Dabeecadaha galmada ee qasabka ah: Maqnaanshaha hore iyo xaddiga iyo isdhexgalka (2016)

Faallooyin: In kasta oo daraasaddu adeegsanayso ereyga "Habdhaqanka galmada ee qasabka ah (CSB)," maadooyinka ayaa ahaa kuwa balwada leh (aragto war-saxaafadeedkan). Marka la barbardhigo kantaroolka caafimaadka qaba Maaddooyinka CSB waxay kor u qaateen xajmiga amygdala ee bidix iyo hoos udhaca xidhiidhka ficilka inta lagu jiro nasashada inta u dhaxeysa bidha amygdala iyo koontada hore ee dorogaatka DLPFC. Qorayaasha ayaa soo gabagabeeyay:

Natiijooyinkayagii hadda waxay muujinayaan kor u kaca qiimaha sare ee gobolka oo ku xiran saliida dhiirigelinta iyo isku xirnaanshaha gobolka ee nasashada ee shabakadaha xakamaynta nidaamka horay hoos-xukunka. Burburinta shabakadaha noocaas ah waxay sharxi karaan nidaamyada asaasiga ah ee dabeecadaha dabiiciga ah ee jawiga amaba kor u qaadista waxqabadka dhiirigelinta dhiirigelinta dhiirigelinta. Inkasta oo natiijooyinkayagu ay ka soo horjeedaan kuwa ku jira xaaladaha isticmaalka maandooriyaha (SUD), natiijooyinkani waxa ay muujin karaan kala duwanaansho iyada oo loo adeegsanayo saameynta neurotoxiciga ee daroogada joogtada ah.

Tarjumaada #1): "Xiriir yar oo shaqeynaya oo udhaxeeya kiliyaha hore ee amygdala & dorsolateral." Amygdala wuxuu door muhiim ah ka ciyaaraa ka shaqeynta shucuurta, oo ay ku jiraan jawaab celinta diiqadda. Amygdala waxaa si xoog leh loogu lug leeyahay dhinacyo badan oo balwadda ah sida damacyada, fal-celinta iyo calaamadaha ka-noqoshada. Yaraynta isku xirnaanta shaqada ee udhaxeysa amygdala iyo kiliyaha hore waxay la jaanqaadeysaa mukhaadaraadka walaxda. Waxaa loo maleynayaa in isku xirnaanta saboolka ahi ay yareyneyso xakamaynta kiliyaha hore ee xakamaynta ujeedada isticmaale ee ku lug lahaanshaha dhaqanka balwadda.

Tarjumaada #2): "Kordhinta mugga amygdala" (oo macnaheedu yahay arrin cawlan). Badi daraasadaha daroogada maandooriyaha waxay soo sheegaan amygdalae yar oo dadka balwada leh (wax yar oo cawlan). Daraasadani waxay soo jeedinaysaa in sunta daroogada ay u horseedi karto maaddo yar oo cawlan sidaas awgeedna ay hoos u dhigto mugga amygdala ee daroogada balwadaha leh. Shaki kuma jiro in tani door ka ciyaarayso. Waa in la ogaadaa in amygdala ay si joogto ah u firfircoon tahay inta lagu jiro daawashada porno, gaar ahaan inta lagu gudajiro bilowga muuqaalka galmada. Tusaale ahaan, ka gujinta tab ilaa tab ama raadinta fiidiyoow ama sawir ayaa iftiimin kara amygdala. Waxaa laga yaabaa in joogto ah galmo cusbooneysiinta iyo raadinta iyo raadinta raadsashada si saameyn gooni ah u leh amygdala ee dadka isticmaala lafdhabarta.

Faahfaahin kale oo loogu talagalay mug weyn oo amygdala ah oo ka mid ah kuwa ladagaallanka ah: Sannado isticmaalka suuxdinta qasabka ah ayaa runtii noqon kara walaac. Intaa waxaa sii dheer, maaddooyinkan CSB ma ahan oo keliya kuwa balwadaha ka shaqeeya; waxay sidoo kale la kulmeen cawaaqib xumo xun oo ka dhalatay isticmaalka sigaarka (shaqo la'aan, dhibaatooyinka xiriirka, horumarinta ED-da ee kufsiga). Waa kuwan qodob muhiim ah: Dhibaatada joogtada ah ee bulshadu waxay la xiriirtaa mugga korodhka amygdala:

Inkasta oo hababka saxda ah ee bacaha aan weli si buuxda loo fahmin, Dhibaato dhexdhexaad ah ama aad u culus ayaa u muuqata in ay kordhiso koritaanka qaybaha dhowr ah ee amygdala, halka saameynta hippocampus iyo kortel horay loo jecel yahay inay ka soo horjeeda.

Waxaan tixgelineynaa natiijada kor ku xusan ee tan laydh Daraasad 2015 ah oo lagu ogaaday in "galmada galmada" ay leeyihiin dhidib HPA ah (nidaam cadaadis ah oo xad-dhaaf ah). Diiqada daba dheeraatay ee la xidhiidha qabatinka jinsiga / jinsiga, iyo waxyaabo keenaya jinsi gaar ah, waxay u horseedi karaan mugga weyn ee amygdala? Ugu dambeyntii, mugga amygdala hoos ayey u ahaan kartaa xaalad horay u jirtay ee khamriga, sida Carruurta qoysaska leh khatarta sare ee khamriga waxay leeyihiin amygdalae yar.

LINK TO FULL ARRIMAHA

Casper Schmidt,1,2,3 Laurel S. Morris,1,4 Timo L. Kvamme,1,2,3 Paula Hall,5 Thaddeus Birchard,5 iyo Valerie Voon1,4,6 *

Maqnaanshaha Maskaxda Aadanaha

• Marka hore la daabacay: 27 Oktoobar 2016 Taariikhda daabacan ee daabacan
• DOI: 10.1002 / hbm.23447 Eeg / qaybi diidmo

Qorayaashu waxay ku dhawaaqaan inaanay lahayn khilaafyo daneynaya inay sheegaan.

aan la taaban karin

Background

Dabeecadaha jinsiga (compulsive behaviors) (CSB) ayaa ah mid caadi ah waxayna la xiriiraan qallafsanaanta shakhsiga iyo bulshada. Nuujiyaanka hoose ee hooseeya weli waaba la fahmo. Daraasaddan imtixaanku waxay baartaa mugga maskaxda iyo ku-nasashada xiriirinta hawlaha gobolka ee CSB marka la barbar dhigo mutadawiciin caafimaad oo mutaystay (HV).

Dariiqooyinka

Xogta MRI (MPRAGE) waxaa lagu soo ururiyey maadooyinka 92 (23 CSB iyo 69 labka nin ee labka ah ee HV) oo lagu falanqeeyay isticmaalka moromoolka ku salaysan voxel. Dheeraynta xogta MRI-ga ee la adeegsanayo iyadoo la adeegsanayo hababka kala duwan ee loo yaqaan "screen-planar" iyo "analysis of component components" (ME-ICA) ayaa lagu soo ururiyey maadooyinka 68 (23 CSB iyo 45 da'da HN).

Natiijooyinka

Mawduucyada CSB waxay muujiyeen miisaanka culus ee amygdala (mugga yar ee la saxay, Bonferroni waa la isku hagaajiyay P <0.01) iyo yareynta isku xirnaanta howlaha nasashada ee udhaxeysa abuurka amygdala bidix iyo kiliyaha hore ee labada dhinac ee dorsolateral (maskaxda oo dhan, kooxdu waxay saxday FWE P <0.05) marka la barbar dhigo HV.

Gabagabada

CSB waxay la xiriirtaa mugga kor u kaca ee gobolada limbic ee ku lug leh saliida dhiirigelinta iyo ka shaqeynta dareenka, iyo xiriirka dhexdhexaadka ah ee dhexdhexaad ah ee u dhexeeya xakamaynta kontoroolka iyo xudduudaha horay loo xushay. Daraasadaha mustaqbalka waa in ay bartilmaameeyaan in ay qiimeeyaan tallaabooyinka dheeraadka ah si ay u baaraan haddii natiijooyinkani ay yihiin khataraha u nugul ee ka-hor-imaanaya dabeecadaha ama cawaaqibka dabeecadaha.

Soo Gaabiyey

• ACC taakuleeynta kortex
• CSB habdhaqanka galmada ee qasabka ah
• Cudurka 'cerebrospinal fluid' ee CSF
• DLPFC cirifka horay loo soo dhejiyey
• GM miisaanka cawliga ah
• Qaabka guud ee GLM
• Dadka mutadawiciinta ah ee HV
• MPRAGE magnetization oo lagu diyaariyay xajmiga
• OFC orbitofrontal kortex
• ROI ee xiisaha
• SPM Khariidadda Xisaabinta Xisaabaynta
• Waqtiga dib u celinta
• Waqtiga TE-ga
• Morphometry-ku salaysan vBM
• WM cad cad.

HORDHAC

Habdhaqanka galmada ee qasabka ah (CSB), oo sidoo kale loo yaqaanno 'hypersexual disorder' ama 'addictive sex', waa mid caadi ah (qiyaastii 3% -6%) [Kraus et al., 2016] oo la xidhiidha niyadjab iyo niyad jabka nafsaaniga ah, oo ay ka mid tahay in lagu tilmaamo xayiraad, niyadjab, iyo naafonimada bulshada iyo shaqada [Kraus et al., 2016]. Daraasadihii ugu dambeeyay waxay diiradda saareen fahamka qallafsan ee neurobiological [Kraus et al., 2016] inkasta oo aan isbeddelka daraasadduhu ay xadidayaan fahamkeenna hababka hoosta ku yaal iyo sida aan u fahmi karno dhibaatooyinkaas. CSB-da waxaa loo asteeyey sidii mid ka mid ah xakamaynta xakamaynta ama habdhaqanka habdhaqanka [Kraus et al., 2016]. Si kastaba ha ahaatee, inkastoo shuruudaha loo yaqaan 'hypersexual disorder' ayaa loo soo jeediyay DSM-5 oo lagu ansixiyey maxkamadaynta goobta [Reid et al., 2012], cilladahan oo ay weheliyaan isticmaalka cudurka quudinta internetka ama ciyaaraha fiidiyowga, laguma darin qaybta ugu muhiimsan ee DSM-5, qayb ahaan sababo xog xadidan oo ku saabsan xaaladaha. Sidaa daraadeed, daraasado dheeraad ah oo ku saabsan CSB ayaa lagama maarmaan u ah inay yeeshaan faham weyn oo ku saabsan jirradan. In kasta oo CSB ay lahaan karto dabeecado kala duwan, halkan waxaanu diiradda saarnaa koox ka kooban warbixinno culus oo ku saabsan isticmaalka daroogada ee qasabka ah. Waxaan u adeegsanay ereyga CSB marka laga hadlaayo in "compulsive" ay sharaxdo dhacdooyinka soo noqnoqonaya, looguma talagalin in lagu muujiyo fikradaha farsamooyinka ama falsafada.

Waxaan dib u eegis ku sameynay suugaanta ku saabsan xeeladaha habdhaqanka iyadoo la adeegsanayo muraayad ku salaysan voxel (VBM) ama dhumuc adag. Waxaan isticmaalnay erayada raadinta soo socda ee ku saabsan PubMed (http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed): '(("Morphometry-based voxel-based" ama "thick cortical") iyo],' waxaa ku xiga midkood "[khamaarka noolaha," "[qabatinka internetka]," "[khalkhalka internetka]," "," ama " [qabatinka ciyaaraha]. ” Wadar ahaan, daraasadaha 13 ayaa laga dhex helay qabatinka akhlaaqda ee la xiriira khamaarka, isticmaalka internetka, ama ciyaaraha fiidiyowga ee lagu qiimeeyo VBM ama dhumucda kortikal. Dib u eegista suugaanta waxaa lagu soo bandhigay Jaantuska 1 oo ka dooday hoos.

Jadwalka 1. Dib-u-eegista suugaanta ee daraasadaha dhumucda qiyaasta iyo kortikal ee ku saabsan balwadaha akhlaaqda

Fahmitaanka dhibaatooyinka naafaynta ah ee macaamiishu waxay ka timaadaa daraasaadka dhibaatooyinka isticmaalka maandooriyaha (SUD). Shakhsiyaadka qaba SUD waxay hoos u dhacaan miisaanka maskaxda iyo dhumucdarrada gaar ahaan gobollada xuduudaha ee horay loo xakameynayo kuwaas oo u hoggaansamaya kantaroolka dabeecadaha dabacsan. Miisaaniyadii ugu danbeysay ee falanqaynta 9 iyo shakhsiyaadka ku xiran alkahoosha khamriga ee 296 ayaa si weyn u yareeyay miisaaniyada hore ee miisaanka (GM), oo ay ku jiraan kortex xajmiga (ACC) [Xiao et al., 2015], oo leh miisaanka gaasta hore ee GM oo si xun u la xiriirta isticmaalka khamriga nool [Taki et al., 2006]. Qiyaasta hore ee GM-ga ayaa sidoo kale hoos u dhacday shakhsiyaadka ku-xirnaanta kakoobiga, oo ay ku jiraan kortex orbitofrontal (OFC) [Rando et al., 2013; Tanabe iyo al., 2009], kiliyaha horay loo soo galo [Rando et al., 2013] iyo ACC [Connolly et al., 2013], kii ugu dambeeya ee la xidhiidha isticmaalka daroogada [Connolly et al., 2013].

Kala duwanaanta kooxeed ee xajmiga koontooyinka iyo dhumucda ayaa ka yareynin mukhaadaraadka habdhaqanka (dib u eegista Jadwalka 1). Saddex daraasadood oo ku saabsan khalkhalka khamaarka ayaa muujiyey natiijooyinka aan la xariirin iyada oo dhumucdiisuna ay hoos u dhaceen gobollo badan oo horay loo gooyey iyo gariirka [Grant et al., 2015], tirada korodhka ee koontada hore ee saxda ah [Koehler et al., 2013] ama kala duwanaansho kooxeed [Joutsa et al., 2011]. Daraasad weyn oo ku saabsan khamaaraha dhibaatada daran ee aan yareyn, ma jiro kala duwanaansho kooxeed oo lagu arkay mugga maskaxda [van Holst et al., 2012]. Mid ka mid ah daraasad yar oo ku-samaysashada internetka ayaa muujisay in dhumucdeeda hooseysa ee gudaha OFC [Hong iyo m., 2013], iyada oo miisaan kale oo hoose lagu soo rogay koontada hore ee dorsolateral (DLPFC) [Yuan et al., 2011] iyo laba daraasadood oo soo jeedinaya hoos udhaca ACC [Yuan et al., 2011; Zhou et al., 2011]. Laba daraasadood oo yar yar ee xanuunka ciyaaraha internetka ayaa lagu soo sheegay heerarka hoos udhaca OFC [Weng et al., 2013; Yuan et al., 2013], iyo laba daraasadood oo waaweyn ayaa sheegay in qiyaasta yaryar ee cortex-ka [Lin et al., 2014; Wang et al., 2015] oo ay ku jiraan warbixinno keli ah oo sheegaya hoos u dhaca DLPFC [Wang et al., 2015], xagasha hoose ee [Lin et al., 2014], sariiro heer sare ah [Wang et al., 2015] iyo pearetal yare [Yuan et al., 2013] kortens. Marka la eego dhismayaasha hoose, hal baadhitaan yar ayaa soo sheegey tirooyinka sare ee VCE-da (VS) ee khalkhalka khamaarka [Koehler et al., 2013] iyada oo aan lahayn kala duwanaansho hoosaad lagu soo sheego daraasadaha kale. Dhibaatada ciyaaraha internetka, natiijadu waxay u dhigantaa mid aan ku haboonayn mid ka mid ah midka weyn ee Parahippocampal [Sun et al., 2014], Hippocampal hoose [Lin et al., 2014] ama kala duwanaansho la'aan [Wang et al., 2015; Weng et al., 2013]. Mid ka mid ah daraasaddan oo leh cabbirka saamiga macquul ah oo diiradda saaraya qiyaasaha hooseeya ayaa ku warbixiyay cufnaanta iyo xaddiga VS ee la xiriirta garashada garashada garashada garaafka [Cai et al., 2015]. Isku soo wada duub, natiijooyinka cortical ama unugyada aan caadiga ahayn ee khalkhalka khamaarka waa kuwo aan ku habooneyn. Taa bedelkeeda, warbixinno ku saabsan cilladaha kortikal ee isticmaalka internetka ama ciyaaraha internetka ayaa si joogto ah u soo warramay hoos u dhac ku yimid hoos udhaca tirada ACC iyo OFC ee la yareeyay ugu yaraan laba daraasadood.

Ilaa hadda, waxaa jira caddaymo aan caadi aheyn oo isbeddelka qaabdhismeedka qaabdhismeedka shakhsiyaadka leh CSB. Daraasadaha dadka caafimaadka leh ee isticmaala filimada qarsoodiga ah ee aan la helin calaamadaha CSB waxay muujinayaan qiimaha hoose ee GM ee coodsiga saxda ah [Kühn iyo Gallinat, 2014]. Daraasad MRI ah oo yar yar ee shakhsiyaadka leh CSB (N = 8 kooxkiiba) waxay muujiyeen hoos udhac yar oo xagga faafida ah ee dhinaca hore ee cad (WM) marka la barbar dhigo HV [Miner et al., 2009]. Marka la eego dhaqdhaqaaqa waxqabadka, labka HV waxay muujinayaan nidaamyo habeyn habdhaqan oo ka hooseeya bidixda BOLD ee muuqaalka erotic ah [Kühn iyo Gallinat, 2014] oo yareeyo suurta galnimada dambe ee mustaqbalka [Prause et al., 2015]. Taa bedelkeeda, marka la eego daraasadda FMRI ee ku salaysan hawsha, marka la barbardhigo CSB ee HV, fiidiyowyo cad oo jinsi ah ayaa waxay sare u qaadeen jawaabaha VS, amygdala iyo ACC BOLD jawaabaha laga helo CSB [Voon et al., 2014]. Isku xirnaanta waxqabadka u dhexeeya gobolladani waxay ku xiran tahay muujinta rabitaanka galmada ama "rabitaan" laakiin aan "jeclaan" maadooyinka CSB oo tilmaamaya doorka dhiirigelinta dhiirigelinta, isla barbar dhigga maandooriyaha maandooriyaha. Sidoo kale, daraasad kale oo ku saabsan qaadashada filimada internetka, sawirka jinsiga ayaa doorbidaya waxqabadyo fara badan oo iskudhaf ah oo xidhiidh la leh oo kaliya calaamadaha is-sheegida ee qaawan ee qaawan ee internetka ee aan la isticmaalin tallaabooyin kale oo ah habdhaqan galmo ama niyadjab [Brand and others, 2016]. Daraasad kale oo dhowaan soo baxday ayaa sidoo kale muujinaysa in shakhsiyaadka qaba dhibaatada jinsiga ah ee dhibaatada leh ay la kulmeen rabitaan galmo joogta ah oo sii kordhay markii ay la kulmeen dareenka jinsiga, iyo in dhaqdhaqaaq weyni lagu arkay caudate, lump pieretal lobe, dorsal anterior cingulate gyrus, thalamus, iyo DLPFC kooxdan [Seok iyo Sohn, 2015]. Shakhsiyaadka CSB-da waxay kaloo muujinayaan indho-indheynta hore ee dareenka jinsiga ah [Mechelmans et al., 2014] taas oo xidhiidh la leh doorashooyinka la doorto ee loogu talagalay amarrada loo adeegsado sawirrada galmada [Banca et al., 2016]. Ka jawaab celinta soo noqnoqoshada sawirrada xasaasiga ah, maaddooyinka CSB waxay muujinayaan habdhaqaajin ballaaran ee ACC-da oo ku saabsan natiijooyinka galmada, taas oo xidhiidh la leh doorashooyinka la doorto ee sawirrada galmada ee cusub [Banca et al., 2016], saameyn laga yaabo in lagu sharaxo labada habeeyneed laakiin waxa kale oo laga yaabaa inay la socoto fikradda dulqaadka dulqaadashada.

Daraasaddan imtixaanku waxay baartaa GM-yada casriga ah ee CSB waxayna dib-u-eegis ku samaysaa suugaanta waqtigan xaadirka ah ee daraasad qotodheer iyo koontaroolka qanjidhada ee khamaarka khamaarka iyo internetka iyo xanuunka isticmaalka ciyaaraha. Waxaan sidoo kale eegnaa xiriirinta shaqaynta gobolka ee CSB oo la midabtey HV oo leh qaabka naqshadeeynta badan ee multi-echo iyo falanqaynta qaybaha madaxbannaan (ME-ICA) taasoo calaamadaha BOLD loo aqoonsado qaybo madaxbannaan oo leh wakhti go'an oo qadarin ah - halka calaamadaha non-BOLD loo aqoonsaday sida qaybo ka mid ah shaqooyinka TE-ta [Kundu iyo al., 2012]. Waxaan rajeyneynaa shabakad carqalado ah oo salience ah iyo nidaamyo abaal-marin ah oo ay la socdaan amygdala, VS iyo dorsal ACC.

FARSAMADA

Ka qaybgalayaashu

Maaddooyinka CSB waxaa lagu soo qoray iyada oo la adeegsanayo xayaysiinta internetka iyo ka gudbinta daaweeyayaasha. HV-da oo da 'yar oo lab ah ayaa lagu qorey xayeysiisyo ku salaysan beelaha degaanka Bariga Anglia. Dhamaan maaddooyinka CSB waxaa wareysi u diray dhakhtarka maskaxda si loo xaqiijiyo inay fuliyaan shuruudaha lagu ogaanayo ee CSB (waxay soo buuxiyeen shuruudaha lagu ogaanayo ogaanshaha nooca cudurka qanjirada labadaba [Kafka, 2010; Reid et al., 2012] iyo takoorka galmada [Carnes et al., 2007], oo diiradda saaraya isticmaalka qasabka ah ee sheyga internetka ee jinsiga ah. Tani waxaa la qiimeeyay iyada oo la adeegsanayo nuqul ka mid ah Isbedelka Dhibaatooyinka Galmada Arizona (ASES) [Mcgahuey et al., 2011], kaas oo su'aalihii laga jawaabey miisaanka 1-8, oo leh dhibcado ka sareeya oo ka muuqda naafanimo weyn oo weyn. Marka la eego nooca calaamadaha, dhammaan maaddooyinka CSB iyo HV waxay ahaayeen lab iyo dheddig. Dhammaan HV waxay ahaayeen kuwo da'doodu udhaxayso (± 5 da 'sano) leh maaddooyinka CSB. Mawduucyada ayaa sidoo kale lagu baari jiray sidii ay ula qabsan lahaayeen bay'ada MRI sidii aan hore u qabannay [Banca et al., 2016; Mechelmans et al., 2014; Voon v al., 2014]. Shuruudaha ka-reebitaanka waxaa ka mid ah 18 da 'sano, oo leh taariikh taariikhda SUD, oo ah isticmaale joogta ah ee walxaha sharci darrada ah (oo ay ku jiraan cannabis), iyo haysashada cudur maskaxeed oo daran, oo ay ku jirto niyad-jabka culus ee dhexdhexaadka ah ama jirro khasaaro ah, ama taariikhda cudurka laba-cirifoodka ama cudurka dhimirka ee xaqiiqada looga baxo (oo lagu baaray iyada oo la isticmaalayo Shaxda Caalamiga ah ee Cudurka Iskudarka Naafada) [Sheehan et al., 1998]. Waxyaabaha kale ee macaamilada ama dabeecadaha kale ee dabeecadda ah ayaa sidoo kale laga reebay. Mawduucyada waxaa lagu qiimeeyaa dhakhtarka maskaxda ee ku saabsan isticmaalka dhibaatada ciyaaraha online-ka ama warbaahinta bulshada, khamaarka cirridka ama iibka qasabka, caruurnimada ama qaangaarka weyn ee feejignaanta maqnaashaha, iyo baaritaanka xanuunka loo yaqaan 'binge eating disorder'. Mawduucyada waxay dhameystireen habka UPPS-P Habdhaqanka Dabeecadaha Iskuduwaha [Whiteside iyo Lynam, 2001] si loo qiimeeyo niyad-jabka, iyo Beck Nooca Dareemaha [Beck et al., 1961] si loo qiimeeyo niyad-jabka. Laba ka mid ah maaddooyinka 23 CSB waxay qaateen daawada niyadjabka ama waxay isku-buuqsanaan jireen walwal xumo iyo cabsi bulsho (N = 2) ama cabsi bulshada (N = 1) ama taariikh caruurnimo oo ah ADHD (N = 1). Oggolaansho qoran ayaa la helay, daraasaddana waxaa ansixiyay Guddiga Anshaxa Cilmi-baarista Jaamacadda Cambridge. Mawduucyada waxaa loo bixiyay kaqeybgalkooda.

Nuuroimaging

Qaadashada xogta iyo falanqaynta

Dhismo.

Sawirada qaabdhismeedka ayaa la ururiyey oo ay ku jiraan miisaaniyadda buuxda ee miisaan-dejinta (MPRAGE) iyaga oo adeegsanaya Siemens Tim Trio 3T-scanner iyadoo la adeegsanayo qalabka 32-kan oo isticmaalaya xajmiga miisaanka MPRAGE (1 sagittal slices, scan daqiiqadii 176; 9 ms; Xilliga loo yaqaan "2,500 ms"; 4.77 ms; Waqtiga soo noqnoqda = 1,100 ms; matrixka helitaanka = 256 256 176; xajmiga xajmiga = 7 °; qiyaasta qiyaasta xNUMX × 1 1 mm). Baadhitaanku wuxuu ka dhacay Xarunta Imtixaanka Xarunta Imtixaanka ee Wolfson Brain at University of Cambridge.

Xogta qaabdhismeed waxaa lagu baaraandegey Mabaadiida Xisaabinta Xisaabinta (SPM8; http://www.fil.ion.ucl.ac.uk/spm) (Xarunta Caafimaadka ee Wellcome for Neuroimaging, London, UK). Sawirrada anatomiyadeed ayaa gacanta loo geystay, oo asal ahaan ka soo jeeday bakhaarada hore. Sawirada waxaa loo kala qaybiyay (iyadoo la adeegsanayo Qaybta Cusub ee SPM) oo loo yaqaan 'GM, WM' iyo 'fluid cerebrospinal fluid' (CSF) oo ku saleysan khariidadaha istiraatiijiga ah ee nudaha unugyada ee nooc kasta oo unugyo ah. Saddexda qaybood ee nudaha unugyada ayaa lagu soo koobay inay soo saaraan qiyaastii qiyaastii isku dhafanaanta gudaha. Template-ga ayaa la sameeyay iyadoo la isticmaalayo DARTEL [Ashburner, 2007], kaas oo qeexaya xuduudaha lagama maarmaanka u ah in lagu habeeyo shakhsiyaadka 'muuqaalka GM-ga asalka ah meel caadi ah, qaab isdhaafsi ah. Naqshaddan 'DARTEL' ayaa markaa ka dib laga diiwaangeliyey khariidadaha suuragalka ah ee nudaha oo leh isbeddello afeed, oo sawirro u keenaya booska MNI. Sawirro ayaa loo kala qaaday si ballaadhan oo ballacdiisu dhan yahay badhkeed ugu badnaan 8 mm³.

Dib u dhiska gobolka.

Daahfashinta xogta fMRI ee gobolka ayaa la heley daqiiqado 10 indhaha oo la furan oo leh shabakadda Siemens 3T Tim Trio oo leh xannaanad 32 oo ku taal xarunta Wolfson Brain Imaging Centre, University of Cambridge. Xilliga Dib-u-eegista (multiple-echo echo echo planar image) waxaa loo isticmaalay dib u dhiska internetka (waqtiga ku celcelinta, 2.47; xagal wareega, 78 °; xajmiga miisaanka 64 64; xakamaynta gudaha, 3.75 mm, FOV, 240 mm; 32 lakin, Qalabka xajmiga ee xNUMX mm ee leh 3.75% farqiga; iPAT factor, 10; xadhigga xawaaraha = 3 Hz / pixel; Xilliga wakhtiga (TE) = 1,698, 12, 28, iyo 44 ms).

Falanqaynta walxaha madax-bannaan oo badan (ME-ICAv2.5 beta6; http://afni.nimh.nih.gov) ayaa loo adeegsaday falanqaynta iyo ka-soo-baxitaanka xogta fara badan ee fedraaliga ah ee nasashada. ME-ICA waxay ku jajabisaa xogta fara-badan ee FMRI qaybo madax-bannaan oo leh FastICA. Isbeddelka signalka BOLD boqolkiiba isbeddelka isbeddelka wuxuu ku xiran yahay TE, oo ah dabeecadda ah T2 * burbur. Tani waxay ku xiran tahay TE-F-statistic, kappa, oo leh qaybo si xoog leh u koraya TE ee leh dhibcaha sare ee kappa [Kundu iyo al., 2012]. Qaybaha aan-BOLD-ka waxaa lagu aqoonsan yahay madax-bannaanida TE-da,F-statistic, tirtir. Qaybaha ayaa sidaasi ah lagu kala saaraa sida BOLD ama aan BOLD ku salaysan kappa iyo tirinta qiyaasta qiimaha, siday u kala horreeyaan [Kundu et al., 2012]. Waxyaabaha aan-BOLD-ga ahayn ayaa laga saaraa saadaalinta, xogta maqalka ee dhaqdhaqaaqa, farshaxanka jirka iyo farsamooyinka qaab adag oo ku saleysan mabaadi'da jireed. Shakhsiyaadka sawirada echo qorshaynta dhawaaqa echo ayaa udub dhexaad u ahaa MPRAGE oo waxay caadi u ahaayeen shaxanka Montreal Neurological Institute (MNI). Jaangooyooyinka boosaska waxaa lagu sameeyay kernel Gaussi ah (ballac buuxa kala badhkiis = 6 mm). Koorsada waqtiga ee voxel kasta ayaa si ku-meel-gaar ah loogu dhajiyay band-ka sifeeyay (0.008 f <0.09 Hz). Baadhitaanka anatomical ee shaqsi kasta waxaa loo qaybiyay GM, WM, iyo CSF. Qaybo muhiim ah oo muhiim ah oo ka mid ah calaamadaha WM iyo CSF ​​ayaa laga saaray.

Falanqaynta isku-xirnaanta farsamooyinka waxaa lagu fuliyay iyada oo la adeegsanayo gobanimo xiiso leh (ROI) qaabka la socdo qalabka isku xirka CONN-fMRI Isku-xirka Isku-xirka [Whitfield-Gabrieli iyo Nieto-Castanon, 2012] ee SPM (http://www.fil.ion.ucl.ac.uk/spm/software/spm8/).

Falanqaynta tirakoobka

Astaamaha mawduucyada iyo dhibcaha su'aalaha ayaa la barbardhigay kooxaha leh laba-dabo t- Iskoolka iyada oo aan ku fekerin kala duwanaansho siman. Dhamaan falanqaynta tirakoobka waxaa lagu sameeyay iyada oo la isticmaalayo R version (3.2.0) [Kooxda RC, 2014].

Dhismo

Isbarbardhig kooxeed, Muga GM ee maadooyinka CSB iyo HV ayaa lagu galay qaab guud oo toosan (GLM). Xogta waxaa lagu saxay wadarta guud ee mugga intracranial iyadoo la adeegsanayo qiyaasta saami ahaan iyo maaskaro cad oo ku jirta SPM. Isbarbardhiga kooxda waxaa loo habeeyay da'da iyo dhibcaha niyadjabka labadaba. Waxaan diiradda saarnay mudnaanta gobollada la qiimeeyay ee xiisaha lagu ogaanayo daraasadihii hore [Voon et al., 2014] iyo falanqaynta maaddada daaweynta cuna-qabatinka daroogada [Kühn iyo Gallinat, 2011], oo ah VS-ka bidixda iyo saxda ah, amygdala bidix iyo bidix, iyo ACC-da oo isticmaalaya mugga yar ee la saxo (SVC) qaladka qoyska-khibradda leh (FWE) P <0.01 (Bonferroni ayaa lagu saxay isbarbardhigyo badan). Falanqeyntan SVC-da ah, waxaan u isticmaalnay VS anatomical ROI, oo horey loo sharaxay [Murray et al., 2008] kaas oo gacanta lagu soo tuuray iyada oo la adeegsanayo MRIcro iyadoo lagu saleynayo qeexitaanka VS ee Martinez et al. [2003]. Amygdala ROI waxaa laga helay Aaladaha Aaladaha Aaladda Aaladda (AAL) atlas. ACC-da ayaa si isdaba-joog ah loogu bedelay iyagoo isticmaalaya sanduuqa MarsBaR ROI [Brett et al., 2002] oo ku saleysan cortex xayiraad ROI oo ka timid Alas Alas. Waxaa wax laga bedelay sida xudduudda xuddunta u ahayd caarada genu ee callosum corpus [Cox et al., 2014; Desikan et al., 2006] iyo xuubka danbe wuxuu ahaa dhammaadkii danbe ee gunta oo ka sameysma callosum corpus [Desikan et al., 2006]. Falanqayn dheeraad ah oo lagu hagaajinayo dhibcaha BDI ayaa la sameeyey.

Dib u dhiska gobolka

Si loo barbardhigo isku xirnaanta udhaxeysa maadooyinka CSB iyo HV, khariidadaha isku xirnaanta maskaxda ee ROI-to-voxel oo dhan ayaa loo xisaabiyay qeybta abuurka amygdala bidix ee xiisaha iyada oo lagu saleynayo natiijooyinka kala duwanaanta tirada kooxda Khariidadaha isku xirnaanta natiijada ayaa la galiyay GLM si buuxda loo barbardhigo isku xirnaanta maskaxda oo dhan ee udhaxeysa kooxaha isku hagaajinaya da'da iyadoo la raacayo falanqeyn ku xigta oo lagu hagaajinayo da'da iyo niyadjabka. Kooxda maskaxda oo dhan ayaa saxday FWE P <0.05 waxaa loo tixgeliyey mid muhiim u ah kala duwanaanshaha kooxaha.

Natiijooyinka

Calaamadaha

Labaatan iyo saddex rag ah oo ragga ah oo qaba CSB (da'da 26.9; SD 6.22 sano) iyo da'da 69 (da'da 25.6; Sanadihii SD 6.55) Heterosexual male HV ayaa ka qayb qaatay daraasaddan 2), oo ay ka mid yihiin 19 CSB iyo 55 HV dhammeystiray xogwaraysiga akhlaaqda. Maadooyinka CSB waxay lahaayeen BDI (P = 0.006) iyo UPPS-P (P <0.001) dhibcaha marka la barbar dhigo HV. Dhibcaha kale ee akhlaaqda oo ay ku jiraan qaabka iyo darnaanta qaawan iyo isticmaalka internetka ayaa laga soo sheegay meelo kale [Mechelmans et al., 2014; Voon v al., 2014].

Jadwalka 2. Xogta dadka iyo habdhaqanka ee maadooyinka habdhaqanka galmada ee qasabka ah iyo mutadawiciin caafimaad qaba

Dhismo

Falanqaynta ROI ee Amygdala bidix iyo midig, VS bidixda iyo saxda ah iyo ACC-da ayaa muujisay in mugga wejiga bidix ee amygdala lagu kordhiyay CSB marka la barbardhigo HV-ga la isku daray (SVC FWE-saxo, P = 0.0096, Z = 3.37, xyz = −28, −4, −15) (Bonferroni ayaa loo saxay SVC FWE-waa la saxay P <0.01) (Sawir. 1). Dhamaan falanqaynta kale ee ROI ma ahayn mid muhiim ah. Dejinta niyad-jabka ayaan waxba ka beddelin natiijooyinka kala duwan ee kooxda.

Jaantus 1.

• Furan sawir qaade
• Ka soo daj Sawirka Powerpoint

Mabaadiida ku salaysan Voxel oo ku jira dabeecadaha galmada ee qasabka ah. Mugga weyn ee amygdala ayaa lagu muujiyay dabeecadaha jinsiga ee qasabka ah oo ku xiran mutadawiciin caafimaad leh. Sawirka ayaa la jaraa P <0.005 aan la sifeynin sawirka. [Sawirka midabka waxaa laga daawan karaa wileyonlinelibrary.com]

Dawladaha nasashada

Iyada oo ku saleysan natiijooyinka qaab-dhismeedka, waxaan baarnaa xiriirinta hawlaha gobolka ee nasashada iyadoo abuur ah oo ku yaal amygdala bidix. Waxaanu helnay isku-xir yaraansho leh DLPFC-ga labada (DLPFC Right: P = 0.012, Z = 4.11, xyz = 31 42 16; Bidix DLPFC: P = 0.003, Z = 3.96, xyz = −27 52 23) (Sawir. 2). Isku hagaajinta BDI ma beddelin muhiimada natiijooyinka (Xaqa DLPFC: P = 0.001, Z = 4.54, xyz = 31 61 23; Bidix DLPFC: P = 0.003, Z = 4.26, xyz = −29 49 35).

Jaantus 2.

• Furan sawir qaade
• Ka soo daj Sawirka Powerpoint

Ku nasashada xiriirinta shaqeynta gobolka ee amygdala bidix. Dabeecadda galmada ee qasabka ah waxay la xiriirtaa hoos udhigida xiriirinta shaqeynta gobolka ee amygdala (bidix, bidix) leh kortext horjeeda horjooge ah (dhexe iyo midig), oo ku xiran tabarucayaal caafimaad leh. Sawirka ayaa la jaraa P <0.005 aan la sifeynin sawirka. [Sawirka midabka waxaa laga daawan karaa wileyonlinelibrary.com]

DHIBAATOOYINKA

Waxaan baari karnaa kala duwanaansho dhexdhexaad ah iyo kuwo dhexdhexaad ah ee shakhsiyaadka leh CSB marka la barbardhigo HV. Maaddooyinka CSB waxay kor u qaadeen hannaanka amygdala ee bidix iyo hoos u dhigista xiriirinta hawlaha inta lagu jiro nasashada amygdala bidix iyo DLPFC labadaba.

Amygdala waxaa lagu soo koobay habka aaminka dabiiciga ah ee hogaaminaya dabeecadda. Nuclei ee xiriirka amygdala horay u ahaa dhexdhexaadin deegaanka ama midda dhexdhexaad ah oo leh matalaad isku mid ah oo qiimo leh, dhiirigelinta salaada dhiirigelinta dhiirigelinta [Everitt et al., 2003], iyo sidoo kale ka shaqaynta xakamaynta dareenka [Cardinal et al., 2002; Gottfried et al., 2003]. Natiijada mugga korodhka amygdala wuxuu ka soo horjeedaa dhowr daraasadood oo ku saabsan xanuunada khamriga [Makris et al., 2008; Wrase et al., 2008], iyada oo daraasado ku saabsan noocyadan noocan ah ee walbahaarka la yiraahdo hoos u dhac ku yimid heerarka amygdala, halka tallaabooyinka qiyaasta ah ee la qiimeeyey. Faahfaahin suurtogal ah oo ku saabsan isdhaafsigaani waa in isticmaalka walxaha muddada dheer uu keeno isbeddelada neuroplastic oo muddo dheer soconaya iyo sunta [Kovacic, 2005; Reissner iyo Kalivas, 2010] kuwaas oo gacan ka geysan kara adkaynta daroogada raadinta daroogada [Gass iyo Olive, 2008]. Cudurka neurotiinka noocan ah ayaa dhab ahaantii gacan ka geysan kara in faafin baahsan oo lagu arko walxaha mukhaadaraadka [Bartzokis et al., 2000; Carlen et al., 1978; Mechtcheriakov et al., 2007]. Noocyada noocan ah ee daroogada ee daroogada la xiriira waxa laga yaabaa inay tahay arrin aad u macquul ah oo ku jirta SUD, laakiin way ka yar tahay arrin ku jirta waxyaabaha la xariira akhlaaqda. Daraasad dhawaan la sameeyey oo la adeegsanayo fMRI, oo la xidhiidha tilmaamaha galmada ee galmada ee CSB marka la barbar dhigo maaddooyinka aan CSB ahayn oo la xiriirta hawlgelinta amygdala [Voon et al., 2014]. Hadday isbeddelka mugdiga amygdala uu yahay shakhsiyaadka qeexaya horey u jirey CSB ama la xiriirta qulqulka xad dhaafka ah ayaa la sameynayaa.

Shaqada DLPFC waxaa si fiican loo yaqaanaa in lala xiriiriyo dhinacyo ballaaran oo la xakameynayo garashada garaadka [MacDonald et al., 2000] iyo xusuusta shaqada [Petrides, 2000]. Natiijadayada xiriirka shaqo ee hoos udhexaadka u dhexeeya amygdala iyo DLPFC waxay ku kooban yihiin suugaanta hadda jira ee ku xirnaanaysa isku xirnaanta gobolladan. Isku xirnaanshaha farsamaysan wuxuu muhiim u yahay xeerka dareenka, kaas oo horay looga soo sheegay in xiriirka yaraaday ee udhexeeya amygdala iyo DLPFC ee shakhsiyaadka leh ciyaaraha internetka ay la xiriirto heerarka sare ee dareenka [Ko iyo al, 2015]. Daraasad kale oo lagu qiyaaso awoodda wax looga bedelo jawaabaha dareenka xun ee loo adeegsanayo isticmaalka istaraacyooyinka garashada waxay muujiyeen in dhaqdhaqaaqyada goobaha gaarka ah ee koontada hore, oo ay ku jiraan DLPFC, oo ay la socdaan waxqabadka amygdala, iyo xiriirinta shaqeynta u dhaxaysa gobolladan waxay ku xiran tahay xeeladaha garashada garashada nidaamka dareenka xun [Bankiyada iyo al., 2007]. Isku xirnaanta Amygdala iyo DLPFC ayaa sidoo kale la mid ah niyad-jabkii nudaha [Siegle et al., 2007]. CSB waxaa lala xiriiriyay calaamadaha welwelka iyo walwalka iyo cadaadiska ayaa kicin kara hawlahaas; si kastaba ha ahaatee, natiijooyinkeenu waxay ku xirnayd dhibcaha niyad-jabka. DLPFC waxaa sidoo kale lagu soo bandhigay daraasad ku saabsan labka HV oo ka mid ah isticmaalka filimada weyn ee la xidhiidha xiriirka hooseeya ee ka dhexeeya DLPFC iyo gawaarida marka la eegayo sawirro cad oo [Kühn iyo Gallinat, 2014].

Waxaan ka digaynaa in natiijooyinkani ay yihiin kuwo horey loo soo saaray oo la siiyey mugga yar ee maadooyinka CSB inkastoo si gaar ah aan ula barbardhigay kooxdan iyada oo la eegayo cabbirka tiro badan ee HV. Xaddidaadda daraasaddan ayaa ah xuruufta dadweynaha. Sida aynaan ku darin maaddooyinka kale ee cudurada maskaxda dhimirka ee kale kuwaas oo laga yaabo inay door ka qaataan kaalin mihnadeed, natiijooyinkaas waa in si taxadar leh loo hirgeliyo Maaddooyinka CSB iyada oo lala xiriirinaayo dadka kale. Waxaa intaa dheer, isbedelka qaabdhismeedka iyo ficilada ee la xariira maaddooyinka CSB waxaa laga yaabaa inay la xiriiraan sifooyinka horay u jirey ama waxay noqon karaan natiijada saamaynta CSB, iyo sida daraasaddan oo kale ah ma sameyn karto natiijooyin ku saabsan saameynta CSB. Daraasadaha mustaqbalka waa in ay bartilmaameedsadaan si ay u qiimeeyaan tallaabooyinka dheeraadka ah si loo ogaado khilaafaadka ka dhexeeya ujeedka dawlad-goboleedyada iyo dabeecadaha iyo cilladaha neef-qabashada kahor inta aan la gaarin tirada badan ee sambalka iyo ciyaalka isku dhafan.

Natiijooyinkayagii hadda waxay muujinayaan kor u kaca qiimaha sare ee gobolka oo ku xiran saliida dhiirigelinta iyo isku xirnaanshaha gobolka ee nasashada ee shabakadaha xakamaynta nidaamka horay hoos-xukunka. Burburinta shabakadaha noocaas ah waxay sharxi karaan nidaamyada asaasiga ah ee dabeecadaha dabiiciga ah ee jawiga amaba kor u qaadista waxqabadka dhiirigelinta dhiirigelinta dhiirigelinta. Inkasta oo natiijooyinka noocan ah ee ka soo horjeeda kuwa ku jira SUD, natiijooyinkani waxay muujin karaan kala duwanaansho iyada oo la adeegsanayo saamaynta neurooxikada ee duroogada dabadheeraad ah. Cadaymaha soo-ifbaxaya waxay soo jeedinayaan khatarta xad-dhaafka ah ee leh habka mukhaadaraadka oo si gaar ah u taageeraya aragtiyaha dhiirigelinta dhiirigelinta. Waxaan soo bandhignay in dhaqdhaqaaqa shabakadan salience ka dibna la sii wanaajiyay ka dib markii la soo bandhigay tilmaam ku saabsan calaamadaha muujinaya jinsiga oo aad u sareeya [Brand et al., 2016; Seok iyo Sohn, 2015; Voon v al., 2014] oo ay la socdaan xakameyn feejignaan leh [Mechelmans et al., 2014] iyo rabitaan gaar ah oo ku saabsan cyo jinsi ah laakiin ma ahan guud ahaan rabitaanka galmada [Brand et al., 2016; Voon v al., 2014]. Fikradaha loo baahanyahay in lagu muujiyo tilmaamaha galmada ee jinsiga ah ayaa sii dheeraanaya doorbidista jilicsanaanta jinsiga leh sidaas oo ay xaqiijinayaan xiriirka ka dhexeeya habdhaqanka galmada iyo indho-indheynta [Banca et al., 2016]. Natiijooyinka ficilada la xoojiyey ee la xidhiidha amarrada galmada la xiriira waxay ka duwan tahay natiijada natiijada (ama kicinta aan shuruudaha lahayn) taas oo xoojinaysa habdhaqanka, iyadoo laga yaabo inay la socoto fikradda dulqaad, waxay kordhisaa doorbididda dareenka jinsiga [Banca et al., 2016]. Wadajirta natiijooyinkani waxay ka caawiyaan helitaanka habdhiska neerobika ee CSB ee u horseedaya faham weyn oo ku saabsan cilladda iyo aqoonsiga calaamadaha daweynta suurtagalka ah.

Mahadnaq

Waxaan jeclaan lahaa inaan u mahadcelino shaqaalaha WBIC waayo khibradooda iyo caawimaadkooda ururinta xogta sawirada, iyo ka qaybgalayaasheena waqtigooda iyo ballanqaadkooda. Sidoo kale, waxaan jeclaan lahayn inaan u mahad celino Thaddeus Birchard iyo Paula Hall si loogu diro bukaanka daraasadda. Machadka Dabeecadda Dhaqanka iyo Kiliiniga (BCNI) waxaa taageera Guddiga Cilmibaarista Caafimaadka iyo Fayo-dhawrka Caafimaadka.

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