aan la taaban karin
Asalka iyo Ujeeddooyinka
Si wax looga qabto farqiga u dhexeeya hadda baarista ee loogu talagalay isticmaalka sawir-xumada dhibaatada leh (PPU), waxaan markii hore sameynay oo aan tijaabinay lix shay oo koobaya Sawirka Filimka Gaarka ah (BPS) oo wax laga weydiiyay PPU lixdii bilood ee la soo dhaafay.
Qaababka iyo Kaqeybgalayaasha
Waxaan ka soo shaqaalaynay shan shay-baar oo madax-bannaan oo ka kala yimid Mareykanka iyo Poland si aan u qiimeyno astaamaha maskaxda ee DDB. Daraasadda 1, waxaan ku qiimeynay qaab dhismeedka, isku halaynta, iyo qodobbada ansaxnimada annaga oo adeegsanay tusaale muunad ah 224 askarta Mareykanka ah. Hal shay oo ka yimid BPS ayaa lagu tuuray Daraasada 1 sababta oo ah oggolaanshaha shay yar. Daraasadihii 2aad iyo 3aad, waxaan baaris dheeraad ah ku sameynay shanta shay astaamaha qaabdhismeedka DDB waxaanan ku qiimeynay isku halleyntooda iyo ansaxnimadeeda labo qeybood oo matalan Mareykanka matalaya (N = 1,466, N = 1,063, siday u kala horreeyaan). Daraasadda 4, waxaan xaqiijinay qaab dhismeedka waxaanan qiimeynay ansaxnimadiisa iyo aaminnimadeeda iyadoo la adeegsanayo muunad 703 qof oo reer Poland ah. Daraasadda 5, waxaan ku xisaabinay natiijada cutub-ka-jarista shaashadda annaga oo adeegsaneyna tusaalaha 105 bukaan oo lab ah oo raadsanaya daaweyn loogu talagalay cilaaqaadka galmada qasabka ah (CSBD).
Natiijooyinka
Natiijooyinka ka soo baxa falanqaynta qaybaha maamulaha iyo falanqaynta qodobka xaqiijinta ayaa taageeray hal-hal xal oo soo saaray joogteyn sare oo gudaha ah (α = 0.89-0.90), iyo waxay lafagur ku sameysaa cunsurrada kale ee lagu taageeray ee dhismaha, iskudhaca, aasaaska, iyo ansaxnimada takoorka shaashadda cusub ee la soo saaray. Natiijooyinka ka soo baxay Qalooca Howlgalka Aruuriyaha (ROC) qalooca ayaa soo jeediyay dhibco goos goos ah oo afar ama ka badan ah oo lagu ogaanayo suurtagalnimada PPU.
Gabagabada
DDB waxay u muuqdaan inay yihiin kuwo maskax ahaan maskax ahaan, gaaban, iyo fududahay in lagu adeegsado goobo kala duwan oo leh awood sare oo loogu adeegsan karo dadka ku nool guud ahaan heerarka caalamiga ah.
Hordhac
Waqtigaan la joogo, waxaa jira doodo aad u badan oo ka dhex jira dhakhaatiirta iyo baarayaasha oo ku saabsan sida ugu wanaagsan ee loo kala sooco xad-dhaafka / dhibka ku lug leh habdhaqanka galmada (Kraus, Voon, & Potenza, 2016b), iyo aqoonyahanada waxay soo jeediyeen kala sooc ay kujirto jahwareerka sicir bararka (Kafka, 2010), jahwareerka xakamaynta (Grant et al., 2014; Kraus et al., 2018), ciladda qasabka ah ee galmada qasabka ah ee galmada (CSBD)Coleman, Raymond, & McBean, 2003), ama qabatinka dabeecada (Kor, Fogel, Reid, & Potenza, 2013). Isticmaalka dhibaatooyinka qaawan ee dhibka leh (PPU) waxaa lagu qarin karaa habdhaqanno kale oo galmo oo la kulma shuruudaha ogaanshaha ee CSBD sida lagu qeexay ICD-11 (Kraus et al., 2018). CSBD waxaa lagu sifeeyay inay tahay qaab isdaba joog ah oo lagu guuldaraysto xakameynta, rabitaan galmo soo noqnoqda ama guubaabo, taasoo dhalisay dabeecad galmo oo soo noqnoqota muddo dheer (tusaale, 6 bilood ama kabadan) oo ka dhaliso walaac ama curyaaminta bulshada, shaqada, ama waxyaabo kale oo muhiim ah aagagga ay ka shaqeeyaan (Kraus et al., 2018; Ururka Caafimaadka Adduunka, 2018). Daraasadda hadda socota waxay qiimeysay astaamaha nafsaaniga ah ee shaashadda warbixin is-diyaarin ah oo loogu talagalay in lagu qiimeeyo suurtagalnimada PPU ee shan shay-baarka ah oo ka kooban kuwa aan-weynayn iyo bukaan-weyne caafimaad.
Qiyaasaha prevalence ee CSBD ee dadka daaweynta iyo kuwa aan rugo caafimaad ahayn ayaa wali ahmiyad leh (Gola & Potenza, 2018; Kraus, Voon, iyo al., 2016b). Daraasad dhowaan la sameeyay oo ah 2,325 dadka waaweyn ee Mareykanka ah ayaa lagu ogaadey in 8.6% muunada matalaha (7.0% dumarka iyo 10.3% ragga) ay taageereen heerar caafimaad oo laxiriira walaaca iyo / ama naaquska laxiriira walaacyada xakameynaya dareenka galmada, rabitaanka, iyo dabeecadaha (Dickenson, Gleason, Coleman, & Miner, 2018). Gaar ahaan adeegsiga qaawan, xogta laga soo qaatay muunad wakiil qaran oo Mareykan ah oo ah 2,075 adeegsadayaasha Internetka ayaa lagu ogaaday in ku dhawaad kalabar (n = 1,056) ayaa soo sheegay adeegsiga qaawan ee sanadkii hore, iyo 11% ragga iyo 3% dumarka ah ayaa soo sheegay “dareensi ay ka buuqsan yihiin”.Grubbs, Kraus, & Perry, 2019b). Caddeymo horudhac ah oo laga soo uruuriyey askarta milatariga Mareykanka waxay soo jeediyeen in sare loo qaado dhaqanka galmada qasabka ah (Smith et al., 2014); si kastaba ha noqotee, daraasaduhu sida caadiga ah ugama baaraan PPU askarigii hore ee Mareykanka, koox lagu xuso cibaado aad u sareysa oo caafimaad iyo jahwareer (James, Strom, & Leskela, 2014).
Dheeraad ah, shakhsiyaadka raadinaya daaweynta CSBD, badankood (> 80%) waxay soo sheegaan walaac ku saabsan isticmaalka filimada (Gola iyo al., 2018; Kraus, Potenza, Martino, & Grant, 2015b; Reid et al., 2012; Scanavino iyo al., 2013). Shakhsiyaadkaas, PPU waxaa badanaa lagu gartaa damac, yaraanta is-xakameynta, naaquska shaqada, iyo adeegsiga sawirrada si looga takhaluso walwalka ama niyadda dysphoric (Kraus, Martino, & Potenza, 2016a; Wordecha et al., 2018). Shakhsiyaadka raadsanaya daaweynta PPU iyo dabeecadaha kale ee galmada waxay inta badan soo sheegaan walaacyada maskaxda ee ay ka mid yihiin, diiqadda, walaaca, iyo ciladaha isticmaalka maandooriyaha (Kraus, Potenza iyo al., 2015b).
Si loo aqoonsado PPU, isbarbardhigyo is-warbixineed oo dhowr is-warbixin ah ayaa la sameeyay oo la tijaabiyay oo ay ku jiraan Dhibaatooyinka Filimka Dhibaatada Filinka (PPUS) (Kor et al., 2014), Qiyaasta Isticmaalka Sawirada Filimka Khasaare Gaarka ah (CPC) (Noor, Rosser, & Erickson, 2014), Isticmaalka Waxyaabaha Fiinta Saxda ah ee Shabakada Internetka (CPUI / CPUI-9)Grubbs, Sessoms, Wheeler, & Volk, 2010; Grubbs, Volk, Exline, & Pargament, 2015), Istaraatiijiyadda Isticmaalka Isticmaalka Saxarada ee Filimada (PCI) (Reid, Li, Gilliland, Stein, & Fong, 2011b), Su'aalaha Rabitaanka Filimada ee Filimka (PCQ) (Kraus & Rosenberg, 2014), iyo Cabirka Isticmaalka Saxarada Filimka Dhibaatada leh (PPCS) (Bothe et al., 2018), iyo Qiyaasta Isticmaalka Sawirada Filimada ee Dhibaatada leh (PPCS-6) (Bőthe, Tóth-Király, Demetrovics, & Orosz, 2020). In kasta oo mid waliba leeyahay xoog, qaar badan oo ka mid ah su'aalahan xog isweydaarsiga ayaa leh xadidan oo aan inta badan lagu dhicin tijaabada adag ee cilmi nafsiyeedka (eeg eeg) Fernandez & Griffiths, 2019 si looga doodo tallaabooyinka qaawan). Tusaale ahaan, waxay caadi ahaan lagu soo sameeyay oo lagu tijaabiyay tijaabooyin aan-ahayn xarun caafimaad, shaybaarada ku habboon ee wadamada reer Galbeedka, inta badan waxay la 'yihiin qaab dhismeedka aragti mideysan ama baarista, waxay qiimeeyaan astaamo badan oo kala duwan oo astaamaha u ah astaamaha, mana laha dhibco goyn goos goos goos ah oo lagu go'aaminayo. oo ay tahay in ay sii qiimeeyaan xirfadlayaasha caafimaadka dhimirka. In kasta oo dhibaatooyinkaasi yihiin kuwo kusaabsan xuquuqdooda, hadana waxay si aad ah uga sii horreeyaan marka loo eego aqoonsiga ogaanshaha ee CSBD. Bishii Juun 2019, CSBD si rasmi ah loogu daray ICD-11 (Ururka Caafimaadka Adduunka, 2018) iyo wada shaqeynta sare ee PPU, hormarinta gaagaaban, adkeynta, iyo aaladaha baarista codka maskaxda ku saabsan ee loo yaqaan PPU si weyn ayaa loogu baahan yahay si wax looga qabto nusqaamaha hada ka jira garoonka.
Ujeeddooyinka daraasadda hadda jirta
Marka la eego xaddidaadaha lagu sharraxay kor, shaqada hadda jirta waxay sharraxaysaa horumarinta qalab baaritaan oo kooban Baadhitaanka Muuqaalka Muuqaalka Kooban (BPS) si loogu aqoonsado PPU shan daraasadood oo madaxbannaan. Daraasadda 1aad, waxaan baarnay 283 qiimeyntii halyeeyada militariga Mareykanka ee heshiiskii ay la galeen waxyaabihii la soo jeediyay, waxaan sameynay falanqeyn aasaasi ah, waxaan qiimeynay kalsoonida gudaha iyo ansaxnimada DDB. Daraasadda 2, waxaan u adeegsanay adeegga Omnibus ee ay bixiso Qualtrics Survey Software si aan u qorno 2,075 qof oo qaangaar ah oo Mareykan ah oo u dhigma heerarka wakiillada Mareykanka si dib loogu xaqiijiyo qaab-dhismeedka hal shay ee shaashadda, loona qiimeeyo kalsoonidiisa gudaha, iyo in la baaro xiriirka ka dhexeeya BPS iyo cabbirada cilmu-nafsiga. Daraasadda 3, waxaan u adeegsanay adeegga guddiga 'Turkprime panel' inaan dib u qiimeyn ku sameyno qaab-dhismeedka istiraatiijiga BPS ee 1,063 dadka qaangaarka ah ee Mareykanka ah ayaa mar kale la jaanqaaday qawaaniinta wakiillada isla markaana baaray isku xirnaanta tallaabooyinka cilmu-nafsiga Daraasadda 4, waxaan qortay 703 qof oo qaan-gaar ah oo ku saleysan bulshada reer Polish si aan u xaqiijinno qaab-dhismeedka cunsuriga ee muunad aan Mareykan ahayn oo aan ku qiimeyno is-waafajinta gudaha iyo ansaxnimada. Tusaalaha 5, waxaan baarnay astaamaha bukaan socodka ee bukaanka ragga ah ee 105 ee Poland ee raadinaya daaweynta PPU si loo dhiso dhibcaha goos gooska daaweynta. Qorista dhammaan daraasadaha waxaa si faahfaahsan looga hadlay Qalabka Dheeraadka ah.
Falanqaynta tirakoobka ee daraasadaha 1-5
Daraasadihii 1aad iyo 4aad, waxaan u isticmaalnay SPSS-19 xagga tirakoobka sharaxaadda, chi-squares, falanqaynta qaybaha maamulaha, Isbarbardhiga daqiiqada Pearson, ANCOVAs, iyo madax-bannaan t-tsts.
Daraasadihii 2 iyo 3, waxaan ku sameynay moodelkeena CFA annaga oo adeegsanay lavaan (Rosseel, 2011) xirmo loogu tala galay 'R,' iyadoo la adeegsanayo qiyaasta labajibaarane ugu yaraanta culeyska, taas oo aan u qaadaneynin wax caadi ah ama isku mid ah waxyaabaha hadhaaga ah oo ay doorbideyso xogta sharciga ah (Flora & Curran, 2004). Daraasadda 5, waxaan u isticmaalnay SPSS-19 qabashada falanqaynta qalooca Qaadashada Qaadashada Qaadashada (ROC).
Waxbarashada 1
Habka
Nidaamka iyo ka qaybgalayaasha
Daraasada 1 waxaa lagu sameeyay xog laga soo qaatay Daraasada Khibradaha ee Soo Noqoshada Halyeeyada (SERV), kuwaas oo shaqaalaysiiyay halyeeyadoodii militariga ee guud ahaan Mareykanka (Kraus et al., 2017; Smith et al., 2014). Qawaaniinta guud ee loo shaqaaleysiinayo shaqaaleysiinta kaqeybgalayaasha iyo fulinta mashruuca SERV ayaa lagu sifeeyay meelo kale (Kraus et al., 2017). Shuruudaha u-qalmidda daraasadda waxay ahaayeen sidan soo socota: (a) laga soocay (laga saaray) millatariga Mareykanka; (b) ruug-caddaa reer Ciraaq, Afgaanistaan, ama Ciraaq ku xeeran; (c) ugu yaraan da'da 18 sano; (d) Afka Ingiriiska ku hadla; iyo, (e) ku nool Mareykanka Qayb ka mid ah xog-ururintan ayaa horay loogu daabacay waraaqaha soo socda (Decker iyo al., 2019; Moisson et al., 2019; Scoglio iyo al., 2017; Cimaamad, Potenza, Hoff, Martino, & Kraus, 2017, Cimaamadda, Shirk, Potenza, Hoff, & Kraus, 2020), laakiin midkoodna waraaqahan midkoodna diiradda saareynin qaab-dhismeedka ama ansaxnimada BPS.
Tusaalaha Astaamaha
283 kaqeybgale oo la wareystay, badankood waxay ahaayeen rag (70.6%, n = 197) oo leh da 'isku celcelis ah 35.1 (SD = 9.2) sano. Tilmaamaha tusaalaha ayaa ku qoran Shaxda Dheeraadka ah ee 1.
Cabbiraadaha
Qoraagii ugu horreeyay wuxuu diyaariyey lixda shey ee bilowga ah ee BPS sida ugu macquulsan ee loo yaqaan PPU ee muunadaha halyeeyada Mareykanka. Waxyaabahan ayaa markii hore la soo saaray markii qoraa ugu horreeyay uu dhammaystirayo iskaashi ka dambeeya cilmu-nafsiga. Waxyaabaha ayaa laga soo saaray iyada oo lagu saleynayo is-dhexgalka bukaan-eegtada ee bukaannada iyo shaqadii laga sii waday daraasadihii hore ee baaraya xiriirinta kiliinikada PPU Kraus, Martino iyo al., 2016; Kraus & Rosenberg, 2014). Marka xigta, waxyaabaha la soo jeediyey waxaa gudbiyey laba xubnood oo kale ka hor inta aan lagu eegin Daraasada 1.
Daraasadda 1aad, kaqeybgalayaasha waxaa lasiiyay BPS, oo loogu talagalay in lagu garto shakhsiyaadka ka warbixinaya dhibaatooyinka maaraynta isticmaalkiisa sawirrada. Qiyaasta bilowga waxay ka koobneyd lix shay. Kaqeybgalayaasha waxaa la weydiiyay, "6dii bilood ee la soo dhaafay, ma mid ka mid ah xaaladahan oo kugu dhacay miyaa laxiriira isticmaalkaaga qaawan?" Jawaabaha Shayga ayaa ahaa 0 (waligood), 1 (mar mar), iyo 2 (inta badan), oo leh tirada gooldhalinta min 0 illaa 12. Eeg Shaxda 1 Erayga saxda ah ee BPS.
Jadwalka 1.Daraasadda 1, tirinta tirokoobka heshiis ee lixda shay ee shaashadda sawirrada sawir-qaadaha ee kooban (BPS) ee ka dhexeysa halyeeyada Mareykanka (N = 222)
| Items | Marna (%) | Marmarka qaarkood (%) | Inta badan (%) | M (SD) | Qeybta matrix |
| Waxaad ku arki doontaa naftaada adoo adeegsanaya waxyaalo badan oo sawiro ah. | 60.5 | 29.6 | 9.9 | 1.49 (0.67) | 0.80 ∗ |
| Waxaad isku dayday inaad 'joojiso' ama joojiso adeegsiga sawirada qaawan, laakiin kuma guuleysan. | 73.5 | 18.8 | 7.2 | 1.33 (0.61) | 0.82 ∗ |
| Way kugu adagtahay inaad iska caabiso rabitaano adag oo ah inaad isticmaasho sawirada. | 61.9 | 28.7 | 9.0 | 1.47 (0.66) | 0.84 ∗ |
| Waxaad ku arki doontaa naftaada adoo isticmaalaya sawirada qaawan si aad ula qabsato shucuurta adag (tusaale, murugo, xanaaq, kalinimo, iwm). | 68.6 | 20.2 | 10.8 | 1.42 (0.68) | 0.73 ∗ |
| Waad sii wadeysaa inaad isticmaasho sawirada qaawan inkasta oo aad dareento dambi. | 61.4 | 25.6 | 12.6 | 1.51 (0.71) | 0.76 ∗ |
| Dadku waxay muujiyeen walaac ku saabsan isticmaalkaaga sawirada. | 90.6 | 5.8 | 3.1 | 1.12 (0.41) | 0.49 |
note. Waxyaabaha ay ka kooban yihiin qaybta furitaanka ayaa muujinaya culeys ka sareeya qeybtaas. Xogta ka maqan laba kaqeybgale.
Qaybta 1 = 3.75; Boqolkiiba farqiga u dhexeeya = 62.5%.
*Waxyaabaha xarkaha badan ayaa lagu hayey nooca ugu dambeeya.
M = celcelis; SD = leexashada heerka.
Waxaan kaloo isticmaalnay Habdhaqanka Galmada iyo Su'aalaha Taariikhda FilimadaRosenberg & Kraus, 2014) si loo qiimeeyo taariikhda galmada ee kaqeybgalayaasha iyo filimada qaawan ee la adeegsado, PCQ (Kraus & Rosenberg, 2014) si loo qiimeeyo rabitaanka sinada (α = 0.83), iyo PPUS (Kor et al., 2014) si loo qiimeeyo astaamaha la xiriira PPU (α = 0.83). Qiyaasta Dabeecadda Akhlaaqda ee UPPS-PCyders, Littlefield, Coffey, & Karyadi, 2014; Lynam, Smith, Whiteside, & Cyders, 2006) waa 45-su’aal-weydiin oo soo qiimeeyay guud ahaan karti darida (α = 0.80) iyo Daawaynta (la'aanta) ()α = 0.84), Degdeg taban (α = 0.81), Degdeg Wanaagsan (α = 0.81), Dareenka-Raadinta (α = 0.84), iyo Adkaysiga (la'aanta) qaybaha (α = 0.83), iyo Habdhaqanka Dabeecadaha Dhaqanka (HBI)Reid, Garos, & Nijaarrada, 2011a) si loo cabbiro astaamaha jiritaan-qofeed (α = 0.82). Su'aal dheeri ah ayaa lagu qiimeeyay xiisaha halyeeyada ee helitaanka daaweynta dabeecadaha (yada) gaarka ah ee CSBD (tusaale ahaan, filimada qaawan ee qasabka ah, jinsi aan caadi aheyn / qarsoodi ah, iwm.).
Ethics
Guddiga Dib-u-eegista Hay'adda ee Wasaaradda Arrimaha Halyeeyada ayaa oggolaaday daraasadda. Dhamaan kaqeyb galayaasha waxay bixiyeen ogolaansho qoraal ah oo la ogeysiiyay kahor intaysan ku lug laheyn daraasada
Natiijooyinka
Isticmaalka filimaanta iyo dhaqanka galmada ee halyeeyada
Kow iyo labaatan boqolkiiba (n = 59) kaqeybgaleyaasha ayaa ku waramay in aysan waligood arkin sawiro qaawan. Qiyaastii 51% (n = 42) haweenku waxay muujiyeen inaysan waligood isticmaalin qaawan markii loo barbar dhigo 8.6% ragga (n = 17), χ2 (5) = 96.15, P <0.001, Cramer's V = 0.59. Sababtoo ah daraasada hada socota waxay diirada saareysaa qiimeynta nafsaaniga ah ee DDB si loo qiimeeyo PPU, waxaan ka saarnay 59-daan qof ee aan qaawan ee ka faa iideysan daraasada, ayaga oo usii daayay 220 shaqsiyaad si ay usameeyaan falanqeyn kadib.
Shayga oo hoos udhaca iyo qaab dhismeedka shaashadda Sawirka Filimka Gaaban ee Kooban (BPS)
Waxaan marka hore sameynay dhimis shay annagoo fiirinayno isku-darka isugeynta shay ee lixda qodob ee hore (Shaxda 1). Alaabada oo dhan si dhexdhexaad ah ayey isu xirnaayeen (rs = 0.31-0.70, P <0.001), oo soo jeedinaysa in midkoodna aan lagu tirtiri karin asalka. Marka labaad, waxaan baarnay tirinta soo noqnoqodka ee heer kasta oo heshiis ah mid kasta oo ka mid ah lixda shay ee ku jira DDB si loo aqoonsado shay kasta oo 'aan dheelitirnayn' (Clark & Watson, 1995). Adeegsiga qaanuunka go'aankan, hal shay (“Dadku walaac bay muujiyeen”) waxay ku habboon yihiin ciribtirka; si kastaba ha noqotee, dhammaan lixda shay waxaan u hoos gelinay falanqaynta qaybaha guud (aan la wareegin) ujeeddooyin kale oo yareyn ah.
Falanqaynta qaybta maamulaha (PCA) waxaa badanaa loo isticmaalaa hoos u dhaca sheyga ee horumarka iskeelka, iyo PCA iyo falanqaynta qodobka sahaminta (EFA) inta badan waxay soo baxaan natiijooyin la mid ah (Schneeweiss & Mathes, 1995). Sababtoo ah fududeynta BPS (asal ahaan 6 walxood) iyo qodobka kaliya ee salka ku haya, ujeedkeennu wuxuu ahaa si fudud in la yareeyo tirada walxaha iyadoo la ilaalinayo inta ugu badan ee asalka ah intii suurtagal ah (sida ugu macquulsan)Conway & Huffcutt, 2003). Si kastaba ha noqotee, haddii DDB ay ku jiraan arrimo badan, oo aan xiiseyneynay xiriirka ka dhexeeya qodobbadaas, EFA ama qaabaynta isleegsiga qaabdhismeedka (SEM) ayaa la tixgelin lahaa. Hoos waxaan ka soo sheegay natiijooyinka PCA-ga.
Natiijooyinka ayaa soo saaray kaliya hal qaybood oo leh dhalad 3.75, taasoo ka dhigtay 62.5% isku darka wadarta (Shaxda 1). Kaliya sheyga aan horay loo aqoon ee aan isku dheelitirneyn ma uusan laheyn rar badan (-0.50) iyo isweydaarsi (> 0.40); adoo adeegsanaya qaanuunka go'aankan (Costello & Osborne, 2005), shaygii ayaa la tuuray. Shanta shay ee hartay waxay lahaayeen isku xirnaan gudaha oo heer sare ah (α = 0.89), isku hallayn iskudhaf ah (0.92), iyo iskumid dhexdhexaad dhexdhexaad ahr = 0.62), taageerida isku halayn la'aanta DDB (Clark & Watson, 1995).
Dhisaan, iskuxirid, qiimeyn, iyo ansaxinta takoorka ee DDB
Si aan u qiimeyno hal shay oo ansax ah dhismaha, waxaan marka hore baarinay haddii buundooyinka BPS ay ku kala duwan yihiin sida tirada xaddiga sawirrada qaawan ee loo daawado, ka dib marka aan la qabsado jinsiga. Natiijooyinka ANCOVA waxay muujiyeen saameyn weyn oo weyn oo ku saabsan soo noqnoqda adeegsiga qaawan ee sinada, F (3, 216) = 14.32, P <0.001, qayb ahaan η2 = 0.12. Isticmaalida isbarbardhiga post-hoc-ka (Bonferroni-saxa) waxaan ogaanay in isticmaaleyaasha maalinlaha ah ee dadka isticmaala sawirada (M = 4.39, SD = 2.10, SE = 0.48) ayaa lahaa dhibco aad uga sareeya BPS marka loo eego isticmaaleyaasha usbuuclaha ah (M = 2.53, SD = 0.73, SE = 0.29), oo isaguna helay dhibco ka sareeya BPS marka loo eego isticmaaleyaasha billaha ah (M = 1.45, SD = 0.36, SE = 0.25). Waxaan sidoo kale xisaabinay xiriiryada daqiiqada daqiiqada ee Pearson si aan u qiimeyno cilaaqaadka u dhexeeya doorsoomayaasha daraasadda, iyo taakuleynta ansaxnimada isku xirnaanta, waxaan helnay xiriir wanaagsan oo adag oo u dhexeeya buundooyinka PPUS iyo dhibcaha BPS (fiiri eeg) Shaxda 2 shuruudaha laba-nooc ee jinsiga). Taageerida ansaxnimada shahaadada, waxaan helnay xiriir fiican laakiin dhexdhexaad ah oo ka dhexeeya buundooyinka DDB, HBI, iyo dhibcaha PCQ. Iyada oo lagu taageerayo ansaxnimada midabtakoorka, DDB inta badan lama xirnaaneynin awoodda, in kasta oo ragga, oo aan ahayn haweenka, deg-degga xun iyo kuwa toganba ay si wanaagsan ula xiriiraan, in kasta oo daciif ah, oo ah dhibcaha DDB.
Jadwalka 2.Daraasadda 1, Xeerarka iyo hababka iyo weecinta caadiga ah ee daraasadaha kaladuwan ee daneynta askarta Mareykanka
| doorsoome | Shaashadda Filimka Gaaban ee Kooban | Range | |||
| Haweenka (n = 40) | Ragga (n = 180) | ||||
| r | M (SD) | r | M (SD) | ||
| Shaashadda Filimka Gaaban ee Kooban | - | 0.80 (1.73) | - | 2.55 (2.87) | 0-10 |
| Su'aalo Doonista Filimada Filimka | 0.32 ∗ | 2.03 (0.95) | 0.45 ∗∗ | 2.95 (1.34) | 1-7 |
| Isticmaalidda Pornography Sababaha | 0.77 ∗∗ | 1.27 (0.50) | 0.75 ∗∗ | 1.92 (0.98) | 1-5.7 |
| Astaanta Habdhaqanka Muhiimka ah | 0.66 ∗∗ | 27.1 (9.0) | 0.60 ∗∗ | 34.8 (15.4) | 18-95 |
| Deg-degga xun ee UPPS-P | 0.29 | 2.27 (0.51) | 0.30 ∗∗ | 2.36 (0.52) | 1.3-3.9 |
| Koronto la’aanta UPPS-P | 0.11 | 2.07 (0.44) | -0.03 | 2.08 (0.40) | 1.2-3.3 |
| U-adkeysi la'aanta 'UPPS-P' | 0.18 | 1.79 (0.42) | 0.11 | 1.94 (0.48) | 1.0-3.4 |
| Raadinta Dareenka UPPS-P | -0.02 | 2.61 (0.48) | 0.05 | 2.87 (0.37) | 1.2-4.0 |
| UPPS-P Deg Deg Degdeg ah | 0.22 | 1.94 (0.44) | 0.22 ∗∗ | 2.23 (0.48) | 1.1-3.6 |
note. *P <0.05, ∗∗P <0.01.
M = celcelis; SD = leexashada heerka.
Daaweynta hab dhaqanka galmada
220-kii ruug-caddaa ee sahaminta laga sameeyay ee ku saabsan aragtidooda qulqulka (eeg Shaxda Dheeraadka ah ee 1), sagaal waxay muujiyeen inay danaynayaan daaweynta PPU. Dhammaan shaqsiyaadka waxay ahaayeen rag (9 ka mid ah 180 rag ah, 5%). BPS waxay ka dhigan tahay natiijada shanta haray ee hartay sagaalka nin waxay ahayd 6.67 (SD = 2.95). Dhammaan daraasadihii xigay (2-5) waxay u adeegsadeen shanta shay BPS falanqayntooda tan iyo markii la sameeyay Daraasadii 1aad ka dib.
Waxbarashada 21
Habka
Nidaamyada iyo Kaqeybgalayaasha
Anaga oo adeegsanayna adeegga "Omnibus" ee ay soo saartay Software-ka Daraasaadka 'Fittrics Survey Software', waxaan shaqaalaysiinay wakiil qaran oo Mareykan ah (muunadda aan suurta gal ahayn ee ku saleysan caadooyinka tirakoobka 2010 da'da, jinsiga, sinjiga, qowmiyadda, daqliga, iyo gobolka Tirakoobka Mareykanka) ee daraasad qeybaha waaweyn ee dadka waaweyn. (N = 2,075; 51% haweenka [n = 1,059], 49% rag ah [n = 1,016]; Mda'da = 44.8, SD = 16.7).
Qaybo ka mid ah xog-uruurintan ayaa lagu sharxay meelo kale waraaqaha soo socda, laakiin labada waraaqood midkoodna ma uusan diiradda saarin qaab-dhismeedka ama ansaxnimada BPS (eeg eeg) Xawaashyada, Kraus et al., 2019b; Grubbs, Kraus, Perry, Lewczuk, & Gola, 2020).
Cabbiraadaha
Daraasaduhu waxay ku koobnaayeen dadka waaweyn ee qiray inay daawashada qaawan yihiin sanadkii la soo dhaafay (N = 1,058, 66% ragga). Dabeecadaha isticmaalka sawir-qaadista waxaa lagu qiimeeyay saddex shay. Gaar ahaan, waxaan weydiinay kaqeybgalayaashu intee jeer ayay si ula kac ah u daawadaan waxyaabaha qaawan ee keli ah sanadkii la soo dhaafay. Waxaan sidoo kale weydiinay kaqeybgalayaasha sida badan ee ay ula qabsadeen ficil-xumo sanadkii ina dhaafay. Labada su'aaloodba, jawaabaha waxay ahaayeen 1 (ma ahan) ilaa 8 (hal mar maalintii ama in ka badan). Hal shey ayaa kaqeybgalayaasha weydiiyay inay soo sheegaan, daqiiqado gudahood, intee in le'eg maalin ay qaateen, celcelis ahaan, daawashada qaawan.
Gaar ahaan muunaddan iyo marka lagu daro BPS, waxaan sidoo kale u kuurgalnay cillad nafsi ah oo ay ka mid yihiin saddex walxood oo isku buuqsan iyo laba walax oo walaac laga qabo cabbirka Calaamadaha Kala-goynta ee loogu talagalay DSM-5 (Duulaan et al., 2013). Waxaan maamulnay seddex shay oo CPUI-9 ah (Grubbs et al., 2015) in la qiimeeyo jawaabaha gaarka ah ee la aaminsan yahay ama la aaminsanaanta ee ku saabsan adeegsiga sawirrada. Shay kasta waxaa lagu dhaliyay cabbir dhan 1 (aad u diiddan) ilaa 7 (si adag u raacsan). Waxyaabahaan wajiga lagu ansaxiyay waxaa laga soo qaatay 'hoosaadka' CPUI-9 ': Isuqulaadka La Gaaray (tusaale, "Waxaan rumeysanahay in la i caabuqay'), Helitaanka Hawlaha (tusaale," Waxaan iska fogeeyay waxyaabihii aan u baahnaa inaan sameeyo si aan u daawado qaawan ") , iyo Murugada Maskaxda (tusaale, "Waxaan dareemayaa niyad jab kadib markii aan daawaday qaawan"). Dhamaan sedexda shay waxay si aad ah ugu xiran yihiin dabeecadaha isticmaalka-qaawanGrubbs, Wilt, Exline, & Pargament, 2018a; Grubbs, Wilt, Exline, Pargament, & Kraus, 2018b).
Ethics
Guddiga Dib-u-eegista Hay'adda ee Jaamacadda Bowling Green State University waxay ansaxisay daraasadda 2 in ay tahay mid ka reeban. Dhamaan kaqeyb galayaasha waxay bixiyeen ogolaashaha macluumaadka elektarooniga ah kahor intaysan ku lug laheyn daraasada
Natiijooyinka
Waxaan ku samaynay Falanqaynta Xaqiiqda Xaqiijinta (CFA) annaga oo adeegsanayna qiyaasaha culeyska ugu yar-labajibaaranaha (DWLS) oo leh kala duwanaan adag, maaddaama qiyaasta DWLS aysan u qaadaneynin caadi ahaanta ama isku-ekaanshaha hadhaaga waxaana doorbidayaa xogta nidaamyada (Flora & Curran, 2004). Falanqayntaani waxay daaha ka rogtay BPS heer sare ah oo ku habboon qaab dhismeedka qaab dhismeedka aan la qiyaasi karin (Robust χ)2 (5) = 3.06, P = 0.69; CFI = 1.00, TLI = 1.00, RMSEA <0.001, SRMR = 0.01). Celceliska dhibcaha BPS wuu hooseeyay (M = 1.56, SD = 2.53), iyo falanqaynta isku halaynta gudaha ayaa shaaca ka qaaday joogteynta gudaha ee sare (α = 0.90). Ragga ayaa helay dhibco ka sareysa BPS (M = 2.24, SD = 2.81) marka loo eego dumarka (M = 1.70, SD = 2.60); t (2, 1,056) = 3.05, P <0.001, Cohen's d = 0.20).
Dhibcaha DDB waxay si togan ula xiriiraan tillaabooyin badan oo jihooyinka laga filayo. Dhibcaha DDB waxay sifiican ulaxiriiraan weedhaha '' Aniga waxaa i saraysa sawiro 'r = 0.620, P <0.001), "Waxaan dareemayaa niyad jab kadib markaan daawaday filimada" (r = 0.47, P <0.001), iyo "Waxaan dib u dhigay waxyaabo aan u baahnaa inaan sameeyo si aan u daawado sawir-gacmeedka" (r = 0.59, P <0.001). Dhibcaha BPS waxay si togan ula xiriiraan soo noqnoqoshada filimada sawir qaadashada sanadkii la soo dhaafay (r = 0.39, P <0.001), siigaysiga filimada qaawan sanadkii la soo dhaafay (r = 0.40, P <0.001), celcelis ahaan daqiiqado maalinle ah ayaa lagu qaatay daawashada filimada (r = 0.23, P <0.001), iyo dareenka guud ee dhibaatada nafsiga ah (r = 0.34, P <0.001).
Waxbarashada 32
Habka
Nidaamyada iyo Kaqeybgalayaasha
Xogta laga helo 470 dadka waaweyn ee internetka adeegsanaya oo adeegsiga qaawan ee sawir-qaade ah ayaa laga falanqeeyey muunad weyn oo ah 1,063 dadka waaweyn ee Mareykanka ah oo u dhigma caadooyinka qaran ahaan u matalaya Mareykanka ee ku saleysan 2010 caadooyinka wakiilka Mareykanka ee Mareykanka (oo ku saleysan xogta tirakoobka Mareykanka) da'da, jinsiga, qowmiyadda, isirka, gobolka Tirakoobka Mareykanka, iyo dakhliga. Muunad aan suuragalka ahayn waxaa shaqaalaysiiyay oo magdhabay adeegga guddiga Turkprime (Litman, Robinson, & Abberbock, 2017).
Qayb ka mid ah xog uruurintaan ayaa horey loogu daabacay waraaqaha soo socda (Grubbs et al., 2020; Grubbs & Gola, 2019; Gogosha, Grant; Engelman, 2019a; Grubbs, Warmke, Tosi, James, & Campbell, 2019d); si kastaba ha noqotee, midkoodna daraasadaha ma aysan diiradda saarin qaab dhismeedka ama ansaxnimada BPS.
Cabbiraadaha
Iyada oo la waafajinayo daraasadda 2, waxaan xadidnay falanqaynta kuwa ka soo warbixiyay adeegsiga qaawan ee sanadkii la soo dhaafay (N = 470; Mda'da = 44.9; SD = 15.9; 72% ragga). Isticmaalka dabeecadaha qaawan ayaa la qiimeeyay, sida daraasadda 2, iyadoo la adeegsanayo DDB iyo cabbiraadaha inta jeer ee isticmaalka qaawan ee kelinimo ah, inta jeer ee niyadda iyo sinjiga, iyo celcelis ahaan isticmaalka maalinlaha ah ee qaawan ee daqiiqadda. Dhibaatooyinka guud ayaa lagu cabiray isla cabbirka loo yaqaan 'DSM-5 Cross-Cut Cutaring' oo lagu sharxay daraasadda 2. Dareenka nafsi-sheegashada ee balwadda-xun ayaa lagu qiimeeyaa CPUI-9 (α = 0.91; Grubbs et al., 2010; Grubbs et al., 2015) iyo qayb hoosaadkeeda ah oo qiimeynaya Khibradda La Khaasay (α = 0.93), Murugo Murugo (α = 0.92), iyo Helitaanka Dadaal (α = 0.87).
Ethics
Guddiga Dib-u-eegista Hay'adda ee Jaamacadda Bowling Green State University waxay ansaxisay daraasadda 3 in ay tahay mid ka reeban. Dhamaan kaqeyb galayaasha waxay bixiyeen ogolaashaha macluumaadka elektarooniga ah kahor intaysan ku lug laheyn daraasada
Natiijooyinka
CFA isticmaalaya qiyaasta Robust DWLS waxay shaaca ka qaaday BPS heer sare ah oo ku habboon isku filnaansho la'aanta (χ)2 (5) = 8.64, P = 0.12; CFI = 0.99, TLI = 0.98, RMSEA = 0.03, SRMR = 0.02). Micnaha dhibcaha BPS ayaa hooseeyay (M = 1.92, SD = 2.69) iyo isku halaynta gudaha ayaa sareysay (α = 0.91). Ragga (M = 2.25, SD = 2.75) ayaa dhaliyay dhibcaha ka sareeya dumarka (M = 1.12, SD = 2.39; t [1,48] = 4.04, P <0.001, Cohen's d = 0.40).
Dhibcaha DDB waxay la xiriireen buundooyin wadarta guud ee CPUI-9r = 0.72, P <0.001) iyo Isku-qasnaanta Dareenka (r = 0.75, P <0.001), Dadaallada Helitaanka (r = 0.64, P <0.001), iyo Cadaadis Dareen (r = 0.47, P <0.001) miisaaniyadaha hoose. Dhibcaha BPS waxay si wanaagsan ula xiriiraan inta jeer ee isticmaalka fara-xumeynta sanadkii la soo dhaafay (r = 0.47, P <0.001), inta jeer ee siigaysiga si aad u qaawan tahay sanadkii la soo dhaafay (r = 0.43, P <0.001), celcelis ahaan isticmaalka filimada qaawan ee daqiiqado (r = 0.33, P <0.001), iyo dareenka guud ee dhibaatada (r = 0.33, P <0.001).
Waxbarashada 4
Habka
Nidaamka iyo ka qaybgalayaasha
Tusaalaha (Shaxda Dheeraadka ah ee 4) wuxuu ka koobnaa 703 qof oo boolis ah (512 dumar ah, 72.8%) oo da'doodu tahay 18-54 sano (M = 26.04, SD = 6.07). Qayb ka mid ah xog uruurintan (191 lab) ayaa ka soo baxday xog uruurin lagu tilmaamay Kowalewska, Kraus, Lew-Starowicz, Gustavsson, iyo Gola (2019).
Dhammaan dadka waaweyn waxaa laga shaqaaleysiiyay dadweynaha Polish iyaga oo u sii maraya xayeysiis ku saleysan webka oo ku yaal gumtree.pl (nooca Polish ee Craigslist) iyo hiperseksualnosc.pl (websaydhka kooxda baaritaanka). Kaqeybgalayaasha dhameeyay sahanka khadka tooska ah ee internet-ka isla markaana ka tagay cinwaankooda emayl waxay xaq u yeesheen inay ku guuleystaan mid ka mid ah abaalmarinnada soo socda, shan foosto-buugeed oo ah 30, 15, ama 5 Doolar iyo 30 tikidhada masraxa filimka. Dhammaan cinwaannada emaylku waxay ku kaydsan yihiin kayd u gaar ah oo aan lala xiriirin xogta xog-ururinta si ay gacan uga geystaan hubinta qarsoon.
Cabbiraadaha
Marka lagu daro isticmaalka DDB, waxaan ku qiimeynay qulqulatooyinka iyadoo la adeegsanayo is-waafajinta Poland ee UPPS-P (Poprawa, 2014). Waxaan cabbirnay astaamaha waswaaska khasabka ah iyadoo la adeegsanayo la-qabsiga Polish-ka ee soo-saaridda qasabka ah ee 'obsessive khasabka ah - Revised (OCI-R) (Foa et al., 2002; faahfaahinta tarjumaadda lagu bixiyay; Gola iyo al., 2017a) iyo la qabsiga Polish-ka ee Baadhitaanka Tijaabada Baaritaanka Ku-Galmoodka Jinsi - Dib loo eegay (SAST-R) (Gola iyo al., 2017a) in la qiimeeyo (1) ku mashquulida galmo, (2) wax yeelo, (3) cilaaqaadka cilaaqaadka xaga galmada, iyo (4) dareenka ah in laga adkaado dhaqanka galmada (SAST-R wadar ahaan) α = 0.80).
Ethics
Nidaamyada oo dhan waxaa ogolaaday guddiga anshaxa ee machadka cilmi nafsiga, Akademiyada Polish ee Sciences. Dhammaan kaqeybgaleyaasha waxaa lasiiyay ogolaansho qoraal ah oo la ogeysiiyay kahor intaysan ku lug laheyn daraasada.
Natiijooyinka
Dhismooyinka cilmu-nafsiga ee BPS-la-waafajiyey BPS
CFA dheeri ah oo la isticmaalayo qiyaasta Robust DWLS waxay soo saartay taam aad u wanaagsan xalka hal-hal ah (Robust χ2 (5) = 2.12, P = 0.83; CFI = 1.00, TLI = 1.00, RMSEA = 0.00, SRMR = 0.02). Si la mid ah daraasadihii hore, laqabsashada Polish-ka ee DDB waxay leedahay joogteyn sare oo gudaha ah (α = 0.89) iyo isku-darka dhexdhexaad dhexdhexaadka shay (r = 0.62). Labadaba, joogteynta gudaha iyo iskuxirka sheyga isku xirxiran labka ayaa ka sarreeyay (α = 0.88; r = 0.61) ka badan haweenka (α = 0.85; r = 0.54).
Sida ku cad Shaxda 3, tusaalaha oo buuxa, celceliska dhibcaha BPS wuxuu ahaa 1.92 (SD = 2.65). Ragga (M = 3.56, SD = 3.11) ayaa lahaa dhibco ka sareeya DDB marka loo eego dumarka (M = 1.12, SD = 1.92), t (701) = 10.12, P <0.001, Cohen's d = 0.76). Tirada daqiiqadaha lagu qaatay daawashada sawirrada qaawan waxaa si liidata ugu xirnaa buundooyinka DDB laakiin waa ragga oo keliya. Taageerida ansaxnimada shahaadada, buundooyinka DDB waxay si togan ula xiriiraan darnaanta calaamadaha sida lagu qiyaaso SAST-R. Iyada oo lagu taageerayo ansaxnimada midab kala sooca iyo la mid ah Daraasadda 1, ma helin wax xiriir ah oo ka dhexeeya natiijooyinka BPS iyo wax-ku-raadinta UPPS-P iyo xiriir la'aanta liidata ee udhaxeysa buundooyinka DDB iyo deg-degga xun, deg-deg wanaag, iyo adkeysi. Buundooyinka DDB waxaa si liidata ugu xirnaa astaamaha waswaaska Shaxda 3 dhamaan cilaaqaadka).
Jadwalka 3.Xeerarka dhibcaha DDB oo leh cabbirro kale oo laga soo qaaday tusaale ahaan dadka waaweyn ee reer PolandN = 703)
| doorsoome | Shaashadda Filimka Gaaban ee Kooban | Range | |||
| Haweenka (n = 512) | Ragga (n = 191) | ||||
| r | M (SD) | r | M (SD) | ||
| Shaashadda Filimka Gaaban ee Kooban | - | 1.12 (1.92) | - | 3.56 (3.11) | 0-10 |
| Xaddiga loo adeegsado qaawanaanta qaawan inta lagu jiro usbuucii la soo dhaafay (min.) | 0.07 | 60.46 (108.93) | 0.17 ∗ | 124.66 (179.12) | 1-1,200 |
| Imtixaanka Baaritaanka Galmada ee Galmada - Dib loo eegay | 0.43 ∗∗ | 3.81 (2.99) | 0.61 ∗∗ | 5.51 (4.23) | 0-18 |
| Waxyaabaha Lagu Soo Kordhiyey khasabka ah - Dib loo eegay | 0.17 ∗∗ | 18.03 (10.38) | 0.25 ∗∗ | 19.21 (9.72) | 0-58 |
| Deg-degga xun ee UPPS-P | 0.22 ∗∗ | 29.26 (7.16) | 0.29 ∗∗ | 27.02 (7.79) | 2-48 |
| Koronto la’aanta UPPS-P | 0.06 | 22.28 (5.26) | 0.14 | 21.83 (5.86) | 2-41 |
| U-adkeysi la'aanta 'UPPS-P' | 0.14 ∗∗ | 20.25 (5.18) | 0.15 ∗ | 20.24 (4.92) | 2-37 |
| Raadinta Dareenka UPPS-P | -0.06 | 31.22 (7.75) | -0.004 | 34.39 (7.99) | 4-48 |
| UPPS-P Deg Deg Degdeg ah | 0.12 ∗∗ | 28.02 (9.54) | 0.27 ∗∗ | 28.90 (10.03) | 9-56 |
Fiiro gaar ah. *P <0.05, ∗∗P <0.01.
M = celcelis; SD = leexashada heerka.
Waxbarashada 5
Habka
Nidaamyada iyo kaqeyb galayaasha
Si loo baaro buundada goos gooska ee DDB, waxaan qiimeynay 105 nin oo Polish dheeri ah oo da’doodu u dhexeyso 18-55 sano jir (M = 32.94; SD = 7.45) kuwaas oo raadinayay daaweyn CSBD, badankood ayaa soo sheegay PPU (arag Jadwalka Dheeraadka ah 5 iyo 6). Kooxda raadinta daaweynta waxaa ku jira xog-uruurinta daraasadaha soo socda: Wordecha iyo al. (2018) (9 rag ah); Gola, Lew-Starowicz, Draps, iyo Kowalewska (2019) (57 rag ah); Draps iyo al. (2020) (26 rag ah); Holas, Draps, Kowalewska, Lewczuk, & Gola (2020) (13 rag). Kooxda xakamaynta ayaa ka koobnayd 191 rag ah oo waaweyn oo jira 18-54 (M = 26.04; SD = 6.07) laga soo bilaabo Daraasadda 4aad.
Bukaannada raadinaya daaweynta waxaa lagu shaqaaleysiiyaa ragga ragga ah ee raadinaya daaweynta PPU ee labo rugo caafimaad oo cilminafsiyeedka ku yaal Warsaw inta u dhaxaysa Juun 2014 iyo Noofambar 2017. Dhammaan bukaannada raadinaya daaweynta PPU waxay la kulmeen afar ka mid ah shanta shuruudood ee lagu ogaanayo cudurka jahwareerka sida uu soo jeediyay. Kafka (2010) loogu talagalay DSM-5.
Cabbiraadaha
Kadib markay dhammeeyeen wareysiga koowaad, bukaannada waxaa laga baaray shuruudaha ka mid ahaanta / ka saarista. Shuruudda ka mid noqoshada / ka saarista waxay ka koobneyd khaniisad ahaan ama tan guud ahaan khaniisnimada (sida lagu qiimeeyay iyadoo la adeegsanayo isbarbardhigga Polish ee Miisaaniyadda Kinsey; Kinsey, Pomeroy, & Martin, 1948) iyo inaanad buuxin shuruudaha dheef-shiid kiimikaadka ee isticmaalka aalkolada (Saunders, Aasland, Babor, De la Fuente, & Grant, 1993) ama jahwareerka khamaarka (dhibcaha <5 ee Shaashadda Khamaarka ee South Oaks (SOGS) α = 0.70) (Lesieur & Blume, 1987). Dhammaan bukaannada labka ah ayaa si dheeri ah loogu qiimeeyaa Wareysiga Qalliinka ee Dhismaha ee loo yaqaan 'DSM-IV' (SCID)Gibbon, Spitzer, Williams, Benjamin, & First, 1997) loogu talagalay walaac-qasab, xakamayn-xakameyn, laba-cirifood, walwal, nafsiyan, iyo cilado isticmaalka maandooriyaha iyo dhaqanka galmadaShaxda Dheeraadka ah ee 6). Bukaanka lab ah ee qancinaya ugu yaraan saddex shuruudood oo CSBD ah (Kraus et al., 2018) iyo afar loogu talagalay cilad-mareenka (Kafka, 2010) iyo cilado aan kor ku soo xusnay midna laguma casuumay kaqaybqaadashada daraasaddan.
Ethics
Nidaamyada oo dhan waxaa ogolaaday guddiga anshaxa ee machadka cilmi nafsiga, Akademiyada Polish ee Sciences. Dhammaan kaqeybgaleyaasha waxaa lasiiyay ogolaansho qoraal ah oo la ogeysiiyay kahor intaysan ku lug laheyn daraasada.
Natiijooyinka
Celceliska celceliska dhibcaha BPS ee ragga raadsanaya waxay ahayd 7.50 (SD = 2.58) wuxuuna aad uga sarreeyay kan ragga aan daweynta lahayn, 3.56 (SD = 3.12), z = 14.66, P <0.001, Cohen's d = 1.38. Waxaan qiimeynay tayada soosaarka ee mudnaanta koox bukaan oo la xushay (n = 105) ka dhan ah ragga oo dhan oo ka socda kooxda kantaroolka ah (Daraasadda 4, n = 191) (fiiri Berdihii. 1 qalooca ROC). Wadada loo yaqaan 'ROC Curve' waxay qabsatay aag dhan 82.2% 5 shay oo tijaabo ah (SE = 0.02; P <0.001), oo lagu garto 95% kala-goyn kalsooni xaddidan 77.5% iyo 86.9%. Sida ka muuqata Shaxda 4, qiimaha goynta la soo jeediyey waa 4, kaas oo xasaasiyaddu tahay 58.42%, qaasatan 90.48%, saadaalin saadaalin ah oo ah 91.74% (95% CI 85.88% –95.30%), saadaalin saadaalin xun 54.60% (95% CI 50.12% –59.00 %), iyo saxnaansha 69.83% (95% CI 64.24% –75.02%). Qiimaha goynta ah ee 5 waxaa lagu gartaa xasaasiyad dhan 68.42% iyo cayiman 83.81% (eeg Shaxda 4).
Daraasadda 5, Qalooca ROC ee loogu talagalay BPS-ku habboon-ku-habboon ee loogu talagalay kuwa raadinaya daaweynta isticmaalka dhibka leh ee sawir-qaadaha (Dhibcaha 4 ama ka badan)
Sharax: Saxafiga balwadaha akhlaaq J Behav Addict 9, 2; 10.1556/2006.2020.00038
Jadwalka 4.Falanqaynta ROC ee Sawirka Sawirka Filimka Gaaban ee Soo-Gaarka ah (BPS) oo leh natiijooyin goos goos ah
| istaatistikadooda | Qiimaha 4 ee DDB | Qiimaha 5 ee DDB | ||
| Qiimaha | 95% CI | Qiimaha | 95% CI | |
| oo xasaasi ah | 58.4% | 51.1-65.5% | 68.4% | 61.3-75.0% |
| Qaas ahaan | 90.5% | 83.2-95.3% | 83.8% | 75.6-90.3% |
| Ratio macquul ah | 6.13 | 3.36-11.20 | 4.23 | 2.71-6.60 |
| Suura galnimada taban | 0.46 | 0.38-0.55 | 0.38 | 0.30-0.47 |
| Cudur faafa | 64.4% | 58.7-69.9% | 64.4% | 58.7-69.9% |
| Saadaasha Saadaasha Saxda ah | 91.7% | 85.8-95.3% | 88.4% | 83-92.3% |
| Qiimaha Saadaalinta xun | 54.6% | 50.1-59% | 59.5% | 53.9-64.8% |
| saxnaanta | 69.8% | 64.2-75% | 73.9% | 68.5-78.8% |
Si loo baaro isbedelada ka dhaca PPU ee bukaannada raadinaya daaweynta, waxaan isbarbar dhigaa BPS tirada 57 nin ee tijaabadayada kiliinikada ka hor iyo ka dib laba bilood ee dawooyinka loo yaqaan 'naltrexone or paroxetine' (Gola iyo al., 2019) Isticmaalidda tusaalaha ku tiirsan t-isay. Dhibcaha DDB way kala duwanyihiin daaweynta kadib (t (56) = 6.75; P <0.001, Cohen's d = 1.80), oo leh dhibco sare ee BPS ka hor daaweynta (M = 8.54; SD = 1.77) in ka badan laba bilood oo daaweyn ah kadib (M = 5.75; SD = 2.97).
Dood
Daraasadda hadda socota waxay qiimeysay BPS, oo ah qalab baaritaan kooban, oo lagu aqoonsado suurtagalnimada PPU. Farsamooyinka muunad ururinta adag ee loo adeegsaday daraasadahayada ayaan horay loo isticmaalin markii la sameynayay miisaamyo loogu talagalay in lagu qiimeeyo PPU. Isku soo wada duuboo, DDB waa maskax ahaan maskax ahaan sida ay u muujiyeen tillaabooyin lagu kalsoonaan karo iyo ansax ah oo laga helayo muunado kala duwan, iyadoo la siinayo taageero bilow ah adeegsiga ficil ahaan, in kasta oo cilmi baaris dheeraad ah loo baahan yahay si loo go'aamiyo awooddeeda caafimaad ee shakhsiyaadka raadinta daaweynta.
Shaqada hore waxay si joogto ah u muujisay in ragga, qaraabada dumarka, ay u daawadaan oo si xun ula dhaqmaan siilka si joogto ah (Bothe et al., 2018; Grubbs, Wilt, Exline, & Pargament, 2018a; Wright, 2013), waxaana helitaankan lagu arkay dhammaan shanta muunadood. Iyada oo la raacayo daraasadihii hore, waxaan ogaanay in ragga, marka la barbar dhigo dumarka, ay soo sheegeen walaac badan oo ku saabsan adeegsiga qaawan (Bothe et al., 2018; Kor et al., 2014). Daraasaddeenu waa mid gaar ah oo aan ku soo baadhnay astaamaha maskaxda ee ka dhex jira shan muunado oo kaladuwan (tusaale ahaan, askarta hore ee Mareykanka, laba muunad oo guud oo dadka Mareykanka ah, dadka waaweyn ee Polish ah, iyo bukaannada ragga ah ee Polish ah ee lagu daweynayo CSBD). Marka la eego kaladuwanaanshaha muunadaha aan u shaqaaleysiinay si aan u qiimeyno dhismeyaasha cilmi nafsiga ee BPS, waxaan aaminsanahay in natiijooyinka ay guud ahaan u leeyihiin guud ahaan kooxaha iyo kuwa aan ahayn rugo caafimaad oo ka kala yimid wadamo kala duwan. Si kastaba ha noqotee, markii taas la yiraahdo, taxaddar ayaa wali la talinayaa, waxaanan kugula talineynaa cilmi-baaris dheeri ah oo lagu ansaxinayo BPS ee loogu talagalay dadka caafimaad ahaan, gaar ahaan haweenka iyo dadka laga tirada badan yahay ee galmada iyo jinsiga ee doonaya daaweynta PPU.
Baadhitaankeenii u horreeyay ee shaashadda lixda shay ah ee la soo jeediyey ee Daraasadda 1 ayaa shaaca ka qaaday in hal shay aanu isku dheelitirnayn, iyo falanqayn dheeri ah ayaa soo jeedisay in meesha laga saaro. Daraasadaha oo dhan, shaashadda shayga ah ee shanaad waxay muujisay joogteyn sare oo gudaha ah iyo sidoo kale dhisid, isku xirnaan, takoor, iyo ansaxnimada qiimeynta. Sidii la filaayay, dhibcoyinka DDB waxay si xoogan ulaxiriiraan miisaaniyada kale ee horey uqarxinta lagu qiimeynayay PPU (tus., CPUI-9)Grubbs et al., 2015) iyo PPUS (Kor et al., 2014)) iyada oo kaliya si dhexdhexaad ah loola xidhiidho cabbirada darnaanta calaamadaha qiimaynta jiritaanka (Reid, Garos iyo al., 2011a; Reid, Li iyo al., 2011b) qabatin galmo (Gola iyo al., 2017b). Sidaa daraadeed, shaashadda ayaa si aad ah ugu dhow oo la xiriirta cabbirrada qiimeynta cabbirrada PPU laakiin weli waxay la xiriirtaa tillaabooyinka guud ee la xiriira CSBD (tusaale ahaan, xakameyn taban, iskuday lagu guuldarreystay). Waxaan ugu talagalnay DDB inay u adeegaan wakiil ahaan CSBD. Cilmi baarista ayaa soo jeedisay, si kastaba ha noqotee, in PPU ay tahay mid ka mid dhibaatooyinka ugu caansan ee la soo sheegay ee ka dhex dhaca shakhsiyaadka doonaya daaweynta caafimaadka dhimirka ee CSBD (Kraus, Meshberg-Cohen, Martino, Quinones, & Potenza, 2015a; Kraus, Potenza iyo al., 2015b; Reid et al., 2012). Sidaa darteed, DDB waxay u noqon karaan aalad waxtar u leh in lagu ogaado suurtagalnimada PPU ee ka dhex dhaca shakhsiyaadka doonaya daaweynta CSBD. Wareysiyo dheeri ah oo caafimaad ayaa loo baahan yahay si loo go'aamiyo jiritaanka CSBD, kaasoo loo arki karo inuu yahay PPU shaqsiyaadka daaweynta-raadinaya ee leh bandhigyo caafimaad oo kala duwan (Kraus & Sweeney, 2019).
Waxaan sidoo kale ogaanay in, guud ahaan, buundooyinka DDB ay si liidata ugu xirnaayeen dareen la’aan (Cyders et al., 2014; Lynam et al., 2006) iyo astaamaha qasabka ahFoa et al., 2002). Taageerida shaqadii hore (Bőthe et al., 2018, 2019), Buundooyinka BPS waxay ahaayeen kuwo dhexdhexaad ah oo xiriir la leh cabbirro guud ee dareenka guud ee walbahaarka iyo diiqadda; Waxaan sidoo kale helnay xiriirro dhexdhexaad ah oo ka dhexeeya buundooyinka BPS iyo cabbirada dareemayaasha ee la xiriira sinada iyo ka hormarinta daawashada qaawan ee howlaha kale (Grubbs, Perry, Wilt, & Reid, 2019c). Sida ku xusan meel kale (Kor et al., 2014), waxaan sidoo kale helnay xiriir hoose oo udhaxeeya aragtida qaawan iyo PPU sida ay u qiyaaso DDB, in kasta oo xiriirku u muuqday mid xoog badan inta udhaxeysa dhibcaha BPS iyo istcimaalo soo noqnoqda. Waxaan fileynay ururada noocaas ah inta udhaxeysa hab dhaqanka aragtida qaawan iyo buundooyinka DDB. Sida looga wada hadlay shaqooyinka kale (Gola, Lewczuk, & Skorko, 2016; Kraus, Martino, iyo al., 2016a; Bőthe et al. 2020), waxaan sidoo kale ogaanay in soo noqnoqodka daawashada qaawan ee sawir qaaduhu aysan ahayn daruuri tilmaam PPU. Labada muunadood ee muunadda ka mid ah, waxaan ka helnay saami aad u sarreeya oo ah shakhsiyaad (sida caadiga ah ragga) oo ku dhaliya ugu yaraan afar ama ka weyn BPS.1
Daraasad dheeri ah ayaa loo baahan yahay oo ku saabsan samaynta xeerarka loogu talagalay isticmaalka BPS ee adeegsiga sawir-qaadaha, oo ku kala duwanaan kara lab iyo dheddig, da 'iyo arrimo kale oo dhaqan-dhaqaale. Dheeraad ah, cilmi baaristu waxay wali u sii socotaa daraasad ku saabsan adeegsiga qaawan, waxaana loo baahan yahay shaqo dheeri ah si loo aqoonsado halista iyo arrimaha kahortagga ee la xidhiidha PPU. Intaa waxaa sii dheer, qoritaanka shaybaarada waaweyn, ee haweenka ah waxay u oggolaaneysaa baaritaan ballaaran oo ku saabsan saameynta jinsi ee suurtagalka ah marka la baranayo PPU ee sanbalada aan-laheyn iyo kuwa caafimaadka. Waxaa jirta baahi gaar ah oo loo leeyahay baarista PPU haweenka ka warbixinaya heerar sare ee isticmaalka qaawan (sida, maalin kasta, dhowr jeer maalintii). Kooxdani si siman ugama matalaan muunadadeenna iyo guud ahaan guddiga, dumarka adeegsanaya sawir-qaadeyaasha ayaa sida caadiga ah soo sheegay heerar hoose marka loo eego ragga. Natiijooyinka u gaarka ah haweenka, guud ahaan, waa in laga digtoonaadaa, maaddaama natiijooyinkeenna ay u badan tahay inay saameyn ku leeyihiin cabbirka muunadda yar, iyo baaritaanno dheeri ah oo lagu eegayo kala duwanaanshaha la xiriira jinsiga ee haweenka PPU ayaa lagula talinayaa. Sida lagu sameeyay daraasad dhowaan la sameeyay (Bőthe et al. 2020), waxaan sidoo kale kugula talineynaa in imtixaanka galinta lamaanaha ee DDB loo sameeyo si baaritaan dheeri ah loogu sameeyo dhismayaasha maskaxda ee dumarka ama kooxaha kale duwan.
Awoodda koowaad ee daraasaddeena hadda waa inaan ku soo darnay muunad raadin daawayn loogu talagalay CSBD si loo go'aamiyo xasaasiyadda iyo qeexitaanka shaashadda kooban ee PPU. Gaar ahaan, Daraasada 5, waxaan si madaxbanaan u baarnay PPU dhexdooda 105 nin oo isqorey tijaabo kiliinikada aan kala sooc lahayn ee CSBD. Kadib markaan isbarbar dhigey bukaannada CSBD iyo kaqeybgaleyaasha xakameysan ee aan saameyn ku yeelan, waxaan go'aansanay natiijada dhibcaha bilowga ah ee daaweynta DDB inay noqdaan afar. Sida aan hadda u tarjunno, dhibco ah afar ama ka sareeya DDB waa inay u oggolaadaan qiimeyn dheeraad ah oo ay bixiyaan xirfadle daryeel caafimaad oo loo yaqaan PPU. Si kastaba ha noqotee, dhibco ka mid ah ragga Polish-raadinta daaweynta ah (oo loo aqoonsaday heterosexual) iyo halyeeyada daneynaya daaweynta PPU ayaa ka warbixiyay dhibcaha si aad ah uga sareeya 6. Waxaa suurogal ah in goos goos goosadnimadu ay ugu yaraan afar tahay, oo leh lix ama wax ka sareeya , laga yaabo inay ka tarjumeyso baahida loo qabo adeegyo caafimaad. Dib-u-habeyn dheeri ah oo lagu sameeyo tijaabada unugyada iyo kuwa aan ahayn rugta caafimaadka si loo go'aamiyo natiijada ugu fiican ee jarista DDB waa la damaanad qaaday. Dhibcaha la soo jaray ee la soo jeediyey waa in si taxaddar leh loo tarjumaa xilligan.
In kasta oo rajo laga qabo, daraasaddu waxay leedahay xadadyo badan Marka hore, in kasta oo afar ka mid ah shan muunado ay ka mid yihiin haween, haddana cilmi baaris dheeraad ah oo ku saabsan PPU haweenka iyo bulshada kaladuwan ayaa loo baahan yahay si wax looga qabto tixgelinta lamaanaha iyo kala duwanaanta la xiriirta. Xogta hordhaca ah waxay soo jeedineysaa in haweenku ay XNUMX jeer ka yar yihiin ragga si ay ugu daaweeyaan PPU (Lewczuk, Szmyd, Skorko, & Gola, 2017). Xaddidaad dheeri ah ayaa ah inaan kaliya soo uruurinay muunad ragga Polish-galmo khaniisiin ah oo loogu talagalay go'aaminta dhibcaha goosgooska ee bukaan-eegtada ee BPS, iyo shaqada mustaqbalka ayaa loo baahan yahay si loo go'aamiyo marinka haweenka iyo sidoo kale bulshooyinka caafimaad ee ka yimid waddamada kale iyo shakhsiyaadka galmada kala duwan. hanuuninta. Waqtigaan la joogo, ma hayno caddeyn muujineysa inay jiri karto dhibco kala jaad ah oo ragga iyo dumarka ah ama kooxo kale oo gaar ah. Waxaan tuhunsanahay in daraasad dheeri ah oo lagu sameeyo PPU oo ka mid ah shaybaarro ballaaran oo kala duwan oo rag iyo dumar ah, dadka laga tirada badan yahay iyo jinsi ahaan, iyo kooxo kale, oo ay ku jiraan muunadyada bukaan-eegtada iyo kuwa aan-caafimaad ahayn, waxay gacan ka geysan doonaan sidii loo ogaan lahaa natiijooyinka goos goos ah ee lagu garto shakhsiyaadka suurtagalka ah ee PPU.
Intaa waxaa dheer, waxaan qiraynaa in cilmi baaris dheeri ah sidoo kale loo baahan yahay si loo xaqiijiyo BPS iyo tillaabooyinka kale ee PPU ee wadamada aan reer galbeedka ahayn iyo muunado kaladuwan oo qowmiyadeed iyo kooxaha laga tirada badan yahay galmada. Soo bandhigitaan xad dhaaf ah oo ka socda wadamada reer galbeedka ayaa xaddiday fahamkeenna ku saabsan PPU dhaqamada kaladuwan iyo kooxaha qowmiyadaha kaladuwan. Waxaa suurtogal ah in dhibcaha goynta goynta ah ee la soo jeediyo ee ku saabsan BPS ay ku kala duwanaan karaan iyadoo lagu saleynayo tixgalinta jinsiga ama dhaqanka, iyo shaqo dheeri ah ayaa loo baahan yahay si loo go'aamiyo heerka ugu habboon ee kooxaha caafimaad iyo kuwa aan caafimaad ahayn. Iyada oo lagu salaynayo, mustaqbalka dhaqamada kala duwan iyo muunado noocyo badan ah oo lagu qiimeynayo tamarta iyo cabirka soo waarida DDB ayaa loo baahan yahay. Xaddidaad dheeri ah ayaa ah inaanan u isticmaalin waraysiyo daaweyn ah afar ka mid ah shanta daraasadood tan iyo markii aan ku tiirsanahay naqshadaha ku saleysan webka iyada oo la bixinayo kharashyada iyo dhibaatooyinka ay ka mid yihiin qorista kooxo badan oo rag iyo dumar ah oo asal ahaan ka soo kala jeeda. Dhibcaha iyo jawaabaha waxay u kala duwanaan karaan xoogaa ilaa heer cabirka lagu maamuli karo fool ka fool dhakhtar caafimaad. Intaa waxaa sii dheer, daraasadaha mustaqbalka ee leh muunadyo waaweyn, oo kala jaad jaad ah oo leh xaqiijin caafimaad iyada oo loo marayo wareysiyo, aragtida sheyga jawaab-celinta (IRT) ayaa loo adeegsan karaa in si wanaagsan loo go'aamiyo halka shakhsiyaadka lagu meeleeyay sii wadida barnaamijka PPU, iyo sawirrada sawir-qaadka si guud ahaan loo isticmaalo, iyadoo la adeegsanayo BPS iyo iyagoo siinaya cadeyn dheeraad ah iyo nadiifinta natiijooyinka goos goos ah. Intaa waxaa sii dheer, maxaa yeelay Daraasada 5 kaliya waxaa ku jiray rag la shaqaaleysiiyay oo isu aqoonsaday khaniisiin, waxaan kugula talineynaa baaritaan dheeri ah DDB si loogu daro ragga khaniisiinta ah iyo ragga iyo dumarka kale iyo dadka laga tirada badan yahay ee galmada marka la go'aaminayo suurtagalnimada darajooyinka PPU.
Adeegga BPS oo ah aalad caafimaad ahaan waa in loo qaddariyo inay ka duwan tahay isticmaalkeeda oo ah aalad lagu fahmo PPU daraasadaha dadka. In kabadan ilaa hadda, shaqada mustaqbalka waa inay si gaar ah u baaraan oo ay u sharaxaan sida ugu wanaagsan ee loo adeegsado iyo tarjumaadda buundooyinka DDB ee tijaabooyinka bukaan-socodka iyo kuwa aan ahayn rug caafimaad. Sida looga wada hadlay meel kale (Kraus & Sweeney, 2019), waxaa muhiim ah in la baaro PPU shaqsiyaadka raadinta daaweynta iyo in la fahmo sababaha salka ku haya hab dhaqanka daaweynta-raadinta. Labada dhiirrigelinta iyo carqaladaha daryeelka PPU wali si buuxda looma baaraan waxayna u baahan yihiin feejignaan dheeri ah. Waqtigaan la joogo, waxaan soo jeedineynaa in shaybaar habboon oo ku saabsan DDB in aan loo fasiranin inuu yahay cudur lagu ogaanayo inuu jiro xaalad caafimaad darro maskaxeed. Maaddaama DDB aysan wax weydiin ah oo ku saabsan faragalinta qaybaha ugu waaweyn ee nolosha u shaqeynaya sida lagu faahfaahiyay shuruudaha baarista ee CSBD, qiimeynta noocan oo kale ah waa in lagu sameeyaa kiliinik ahaan shaqsiyaadka baarista togan ka helaya BPS. Baadhis mustaqbal ayaa loo baahan yahay si loo tijaabiyo loona ansaxiyo BPS dadka kaladuwan iyadoo la adeegsanayo naqshadaha ku saleysan labada qof iyo shaqsi ahaanba. Waxyaabaha kale, sida jahwareerka akhlaaqda iyo maskaxda (isticmaalka maandooriyaha, bipolar) iyo xaaladaha caafimaad (jahawareerka, Parkinson), waa in la qaddariyo markii la qiimeynayo PPU iyo tixgelinta talooyinka daaweynta (Brand, Antons, Wegmann, & Potenza, 2019; Grubbs & Perry, 2019; Grubbs, Perry, Wilt, & Reid, 2019c; Grubbs, Wilt, Exline, Pargament, & Kraus, 2018b; Kraus & Sweeney, 2019). Baarayaasha (Ultulhofer, Bergeron, & Jurin, 2016a; Ultulhofer, Jurin, & Briken, 2016b) Waxa kale oo ay xuseen in arrimo ay ka mid yihiin rabitaanka galmada oo sarreeya ay ku adag tahay in laga jeesto marka laga reebo kala-qaybsanaanta, taasoo kicineysa welwelka la xiriira sida PPU loo fahmo. Daraasad dheeri ah oo lagu eegayo rabitaanka galmada iyo / ama dabeecadaha ka dhex jira kooxo kaladuwan ayaa loo baahan yahay maaddaama baarayaasha iyo dhakhaatiirta caafimaadku ay u soo saaraan aalado lagu qiimeeyo PPU si sax ah. Tixgelinno la mid ah ayaa jira marka la qiimeynayo isku-qalnaan xagga akhlaaqda ah sida lagu sharxay shuruudaha CSBD.
Gaar ahaan, cilmi-baaris dheeri ah ayaa loo baahan yahay si loo qiimeeyo tijaabada-tijaabada iyo xasaasiyadda iyo qeexitaanka shaybaarada caafimaad iyo kuwa aan ahayn sheybaarka la adeegsanayo BPS. Marka la eego nuglaanta DDB (1-2 daqiiqo in la dhammeeyo), cilmi baaris dheeraad ah waa inay tijaabisaa isticmaalkeeda goobaha caafimaadka iyo caafimaadka ee lagu aqoonsanayo shaqsiyaadka qaba PPU ee ka faa'iideysan doona daaweynta. Gabagabadii, baaristeena bilowga ah ee DDB waxay soo jeedineysaa inay tahay mid maskax ahaan maskax ahaan, mid gaaban, iyo fududahay in lagu isticmaalo goobalada caafimaad iyo kuwa aan ahayn rug caafimaad oo leh awood sare oo loogu adeegsan karo bulshada guud ahaan xukummada caalamiga ah.
Ilaha maalgelinta
Qorayaashu waxay shaaca ka qaadeen helitaanka taageerada maaliyadeed ee soo socota ee cilmi baarista, qoraayada, iyo daabacaadda qodobkaan. Daraasadda 1 waxaa lagu maalgeliyey taageero laga helo Xafiiska Arrimaha Veterans Affairs ee Cilmi-baarista iyo Horumarinta, Cilmi-baarista Sayniska Caafimaadka iyo Horumarinta (ZDA1, PI Rani A. Hoff) iyo VISN 1 New England MIRECC (PI Shane W. Kraus). Daraasadaha 2-aad iyo 3-aad waxaa lagu taageeray lacagta hay'adaha ay bixiso Jaamacadda Bowling Green State University (PI Joshua Grubbs). Daraasadaha 4 iyo 5 waxaa taageeray Xarunta Sayniska Qaranka ee Poland (2014/15 / B / HS6 / 03792; PI M. Gola).
Steven D. Shirk, Steve Martino, iyo Rani A. Hoff waa shaqaaleyaal waqti-buuxa ah oo ka tirsan Waaxda Arimaha Halyeeyada. Dr. Potenza waxay taageero ka heshay Gobolka Connecticut ee Waaxda Caafimaadka Maskaxda iyo Adeegyada La-qabatinka, Xarunta Caafimaadka Maskaxda ee Connecticut, iyo Golaha Xiriirka Khamaarka Dhibaatada. Drs. Kraus, Potenza iyo Shirk waxay taageero ka heleen Xarunta Qaranka ee Ciyaarta Mas'uulka ah. Hay'adihii maalgalinta ma aysan bixin wax ra'yi ama ra'yi ah oo ku saabsan nuxurka qoraalka, iyo waxyaabaha ku qoran qoraaladu waxay muujinayaan tabarucyada iyo fikradaha qorayaasha mana aha inay ka tarjumayaan aragtida hay'adaha maalgalinta.
Kaqaybqaataha qorayaasha
SWK fikrad ahaan ayey qortay oo qortay qabyo-qoraalka bilowga ah. SWK, RAH, MNP, iyo SM waxay gacan ka geysteen ururinta xog aruurinta iyo falanqaynta xogta Daraasadda 1. JBG waxay gacan ka geysatay ururinta xog aruurinta iyo falanqaynta Daraasadaha 2 iyo 3. MG, EK, iyo ML waxay gacan ka geysteen ururinta xogta iyo falanqaynta Daraasadaha 4 iyo 5. SDS waxay bixisay kormeer xisaabeed oo loogu talagalay Daraasadda 1 iyo hagitaan loogu talagalay daraasadaha kale. Dhammaan qoraayaashu waxay bixiyeen talooyin, akhrin, iyo dib-u-eegis qoraal gacmeed ah kahor soo-gudbinta. SWK iyo qoraayaasha kale waxay ansixiyeen qabyo-qoraalkii ugu dambeeyay ee qoraalka.
Danaha isku dhaca
Qorayaashu waxay caddeeyeen inaysan jirin wax khilaafaad ah oo ka imaan kara danta oo la xiriirta cilmi baarista, qoraaga, iyo daabacaadda qodobkaan.
| Shaashadda Filimka Gaarka ah ee Kooban (BPS) | Date: | ||
| AQOONSI#: | |||
| Tilmaamaha: Lixdii bilood ee la soo dhaafay, miyaa wax ka mid ah xaaladahaas oo kugu dhacay adiga oo la xiriira isticmaalkaaga qaawan? | Marna | Marmarka qaarkood | Badanaa |
| 0 | 1 | 2 |
| 0 | 1 | 2 |
| 0 | 1 | 2 |
| 0 | 1 | 2 |
| 0 | 1 | 2 |
Dhibcaha. Dhibcaha 4 ≥ waxaa loo tixgeliyaa inay tahay shaashad toosan oo loogu talagalay suurtagalnimada isticmaalka sawirrada dhibka leh ee dhibka leh. Baaris dheeraad ah oo loogu talagalay suurtagalnimada adeegsiga cilad-xumeynta dhibta leh ayaa la dhiirrigelinayaa.
1Inta u dhaxeysa isticmaaleyaasha qaawan ee sanadkii hore, 25% (20.6% dumarka, 28.6% ragga) ayaa ku dhaliyay afar ama ka sareeya BPS (13.8% guud ahaan; 7.6% dumarka; 20.2% ragga).
2Inta u dhaxeysa isticmaaleyaasha qaawan ee sanadkii hore, 30.1% (11.6% dumarka; 32.8% ragga) ayaa dhaliyay afar ama wax ka sareeya (11.6% guud ahaan; 1.9% dumarka; 10.1% ragga).
Xogta dheeriga ah
Macluumaadka dheeriga ah ee qodobkan waxaa laga heli karaa khadka tooska ah https://doi.org/10.1515/jba.2020.00038.
tixraacyada
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