzidzo zvakapfuura "kutadza kuzvidavirira zvingangovhiringidza" (peji. 2) uye vakatanga kunyora mhando dzinoverengeka dzakambowanikwa nezvidzidzo zvekare kuti zvakabatana nekuona zvinonyadzisira kana hutsinye hwepabonde (semuenzaniso, kutsvaga kwekunzwa, kushushikana, kutyaira bonde). Sezvo huwandu hwezvakasiyana izvo zvidzidzo zvepamberi zvawana kuti zvinowirirana nekuona zvinonyadzisira kushandisa kana hutsinye hwepabonde zviri nyore manhamba mumazana, hazvisi pachena kuti mishanu kudzora akasiyana akanyorwa akaonekwa pakati pegungwa rezviitiko.

Pakupedzisira, Kohut et al. vakapedzisa chikamu chavo pamusoro pekutonga nenharo yekuti kuiswa kwavo kwakapa muyedzo wakakomba kupfuura zvaizongoitika pasina kuiswa kwavo: "Kukundikana kudzora kune zvivakwa izvo zvinokanganisa kushandiswa kwezvinonyadzisira uye hutsinye hwepabonde zvinogona kukanganisa zvakanyanya fungidziro yeanomutsa mhedzisiro yezvinonyadzisira. shandisa chisimba pabonde ”(peji 3). Hapana kutaurwa kunoitwa nezve mukana wekuti "nyonganiso" idzi dzinogona kunge dziri varevereri (semuenzaniso, kutsvagisa kwekutsvaga –kushandisa zvinonyadzisira kunowedzera kutsvaga kwekunzwa, izvo zvinowedzera kushungurudzwa pabonde) kana mamoderator (semuenzaniso, kusagadzikana - zvinonyadzisira zvinoshandiswa kufungidzira hutsinye hwepabonde, asi chete varume vanokurumidza). Kana kumbotaurwa nezveBernerth naAguinis '(2016) "yakanakisa-tsika kurudziro yekudzora kushandiswa kwakasiyana," ayo ari "Mira" uye kwete shandisa zvidzoreso kana iwo chete marongero ekubatanidzwa ari (1) "kupa bvunzo dzinochengetedza kana dzakaomarara dzefungidziro dzangu" kana (2) "nekuti kutsvagurudza kwakapfuura kunowana hukama hwehukama pakati pezvakasiyana nezvakasiyana mukudzidza kwangu" (peji 273).

Nekudaro, kunyangwe hazvo zvichinetsa, yanga isiri iyo chaiyo yekudzora kana yavo yekuisirwa chikonzero mune ino chaiyo yekudzidza iyo yakazonditungamira (pakupedzisira) kunyora tsamba iyi. Sekubvuma kwandakaita, ndakave nemhosva imwecheteyo. Kwete, iyo yekumisikidza yaive Kohut et al. Zvataurwa nezve yedu meta-ongororo pazvinonyadzisira uye hunhu hwepabonde (Wright et al., 2016) zvine chekuita neyezvino meta-ongororo naFerguson naHartley (2020). Tichifunga kuti simba uye kukosha kwemeta-ongororo zvakakurisa kupfuura chero chidzidzo chimwe chete, zvirevo izvi ndizvo zvakakurudzira kwazvo kunyora.

Kohut et al. (2020, peji 15) yakataura kuti yedu meta-ongororo 'mashandisirwo ebivariate (panzvimbo yechitatu-kusiyanisa yakagadziridzwa) kuwirirana kwakakonzera "kungangoita kufefetera [kwemasangano akakosha" [takaona kuti kushandisa zvinonyadzisira kwaive chiratidzo chakasimba che zvese zvekutaura uye zvemuviri zvechisimba]. Vanoenderera mberi vachitaura kuti kwavo "kucherechedzwa kwaWright et al. -Kuvimba zvakanyanya neakafemerwa mhedzisiro saizi inosimbiswa neazvino meta-analytic zviwanikwa izvo zvinoratidza kuti kana kudzora kusiyanisa kwanyatso kuverengerwa, zvisina hunhu zvinonyadzisira zvinoshandiswa kazhinji hazvibatanidzwe nechisimba pabonde (Ferguson & Hartley, 2020) ”(peji 16).

Zvinhu zviviri zvezvinhu izvi zvinosuwisa zviri kuda kugadziriswa.

Chekutanga, pfungwa yekuti kuwirirana kwe "bivariate" kwakakwiridzirwa "nepo macovariate-akagadziridzwa kuwirirana kuri kuratidza hunhu chaihwo hwehukama huri kutaurwa uyu muenzaniso chaiwo wehunyanzvi uhwo Spector naBrannick (2011) vakadaidza" musimboti wekuchenesa ":

Iko kutenda kwakazara kwekuti manhamba ekudzora anogona kuburitsa zvakaringana fungidziro yehukama pakati pezvakasiyana zvekufarira, zvatinozodaidza kuti "musimboti wekuchenesa," wakapararira kwazvo, uye unogamuchirwa mukuita, zvekuti tinopokana kuti inokodzera senzira yemaguta ngano - chimwe chinhu inogamuchirwa pasina mubvunzo nekuti vaongorori uye vaongorori vebasa ravo vakaona richishandiswa kazhinji zvekuti havabvunze chokwadi chemaitiro acho. (peji 288)

Meehl (1971) akataura izvi nezve kufunga kwakakanganisa kuti kusanganisa kwekudzora kusiana kunotungamira kumhedziso yakajeka nezvehunhu hwe X → Y mubatanidzwa uri mubvunzo:

Mumwe haakwanise kunyora mutemo wezvekuita sekutamba wakachengeteka kana uchikwanisa kuburitsa kunyepa kwekunyepedzera, kunze kwekunge tave nefilosofi isingazivikanwe yesainzi inoti tinoda zvisirizvo kusiya dzidziso dzakanaka. (peji 147)

Ini ndinopokana kuti dzidziso idzo dzakashandiswa kufanotaura kuti kushandiswa kwezvinonyadzisira kunowedzera mukana wekuita zvechisimba (semuenzaniso, zvechinyakare mamiriro, kudzidza kushanda, maitiro ekutevedzera, kunyora pabonde, kuvaka mashandiro, simba revakadzi) zvakanaka izvo zvatisingafanire kusiya zvisirizvo nekuda kwekusiririsa kwakapararira kushandiswa kwechirevo chekuchenesa mukuona zvinonyadzisira kunoguma nekutsvaga.

Izvi zvinonanga zvakananga kuchinhu chechipiri chisina kunaka chezvirevo izvi. Sekureva kwaKohut et al. (2020), "kudzora akasiyana anonyatso kuverengwa" naFerguson naHartley (2020). SaKohut et al. usatsanangure kuti sei vachiona mashandisiro anoita Ferguson naHartley se "akakodzera," tinofanira kuenda kunobva chaiko. Paanodaro, mumwe anozovhiringidzika nezvekuti Kohut et al. yakaongorora Ferguson naHartley runyorwa rwemaitiro se "akakodzera," nekuti hapana runyorwa rwakadai rwunopihwa. Kumwe chete kutaurwa kwekudzora kunoenderana neindekisi ye "yakanyanya-tsika ongororo" mune izvo zvidzidzo zvakagadziriswa "hutano hwepfungwa," "nharaunda yemhuri," uye "jenda" zvinopihwa "1 poindi" (peji 4). Zvinowanikwa ndezvekudzokororwa kwekutaura kubva kuna Ferguson naHartley kuti kudzora kwavo kusingazivikanwe uye kusatsanangurwa "kune dzidziso." Izvo zvinowanikwa zvakare ndezvekuti "zvakaenzana regression coefficients (βs)" yakashandiswa mune yavo meta-ongororo "yakaverengerwa kubva kune yakanyanya kuchengetedza kukosha (semuenzaniso, inosanganisira huwandu hwakawanda kwazvo hwezvidzidzo zvine chekuita nechengetedzo)" (peji 3).

Tisati tatenderera kumashure kumubvunzo wekuti ndedzipi dzidziso kana dzidziso Ferguson naHartley (2020) yaishandiswa kuratidza masimba "ezvokuita" (sezvo pasina dzidziso yekuzivisa inotaurwa mupepa ravo), heano mamwe masitatimendi kubva kuma methodologists ane chekuita nekusarudzwa kunze "Kukosha kwakanyanya kuchengetedza" kwekuongorora:

Isu tinosarudzira kune yakajairika maonero ekuti huwandu hukuru hweCVs [kudzora kusiana] inoumba iri nani, yakaoma nzira yekuita nzira pane kusanganisira mashoma kana asina maCV. Aya maonero anoenderana nekufungidzira kwakashata kwekuti kuwedzera maCV kunogadzira bvunzo dzekuchengetedza dzemafungiro uye kuratidza hukama hwechokwadi pakati pezvakasiyana zvekufarira. (Becker et al., 2016, peji 159)

Vazhinji vatsvagiri… vanofungidzira kuti kuwedzera madhiraivhu kwakachengetedza uye zvinogona kutungamira kumhedziso iri padyo nechokwadi kana kusasiya. Sekureva kwa Meehl (1971), tsika iyi iri kure nekuchengetedza. Muchokwadi zviri mune dzakawanda zviitiko zvisina hanya. (Spector & Brannick, 2011, peji 296)

Mhinduro yechipiri iyo inofanirwa zvakare kumisa kudzora kufunga kwakakomberedza chikonzero cheyedzo yekuchengetedza, yakaoma, kana yakaoma "bvunzo dzefungidziro. Uku ndiko kunyepa kwakatanga kunyorwa makore apfuura (Meehl, 1971; Spector & Brannick, 2011) iine humbowo hwakakwana hwakaunganidzwa parizvino kupedzisa kuti hapana chinhu chinochengetedza kana chakasimba pamusoro pekusanganisa manhamba ekudzora (Carlson & Wu, 2012). (Bernerth & Aguinis, 2016, peji 275)

Muchidimbu, zvakaoma kufungidzira kuti Ferguson naHartley vasipo sei pamazita ekutonga akasarudzwa se "akakodzera" kunze kwekunge uchitungamirwa nekufungidzira kwakajairika kwekuti "kudzora kwakawanda = mhedzisiro yakajeka."

Uye pakupedzisira, kudzokera kumubvunzo wekuti isu tinofanirwa kuvimbiswa naFerguson naHartley's (2020) kuvimbiswa kuti madhiraivhu avakaisanganisira mukuongorora kwavo meta akatorwa nedzidziso. Sezvo, sezvandambotaura, ivo havape yavo yakazara runyorwa rwekutonga kana dzidziso kana dzidziso dzakashandiswa kuzivisa kutonga uku muzvidzidzo zvekutanga ivo meta-yakaongororwa, ndakatsvaga izvo zvidzidzo zvakajairika kune yedu meta-ongororo (Wright et al. , 2016) yemazwi ekuti "kudzora," "kanganisa," "covariate," uye "dzidziso" kuti uone kana chero dzidziso yakapihwa zita rekutungamira kusarudzwa kweanodzora muzvidzidzo zvepuraimari izvi. Ini handina kuwana chero humbowo hwekuti zvidzidzo izvi zvakashandisa dzidziso kutungamira kwavo kusarudza kweanodzora (matatu akasiyana mu confluence modhi yekutsvagisa [semuenzaniso, Malamuth, Addison, & Koss, 2000] dzimwe nguva anoenzanisirwa seanodzora uye dzimwe nguva sevamiriri). Kiyi "yakanaka-tsika" yekudzora musiyano mashandisirwo akajairika kune ese eanodzora akasiyana mamodogologist akataurwa kare ndiko kujekesa kwakajeka kwedzidziso. Pasina iyo, iko kushandiswa kweanodzora kunonyanya kukonzeresa kune Type II kukanganisa uye / kana modhi misspecification.

Mazano

Kuenda kupi kubva pano? Pane mikana miviri. Ini ndichatanga neyangu yechipiri zvandinoda.

Imwe ingangoitika ndeyekuona zvinonyadzisira vanotsvagurudza kuti varambe vachidzora "zvingangoitika nyonganiso," asi kuti vaite saizvozvo vachitevera zvakanakisa-maitiro ekurudziro kubva kudzora akasiyana ma methodologists (semuenzaniso, Becker et al., 2016; Bernerth & Aguinis, 2016; Spector & Brannick , 2011). Izvi zvinosanganisira mhedzisiro yekumhan'ara pamwe uye pasina kutonga, zvinonyatso kuisikidza kudzora mune fungidziro uye mibvunzo yekutsvaga, uye kuisa masimba kune imwecheteyo kuvimbika uye huchokwadi hunhu hunotarisirwa pamatanho ekutarisa. Ini ndinocherekedza, zvakadaro, kuti iyo # 1 zano raBecker et al. (2016) iri "Kana usina chokwadi, vasiye!"

Changu chekutanga chisarudzo ndechekuona zvinokanganisa vanotsvaga kuti vasiye iyo "inogona kuvhiringidza" paradigm zvizere voenda mune izvo zvinogona kunzi "fungidziro, maitiro, uye zvinoitika" paradigm. Mune mamwe mazwi, pachinzvimbo chekutarisa zvinhu zvitatu sezvakangoerekana zvaitika uye zvinosvibisa mhedzisiro yezvinonyadzisira pazvitendero, maitiro, uye maitiro, ini ndaizosarudza kana vaongorori vezvinonyadzisira vaisanganisira zvikamu zvitatu muzvinhu zvinokonzeresa sevapikisi, varevereri, uye vatungamiriri. Iyi sarudzo inowirirana neSlater's (2015) Yekusimbisa Spirals Model (RSM) yekushandisa midhiya uye mhedzisiro:

Chinyakare midhiya mhedzisiro inoongorora kuyedza kukonzeresa-kukonzera hukama nekudzora kure zvimwe zvakawanda zvingangomisikidzwa muchiitiko chekukonzera, kudzikisira kutyisidzira kwechitatu-kusiyanisa, kumwe kutsanangudza kunokonzera. Iyo RSM, mukupesana, inogona kuratidza kuti kumwe nzwisiso inogona kuwanikwa nekuisa akasiyana, senge mutsauko wega uye hunhu hwemagariro sevamiriri vekushandisa midhiya kwete sekutonga kwehuwandu. Mumwe anogona ipapo kufunga zvizere mhedzisiro yekushandisa midhiya seinopfupikiswa pane ese akananga uye asina kunangana mhedzisiro. Mune mamwe mazwi, RSM inoratidza kuti chinyakare midhiya mhedzisiro inoongorora, nekuyedza kudzora kune akasiyana ayo ari chikamu enzira yekukonzeresa uye asiri chaiwo echitatu misiyano inopa anokwikwidza causal tsananguro, muchokwadi inogona kudzikisira iyo chaiyo mhedzisiro iyo inofanirwa kuverengerwa kune iro basa rekushandisa midhiya. (peji 376)

Kunyangwe sainzi yemagariro yakagara pane mashoma fungidziro dzisingatendeseke pane dzimwe nzira dzekuziva nezvehunhu hwevanhu, kana tichitendeseka pachedu, tinofanirwa kubvuma kuti zvidzidzo zvedu zvinobva pane dzimwe fungidziro dzisingambogoneswa kana kupokana kusvika kugutsikana kweva100% vevadzidzi . Ini ndakazvarwa muna 1979. Paive nevasayendisiti vezvemagariro avo vaitenda kuti zvinonyadzisira zvaisakwanisa kukanganisa vashandisi varo ndisati ndazvarwa uye ndinovimbisa kuti kuchave nemasayendisiti ezvemagariro kana ndaenda (ndinovimba, angangoita mamwe makore makumi mana kana zvakadaro) vanozotenda zvakafanana.

Kunyange iri mukana wekuvapo wekuti zvinonyadzisira ndizvo zvega zvekutaurirana panowanikwa mameseji nezvazvinoreva, uye kuti kuwirirana pakati pekushandisa zvinonyadzisira nekutenda, hunhu, uye hunhu zvinogara zvichinyengera uye zvinokodzera zvachose kune mumwe akazvimiririra uye asingachinjiki chinokonzeresa chinomiririra, Ini ndinotenda kune kukwana kwakaringana kwekufunga uye humboo humbowo hwekufunga kuti izvi handizvo. Saizvozvowo, ndinodzokorora Elsa zvakare mukukumbira vamwe vangu kuti "vatendeuke varove musuwo" pane "zvinonyadzisa zvichiri kufanotaura (mhedzisiro) mushure mekudzora singi yekubikira?" nzira. Pane kudaro, ndinokumbira kuti isu titungamire kutarisa kwedu kune matatu akasiyana ayo anosiyanisa kuwanda uye mhando yezvinonyadzisira zvakadyiwa, nzira dzinotungamira kune mamwe mhedzisiro, uye vanhu uye mamiriro ezvinhu ayo iwo mhedzisiro iri angangoita kana mashoma mukana.

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