Kuita zvepabonde, mafungiro, kusungirirwa mafashoni, kusagadzikana, uye kuzvidzora sezviitiko zvehupfungwa zveAddictive Cybersex (2019)

JMIR Ment Health. 2019 Jan 21; 6 (1): e9978. doi: 10.2196 / pfungwa.9978.

Varfi N1, Rothen S1, Jasiowka K1, Maperembudzi T1, Bianchi-Demicheli F1, Khazaal Y#1.

ngovepo

ZVAKAITIKA:

Nhamba inowedzera yezviongorori inosangana nezvakasiyana-siyana zvehutano hwepaIndaneti nehutano hwehutano, dambudziko vamwe vanhu vane kukanganisa kushandiswa kwepabonde paIndaneti pasinei nekukanganisa kwehupenyu hwezuva nezuva.

CHINANGWA:

Chinangwa chechidzidzo ichi chaive chekuongorora mukana wekubatana pakati pemhedzisiro inopindirana cybersex kupindwa muropa, yakaongororwa neCompulsive Internet Use Scale (CIUS) yakagadziridzwa kushandiswa cybersex, uye zvakati wandei zvepfungwa uye zvepfungwa, kusanganisira kusangana pabonde, manzwiro, maitiro ekubatanidza, kushushikana, uye kuzvishingisa, nekufungisisa zera, bonde, uye kuita zvebonde kwevashandisi vecybersex.

METHODZO:

Wongororo yakavakirwa paWebhu yakaitwa umo vatori vechikamu vakaongororwamo variodemographic variables uye nezviridzwa zvinotevera: CIUS yakagadziridzwa kushandiswa kwe cybersex, Zvepabonde Desire Inventory, uye Pfupi Kuderera-Mufaro Chikero. Zvakare, dhizaini yekubatanidza yakaongororwa pamwe neZvakaitika muKufambidzana nehukama-Rakabviswa bvunzurudzo (Kushushikana uye Kudzivirira subscales). Impulsivity yaka kuyerwa nekushandisa iyo Urgency, Premeditation (kushayikwa), Kutsungirira (kushayikwa), Kutsvaga Mafuta, Positive Urgency Impulsive Behaeve Scale. Kuzvishingisa kwepasirese kwakaongororwa ne1-chinhu Chizvizvidzikisheni pachako.

RESULTS:

Muenzaniso we 145 zvidzidzo zvakapedza kudzidza. Kupindwa muropa kwekushandisa cybersex kwakabatana nehupamhi hwepamoyo, kushungurudzika, maitiro ekudzivirira, uye murume kana murume asi zvisingaite.

CONCLUSIONS:

Kupinda muropa cybersex kushandiswa kwechishuwo chepabonde, kushungurudzika kwemweya, uye kunzvenga kushamwaridzana.

KEYWORDS: maitiro akapindwa muropa; kusanzwisisika; internet; bonde

PMID: 30664470

DOI: 10.2196 / mind.9978

ziviso

kumashure

Iyo internet inoshandiswa zvakanyanya muhupenyu hwezuva nezuva, kusanganisira yehutano hwakanangana nemibvunzo [1-4] uye hutano-hune hutano-5]. Cybersex maitiro akajairika ayo anoreva kuita zvepabonde paWebhu zviitiko zvinovavarira kupa zvisizvo kuzadzikiswa kana kugutsikana zvepabonde [6]. Cybersex inosanganisira zviitiko zvakasiyana-siyana sekutaura, kufambidzana, kutsvaga mazuva asiri pamhepo, kuita zvebonde-kutamba, kuwirirana pamukamera, zvinoitika chaizvo, uye zvinonyadzisira. Zviitiko izvi zvinogona kuiswa mumisangano-yega-mutserendende (kureva, kuona zvinonyadzisira), vanobatirana-mushe (kureva, kutaura), uye zviitiko zvisingaiti7].

Kushandiswa zvine mwero kwe cybersex kunogona kubatsira pakuwedzera kwezivo yepabonde uye kuwedzera shambadziro yepedyo yekudyidzana uye kutaurirana kwepabonde nevarume [8]. Zvakafanana nevaya vanoita humwe hunhu hukama ne-internet hwakadai sekutamba [9-11], zvisinei, vamwe vanoshandisa cybersex vanogona kukudziridza akapindwa muropa maitiro ekushandisa nemhedzisiro yakaipa mhedzisiro [12,13]. Aya mapatani anowanzo kutsanangurwa sekushandiswa kwakanyanya uye zvisina kunaka kudzora mashandisiro ezve internet-based zvepabonde zviitiko zvinotungamira kumatambudziko kana kushomeka kwebasa uye kupfuurira kunyangwe zvakadaro zvakaoma [14,15]. Hapana kubvumirana kwawanikwa pamusoro pekubvumirana kweiyi dambudziko [12,16], kunyangwe ichinzi kazhinji inganzi cybersex kupindwa muropa [17-20]. Nekudaro, sezvakataurwa kune mamwe maratidziro ane chekuita neinternet ane maitiro [21], ingangoita izwi reamburera rinoreva mhando dzakasiyana dzecybersex zviitiko (yega internet porn, zvepamhepo dandemutande, chat, nezvimwewo) uye kune akasiyana manomano (kureva. kusimbisa kwakanaka kwakadai sekugutsikana kwevatano nekumuka kubva pabonde, mibairo yemagariro kubva mukutaura , kana kusimbisa kwakashata kuburikidza nekupukunyuka kubva kunetseka kwezuva nezuva) [12,22,23].

Ongororo dzinoverengeka dzakataura zvakafanana pakati peakapindwa muropa cybersex uye zvimwe zvinopinda muropa, kusanganisira kudzikiswa kwehutongi hwekutonga kwepamberi (kugona kusarudza zviito kana pfungwa zvine chekuita nezvinangwa zvemukati)24], kushamwaridzana pakati pe subjective zvinonyadzisira cue-ine hukama uye yakanyanyisa cybersex [25,26], kudyidzana pakati pechisimba criacal cue reactivity (neuroimaging inoratidza ventral striatum zviitiko panguva yekuratidzira cybersex cues) uye kuda zvepabonde [27], uye zviratidzo zvekupokana kweiyo cybersex kupindwa muropa (kunzwa kurasikirwa kwekutonga mukuishandisa) [23] uye mapatani ezvakanaka uye zvisina kunaka kusimbiswa kweWebhu-based zvepabonde maitiro [28]. Kunyangwe zvichiratidzika kunge zvine kukosha kwesainzi, kutsvaga nezvekupindwa muropa necybersex kuchiri mashoma [25]. Kunyanya, zvinhu zvine chekuita nekuvandudzwa nekugadziriswa kwekupindwa muropa kwe cybersex inoramba iri understudied [12]. Izvi zvinogona pamwe kutsanangurwa nekushaiwa kwekubvumirana pamusoro petsika dzakadai kupindwa muropa.

Zvinogoneka zvigadziriso zvekupinda muropa cybersex zvakadaro zvakawana kutariswa kwekutanga. Chishuvo chebonde chinoratidza masimba anokwevera munhu kune kana kubva kure nehupombwe [29] uye kukurudzira vanhu kuita zvepabonde. Asi, kunyangwe kukosha kwechido chebonde sekusarudza kwehunhu hwepabonde [22,30], zvidzidzo zvekubatana pakati pekuda zvepabonde uye cybersex zvichiri kushomeka. Mune concordance nemamwe mimwe mishumo yekuchinja kwekupindwa muropa nekunyanyisa kushandisa internet.9,31], zvidzidzo zvinoverengeka pane zve psychopathological inogadzirisa yekushandiswa kwekushandisa cybersex kazhinji yakarondedzera kubatana nehutano hwepfungwa sekushungurudzika kwemood [22]. Kuzvishingisa kuduku kwakabatanidzwawo nekutumira mameseji (kugovera mafoto epabonde) [32], maitiro anomanikidza [33], uye kupindwa muropa kwepabonde [34]. Uye zvakare, muchibvumirana nezvimwe zvidzidzo zvekupindwa muropa neinternet mutambo [35], zvimwe zvidzidzo zvakataura kuti kupindwa muropa necybersex ingangoita maitiro ekurwisa ane chinangwa chekudzora manzwiro asina kunaka [20,36].

Ruzivo rwekubatanidza runopokana kuti semhedzisiro yekudyidzana kwavo kwevacheche nevabereki nehama, vanhu vanokudziridza zvitendero nezvehukama hwavo kune vamwe zvinosvika pakuumba ramangwana ravo hukama, hukama hwehukama, uye hukama hwepabonde uye maitiro maererano nemaitiro avo ekubatana.37]. Kunyanya, ivo vanogona kukudziridza kusagadzikana kwekubatanidza mataira. Semuenzaniso, maitiro ekudzivirira ekubatanidza anosanganiswa nekusagadzikana nehukama hwepedyo, kudzivirira kwekuzvipira kwakabatana, uye kuwedzera kungangodaro pakutsvaga kwekuita kwakabatana. Kusiyana neizvi, kunetseka kunetseka kune hukama nekushushikana nezvekurambwa uye kusiiwa, pamwe zvichitungamira vanhu kuti vanyanye kuzvibata mune maitiro anovavarira kuverengera kuwanikwa uye kubvumidzwa uye nekudzokorora kuongorora kuchengetedzwa kwakadai [38].

Maitiro akadai ekubatana evakuru anoita seanokanganisa zvinoitika pabonde, hukama hwepedyo, uye hunhu hwepabonde uye kugutsikana [39]. Kurongeka kwakanaka kwakambotaurwa pakati pekunetseka uye kunzvenga kusunganidzwa uye kupindwa muropa kwepabonde [40]. Uyezve, zvaive [41] yakaratidza kuti zvinetso zvekushandisa zvinonyadzisira zvinokwidziridzwa muvanhu vane kusagadzikana kwepfungwa kwakadai sekushushikana kana kunzvenga kusunganidzwa [42] uye zvinosiririsa zvinorangarira zvekare [19].

Zvakare, kukurudzira kune kwakawanda kwakadzika kwepfungwa uye neuropsychological kuvakwa kunotungamira kuzadzikiswa kwehunhu vasingatarisiri nokungwarira [43]. Impulsivity chinhu chinopfuura transdiagnostic inosanganisirwa maitiro ekupindwa muropa [44], kusanganisira dambudziko remitambo [45] uye kubhejera internet21]. Kunyange zvakadaro, kusvika parizvino, kudyidzana pakati pekupindwa muropa necybersex uye kukurumidza kugamuchira20], uye mune izvo zvidzidzo zvakaongorora kushamwaridzana uku, mhedzisiro yakawanikwa. Mune zvimwe zvidzidzo, kushayikwa kwehutongi hwekutonga kwepamberi [25,26] uye zvimisikidzo zviso zvakabatana neakapindwa muropa cybersex [25,26]. Kusiyana neizvi, Wetterneck et al [46] hauna kuwana mutsauko mukati mekupomhodza pakati pezvinopindwa muropa uye zvisiri zvemadhiragi.

Chirevo chenguva pfupi yekuzvitaurira wekurumidzira ndeye Urgency, Premeditation (kushayikwa), Tsungiriro (kushaya), Surance Kutsvaga, Positive Urgency (UPPS-P) Impulsive Behaeve Scale, iyo yakashandurwa neyakagadzika chinhu chimiro mumitauro yakawanda [47-50]. Rondedzero inoenderana neiyo dzakasiyana kusanzwisisika kumeso kunoongororwa nehukuru: kusakosha kukurumidza (tsika yekuda kuita zvisirizvo kana uchinge uchinge uchiona zvisirizvo), kuronga (kushaiwa), kutsungirira (kushaya), kunzwa kwekutsvaga, uye kukurumidza kukurudzira (tsika yekuda ita zvisingafungirwe kana uchinge uchinge uchinge uchinge uchinge uchinge uchinge uchinge uchinge uchinge uchinge uchinge uchinge waita zvakanaka. Chidzidzo chapfuura [20] yakaratidza kuti kukurumidza kusashata uye kwakashata kunokanganisa kupindira mukufungidzira kupindwa muropa necybersex, nepo pasina mamwe masangano akawanikwa aine mamwe maitiro ekuongororwa akaonekwa, sekushaiwa kwekugadzirira, kushingirira, kana kukurumidza kukurudzira (tsika yekuita zvisingaite kana uchinge uchinge uchinge uchinge uchinge uchinge uchinge uchinge uchinge uchinge uchinge uchinge uchinge uchinge uchinge uchinge uchinge uchinge uchinge uchinge uchinge uchinge uchinge uchinge uchinge uchinge uchinge wakurumidza .

Zvisinei nepfungwa yakakura, kuita zvepabonde kunogona kurondedzerwa seungochani, bisexourse, kana murume kana murume [51]. Mune zvidzidzo zvakapfuura, vanhurume vane ngochani uye vane tsika yekuita zvechisimba vakataura mutsauko mukushandisirwa cybersex (hukama hwebonde hwakawanda-hwekuita zvepabonde kupfuura hwakaudzwa nevarume vanoita zvehuchani)52]. Zvakare, vanhu vari mumapoka mashoma ezvepabonde, chikamu nekuda kwehurema, vari panjodzi yakawandisa yekusakwana kwehutano, sekukanganisa kwekupindwa muropa [53] uye kuora mwoyo [54].

zvinangwa

Vavariro yechidzidzo ichi yaive yekuongorora hukama pakati peiyo cybersex kupindwa muropa uye zvakati zvepfungwa uye zvepfungwa zvinhu, kusanganisira chishuvo chebonde, zvemukati, chinongedzo, uye kushomeka, nekutora mucherechedzo zera, bonde, uye kuita zvebonde (murume kana murume, ungochani, kana bisexual) yevanoshandisa cybersex. Isu taitarisira kuwana pesvedzero yemisiyano yakasarudzwa pane kupindwa muropa necybersex.

nzira

Tsika Yekuunganidza

Vatori vechikamu vacho vaisanganisira vashandisi venzvimbo dzepa cybersex nemaforamu anodzidziswa kuburikidza nekushambadzira maforamu akakosha uye mawebhusaiti (nzvimbo dzinonyadzisira, nzvimbo dzekukurukurirana, uye nzvimbo dzekufambidzana). Kuverengerwa, vatori vechikamu vaifanira kudarika makore 18 uye kunzwisisa mitauro yemibvunzo yemibvunzo (French kana Chirungu). Pakanga pasina chekukurudzira chekutora chikamu. Vatori vechikamu vakapa mvumo uye vobva vapedzisa mibvunzo yacho vasingazivikanwe kuburikidza neStveyMonkey link. Mhinduro dzeongororo dzakatumirwa pamusoro pekuchengetedza-Yakachengeteka Chinyorwa Chechinhu-chakabatanidzwa. Internet protocol kero raishandiswa chete kutarisa kuitisa kaviri. Chidzidzo chacho hachina kushandisa mazita evatori vechikamu, mazita emidhuri, kana email kero, uye iyo data yakaongororwa isingazivikanwe. Protocol yekudzidza yakatenderwa neEthical Committee yeGeneva University Hospitals.

chiratidza zvizhinji

Maitiro ekunyorera akakonzera vanhu ve761 kudzvanya pahubhu kuti vatore chikamu mune izvo kudzidza, avo 605 yakapa kubvuma kwavo. Chikamu chekupinda muchikamu chakaderera pamwe nehurefu hwebvunzo. Pakati pezvinyorwa zve605 zvakapa kubvumira kwavo, 358 yakaenderera kupfuura yapfuura chikamu chehuwandu hwevanhu. Izvo chete 226 zvidzidzo zvakaenderera kusvika kune yekupedzisira chikamu, chikamu chemubvunzo. Mushure mekushayikwa kukosha kwakabviswa, yekupedzisira muyenzaniso inosanganisira 145 vatori vechikamu.

Instruments

Kumanikidza Internet Shandisa Scale

Iyo Inomanikidzwa Internet Shandisa Scale (CIUS) [55] inosanganisira zvinhu zve14 zvakaiswa pachiyero che5-point Likert kubva ku0 (kamwe-kamwe) kuenda ku4 (kazhinji kazhinji). Nhamba dzakakwirira dzinoratidza kuwedzera kwakanyanya kushandisa kupindwa muropa. Zvidzidzo zvakapfuura zvakashuma yakanaka factorial kugadzikana panguva uye mhando dzakasiyana samples [55]. Chikero ichocho chinosanganisira zvinhu zvine chekuita nezvinhu zvakasiyana zvekupindwa muropa nemaitiro sekurasikirwa kwekudzora, kufunganya, kubvisa, kurwisa, uye kupokana. Mune akasiyana samples uye mitauro yekusimbisa kweCIUS, 1-factor solution yakadzokororwazve yakachengetwa semhando yepamusoro-yakakodzera55-59]. Izvo zvinhu zveCIUS zvinobvunza nezvekushandiswa kwepamhepo zvachose (kureva, "Unoona zvichinetsa kumira kushandisa internet kana iwe uri online?"). Kuti titarise chaizvo cybersex zviitiko, takabvunza vatori vechikamu kupindura mibvunzo vachiri kuchengeta mundangariro kuti iro izwi Indaneti inonyanya kureva nezve cybersex kushandiswa. Iyo CIUS uye zvimwe zviyero zveinternet zvekupindwa muropa zvakambogadziriswa zvakanakisa kutarisa pane chaiyo internet yekushandisa kuongorora internet mitambo, kubhejera internet [60], uye cybersex [20,61] vasina shanduko yevo zvavo psychometric zvivakwa.

Zvepabonde Chido Inventory

Iine zvinhu zve14 pachiyero cheLikert, iyo Desire Inventory (SDI) yebonde yakashandiswa kuongororesa chishuwo chebonde (semuenzaniso, "Kana iwe uchatanga kuona munhu anoyevedza, chishuvo chako chakasimba sei?") [62].

Zvinhu zvina zvinorohwa kubva ku0 (kwete zvachose) kuenda ku7 (kanopfuura kamwe chete pazuva). Izvo zvimwe zvinhu zvinopindurwa pa 9-point Likert chiyero kubva ku0 (hapana chishuwo) kuenda ku8 (chishuwo chakasimba). Nhamba dzeSDI dzakakwira dzinoratidza chishuwo chepamusoro chebonde.

Kupfupi Kuderera-Mufaro Chikero

Iyo Pfupi Kudzvanywa-Mufaro Scale (SDHS) yakashandiswa kuyedza kushanduka kwemweya kubva pakushungurudzika mweya (semuenzaniso, "Ndainzwa kusagutsikana nehupenyu hwangu") kusvika kumufaro (semuenzaniso, "Ndainzwa kufara") munguva yekupedzisira 7-zuva. Iyo ine 6 zvinhu, 3 yakanaka uye 3 yakaipa, yakatarwa pachiyero che4-point Likert kubva ku0 (kamwe kamwe) kuenda ku3 (kazhinji). Iyo yakaderera iyo chikoro, yakakwira zviratidzo zvinoshungurudza [63].

Zvakaitika muKushamwaridzana-Yakagadziriswa Mibvunzo

Izvi Zvakaitika muKufambidzana nehukama-Revised (ECR-R) bvunzo yakashandiswa kuongorora maitiro ekubatanidza [64,65]. Iyo yekutarisira inosanganisira 18 zvinhu zvekufunganya zvinoratidzwa neine ruzivo uye kutya kurasikirwa (semuenzaniso, "Ini ndinowanzo kunetsekana kuti mumwe wangu haazodi kugara neni") uye 18 zvinhu zvekunzvenga zvisungo zvinoratidzirwa nekutya kwerudo rwehukama uye kushamwaridzana kuderera kubudirira (semuenzaniso, "Ini handifarire kuratidza mumwe wangu kuti ndinonzwa sei pasi"). Izvo zvinhu zvakatarwa pachiyero che7-point Likert kubva ku1 (isingabvumirani zvachose) kuenda ku7 (bvuma zvizere). Ongororo dzinoverengeka dzakaratidza kwakanaka bvunzo-kutendeka kuvimbika uye kubatana kwakanaka kwenzvimbo dzakawedzerwa zvimwe ratings dzekuzvidya moyo kwemazuva ese nekudzivirira kunotarisana nemudikani66].

Kukurumidzira, Kufanoronga (Kushaiwa), Kutsungirira (Kushaiwa), Kutsvaga Mhinduro, Kurongeka Kunoita Nekukurumidza Behaeve Scale Impulsive Behaeve Scale

Iyo UPPS-P Inokatyamadza Behaeve Scale [67], mune yayo pfupi 20-chinhu shanduro [47], inoshandiswa kuyera kusagadzikana zvinoenderana nehuremu hwe5: kukurumidza kukurudzira (maitiro akasimba paunenge uchinge uchinge uchinge uchinge uchinge uchinge uchinge uchinge uchinge uchinge uchinge uchinge uchinge uchinge uchinge uchinge uchinge uchinge wakanganisa kufunga. kusagadzikana kwekugadzirira (maitiro ekusaremekedza mhedzisiro usati waita), kushaya moyo wekutsungirira (kuomerwa kuramba wakanangana nebasa rakaoma kana rinofinha), uye kutsvaga kwekutsvaga. Mhinduro dzinoyerwa pachiyero che4-point Likert kubva ku1 (inobvuma zvakazara) kuenda ku4 (haibvumirani zvachose). Kwakaedza test-retest kugadzikana kwaive kwambotaurwa [47]. Mukufunga kweavo akakwikwidzana, huwandu hwacho hwainyanya kufarirwa nekuongororwa kwekupindwa muropa [68]. Mune mamwe mafundo, mamwe ekumanikidza akaongororwa neIPPS-P, kunyanya kusakosha kwekukurumidzira [69-72] uye, zvinoenderana nehunhu hwakaedzwa uye muenzaniso, kukurumidza kuita [71], kushayikwa kwekufungidzira [69], kushaya kutsungirira [73], uye kunzwa kwekutsvaga [68], yaimbove yakabatana nehunhu hwekumanikidza.

Imwe-Item Kuzvidzora pachako Scale

Iyi 1-chinhu chikero ("Ndine kuzvishingisa") yakashandiswa kuyera kuzvivimba kwepasirese [74]. Vatori vechikamu vanopedzisa chinhu chimwe chete pane 5-point Likert chiyero kubva ku1 (isiri yechokwadi kwandiri) kusvika 5 (ichokwadi nezvangu). Iyo Imwe-Item Kuzvidzora kwayo Scale (SISE) yakaratidza kutendeuka kwakanaka kusangana nedzimwe ongororo dzekuzvitutumadza dzakadai seRosenberg Self-Esteem Scale [74]. Nekuda kwechimiro chimwe chete cheSISE, kuwirirana kwemukati kunofanirwa kuve kwakakwana nekududzirwa uye hakugone kufungidzirwa. Mune uyu muyenzaniso, chiyero ichi chaiwanzo kugoverwa.

Zera, murume kana murume (mukadzi kana mukadzi), chimiro chevakaroora (vasina kuroora, muhukama - vakaroora, muhukama-vasina kuroora, chirikadzi, kana murume akafirwa), uye kuita zvebonde (zvakayerwa nemubvunzo uchibvunza kana nyaya yacho ichizvizivisa iye heterial ngochani, ngochani, kana bisexual) zvakaongororwawo.

Inoongorora

Nekuda kweiyo diki sampuro yekusangana kwevakadzi uye yevakaroora, huwandu hwenzvimbo dzakaenzaniswa pakati pevanhurume nevanhukadzi nekushandisa iyo Fisher chaiyo bvunzo, nepo Wilcoxon simo sum test yakaitwa pazera. Nezve zviyero zvakasiyana, kana zvinhu zvisipo zvakamiririrwa zvishoma kana kana kuenzana ne10% yezvinhu zvese pane yakatarwa chiyero (16.6% yeiyo SDHS nekuti iine chete zvinhu zve6), mhinduro yakashaikwa yakatsiviwa neizvo mhinduro dzemusoro wenyaya zvinhu zviri pachiyero ichocho (munhu-zvinoreva kushomeka). Kuenderana kwemukati kwakaongororwa neCronbach alpha [75]. Kuongorora izvo zvinosanganisirwa nehupamhi hwepamusoro paCIUS, takaita mutsetse wakasanganiswa modhi. Musiyano waivimbwa nawo waive CIUS mucherechedzo, uye misiyano yakazvimiririra yaive SDI chikero, SDHS chikero, ECR-R subscales, iyo UPPS-P subscales, SISE, zvepabonde uye kuita zvepabonde. Izwi rekudyidzana pakati pebonde nerekusangana pabonde raiverengerwawo muyenzaniso. Sezvo pakanga paine 19 zvidzidzo izvo zvisina kutaura gore radzo rekuzvarwa, zera raisaverengerwa muenzanisi. Izvi hazvifanirwe kuunza rusarura mukutarisirwa nekuti kuwiriraniswa pakati pezera uye CIUS mucherechedzo kwaive pedyo ne0 uye hakuna kusvika pakukosha kwehuwandu.

Mutsetse wakasanganiswa muenzaniso ndeyemhando yehuwandu ine zvese zvakagadziriswa mhedzisiro, semu classical mutsara wekudzokorora, uye zvisingaiti mhedzisiro [76]. Mhedzisiro mhedzisiro inobatsira yekuenzanisira data remasumbu; saka, iyi mhando yemhando yakakodzera kuyerwa yakaganhurirwa, sezvo ichikonzera kushayikwa kwerusununguko rwekutarisa. Mumuenzaniso uyu, zvinogona kufungidzirwa kuti zvidzidzo zvakazadza muFrench vhezheni remubvunzo zvaive zvakanyanya kufanana kune izvo zvidzidzo zvakazadza muChirungu vhezheni remubvunzo; saka, mitauro yakateedzeredzwa seyakasarudzika maitiro.

Kuti uone kana mhando yakaedzwa yakashanda, isu takaita ongororo dzinoongorora uye collinearity diagnostics. Kuongororwazve zvakasarudzika kwakaratidzira zvakajeka kuti zvasara zvinowanzogoverwa, kuti pakanga pasina maratidziro akawandisa, uye kuti zvaive zvakasarudzika. Nezve collinearity diagnostics, hapana kusiyanisa inflation chinhu chakakwira kupfuura 4, izvo zvinoratidza kuti hapana matambudziko e collinearity aivepo [77]. Ongororo dzakaitwa neR 3.1.0 (R Core Chikwata, 2014) [78]. Iyo package nlme (R Core Chikwata, 2017) yakashandiswa kumhanya mutsara yakasanganiswa modhi.

Results

Demographics yeVatori vechikamu

Chidzidzo chacho chaisanganisira vatori vechikamu ve145. Patakaenzanisa iyo 145 yaisanganisira zvidzidzo nevaya vakapa zera ravo, zvepabonde, uye zvebonde, hapana mutsauko wakawanikwa wakawanikwa.

Tafura 1 inoratidza huwandu hwevatori vechikamu. Muenzaniso uyu waive wakaumbwa nevarume ve60.0% (87 / 145) nevarume 40.0% (58 / 145) vakadzi. Iyo kati yepakati yeiyo sampuli yaive 31 makore (huwandu: 18-70 makore). Vakadzi vaive vadiki pane varume (28 makore vs 36.5 makore, zvichiteerana, P= .014). Nezve mamiriro emuchato, 37.9% (55 / 145) yevatori vechikamu vaive vasina kuroorwa, 39.3% (57 / 145) muhukama-vasina kuroora, 20.7% (30 / 145) muhukama-vakaroora, uye 2.1% (3 / 145) chirikadzi kana chirikadzi. Kuita zvepabonde uye kuita zvepabonde mukati mebonde zvakayerwawo: 77.9% (113 / 145) yevatori vechikamu vanonzi vari ngochani, 7.6% (11 / 145) kuva ngochani, uye 14.5% (21 / 145) kuva bisexual. Pakati pevanhurume, 79% (69 / 87) inoshuma kuve heterosexual, 6% (6 / 87) kuva ngochani, uye 13% (12 / 87) kuva bisexual; pakati pevakadzi, 75% (44 / 58) inoshuma kuve heterosexual, 8% (5 / 58) kuva ngochani, uye 15% (9 / 58) kuva bisexual.

‎
Tafura 1. Demographics yevatori vechikamu.
Wona tafura iyi

Instruments

Tafura 2 inoratidza nzira uye SDs yezviridzwa zvinoshandiswa pamwe neCronbach alpha [75] sechiyero chekupindirana kwemukati uye 95% yenguva yekuvimba. Chimbo chega chega chaive nezvakanaka (> 0.80) kusvika pachakanaka (> 0.90) zvemukati kusagadzikana, asi iyo UPPS-P yakanaka yekukurumidza chikero yakawira mune inogamuchirwa renji (> 0.70).

Mhedzisiro yeiyo Linear Yakasanganiswa Model

Mhedzisiro yemutsetse wakasanganiswa mhando inotaurwa mukati Tafura 3. Mhedzisiro inonyanya kukosha paCIUS scores (ona zvimire pamakona) yaive yakaderera SDHS zviyero (zvichireva kuwedzera kushungurudzika zvikoro), ichiteverwa nehupamhi hwekudzivirira hunonamatira maitiro zviyero, murume wechirume, uye zvepamusoro chishuwo chebonde. Mamwe acho akasiyana (ane shungu yekubatanidzwa, UPPS-P masasi, SIUS, kuita zvekurara pamwe, uye kudyidzana pakati pevakadzi uye maitiro ezvepabonde) hazvina kusvika pakukosha kwehuwandu hwehuwandu hweCIUS.

‎
Tafura 2. Tsanangudzo yezviridzwa.
Wona tafura iyi
‎
Tafura 3. Mhedzisiro yemutsetse wakasanganiswa modhi.
Wona tafura iyi

hurukuro

Principal Findings

Chinangwa chechidzidzo ichi chaive kudzidza cybersex kupindwa muropa uye kuongorora hukama pakati peiyo cybersex kupindwa muropa pamwe nezvinogona kutsanangurwa zveizvi maitiro, zvinoti, zvepabonde, mhemo, chinongedzo chechisungo, uye kushamisira, nekufunga nezera, zvepabonde, uye kuita zvepabonde. yevanoshandisa cybersex. Takagumisa kuti kupindwa muropa kwekushandisa cybersex, sekuongororwa neCIUS kunochinjirwa kuita zvebonde, kwakabatana nechido chebonde, kushungurudzika, maitiro ekudzivirira, uye murumekadzi. Sezvinoratidzwa mukati Tafura 3 (standardized coefficients), mhedzisiro yacho inoratidza kuti chinonyanya kukosha pesero reCIUS ndeyekushungurudzika kwemhepo, ichiteverwa nekunzvenga maitiro ekubatanidza, murume kana murume, uye chishuwo chebonde. UPPS-P kusundira kunobatsira, kuzvishingisa, uye kuita zvebonde hazvina pesvedzero yakakosha pakupinda muropa cybersex.

Chishuwo chebonde inzira yakakosha yekuita hupombwe uye inobatana nehukama hwepamoyo [79]. Muchidzidzo ichi, kusimudzira chishuwo chepamusoro kwakabatana zvakanyanya nekushandiswa kwekupinda muropa cybersex. Izvi zvinotsvaga zvinoenderana nerequential hypothesis [26] uye nezvakawanikwa zvekutanga zvinoratidza kushamwaridzana pakati pekushandisa cybersex uye kunosekesa uye kuchiva chaiko kwema porn zvinonyadzisira [80]. Mhedzisiro yacho inoratidza kuti chinenge chikamu chekupindwa muropa necybersex kushandiswa kwakabatana nekusimbisa kwakadai. Chishuvo chebonde chinozivikanwa zvakare nekushandurwa kwayo kwakanangana nekuora mwoyo [81]. Kugadzika kunogona kuitika pakati pechishuvo chebonde, kushandurwa kwemweya, uye kushandiswa kwema cybersex kunogona kuongororwa mune zvidzidzo zvemberi nekushandisa nzira dzinoenderana nehunhu hwepanyama kuyedza82].

Kuwana kwedu kushamwaridzana pakati pekuita zvepabonde paIndaneti uye kushungurudzika kwepfungwa kunobatanidza nedzimwe tsvakurudzo dzakaratidza kukosha kwehukama pakati pezvinodhaka zvepabonde nehutano uye kuongorora kwakasiyana-siyana kwepfungwa nekutambudzika [22,26]. Uku kutsvaga kunowiriranawo nemimwe mishumo yekudyidzana pakati pekunyanyisa internet mitambo yekutamba [83] kana kutengesa kubheji [21] uye kuora mwoyo. Kushamwaridzana kwakadaro kunoratidza kuti kuwandisa zvepabonde paIndaneti kune zvimwe zvingaita kuti munhu ave nemafungiro ane chinangwa chekutonga mafungiro akaipa [20,35,36,84]. Izvi zvinovhura hurukuro iyi, sezvakaitika kune dzimwe mhando dzekutsvaga-inofanana nemafambiro, pamusoro pekufanirwa kwekuongorora hutano [16] uye kunzwisisa kwakakwana kweshamwari yakadaro [85]. Iko kuvandudza kunogona kuitika kweiyo psychopathological kushungurudzika, iyo inogona kutungamira kune inowedzera kushungurudzika mhemo yechipiri kune kukanganisa kwakashata kwekupinda muropa cybersex (kushamwaridzana kuzvimiririra uye kuderedzwa kwezvekunze zvepabonde zviitiko), haigone kutongwa [86], uye saizvozvo, mberi kwezvidzidzo zvidzidzo zvakakodzera.

Isu takawanawo songaniro pakati peiyo inopinda muropa cybersex kushandiswa uye kudzivisa kubatirira asi isiri yekushamisika kubatanidzwa. Mhedzisiro iyi inoratidzika pamwe neiyo yeedzimwe zvidzidzo zvinoratidza zvikonzereso zvekuchengetedzwa kwekuchengetedzwa kwekushandiswa kwakanyanya kweInternet [19] uye cybersex [41]. Beutel et al [42] yakawana kuwedzera kwekuwedzera kwekushandisa kwepabonde kwepamhepo pamwe nekukosha kwekunamatira. Mhedzisiro yavo yakundikana, zvisinei, kusvika kuhuwandu hwehuwandu hweiyi link pakati pekukosha kwekushandisa kwepabonde pabonde uye kudzivisa kunamatira. Misiyano yakadaro inogona kutsanangurwa nemisiyano munzira dzekushandisa cybersex maitiro ekuongorora. Muchokwadi, kudzidza kwaBeutel et al kwakashandisa zvimwe zvinhu zvine chekuita nekushandisa cybersex (semuenzaniso, "ndatsvaga zvekushandisa pabonde pamhepo…") uye zvinhu zviviri chete zvine chekuita neinternet yekushandisa zvinodhaka (kureva., uye "Ndakazvivimbisa kuti ndicharega kushandisa internet nekuda kwepabonde"). Uyezve, zvinhu zvaive pachiyero chakapinza (chechokwadi kana chenhema), izvo zvinogona kudzikisira kugona kuona kusiana. Iko kushamwaridzana kwakawanikwa nekunzvenga kunamatira kunogona kutsanangurwa nekusagutsikana uye kutya kwehukama hwepedyo, izvo zvinotungamira mukuwedzera kwezviitiko zvebonde zvepa cyber izvo zvisingawanzo zvine hukama hwehukama. Muchidzidzo ichi, kushayikwa kwekusangana pakati pekupindwa muropa neinternet uye kushushikana kwekubatanidza chimiro kwaigona kunge kuri nekuda kwekukanganisa kwemuenzaniso wekukura. Mumwe anogona kufungidzira misiyano yekubatanidza dhizaini pane mamwe mabasa epa cybersex (kureva, kushushikana kwekushushikana kunogona kuve nekudyidzana kweWebhu-pamwe neanogona kuita navo nekuda kwekufungidzira kutya kurambwa). Zvimwe zvidzidzo zvinofanirwa kuongorora zviitiko zvepamhepo zvepa cyber zvakanyanya. Kunyangwe paine misiyano yakadai pazvidzidzo, kusachengeteka macustomer masitayiti anoita basa rakakosha mukupindwa muropa nehupombwe. Sezvakakurudzirwa kumwe [19], kuwana kwakadaro kwakakodzera kuongororwa kwekiriniki uye kurapwa kwekunamatira maitiro kune varwere vanobatanidzwa mukuwedzera kwemaitiro cybersex.

Impulsivity uye cybersex kupindwa muropa hakuna kuve kwakabatana zvakanyanya mukudzidza kwedu. Mhedzisiro yekudzidza iripamberi neiyo yezvimwe zvidzidzo zvine chekuita nekubatana pakati pePSPS-P nehukama hwehukama hwehukama maitiro [21,45]. Mhedzisiro yekudzidza iyi inopesana neidzo dzepfuura zvidzidzo zvinoratidza kumwe kushamwaridzana pakati pekupindwa muropa necybersex uye kushungurudzika [20,46]. Uyezve, uchishandisa iyo imwechete UPPS-P sikero, Wery et al [20] yakaratidza kuti muboka revatori vechirume, kusarudzika kwakashata kwakabatana nekukanganisa kwakashata mukufungidzira kupindwa muropa kwema cybersex. Nekudaro, iko kusimba kwesangano raive risina kusimba, sekuratidzwa kwevanyori 'zvakataurwa zvisinganzwisisike huwandu hwe1.03 (95% CI = 1.01-1.06). Mune kumwe kudzidza, Wetterneck et al [46] yakaratidza kuwirirana kudiki pakati pechikamu chekushushikana uye huwandu hwemaawa ekushandisa zvinonyadzisira vhiki. Nekudaro, ivo havana kutaura mutsauko wakakura mukusakenderedzwa pakati peboka revanopinda muropa nezvinonyadzisira.

Tichifunga nezvekutarisa kwakadaro pamusoro peongororo, mumwe anogona kufungidzira kuti zvimwe kusanzwisisika maficha anogona kubatsira mukupindwa muropa necybersex pasina kuve neanonyanya kutsanangura maitiro akadaro. Izvi zvinogona kubatsira mukusafanana pakati pezvidzidzo. Uyezve, mutsauko wakadai unogona kuve wakakurirwa nehukuru hweesampage, iyo chaiyo yeiyo cybersex zviitiko (kureva, misiyano iripo pakati pekushandisa zvinonyadzisira uye zvepabonde kufambidzana), uye kumwe kuongorora kunobatanidzwa mukuongorora. Semuenzaniso, kudzidza kwedu kwaisanganisira matanho ekubatanidza, chivakwa chisina kubatanidzwa muzvidzidzo zvambotaurwa. Nekudaro, hatigone kuregedza mukana wekushandurwa mumabasa makuru kana munhu akatarisana necbersex cues [24] kana panguva yekudyidzana neyakaipa nyika uye cybersex kushandiswa [20]. Zvimwezve zvidzidzo pane zvinogona kuitika zvekushungurudzika zvinopinda muropa cybersex zvinodikanwa.

Kuzvitarisira pachako hakuna kukanganisa CIUS scores. Mhedzisiro iyi inopesana neyezvimwe zvidzidzo zvinoratidza, semuenzaniso, kushamwaridzana pakati pekuzvitarisira pasi uye kutumira mameseji ekuyaruka (kugovera mafoto ezvepabonde) [32]. Iyi misiyano pakati pezvidzidzo inogona kunge iri yemhando yemuenzaniso, vatori vechikamu 'chaiwo cybersex zviitwa, kana nzira dzekuongorora. Ichi chidzidzo, semuenzaniso, chakaongorora kuzvishingisa kwakawanda nemubvunzo we1 chete. Uyezve, kukanganisa kwezvese cybersex zviitiko pakuzvishingisa hazvigone kurambidzwa. Zvidzidzo zvinobudirira pane zvinosanganisirwa pakati pezviitiko zvakadaro uye kuzvishingisa, zvinosanganisira mimiriri pakati pemhedzisiro sekutya kuongororwa kwakaipa [33], zvinodiwa.

Ichi chidzidzo chakaratidzawo kushamwaridzana pakati pekupindwa muropa necybersex uye chikadzi, sezvakawanikwa zvichiramba [17,42,46,87,88]. Misiyano yemagariro inogona kubatsira pakuitika uku. Uyezve, mutsauko uripo pakati pevanhurume nevanhukadzi muchishuwo chebonde, kumuka pabonde, uye kutamba kwavo kungaite mutsauko unoonekwa [89]. Dhizaini yemawebhusaiti ane chekuita nebonde uye nhare mbozhanhare zvinogona kukonzerawo mutsauko wechikadzi mukushandiswa kwecybersex. Kusiyana kwevakadzi kwaiwanzo kutaurwa mukukanganisa kwekupindwa muropa; zvimwe zvidzidzo zvinodiwa kuti unzwisise zviri pasi pematanho90].

Pakati pehuwandu hwevanoshandisa cybersex, kudzidza kwedu kwakaratidza kusabatana pakati pezera uye cybersex kupindwa muropa. Zvidzidzo zvakawanda pa cybersex zvine chekuita nevechiri kuyaruka uye vakuru vechidiki [17]. Zvimwe zvidzidzo zvekare (mukutanga kwe2000s), zvakadaro, zvakaratidza kuti vakuru vakuru pane makore 50 vaisanyanya kushandisa cybersex kushandiswa kupfuura vakuru vadiki [91]. Izvo zvakawanikwa zvekuongororwa izvi zvinogona kutsanangurwa nekutarisa nezve cybersex kupindwa muropa (uye kwete pakushandiswa kwe cybersex) uye nekushanduka-shanduka kwemagariro uye kuwanikwa kwakawanda kune internet mumazera ese ezera.

Muchidzidzo ichi, kutarisa zvepabonde hakuna kukanganisa maitiro akaongororwa. Saizvozvo, hapana mhedzisiro yakawanikwa mukudyidzana pakati pevakadzi nevanhurume. Nekudaro, kutarisa zvepabonde kwakaongororwa mune chete 3 mikuru mikuru (heterosexual, bisexual, uye ngochani). Zvidzidzo zvenguva yemberi zvaizobatsira kubva pane yakanatswa kuongororwa kwekuita zvepabonde [51] uye zvimwe zvinogoneka (semuenzaniso, kunyepedzera kwekufungidzira uye kusangana kwevanhu munharaunda) [92] uyewo kubva kuongororo yekuzivikanwa kwechikadzi uye kunetseka kwakanangana [93].

Cybersex inosanganiswa nekushandiswa kwekupindwa muropa kwevashandisi vashoma chete [20]. Uku kucherechedzwa zvakare kunoenzanisirwa nerevo (Tafura 2) uye yepakati (13 ye56) yeCIUS makero mune ino ongororo. Nekudaro, kune avo vane vakapindwa muropa nemaitiro ekushandisa, nzira dzekurapa dzichiri dzakapetana uye dzichidzvinyirirwa; mazhinji ezvishoma ezvidzidzo zvekutanga mumunda akaedza kubereka izvo zvinotozivikanwa kubva kune psychotherapy yezvipinga muropa.12].

Izvo zvakawanikwa zvekuongororwa izvi zvine zvazviri kukiriniki. Zvinoratidzika kunge zvakakosha kufunga nezvekupindwa muropa kwema cybersex maererano nehukama hwayo hukama nehuremu hwakawanda hwepfungwa. Kunyanya kutarisisa kunofanirwa kupihwa kune maitiro emurwere ekubatanidzwa. Psychotherapeutic kurapwa inofanirwa kuve inoenderana nezvinodiwa nemurwere wega wega. Vanhu vane inodzivisa kubatika, semuenzaniso, vanogona kubatsirwa kubva kune psychotherapeutic nzira yakagadzirirwa kubatanidza kurapwa kwekupindwa muropa uye kubatika kwekuvhiringidza. Zvidzidzo zvenguva yemberi zvekuongororwa uye kurapwa kweiyo cybersex kupindwa muropa zvinodikanwa mumamiriro ekurapa.

Nokuremara

Zvinhanho zvinoverengeka zvekudzidza zvinofanirwa kufungwa nezvazvo. Muenzaniso wacho waive mushoma asi waikwanira huwandu hwedzidzo. Uyezve, muyenzaniso uyu wakazarurwa kuzvisaruro zvekusarudza94]. Dhizaini repachikamu harina kubvumidza kuongororwa kwehurefu hwekutenderera pakati pezvinhu zvakaongororwa. Uyezve, chidzidzo hachina kutora hanya nezvakasiyana zvecybersex zviitiko zvinogona kukanganisa cybersex kushandiswa kwakasiyana kwemaitiro uye cybersex nharaunda. Pakupedzisira, hapana kubvumirana kwakabatana neiyo cybersex kupindwa muropa, uye nekudaro, chidzidzo chacho chakashandisa iyo CIUS yakajairidzwa cybersex seyakaitika. Uchishandisa nzira yekuenderera mberi kwete yekumisikidza, zvisinei, inobvumira kuongororwa kwevamwe kutsanangura kwekunetseka kwekupindwa muropa nekushandisa cybersex nechishandiso chakaringana chekushandisa chakanangana nekupindwa muropa kwekushandisa internet-yakasvitswa masevhisi.

mhedziso

Pasinei nemipimo iyi, chidzidzo ichi chinoratidza kuti kupindwa muropa ne cybersex kunokonzerwa neyekunzvenga maitiro ekubatanidza, kushungurudzika kwemweya, uye chishuwo chebonde. Vanhurume vari pangozi yakawedzera. Kuzvitarisira pasi uye kusakendenga zvinoita senge zvine pesvedzero yakakosha pakupinda muropa cybersex. Kuwedzera kutsvagurudza, kusanganisira vangangoita zvidzidzo, kunodiwa mumunda.

Kutenda

Hapana mari yakawanikwa yekudzidza uku. Vanyori vanotenda vatori vechikamu chekudzidza.

Zvipo zvevanyori

NV, YK, FBD, uye SR vaibatanidzwa mune yekudzidza pfungwa uye dhizaini. SR, YK, uye NV vaibatanidzwa pakuongorora kwehuwandu uye kududzirwa kwedata. TL, KJ, uye YK zvaive nebasa rekutora vatori vechikamu. NV, YK, KJ, TL, SR, uye FBD vakaita basa rekunyora manyoro.

Kurwisana kweShoko

Hapana chakaziviswa.

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