Vechiduku Vanoona Zvinonyadzisira Shandisa: Kurongeka Kwemabhuku Akarongeka Emagariro Okutsvakurudza 2000-2017. (2018)

Keywords: Zvinonyadzisira zvinoshandisa; zviitiko zvekuita; kuyaruka; zviri mumamiriro ezvinhu; munhu oga; kuongorora mabhuku; prisma

Document Type: Ongorora Chidzidzo

Publication date: March 1, 2018

RESULTS

3.2. Major / Primary Primary Research Trends

Mhando dzakasiyana-siyana dzakatsvakurudzwa (dzichionekwa semhando dzakashamiswa mune zvishoma 6 zvidzidzo) dzakaongororwa maererano nehukama hwehukama hwakaratidzwa maererano nePU mukuyaruka uye mabhuku makuru ekupedzisira akaiswa pasi apa. Chidimbu chezviwanikwa zvakarongedzwa pasi pemapoka matatu akaenzana ekuongororwa achitaura kune mumwe munhu, mamiriro ezvinhu uye zvakabatanidzwa zvine chokuita nemabasa uye nzira dzakasiyana siyana kubva kune dzakawanda kusvika kune vasina kuongororwa.

3.3. Mumwechete Nezviitiko Zvimwe

3.3.1. Biological Sex

Biological sex has been examined as a research variable in 46 out of the 57 studies included in the present systematic review review. Muchidimbu, zvinowanzoshandurwa pavarume vanotaura nezvepamusoro uye vachida kuita zvinonyadzisira kushandiswa kudarika vakadzi vane hutano hwakasiyana hunowedzera pamusoro pemakore ekuyaruka, ane chokuita nepamusoro zvakakwirira maitiro ehutano hwezvepabonde uye; mikana yakakwirira yekuita zvepabonde neshamwari yevarume [7, 10, 11, 25-32]. Kusiyanana kwepabonde pamusana pekuona zvinonyadzisira kwakashandurwa maererano nekutarisana kwepaIndaneti uye yekunyoresa zvinhu uye kushandiswa kwezvinyorwa zvinosanganisira zvinonyadzisira mumutauro wekutumira mameseji (kutumira mameseji kunotengesa kunongororwa kwepabonde kana kuti kunogumbura, kutumira mameseji, mapikicha, uye mavhidhiyo Via smartphone, Internet, kana social network) [33, 34]. Zvisinei, pasinei nokubvuma kuti varume vanoratidzwa kuti vatsvake zvepabonde zvakagadzirwa zvakanyanya kupfuura vakadzi, zvimwe zvidzidzo zvakaratidza kusawirirana maererano nechepakati, nevanhurume vanongororesa zvikuru kupfuura vakadzi pavanotsvaka zvinhu zvepabonde pawebhu, mafirimu uye terevhizheni [15]. Zvinofadza kuti kuva mukomana akawanikwa achiita zvinopesana nechisimba chisingaiti zvepabonde, kana achidya zvinonyadzisira zvenhau, nemimwe migumisiro yekuona zvinonyadzisira mafirimu pamusana pepabonde zvisingadiwi zvinoratidzika kuva akakwirira pakati pevasikana [35]. Zvimwe mabhuku ezangobva kuitika zvinowedzera kududzira kusawirirana kwepabonde mumashandisirwo emashoko ekuona zvinonyadzisira munharaunda yekusiyanisa kunokonzerwa nemushumo wezvinobudisa mhinduro kusvika [36], achifunga kuti kusiyana kwakadaro hakusi kungovapo chete asi kuwedzera kune varume nevakadzi zvakasiyana; uye kunyanya maererano nehutano hwavo hwepabonde [12].

3.3.2 Maonero Nezvebonde

Pasi pose, zvidzidzo zve 21 zvakarongedza mafungiro ehutano hwevechiri kuyaruka uye mafambiro kune zvepabonde maererano nePU. Hazvishamisi kuti chinangwa chokudya zvinonyadzisira chave chave chichibatanidzwa zvikuru nemafungiro anowirirana achifunga PU [15] uye zvinonyanya kukosha kune mafungiro ekuyarara nemafambiro ehupombwe [7, 37, 38]. Kunyanya, zvidzidzo zvenguva refu uye zvikamu zvakashandiswa muchiChinese,

United States, Taiwan, uye Dutch zvakaratidza kuti kusangana nekuona zvinonyadzisira kare kwakatanga kufungidzira zvekuita zvepabonde, kushungurudzwa kwepabonde, hutano hwakawanda hwevakadzi nehutano hwekuita zvepabonde uye gare gare kuedza zvepabonde kune varume [7, 30, 39-41]. Mune mutsara iwoyo, Haggstrom-Nordin, Hanson, Hanson naTyden [29] vachishanda nehuwandu hwevaSweden vachiri kuyaruka, vakaona kuti varume vanonyadzisira vatengi vanoita zvekuita zvepabonde, kufungidzira, kana kuita mabasa akaratidzwa mumafirimu emifananidzo. Izvi zvinoratidzika sezvibvumirano nemabhuku anoratidza kuti vanowanzoshandisa zvekuona zvinonyadzisira vakanyora zvekare zvekuita zvepabonde, pamwe nekunyengedzera kwakawanda pamusoro pehupenyu hwepabonde, mafungiro ehutano uye zvepabonde uye mafungiro asina kunaka evanhukadzi (somuenzaniso. sexist inosangana nezvirwere zvinonyadzisira zvakadai sekutonga uye kunyadziswa zvikuru) [27, 42-44].

3.3.3. Development

Zvidzidzo gumi nezviviri (kunze kwe57 zvakabatanidzwa mubhuku rino rekuongorora mabhuku) zvakarongedza kuchinja kwekuvandudzwa muzviitiko zvePU, uyewo maererano navo munguva yevechiri kuyaruka. Zvechokwadi, zvitsvakurudzo zvakatsigira kuti nguva yekushambadzira, nguva yekusimwa uye makore akwegura inosanganiswa nepamusoro PU [7, 13, 45, 46]. Counterintuitively, kutarisa zvinonyadzisira zvakawanikwa zvichikanganisa kukura kwehutsika, uye kunyanya avo vanoenda kune chitendero munguva yekuyaruka [47]. Hazvishamisi kuti kuona zvinonyadzisira kwave kuchiratidzwa kuva nehuwandu hwekuwedzera, kuderedza kunamata kwevechiri kuyaruka kwenguva, pasina hutano [47]. Muchirevo ichocho, hutano hwakanaka hwekuyaruka hwave hwakabatanidzwa kusvika pakutanga kwePU uye chiyero chekushandura kwemaawa muzviChina vechidiki vechidiki [28].

3.3.4. Kushungurudzwa

Kushungurudzwa kwevanhu pamwe nekushungurudzika kwakadzidzwa muzvidzidzo zveC11 nehukama hwehukama hwakaratidzwa maererano nehutano hweVU. Kuratidzirwa nechisimba / zvinonyadzisira zvinonyadzisira kunowanzove kwakajairika pakati pevechiri kuyaruka, kufambidzana nehutsika dzekuzviisa pangozi, uye, kune vakadzi kunyanya, inopindirana nehuwandu hwekushungurudzwa [48]. Kunyanya, kudzidza kwaYbarra naMitchell [11] kwakagumisa kuti zvinonyadzisira vanoshandisa (zviri paIndaneti kana kuti kunze kwekodhi) vaitaurira zvimwe zviitiko zvekurwadziwa kwepanyama kana zvepabonde, asi zvimwe zvidzidzo zvakaratidza kusangana kwakananga pakati pekusavhiringidza zvinonyadzisira uye zvinonyadzisira zvisina kunaka [14]. Zvinofadza kuti mune imwe nguva yakazotsvakurudza ivo, Ybarra naMitchell [11] vakatsigira kuti vanhu vari kusimukira pakati peC10-15 makore (vasingabatsiri nevakadzi) vainyanya kuda kutaurirana maitiro ekuita zvepabonde kana vainge vambosangana nePU. Ichi chigumisiro chaive, zvakadaro, chinopesana nezvidzidzo zvekare zvakaratidza kusawirirana kwehutano maererano nekubatana muPU nekubatanidzwa mukuita zvechisimba, nevechiri kuyaruka vari kunyanya kuratidza mafambiro maviri (9). Kunyange zvakadaro, zvimwe zvidzidzo zvakagumisa kuti zvinonyadzisira zvinopisa hazvina hukama nehutano hwekuita zvepabonde uye kuti kuda kwekuona zvinonyadzisira kwakanga kusingaiti kunokanganisa kuzvibata kwepabonde kune ngozi pakati pevechidiki vose [46]. Pasinei neizvi, zvimwe zvakawanikwa zvakaratidza kuti zvakazara, kusangana nemaune kuPU kwaibatanidza nehutano hwepamusoro yehutano pakati pevechiri kuyaruka, hukuru hwepamusoro hwekukurudzira zvepabonde nekukumbira zvekuita zvepabonde kudzvinyirirwa nekuita kwevakomana zvekuita zvepabonde uye kushungurudzwa kunowanzobatanidzwa nekugara uchiona zvinonyadzisira [ 14, 27]

3.3.5. Mental Health Utano

Zvidzidzo gumi nemana zvakaratidza hutano hwepfungwa maitiro / maitiro uye / kana zviratidzo zvinosanganiswa nevechiri kuyaruka, pamwe nekusiyana-siyana kunofunga nezvehutano hwehutano hwepfungwa maererano nehuwandu hwezvinonyadzisira zvinoshandiswa (somuenzaniso. online uye offline) [11, 49]. Pamwechete, uye pasinei nedzimwe dzidzo dzisingasimbisisi kusangana pakati pehutano hwehurombo hwehurombo uye PU [50], huwandu hwakawanda hwekuwana hunochinja paPU yakanyanya munguva yevechiri kuyaruka inotarisa kufananidzwa nepamusoro pepfungwa (somuenzaniso. kuora mwoyo) uye zvinetso zvetsika [10, 14, 34]. Muchirevo ichocho, kudzidza kwaJbarra naMitchel [11] kwakaratidza kuti zvinonyadzisira paIndaneti vanotsvaga vangangodaro vanotaura zviratidzo zvekuora mwoyo zvichienzaniswa ne-offline nevasingatsvaki. Kunyange zvakadaro, Tsitsika and said. [10] akaratidza kuti kunyange zvazvo paIndaneti PU yaiwanzove yakanyatsobatanidzwa nezvinetso zvepfungwa uye zvepfungwa, kushandiswa kusinganzwisisiki kwakanga kusiri. Nokudaro, akaratidza chimiro chinogona kuve chechimiro chePU (chinotsanangurwa nemaitiro akadzika). Mutsara iwoyo, Luder and said. [46] yakaratidza kusiyana kwehutano pakati pepabonde nekusangana pakati pePU nekuratidzwa kunorwadza nevarume vanouya nehuwandu hwehutano. Izvi zvakagadziriswa neongororo dzenguva yakareba dzichiratidza kuti hurombo hwepfungwa dzehupfumi hwakabatanidzwa mukugadzirisa kushandiswa kwekuita zvepabonde zvinhu zvepaIndaneti pakati pevana vechidiki [51].

3.3.6. Kushuva Kutsvaga

Kunzwa kutsvaga kutsika kunoratidzika kunge kwave kuchiongororwa kakawanda maererano nePU mukuyaruka [4, 13, 34, 46, 52, 53]. Nekudaro, mhedzisiro yanga isingaenderane nezvimwe zvidzidzo zvichisimbisa [46, 54] uye zvimwe zvisiri kusimbisa chero chaiwo maratidziro emasangano pakati pekutsvaga kwekunzwa uye PU yekuyaruka [4]. Zvakangodaro, ruzhinji rwezvidzidzo rwunotungamira mukusimbisa kushamwaridzana pakati pekunzwa kutsvaga mafungiro uye PU mukuyaruka. Kunyanya, Braun uye vaaishanda navo [37] vakatsigira kuti vese varume nevakadzi vechidiki vane hombe yekuda kukurudzira vanowanzo kutsvaga zvinonyadzisira. Mutsara iwoyo, Luder and said. [46] akawana kuti vose vanhurume nevakadzi, vanozviisa pachena kune zvinonyadzisira zvenhau, vanowanzova vatsvaki vanonzwa. Saizvozvowo, Ševčikova, and said. [34] akaongorora zvinhu zvinobatanidza nekutsvaga mune zvepabonde uye akawana kushungurudzika kutsvaga kuva chirevo chekutsvaga kwekuona zvinonyadzisira zvose zviri paIndaneti uye pasina. Pakupedzisira, pane uchapupu hwokuti ukama huri pakati pekushandisa zvepabonde nekuita zvepabonde kunogona kubvumirana nekunzwa kutsvaga [38].

3.3.7. Religiosity

Nhamba dzakakwirira dzechitendero dzakabatanidzwa nemazinga akaderera ePU mukuyaruka [9, 47, 55, 56]. Zvidzidzo zvakaratidza kuti hukama husina simba huri pakati pemasangano ehuruzhinji, kusanganisira masangano ezvitendero anowanzove akawandisa pakati pevanonyadzisira vanoshandisa [9]. Muchirevo ichocho, kuwanda kwekuona zvinonyadzisira kuve kwakatsigirwa kuti kuderedze kushumira kwechitendero, kukosha kwekutenda kwechitendero, kunyengetera kakawanda, nekuziva kwakaswededza kuna Mwari, panguva yakaratidzwa kuwedzera kusava nechokwadi kwechitendero [47]. Zvinofadza, izvi zvinogumira pasinei nehutano uye zvichiita seine simba kune vechidiki vachienzaniswa nevanhu vanokurumidza [47]. Kunyange zvakadaro, apo dzimwe dzidzo dzakasimbisawo kuti kupinda kwechitendero kunowedzerawo nePU yakakwirira, vakaratidza kusiyana kwechikadzi mune sangano pakati pechitendero chepasi uye PU, nekunyadzisira kushandiswa kushandiswa kusina simba pamatunhu akakwirira ekupinda kwechitendero, kunyanya pakati pevakomana [55]. Hazvishamisi kuti kushamwaridzana nevatungamiriri vechitendero kwave kuwanikwa kunosanganiswa nemaitiro mashoma ekushandisa zvinonyadzisira pakati pevechiri kuyaruka [56]. Kunyange zvakadaro, zvinofanira kuonekwa kuti vanhu vakasiyana-siyana vechidiki vanosiyana nenzira yekuona zvinonyadzisira, izvo zvinogona kusanganisira kusiyana kwechitendero pamatsika. Izvi zvinopindirana nezvakawanikwa zvichiratidza kuti vechidiki vanobva mumapoka ezvitendero zvakasiyana (somuenzaniso. Makatorike, Mapurotesitendi, etc.) zvakasiyana pamusana pekuona zvinonyadzisira kushandiswa, zvichida nekuda kwekusiyana kwekuregerera kune zvinonyadzisira.

3.3.8. Social Bonds

Kushamwaridzana pakati pePU mukuyaruka uye kushamwaridzana kwevechiri kuyaruka kunobatanidzwa kunowanzowanzofadzwa nekutsvakurudza kutsvaga [38]. Zvose, zvinoratidzika kune kubvumirana kwekuti vechidiki vanogara vachishanda paIndaneti yezvinonyadzisira vanowanzosiyana zvakasiyana-siyana mumagariro evanhu kubvira kune vechidiki vanoshandisa Indaneti kuti vawane ruzivo, ruzhinji rwekukurukurirana uye varaidzo [9]. Kunyanya, chirevo chekuzvimiririra chinoratidzika sechichibatanidzwa nekuwedzera zvinonyadzisira kushandisa [57]. Mukubvumirana neizvi, Mattebo and said., [8] yakatsigira kuti chikwata chepamusoro chekuona zvinonyadzisira zvevaduku vanonyanya kuratidza zvinetso zveukama nevezera rako zvichienderana nevashandisi vepakati uye vasingasviki. Pakupedzisira, chido chekusununguka panyaya dzehutano hwevanhu hunobatanidzwa nepamusoro PU munguva yehuduku [4].

3.4. Chiitiko Chimwe Chiitiko

3.4.1. Kushandiswa KwepaIndaneti Maitiro

Zviri kushandiswa paIndaneti zvakatsvakurudzwa muC15 kunze kwezvidzidzo zve 57 zvakabatanidzwa muchirongwa chezvino. Izvi zvinoratidza kuti zviitiko zvakajairika zvevechiri kuyaruka zvinoratidzirwa kuIndaneti zvinonyadzisira uye kukurudzirwa kwepabonde kukurudzira kusanganisira mazinga akawandisa ekushandisa mitambo yepaIndaneti, maitiro ehutachiona hwehutachiona, kuora mwoyo uye kuratidzwa kwepabonde, uye kuzvipira kwepabonde kwepabonde paIndaneti [49]. Izvi zvingangoenderana nekutsvakurudza kwakaitwa naDoornward and said. [30], iyo yakaratidzawo kuti vose vechidiki nevakadzi vechidiki 'vanowanzoshandisa nzvimbo dzekugara panzvimbo dzevanhu pahupenyu hwezuva nezuva. Kusiyana nedzimwe tsvakurudzo dzakaratidza kuti hutano husina kunaka hwehutano hwehupfungwa uye hukama hwakashata nevabereki hwakanga husiri hunobatanidzwa neIndaneti kushandiswa. Zvisinei, kuzviratidza zvepabonde zvekuzvipira paIndaneti zvakanyatsobatanidzwa nehutano hwepabonde hwepabonde pakati pevarume nevakadzi vechidiki [50]. Uyezve, chidzidzo chakaitwa naMatetebo and said., [8] yakawana kuti varume, avo vaiwanzoshandisa zvekuona zvinonyadzisira, vaiwanzoita zvepabonde, uye kushandisa nguva yakawanda paIndaneti (kureva., kupfuura 10 maawa anozotevera, kanoverengeka pavhiki), vane mararamiro asina kunaka (somuenzaniso. kunyanya kudarika / kunyanya kurema), zvisingapesani nevhareji / vashoma vanoona zvinonyadzisira.

3.4.2. Vechidiki Zvekuita Zvepabonde

Vechidiki zvekuita zvepabonde maererano nePU zvakatsvakurudzwa mune zvidzidzo zve 11, pamwe neongororo dzose dzinoburitsa migumisiro yakawanda. Chidzidzo chakaitwa naDoornward, and said. [31, 32] akawana kuti vakomana vaduku 'vane maitiro ekuita zvepabonde zvekunyadzisa, kusanganisira kushandiswa kwezvinhu zvakajeka zvepaIndaneti, vakarondedzera maitiro akaderera ekuzviremekedza, kuwedzera kwemaonero ekuderera uye kuwedzera kwehutano hwepabonde. Muchirevo ichocho, zvimwe zvidzidzo zvakaratidza kuti vakomana avo vakawanikwa vachiita zvekuita zvepabonde zvinhu zvekuita zvepabonde uye nzvimbo dzekugara panzvimbo dzevanhu vakawana ruzivo rwakawanda rwevamwe uye vakaratidza ruzivo rwakakura mukufunga kubatana kwavo kwepabonde [31, 32]. Uyezve, vakomana vakaratidza kuti kushandiswa kwekuona zvinonyadzisira kunowanzova nekukakavara kwepabonde padiki uye kuti vaite zvakasiyana-siyana zvepabonde. Mukuwedzera kune izvi, kuva musikana, kugara nevabereki vakatsaurwa, vane ruzivo rwekushungurudzwa kwepabonde, uye kuva nemaonero akanaka ekuona zvinonyadzisira zvakabatana nehutano hwepamusoro hwepabonde munguva yekuyaruka [8].

3.4.3. Mhando dzakasiyana-siyana dzehupombori

Zvinyorwa zvinonyadzisira maererano nePU zvakatsvakurudzwa mune zvidzidzo zveC10, zvichiratidza kushamwaridzana kwakakura nevechiri kuyaruka 'maitiro epabonde. Kunyanya, kutsvakurudzwa kwakaitwa na [52] kwakaratidza kuti vaduku vaduku 'vanonyanya kuratidzwa rudo-ivo, kutonga-ivo uye kurwisana kunowanikwa. Kusiyana neizvi, vechidiki vevechidiki nevechiri kuyaruka vane mazinga akakwirira ekubudirira mune zvidzidzo vanowanzosarudza kushevedzera-iyo inonyadzisira yakawanda kakawanda. Mutsara iwoyo, Hald and said. [38] akawana kuti pakanga pane ukama hwakanaka, asi hunokosha, pakati pezvinhu zvepabonde zvakatsanangurwa zvakashandiswa uye zvepabonde zvinoratidzwa nevechiri kuyaruka. Semuenzaniso, kuda kwechisimba / zvinonyadzisa zvinonyadzisira zvaive zvakanyanya kune varume vainge vamboita zvepabonde, vaiva neshamwari dzaiwanzozvitenga / kutengesa zvepabonde uye dzaida kushandisa doro rakawandisa. Saizvozvowo, kunyange zvazvo zvakasiyana zvakasiyana, vakadzi vaive vanoita zvechisimba / zvinonyadzisa zvinonyadzisira vaida kutora zvepabonde ivo pachavo, kuva neshamwari dzaiwanzozvitenga / kutengesa mabasa ehupombwe uye kusvuta [42, 48].

3.4.4. Traditional Porn

Chinyakare zvinonyadzisira zvinotsanangurwa sekushandiswa kwechinyakare (chisiri-online) midhiya zvinonyadzisira senge magazini, terevhizheni nemamuvhi [28]. Iyo yechinyakare yezvinyadzo zvemukati zvakaongororwa mukati me7 zvidzidzo, zvichiratidza kuti zvingangoita kuti tsvakiridzo yekufarira yekudyiwa kwetsika yezvinonyadzisira zvinhu zvadzikira zvakanyanya zvichienzaniswa nekudyiwa kwepamhepo zvinonyadzisira. Shek & Ma [28] tsanangura kuti izvi zvinokonzerwa nekuwedzera kuri kuwanikwa kwemitengo isingadhuri isina waya yemagetsi epamhepo. Shure kwaizvozvo, vachiri kuyaruka vanokwanisa kuwana zvinonyadzisira zvepamhepo zviri nyore uye vasingazivikanwe kuburikidza nemakomputa avo, mapiritsi uye mafoni [28, 44].

3.5. Context Related Factors

3.5.1. Mhuri Inoshanda

Kushanda kwemhuri kwakatsvakurudzwa mune zvidzidzo zveC12 izvo zvakabatanidzwa muchirongwa chezvino. Kunyanya, Weber nevamwe vashandi [44] vakaratidza kuti vechidiki 'vanozviona sevasingakwanisi kuzvimiririra nevabereki vavo vanowanzodya zvinonyadzisira kazhinji. Izvi zvinowiriranawo nezvimwe zvakawanikwa [11], izvo zvakatsigirawo kuti vechidiki 'kupa pachena neukama hwakashata nevabereki vavo, kuzvipira kwakaderera kumhuri, kusarirwa kwevabereki kushoma uye, kutaurirana kwakaderera kwaive kwakakwirira muPU. Zvinofadza kuti zvinhu zvakadaro zvinoratidzika kuti zvakabatana zvinokonzera mhuri kushanda, izvo zvakanyatsobatanidzwa nePU [9, 58].

3.5.2. Peer Culture

Rudo rwevezera maererano nePU rwakatsvakurudzwa pane zvidzidzo zve 7. Zvitsva zvinoratidza kuti vezera rwenharaunda zvinosanganisira maitiro ehutano hwepabonde, tsika dzepabonde, nekuona kwekufambidzana nevezera uye vechiito zvekuita zvepabonde zvinopesana nevechiri kuyaruka PU [7, 31, 32]. Kunyanya, kushandiswa kwezvinyorwa zvepaIndaneti zvepabonde pakati pevakomana, uye kushandiswa kwemasimirwo ekubudisira manyoresheni pakati pemadzimai evanhu vaviri vakanyatsobatana nemafungiro ekubvumirana nevezera rako nekuzvibata zvepabonde [7, 31, 32]. Mutsara iwoyo, zvidzidzo zvakaitwa naPeter naValkenburg [59, 60] zvakasimbisa pfungwa dzepabonde sepanyama chaiyo uye dzisina kujairika pane kudanana uye kufambidzana, dzine kodzero se "kushanduka kwevanhu" uye "kushandiswa kwevanhu" maererano. Chidzidzo ichi chakaratidza kuti kushandiswa kese kwepabonde kwepaIndaneti zvakagadzirwa zvepabonde zvakawedzera "zvose zvezvemagariro evanhu" uye "kushandiswa". Izvi zvingave zvichishandurwa mumutauro wekushandiswa kwezvinonyadzisira zvekuona zvinonyadzisira kuderedza hukama hwehukama kuburikidza nekukurudzira pfungwa dzepabonde sezvinongoita muviri uye zvisiri nyore. Pamusoro peizvi, Kune vamwe pamwe chete [43] vakatsigirwa kuti kunzwisisika kune kushamwaridzana nevezera rako kunobatsirawo kutarisana nezvinoitika zvepabonde zvakajeka uye zviitiko zvepabonde.

KUKURUKURA

Zvidzidzo zvakabatanidzwa mune zvinyorwa zvezvinobudiswa zvekuongorora zvinoratidza kuti kutsvakurudza mundima yevechiri kuyaruka PU yakananga pamitatu mikuru mikuru inobatanidza munhu (I), mamiriro (C) uye basa (A) zvinhu. Pakawanda, huwandu hwakawanda hwezvidzidzo zvakadzidzwa mubasa redu raive rakarongerwa seinonyanya kuwirirana nemumwe (I: 18), nekusimbisa nezvezvimwe zvinosanganisira mabasa ane chokuita nezvinhu (A: 8) zvinotevera, uye zvinyorwa zvine chokuita nemamiriro ezvinhu uyo anoshandiswa ari ivo vashoma kudzidza (C: 6). Izvi zvinoratidza chimiro chakasimba chekutsvakurudza maitiro ehumwe maererano nePU mukuyaruka, uye kunyatsotsvakurudza kutsvakurudza kwezvinhu zvakabatana nezvinoitika mumabhuku ari kure (Table 1). Izvi zvakaratidza kusawirirana mune mabhuku zvinofanira kunge zvakatariswa nekutsvakurudza mune ramangwana.

4.1. Mumwechete Nezviitiko Zvimwe

Muchirevo chezvinhu zvakabatana zvakasangana, zvepabonde, maitiro ekureva zvepabonde, kusimba-zvakabatana, zvinhu zvinotambudza, hutano hwepfungwa, kutsvaga kwekunzwa, kunamata uye kushamwaridzana kwehutano zvakakonzera kufarira kufanirwa mune zvekuyaruka PU. Muchidimbu, zvitsva zvinoratidza kuti varume, vakawanda vakasunungurwa mafungiro ezvepabonde, kutanga kwekutsvaga uye kukwegura, kushungurudzika kwevanhu uye kushungurudzika, hutano hwehurombo hwakashata, hutsva hwekutsvaga hutsika uye kusaderera kwehutano hwehutano kunowanzoenderana nepamusoro PU munguva yehuduku [4 , 7, 10, 11, 13, 14, 25, 27-29, 31, 32, 34, 37, 38, 45-48, 50].

4.2. Chiitiko Chimwe Chiitiko

Kufunga nezvezviitiko zvine chokuita nehutano, kushandiswa kwepaIndaneti maitiro, zvekuyaruka maitiro ekuita zvepabonde, maitiro akasiyana-siyana ekuona zvinonyadzisira uye zvinonyadzisira zvepabonde zvinoita kunge zvakakonzera chikamu chikuru chekutsvakurudza kutsvaga. Zvinonakidza, nzvimbo dzakakwirira dzekushandisa mitambo yemuInternet, internet inodhakwa maitiro, maitiro ekushandiswa kwepabonde, uye kuzvida zvepabonde kuzvimirira paIndaneti zvinoita kuti zvive nechokubatanidza nePU [31, 32, 49]. Panyaya dzekuita zvepabonde, vechidiki vane maitiro ekuita zvepabonde zvekuita zvepabonde, upenyu hwepabonde hwepamberi uye hune ruzivo hunoita kuti huve nyore kune PU [8, 31, 32]. Mukutaura nezvezvinyorwa zvinonyadzisira, vaduku vaduku 'vanowanzofarira kudanana-ivo, hurumende-ivo uye hutsinye-vanobatanidza PU, nevakuru vaduku nevechiri kuyaruka vane hukuru hwekudzidza dzichida kukudzwa-ivo PU [52]. Hazvishamisi kuti kutsvakurudza kunoreva kushandiswa kwechimiro chekuona zvinonyadzisira kunoratidzika kunge kwakaramba, zvichida nekuda kwekuenderera mberi nekuwedzera kuwanika kwezvinhu zvepabonde zvinonyadzisira [44, 58].

4.3. Context Related Factors

Tichifunga nezvemamiriro ekufananidzira akasungirirwa nevechiri kuyaruka, mhuri inoshanda uye vezera / tsika dzinofambisa hutsva hunotsvaga [9, 15, 58]. Kunyanya, kuvimba kwevabereki, ukama hwakashata nevabereki, kuzvipira kwakaderera kumhuri, kutarisirwa kwevabereki vashoma uye, kutaurirana kwemhuri shoma kunofanirwa kuve kwakakwirira pakati pevechiri kuyaruka vachitaura nepamusoro pePU. Nezvekutarisana nevezera rako, zvikamu zvine chokuita nemafungiro ehutano hwepabonde, tsika dzepabonde, maonero evezera revechiri kuyaruka uye maitiro ekuita zvepabonde akabatanidzwa nevechiri kuyaruka PU [7, 31, 32]. Mutsara iwoyo, pfungwa dzekuita zvepabonde sezvinongoita zvepanyama uye zvisingabatsiri panzvimbo yekuda uye kudanana, dzine kodzero yekuti "hutsika hwevanhu" uye "kushandiswa" kwakaonekwa zvakanyanya pakati pevamwe vanoona zvinonyadzisira vanoshandisa [59, 60]. Saizvozvowo, kukanganisa kushamwaridzana nevezera rako kwakawedzerawo kufanana nePU yakajeka munguva yevechiri kuyaruka [59, 60].

Chiverengwa

Pamwechete, ruzivo rwekutsvakurudza pamakore ekuyaruka PU rinoratidzika risina kugoverwa munzvimbo dzose nhatu dzinonyanya kuzivikanwa dzinosanganisira munhu mumwe chete, mamiriro ezvinhu uye zviitiko zvakabatana. Zvinhu chimwe nechimwe zvakakonzera kufarira kwakanyanya, zvichibatsira zvikuru ku ruzivo rune ruzivo pamusoro pemakore ekuyaruka PU. Kunyange zvakadaro, kutsvakurudza kwakawedzerwa kwakakosha panyaya yemamiriro ezvinhu uye basa rePU rakabatana. Rudzi urwu rwekutsvakurudza rwuzoenderana nemafungiro ezuva ranhasi, maitiro ekutsvaga akaiswa munharaunda yakawanda yekuvandudzwa kwepfungwa, pamwe chete nebasa rekuita zvido zvekuita, uye zvingave nani kuzivisa nzira dzekudzivirira nekupindira dzinosanganisira zviitiko zvinokosha zvevechiri kuyaruka, chikoro uye mharaunda [76-78].