LITABA: Tlhatlhobo e phethahetseng le e qobellang ea lingoliloeng tsa neuroscience tse amanang le li-subtypes tse lemalloang inthaneteng, tse shebileng haholo ts'ebeliso e mpe ea lithethefatsi tsa inthanete. Tlhatlhobo e boetse e nyatsa lithuto tsa morao-rao tse hapiloeng ke ba laboratori ba SPAN, tse bolelang hore li "entse bokhoba ba litšoantšo tsa bootsoa." Tlhaloso e tsoang ho se hlakileng:
"Tlhahlobisong ena, re fana ka kakaretso ea mehopolo e hlahisitsoeng ke ts'ebeliso e mpe ea lithethefatsi 'me re fana ka kakaretso ea lithuto tsa methapo ea methapo mabapi le bokhoba ba inthanete le bothata ba lipapali tsa inthanete. Ho feta moo, re hlahlobile lingoliloeng tse fumanehang tsa methapo ea kutlo ka ho lemalla litšoantšo tse manyala tse hlephisang boitšoaro tsa inthanete mme re hokahanya liphetho le mofuta oa lithethefatsi. Tlhatlhobo e lebisa qetong ea hore bokhoba ba litšoantšo tse manyala tse hlephisang boitšoaro Inthaneteng bo tšoanelana le mokhoa oa ho lemalla lithethefatsi 'me bo arolelana mekhoa e tšoanang ea ho lemalla lithethefatsi. ”
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Puisano ea seea-le-moea le mongoli ea etellang pele, ho bua ka pampiri ena
LINKA TSA POTLOHOHO TSE FUMANEHENG
Behav. Sci. 2015, 5(3), 388-433; doi:10.3390 / bs5030388
E hatisitsoe: 18 September 2015
Todd Love 1,†,*, Christian Laier 2,†, Matthias Brand 2,3,†, Linda Hatch 4,† le Raju Hajela 5,6,†
1 Mokhatlo oa Tsoelo-pele ea Bophelo bo Botle ba Botona le Botšehali, Ardmore, PA 19003, USA
2 Lefapha la General Psychology: Cognition, Univesithi ea Duisburg-Essen, Duisburg 47057, Jeremane; E-mail: [imeile e sirelelitsoe] (CL); [imeile e sirelelitsoe] (MB)
3 Institute for Erwin L. Hahn Institute for Magnetic Resonance Imaging, Essen 45141, Jeremane +++
4 Mokhoa oa boipheliso, Santa Barbara, CA 93103, USA; E-Mail: [imeile e sirelelitsoe]
5 Bophelo bo holimo Mobile Mobile, Calgary, AB T2S 0J2, Canada; E-Mail: [imeile e sirelelitsoe]
6 Sehlopha sa Likarolo tsa Boitsebiso (Terminology Action Group) (DDTAG), American Society of Addiction Medicine (ASAM), Chevy Chase, MD 93101, USA
† Bangoli bana ba tlatsetsa ka mokhoa o tšoanang mosebetsing ona.
* Mongoli eo mangolo a ngolisanang le eena a lokelang ho sebetsanoa le eena; E-Mail: [imeile e sirelelitsoe];; Tlha: + 1-706-383-7401.
Mohlophisi oa thuto: Andrew Doan
inahaneloang
Ba bangata ba hlokomela hore mekhoa e 'maloa e ka amang moputso oa potoloho ea boko ba batho e lebisa tahlehelo ea taolo le matšoao a mang a ho lemalla bonyane batho ba bang. Mabapi le lithethefatsi tsa Inthanete, lipatlisiso tsa kelello li tšehetsa khopolo ea hore mekhoa e meholo ea li-neural e tšoana le ho lemala haholo. Mokhatlo oa American Psychiatric (APA) o hlokometse boitšoaro bo joalo bo amanang le Inthanete, lipapali tsa Inthanete, e le bothata ba ho lemalla ho lemalla ho ba le bopaki bo tsoelang pele, phetolelong ea 2013 ea Tlhahlobo ea bona ea Tlhahlobo le ea Statistical. Litloaelo tse ling tse amanang le Inthanete, mohlala, litšoantšo tsa bootsoa tsa Inthanete, ha lia koaheloa. Nakong ea tlhahlobo ena, re fana ka kakaretso ea likhopolo tse reriloeng ho lemalla ho lemalla le ho fana ka kakaretso mabapi le lipatlisiso tsa saurosaense ka ho lemala Inthaneteng le bothata ba ho bapala Inthaneteng. Ho feta moo, re ile ra hlahloba lingoliloeng tse fumanehang ka mahlaseli a kotsi litabeng tsa bootsoa tsa Inthaneteng 'me ra kopanya liphello ho mokhoa oa ho lemala. Tlhahlobo ena e lebisa qetong ea hore ho lemalla litšoantšo tse manyala tse hlephisang boitšoaro tsa Inthanete ho lumellana le moralo oa lithethefatsi 'me o arolelana mekhoa e ts'oanang ea lithethefatsi. Hammoho le lithuto tsa lithethefatsi tsa Inthanete le lipapali tsa ho bapala lipapaling tsa Inthanete re bona bopaki bo matla ba ho nahana ka boitšoaro bo bobe ba Inthanete joaloka ho lemalla boitšoaro. Phuputso e tlang e lokela ho rarolla hore na ho na le phapang e tobileng pakeng tsa lithethefatsi le boitšoaro bo hlephileng
Lintlha tsa bohlokoa: Internet ho sheba lithethefatsi ho lemalla; inthanete e lemalla; ho bapala lipapali tsa Inthanete; neuroscience; ho hlophisa maikutlo; DSM-5; ho lemalla boitšoaro; boitšoaro bo hlephileng; cybersex; boitšoaro bo bobe ba ho kopanela liphate
1. Selelekela
Phetoho ea phetoho ea paradigm e etsahalang tšimong ea tahi e nang le ts'ebetso e khōlō bakeng sa tlhahlobo le kalafo. Le ha "ho lemalla" ho 'nile ha amahanngoa le bothata bo feteletseng ba lithethefatsi le / kapa joala [1], phuputso e entsoeng ke kelello lefapheng lena e fetotse kutloisiso ea rona lilemong tse seng kae tse fetileng. Hona joale ho hlakile hore boitšoaro bo fapa-fapaneng, boo hangata bo matlafatsang moputso, potoloho le mohopolo oa mohopolo kaofela ke karolo ea lefu la tahi [2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10]. Mekhoa e tloaelehileng ea ho lemalla lithethefatsi tse amanang le lintho tse sa tšoaneng tsa psychoactive tse kang joala, opioids le cocaine; le mekhoa ea boipheliso e kang ho becha e sa laoleheng, tšebeliso ea Inthanete, papali, litšoantšo tsa bootsoa le ho kopanela liphate le tsona li hlalositsoe.
Ka lebaka la bopaki bo ntseng bo eketseha ba meriana, American Society of Addiction Medicine (ASAM) e ile ea atolosa ka ho hlaka tlhaloso ea bona ea ho lemala 2011 ho kenyelletsa boitšoaro le lintho tse peli:
Ho lemalla ho lemalla ke lefu la mantlha le le sa foleng la moputso oa boko, tšusumetso, mohopolo le li-circuitry tse amanang. Ho se sebetse ho lipotoloho tsena ho lebisa litšoantšong tsa botho, tsa kelello, tsa sechaba le tsa moea. Sena se bontšoa ke motho ka mong ea phehelang moputso le / kapa thuso ka tšebeliso ea lithethefatsi le mekhoa e meng ea boitšoaro.
[11]
Mokhatlo oa American Psychiatric (APA) o ile oa boela oa lumela tšebetso ea ho lemalla boitšoaro, joalokaha ho ka bonoa litemaneng tse ngata ka DSM-5. Ka mohlala, khaolo e reng "Mathata a Amanang le Mathata" e ile ea rehoa "Ho Sebelisa Lijo le Mathata a ho Lematsa", mohloli o ka sehloohong oa "Ho se Sebelise Mathata a Amanang" o ile oa bōptjoa, mohlomong haholo-holo, Bothata ba papali ea chelete (eo pele e neng e bitsoa Pathological Gambling) mochine o mocha o sa tsoa thehoa, ka lebaka la "bopaki ba hore mekhoa ea papali ea chelete e hlahisa mekhoa ea moputso e tšoanang le e sebelisoang ke lithethefatsi tsa tlhekefetso 'me e hlahisa matšoao a mang a boitšoaro a tšoanang le a hlahisoang ke mathata a ho sebelisa lithethefatsi" [12]. Ho feta moo, ho hlahlojoa ha Internet Gaming Disorder (IGD) ho ile ha kenngoa ka hare Karolo ea 3-Conditions for Further Study of DSM-5. E le ho tšehetsa mokhoa ona o mocha oa ho hlahlojoa, APA e boletse phatlalatsong ea bona ea khatiso / ea makasine ea IGD:
Liphuputso li bontša hore ha batho bana ba kenngoa lipapaling tsa Inthanete, litsela tse itseng tsa boko ba tsona li hlahisoa ka tsela e ts'oanang le e matla eo boko ba lithethefatsi bo nang le eona bo ammeng ke ntho e itseng. Ho bapala ho etsa hore ho be le karabo ea methapo e amang maikutlo a monyaka le moputso, 'me phello, ka ho feteletseng, e bonahala e le boitšoaro bo hlephileng.
[13]
Polelo ena e tšehetsoa ke lipatlisiso tse ngata tsa saense, joalokaha ho bontšitsoe ka har'a tlhahlobo ena. Ka bomalimabe, APA e tsoela pele ho etsa polelo e latelang karolong ea ho khetholla ho fapaneng ea IGD:
Tšebeliso e feteletseng ea Inthanete e sa amanang le papali ea lipapali tsa inthanete (mohlala, tšebeliso e feteletseng ea mecha ea litaba, joaloka Facebook; ho sheba litšoantšo tse manyala tse hlephisang boitšoaro inthaneteng) ha ho nkoe e tšoana le bothata ba lipapali tsa ho bapala Inthaneteng, le lipatlisiso tsa nakong e tlang tse sebelisoang haholo Inthaneteng li tla hloka latela tataiso e tšoanang e hlalositsoeng mona.
[12]
Qeto ena ha e lumellane le bopaki ba saense bo fumanehang le bo hlahang, 'me tlhahlobo e tsamaisitsoeng e ikemiselitse ho tlatsetsa puisanong e tsoelang pele ea ho lemalla litšoantšo tsa bootsoa ba Inthanete (IPA) ho arabela kōpo ea APA.
APA ha e boletse ka ho hlaka hore na ke hobane'ng ha bothata bo boholo ba ho hlahlojoa ke Inthanete (IA), bo ile ba boela ba kenngoa boitsebiso bo bongata ba ho hlahloba IGD. Boemo bona bo lumellana le [14] Tlhahiso ea pele ea Specific Problematic Internet Use (SPIU), hammoho le Brand, Laier le Young [15] tlhahiso e ntlafalitsoeng ea Specific Internet Addiction (SIA). Sena se boetse se tšoana le Griffiths a etsa tlhahiso ea ho khetholla pakeng tsa lithethefatsi ho Internet le lithethefatsi ho Internet [16]. Leha ho le joalo, qeto e bonolo le mohlomong e sebetsang haholo e ne e tla be e le ho boloka ho hlahlojoa ha IA empa e hloka feela subtype kapa specifier; lipapali, litšoantšo tsa bootsoa, liwebsaete tsa liwebsaete, mabenkeleng, joalo-joalo. Mantsoe a tšoanang le a mang, litemana le mantsoe a mangata a fumanehang hona joale bakeng sa IGD a ka be a bolokiloe, ka lentsoe "boitšoaro" feela le sebelisitsoeng sebakeng sa lentsoe "papali". Ka sebele, tlhahiso ea molao ea hore ebe IA e kenyelelitsoe DSM-5 e kenyelitse melaetsa ea ho romellana melaetsa, litšoantšo tsa bootsoa li sebelisoa, le lipapali tsa video [17], a atolosoa hamorao ho kenyelletsa metsoalle ea metsoalle [18]. Sena se ne se tla be se lumellane le DSM-5 le seo ha e le hantle se etsahetseng tšimong ho tloha ha se phatlalatsoa, e leng, lipatlisiso tsa saense tse tsoelang pele mabapi le mekhoa e mengata ea mathata a ka 'nang a e-ba le mathata a amanang le tšebeliso ea Inthanete. Tsela ena e kenyelletsoeng e 'nile ea etsoa hangata, ka bobeli historing [17] 'me haufinyane tjena [19,20].
Ho nahanela IA e le bothata bo akaretsang ka li-subtypes tse hlakileng li butsoe ho hlahlojoa ka molao. Ho na le ntho ea bohlokoa e fumanoang liphihlelong tsohle tse amanang le inthanete: Ho khona ho boloka kapa ho phahamisa tsoho ka ho penya ha mouse kapa sesepa sa monoana. Tlhokomeliso ho mokhoa o sa tloaelehang (ho hlahloba lintho tse ngata tse tikolohong) o tsoela pele ho phela, 'me lipatlisiso li bonts'a hore e etsa hore moputso oa boko bo sebetsang [21]. Ka hona, ketso ea ho batla (e leng ho kenyelletsa ho surfing) e etsa hore tsamaiso ea moputso [22]. Ka hona, leqheka le tlatsang litebello (tse ntle kapa tse mpe) [23], e atisang ho fumanoa lipapaling tsa video tsa kajeno le litšoantšo tsa bootsoa tsa inthanete.
Mesebetsi e meng ea inthanete, ka lebaka la matla a bona a ho fana ka ts'usumetso e sa feleng (le ho ts'ebetswa ha tsamaiso ea moputso), ho nahanoa hore e etsa mohopolo o sa tloaelehang [24], e thusang ho hlalosa hore na ke hobane'ng ha basebelisi bao boko ba bona bo bonahatsang liphetoho tse amanang le lithethefatsi ba tšoaroa ka ho phehella ha bona. Moputso oa Nobel o ileng oa hlōla rasaense Nikolaas Tinbergen [25] o ile oa beha khopolo ea "ho susumetsa ka tsela e sa tloaelehang", e leng ntho e hlollang eo ho eona ho ka etsoang tšusumetso ea maiketsetso e tla fetela ka mokhoa o tsoetseng pele oa liphatsa tsa lefutso. Ho bontša mohlala ona, Tinbergen o ile a etsa mahe a linonyana a maiketsetso a neng a le kholoanyane le a mebala-bala ho feta mahe a linonyana. Ho makatsang ke hore linonyana tsena li ile tsa khetha ho lula mahe a maiketsetso a maholo le ho tlohela mahe a tsona a tlhaho. Ka tsela e tšoanang, Tinbergen e ile ea etsa lirurubele tse nang le mapheo a maholoanyane le a mebala-bala, 'me hangata lirurubele li leka ho kopana le lirurubele tsena tsa maiketsetso sebakeng sa lirurubele tse tšehali. Setsebi sa kelello ea ho iphetola ha lintho Dierdre Barrett o ile a nka khopolo ena bukeng ea hae ea morao-rao e bitsoang Supernormal Stimuli: Kamoo Primal e Khothalletsang ho Hlōla Morero oa Bona oa ho Fetoha [26]. "Liphoofolo li na le tšusumetso e khōlō haholo ha liteko li li haha. Rōna batho re ka hlahisa tsa rona. "[4] (leq. 4). Mehlala ea Barrett e fapana le lipompong ho ea ho litšoantšo tse manyala tse hlephisang boitšoaro le lijo tse nang le letsoho tse monate tse sa letsoho kapa tse sa natsoeng ka letsoho ho bapala papali ea video e bapalang haholo. Ka bokhutšoanyane, internet e tloaelehileng e sa sebelisetsoeng ho sebelisoa haholo e khothatsa haholo. E sebelisa mekhoa ea rona ea moputso oa tlhaho, empa e ka etsa hore e sebetse ka maemo a phahameng ho feta maemo ao baholo-holo ba rona ba atisang ho kopana le 'ona ha boitsebiso ba rona bo fetoha, ho etsa hore bo khone ho fetoha mokhoa oa ho lemalla [27].
Tlhahlobo e latelang eo re tla fana ka eona ka kakaretso ea kutloisiso e kholo ea theknoloji kapa mehlala ea ts'ebeliso ea lithethefatsi e amanang le lisebelisoa le lisebelisoa tsa methapo ea majoe eo mekhoa ea ho lemalla ho sebetsang e sebetsang ho sa tsotellehe hore na ho ameha ka lintho kapa mekhoa ea boitšoaro. Re tla boela re hlahlobe lithuto tsa mekhoa ea methapo ea likokoana-hloko tse amanang le boitšoaro ba ho lemala ka kakaretso, e leng bothata bo tobileng ba ho becha, ebe joale o tsoela pele ho ea moroalong oa lipatlisiso tsa morao-rao ka IA, le lihlopha tsa eona tsa papaling le litšoantšo tsa bootsoa. Boholo ba lithuto li buile ka ho hlahloba lintlha tse ka sehloohong tsa ho lemalla boitšoaro bo hlephileng ka lipatlisiso tsa laboratori, ho kenyeletsa lithuto tsa ts'ebetso ea ho etsa lipatlisiso le liphuputso tsa moralo le ho phomola. Tsena li mamella saense e tiisitsoeng e amanang le ho lemala ka kakaretso. Ha ho le joalo, re boetse re buile ka lithuto tsa meriana ea lefu lena, e leng se bontšang hore mekhoa ea laboratory e tšoana le lithuto tsa bokopi tse kang tsa boko bo sa tloaelehang bo nahanoang hore bo bakoa ke ho lemala.
Re khethile ho fokotsa sepheo sa rona haholo ho lipatlisiso tsa lipatlisiso tse amanang le ho lemalla boitšoaro, ho sa tsotellehe hore ho na le sehlopha se seholo le se ntseng se hōla sa lipatlisiso tse amanang le litlhaloso tsa bona tsa meriana, mafu a seoa, liphello tsa bophelo bo botle, litsebo tsa bophelo bo botle ba sechaba, joalo-joalo. Le hoja lipatlisiso tseo li tšehetsa ho ata le likotsi tse amanang le lithethefatsi tse amanang le Inthaneteng le Inthaneteng, e ka ntle ho tekano ea tlhahlobo ena ea maikutlo ea maikutlo. Kahoo, re lumela hore hoa utloahala ho fokotsa tlhahlobo ena haholo-holo ho liphuputso tse finyellang litlhoko tse matla ka ho fetisisa, lithuto tse sebetsanang le mekhoa ea methapo ea pelo le methapo ea pelo e tsejoang e le ho lemalla ho lemala ka kakaretso.
Re tšepa hore lihlooho tse tla hlahlojoa mona li tla hlakisa hore lithuto tse ngata tse tšehetsang IA (le e 'ngoe le e' ngoe ea eona) e le mokhoa oa ho sebelisa lithethefatsi tse tšoanang le tsa lithethefatsi 'me li tla bontša hore boitšoaro bohle ba Inthaneteng bo lokela ho nkoa e le bo ka lemalloang ka tsela e ts'oanang, ka mefuta e sa tšoaneng ea sehlooho ho fapana le ho arohana le mathata, joalo ka mefuta e sa tšoaneng ea papali ea papali ea chelete (mohlala, lik'hasete, papali ea papali ea elektronike le ho becha ka mokhoa o tsitsitseng) e ka 'na ea hlahisa matšoao, matšoao le boitšoaro bo bontšang ho lemalla. Ka ho khetheha re tla totobatsa liphuputso tse hlahelang tse batlisisang IGD le IPA e le lihlopha tse kholo tsa tse ling. Ha e le hantle ke eona taba eo boholo ba IA ba ithutang ho pota lefatše ka eona ba nahanne ka mekhoa e fapa-fapaneng ea boitšoaro ba Inthaneteng.
2. Mokhoa
Ho etsa lipatlisiso, ho batlisisa lingoliloeng tse ngata le ho hlahlojoa ho ile ha etsoa ka mehloli e sa tšoaneng: Li-collections tse ngata tsa EBSCO (ho akarelletsa le ERIC, LISTA, PsychARTICLES, PsychEXTRA, PsychINFO, Psychology le Behavioral Sciences le SocINDEX), Google Scholar, PubMed le multiple ProQuest bokello (ho kenyelletsang Bohareng, Litlhaloso le Thuto-taba, Psychology le Social Science). Khatiso ea bokahohle e kenyelletsoeng e ile ea hatisoa makasineng e hlahlobisitsoeng ke lithaka. Tlhaloso ea bobeli e kenyelletsoeng e ne e itšetlehile ka letsatsi la ho phatlalatsa, ka nako e fapaneng-lihlopha tse fanoang tse thehiloeng sehloohong se itseng / sehlopha se hlahlojoang (sheba lintlha tse ka tlase). Liphetoho tse tsoelang pele tsa litaba tse hlahang ka potlako (mohlala, lithethefatsi tse amanang le Inthanete) li ile tsa etsoa ka boiteko ba ho lula li le teng hona joale le tsebo e eketsehang ea tsebo. Ka hona, palo e tobileng ea liphetho e hlahlojoang e ne e ke ke ea khoneha ho fumana hore lichelete tse khutlisetsoang hangata li khutlisitsoe li se li hlahlojoe. Ho ne ho hlokahala lisebelisoa tse ling tsa libuka tsa lipampiri tse sa tsejoeng (tse entsoeng ke mongoli oa pele). Ho phaella moo, lihlooho tse mabapi le kalafo, botumo bo botle ba maikutlo, lefu la kelello, ho khotsofatsa, kapa ho fana ka kelello le litlhahiso tse ling mabapi le lithethefatsi tse amanang le Inthanete li ile tsa felisoa, joalo ka lihlooho tse mabapi le lithethefatsi tse amanang le Inthanete e le litaba tsa sechaba kapa tsa sechaba. Sesebelisoa sa tsamaiso ea tshebetso Zotero se ile sa sebelisetsoa ho haha dintlha tsa lihlooho tsohle tse nkiloeng.
2.1. Neurobiology ea Lithethefatsi
Boemo ba taba ena bo ne bo lekanyelitsoe lilemong tse leshome tse fetileng, ka ho lebisa tlhokomelo e ka sehloohong lihloohong tse hatisitsoeng lilemong tse hlano tse fetileng. Libuka tsa khale li na le lintlha tsa bohlokoa tse tsoelang pele ts'ebetsong ea saense ea tšimo ena (le mohlala, Blum et al. 1990; Nestler, Barrot le Self, 2001; Robinson le Berridge, 1993; Solomon le Corbit, 1974). Mantsoe a latelang a lipatlisiso le lihlahisoa tsa tsona li sebelisitsoe likarolong tse ngata tse nang le li-wildcards (*) ha ho hlokahala: Ho lemalla (ho lumella ho lemalla, ho lemalla, le ho lemala), DeltaFosB, liphatsa tsa lefutso, epigenetic *, litšoantšo, neurobiolog * (ho ea lumella li-neurobiology le neurobiological), neuroscien * (ho lumella li-neuroscience le neuroscientific), "lefu la khaello ea mali", le "tlhekefetso ea lithethefatsi *".
2.2. Litsebi tsa phekolo ea likokoana-hloko
Boemo bona e ne e se nako-e lokiselitsoe, kaha ke sehlooho se hlahelang seo histori eohle ea sona e leng ea bohlokoa. Leha ho le joalo, ntho ea bohlokoa ka ho fetisisa ea ho hlahloba libuka, e ile ea fanoa ka litlhahlobo tsa lingoliloeng, le lihlooho tse hatisitsoeng ka mokhoa o mocha ka ho fetisisa ho ea ho mokhoa oa khale. Mantsoe a latelang a lipatlisiso le li-derivatives tsa tsona li sebelisitsoe ka likarolo tse ngata: ho lemalla, boitšoaro * (ho lumella boitšoaro le boitšoaro), ho qobella, litšoantšo, eseng lithethefatsi, eseng lithethefatsi le neurobiolog *.
2.3. Mathata a ho becha
Mathata a papali ea chelete / papali ea papali ea chelete e 'nile ea e-ba sehlooho se hatisitsoeng haholo ka lilemo tse ngata,' me nako ea sehlooho sena e ne e le e fokolang ka ho fetisisa, kaha e se e amohetsoe e le boitšoaro bo hlephileng, 'me kahoo e ne e lekanyelitsoe lithutong kapa litlhaloso tse hatisitsoeng lilemong tse hlano tse fetileng. Likarolo tse ngata tsa mantsoe a latelang a lipatlisiso le lihlahisoa tsa tsona li sebelisitsoe ho etsa lipatlisiso: Ho qobella, ho kula, ho becha * (ho lumella ho bapala papali ea chelete le bapalami), "bothata ba papali ea chelete", "bothata * (ho lumella bothata le bothata ) papali ea chelete * ", le" neurobiolog * papali ea papali ea chelete * ".
2.4. Internet Addiction
Ha ena e ntse e le sehlooho se seng se hlahelang, ho ne ho se na nako ea nako ea sehlooho sena, le hoja ho ile ha fanoa ka pele ho lithuto le litlhahlobo tse hatisitsoeng lilemong tse hlano tse fetileng. Tlhokomelo e khethehileng ho khethollo ea molao e ne e hlokahala mona, kaha lefu lena le ithutoa ka lihlooho tse fapaneng. Ka mohlala, ho phaella ho nako e ka sehloohong ea lithethefatsi tsa Inthanete, mantsoe a eketsehileng a kenyelletsa "ho Sebelisa Inthaneteng ka ho Feteletseng" [28,29,30,31,32,33], Internet Addiction Disorder [34], Internet Disorder [35], "Sebelisa Inthanete Inthaneteng" [14,36] le "Sebelisa Inthanete ka Bothata" [37,38,39,40,41,42]. Ka tsela e joalo, mantsoe a latelang a ho batla le lihlahisoa tsa tsona li sebelisitsoe ka mekhahlelo e mengata: ho lemalla, ho qobella, "khomphutha ea inthanete", cyber, Inthanete, "tšebeliso ea Inthanete", Inthaneteng, "inthanete ea patholotiki" le "bothata ba Internet" (ho lumella bakeng sa bothata le bothata).
2.5. Mathata a ho bapala Inthaneteng
Ha ho nako ea ho lekanyetsa nako e behiloeng sehloohong sena, 'me mantsoe a latelang a ho batla le li-derivatives tsa tsona li sebelisitsoe ka likarolo tse ngata: Papali, lipapali, lipapali, lipapali, "lipapali tsa lipapali," lipapali / li-online / li-online / ing ", le" game / problem / game / es / ers ". Litlhaloso tsohle tsa IGD ho DSM-5 li ile tsa hlahlojoa. Tsela e fokolang ea ho qetela ea ho khetha e ne e nkiloe ka lebaka la hore APA e se e amohetse IGD e le ho hlahlojoa ho tšoanelehang ho etsa lipatlisiso, ka hona, likhaolo tse feletseng tsa lihlooho tsena ha li hlokehe ho tšehetsa motheo oa rona.
2.6. Litšoantšo Tsa Bootsoa Inthaneteng
Lipatlisiso sebakeng sa boitšoaro bo hlephileng ba ho kopanela liphate Inthaneteng li qalile ka ho botsa lipalo tse fapa-fapaneng tse amanang le boitšoaro bo hlephileng ba ho kopanela liphate. Ho ne ho se na nako e tobileng ea ho fokotsa ts'ebetso ena, leha ho le joalo, joalo ka ho lemalla boitšoaro, lintlha tsa bohlokoa tsa tlhahlobo li ile tsa behoa litabeng tsa libuka le lihlooho tse hatisitsoeng ka mokhoa o mocha ka ho fetisisa ho ea ho mokhoa oa khale. Mantsoe a latelang a ho batla le lihlahisoa tsa tsona li sebelisitsoe ka likarolo tse ngata: "Ho kopanela liphate ka ho kopanela liphate", ho sebelisa "cybersex", "hypersexual", "hypersexual disorder", ho nahana ka "ho kopanela liphate" , ho kopanela liphate, "ho lemalla ho kopanela liphate", "lintho tse hlalosang thobalano", le "maikutlo a ho kopanela liphate".
Ho ne ho se nako ea ho etsa lipatlisiso sebakeng sa IPA, le hoja ho ne ho hlokahala hore ho hlahlojoe mananeo a mangata, liphello tse ngata e ne e le lihlooho tse mabapi le litšoantšo tsa bootsoa tsa Inthanete (IP) empa li tsepamisitse maikutlo ho lihlooho tse sa amaneng le ho sebelisoa ho lemalla ho lemala (mohlala, tlhahlobo ea litaba, botšehali, bolokolohi ba puo, mathata a boitšoaro, tšusumetso ea sechaba, joalo-joalo). Ho hlahlojoa ho eketsehileng ho ne ho hlokahala hore ho khetholle lihlooho tse mabapi le IP (tse kenyelelitsoeng) le tse seng IP (tse sa kenyelletsoeng). Likarolo tse ngata tsa mantsoe a latelang a ho batla le li-derivatives tsa tsona li sebelisitsoe: Porn * (ho lumella litšoantšo tse litšila tse tsosang takatso, litšoantšo tsa bootsoa le litšoantšo tse manyala tse hlephisang boitšoaro), ho lemalla, ho qobella, ho etsa litšoantšo, Inthanete, neurobiol *, Inthaneteng, bothata.
3. Kakaretso ea lingoliloeng
3.1. Neurobiology ea Lithethefatsi
Lithethefatsi tsohle tsa tlhekefetso li ama tsela ea mesolimbic dopamine (DA), e hlahang sebakeng sa ventral tegmental (VTA) le merero e kenang nucleus accumbens (NAcc). Hangata e bitsoa setsi sa moputso, NAcc e amana haholo le menyaka, thuto ea ho matlafatsa, ho batla moputso, le ho se tsitsisehe. Masolimbic dopamine tsela e kopanngoa le libaka tse ling tse tharo tsa bohlokoa ho theha pokello ea lipotoloho tse kopanetsoeng tseo hangata li bitsoang mokhoa oa moputso: The amygdala (maikutlo a nepahetseng le a fosahetseng, maikutlo a maikutlo), hippocampus (ho sebetsana le ho khutlisoa ha likhopotso tsa nako e telele), le mokokotlo o ka pele (ho tsamaisana le ho khetholla boitšoaro). Ho kopantsoe hammoho, tsamaiso ea meputso le libaka tsa eona tse kopanelang, li etsa hore lintho tse ling li be monate, moputso, mohopolo, tlhokomelo le boikemisetso [43].
Ho itšoara ka tsela e tloaelehileng e kang ho ja le ho kopanela liphate, li fetohile joalo e le hore li sebelise tsamaiso ea moputso ka lebaka la hore li matlafatsa boitšoaro bo hlokahalang bakeng sa ho phela [20]. Lilemo tse leshome tse fetileng li fane ka likhopolo tse ngata tsa ho lemala, tseo kaofela li kenyelletsang tsamaiso ea moputso le libaka tsa boko bo amanang le likaroloana [44].
3.1.1. Mehlala e meraro ea ho lemala
Nora Volkow o hlalosa ho lemalla ho lemalla ho latela mokhoa oa ho itšireletsa maikutlong ho tloha mohato o sa tsitsang o ithutoang ka ho matlafatsoa ho matla ho liketso tse qobelloang tse ithutoang ka matla a ho matlafatsa [43]. Sena se bonahala se lebisa ho potoloho ea ho lemala e ntseng e mpefala ka mor'a nako. Volkow, Wang, Fowler, Tomasi le Telang [43] hlalosa mehato e meraro ea potoloho ea ho lemalla; (a) ho noa joala kapa ho noa joala; (b) ho tlohela / ho senya maikutlo; le (c) boiketlo / tebello.
Volkow, Wang, Fowler, Tomasi le Telang [43] e bua ka sethaleng se le seng sa sethala sa "Binge / Inxication". Lihlopha tse sa tšoaneng tsa lithethefatsi li etsa hore tsamaiso ea moputso e sebelisoe ka mekhoa e fapaneng, leha ho le joalo, phello ea bokahohle ke moroallo oa dopamine ka har'a sebaka sa NAcc (moputso oa setsi). Sena se fella ka ho matlafatsoa ka mokhoa o matla oa boitšoaro bo qalileng moroallo. Mokhahlelong ona o sa tsitsang, ts'ehetso ena e ntle e hlahisa mekhatlo ea ho ithuta e amanang le lithethefatsi [45]. Leha ho le joalo, liphetoho tsa "neuroplastic" li qala ho etsahala ha ho ntse ho tsoela pele ho lokolloa ha dopamine ho NAcc ho lebisa tlhokomelong ea maemo a dynorphin. Dynorphin, le eona, e fokotsa mosebetsi oa dopaminergic oa tsamaiso ea moputso, e leng ho fokotsang ho fokotseha ha meeli ea moputso le keketseho ea ho mamellana [43,45].
Mothati oa bobeli- "Ho tlosoa / ho se amehe" - Moroallo oa dopamine o felile, 'me ho na le ts'ebetso ea sebaka se selelele sa amygdala, sebaka se amanang le ho hlatsoa bohloko le ho tšoha. Boemo bo bakoang ke maikutlo a sithabetsang bo lebisa ho ts'ebetsong ea mekhoa ea khatello ea kelello le ho fokotsa khatello ea lik'homphieutha. Sena se lebisa ho fokotseha ho fokotsang moputso le ho eketseha moeling oa moputso, o bitsoang ho mamellana. Sena se tsoela pele ho matlafatsoa hampe ha motho a ntse a tsoela pele ho kopanela boitšoarong ba ho lemalla ho qoba tšusumetso e mpe e amanang le ho tlosoa. Hona ho khothalletsa ho tsosolosoa le / kapa ho matlafatsa boitšoaro bo hlephileng. Mona, boitšoaro bo se nang boikemisetso bo fetola boitšoaro bo qobelloang, boo ho buuoang ka bona ka mohlala oa ho sa feleng / ho batla [43,45]. Ntlha ea bohlokoa ea sethaleng sena ke hore ho tlohela ha hoa ka ha e-ba le liphello tsa 'mele ho tsoa ho ntho e itseng. Ho e-na le hoo, mohlala ona o lekanyetsa ho tlohela ka tsela e mpe e bakoang ke ts'ebetso e ka holimo. Maikutlo a mangata a kang ho tšoenyeha, ho tetebela maikutlong, dysphoria, le ho halefa ke matšoao a ho tlohela mokhoa ona oa ho lemala [43,45]. Bafuputsi ba hanyetsang khopolo ea boitšoaro ba ho lemalla hangata ba hlokomoloha kapa ha ba utloisise tlhaloso ena e boima, ho ferekanya ho tlohela le ho senya [46,47].
Karolo ea bobeli ea tsamaiso ea moputso e qala mona; tsela ea mesocortical dopamine. Joalo ea litsela tsa DA tse nang le mahlahahlaha a maholo, DA ea mesocortical e qala ka VTA, leha ho le joalo e felisa karolong e ka pele ea cortex. Libaka tse amehang ka ho khetheha li-prefereal cortex li kenyeletsa dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC), e ikarabellang bakeng sa likarolo tse kholo tsa ts'ebetso le ts'ebetso ea ts'ebetso, le li-prefromalal prefrontal cortex (VMPFC) tse ikarabellang bakeng sa likarolo tsa thibelo le maikutlo a maikutlo. Ho kopanngoa, tsela ea mesocortical dopamine e ama karolo ea ts'oaetso ea moputso oa ho sebetsa [43,45].
Sena se lebisa sethaleng sa tharo- "Ho ameha haholo / ho lebella" -e leng seo ho thoeng ke takatso. Matšoao a methapo ea pelo e fetela ka nģ'ane ho tsela ea mesocortical dopamine libakeng tse ling tsa prefrontal cortex e ikarabellang bakeng sa ho susumetsa, ho itšepa kapa ho itšepa, ho lieha ho fokotsa moputso, le mesebetsi e meng ea kutloisiso le ea tsamaiso [43,45]. Goldstein le Volkow [48] o ile a hlahisa mokhoa oa ho thibela ho itšoara ha batho ba nang le bokooa le mokhoa oa Salience Attribution (I-RISA) ho hatisa bohlokoa ba mokhoa ona. Mohlala oa I-RISA o akaretsa boikutlo bo eketsehileng ba boitsebiso ba litsebi tse amanang le lithethefatsi (bo bakoang ke ho boleloa ho nepahetseng le ho fosahetseng ha boitšoaro bo hlephileng) le ho haelloa ho sa tsoa ntlafatsoa ho laola ho thibela ho thibela lithethefatsi. Sena se siea motho ea kotsing ea ho tsosolosa boitšoaro, 'me mekhoa e' meli ea mantlha e khethiloe; ho tsosolosoa ho bakoang ke likamano le ho khutlisetsoa khatello ea kelello [43,45]. Liphuputso tse ngata tsa phetoho ea matšoafo li fana ka bopaki ba mohlala ona [49,50], 'me litšenyehelo tsena ke mohloli oa "lefu le sa foleng la ho khutla hape" la tlhaloso ea bongaka ea ho lemala [11,51].
3.1.2. Anti-Meputso
George Koob o ile a etsa tlhahiso ea ho atolosoa ha mohato oa bobeli oa ho lemalla. Koob [51] o eketsa Solomone le Corbit [52] mohlala oa mohanyetsi oa tšusumetso, o fanang ka liphihlelo tsa maikutlo joaloka lihlopha tse loantšanang, tse sebetsang ka mokhoa o ts'oanang le ts'ehetso e ntle ho fetisetsoang ho matlafatsoa hampe ho bontšoang mekhahlelo e le 'ngoe le tse peli tsa mehato e meraro ea sethala ka holimo. Mofuteng oa mekhoa ea mohanyetsi oa ts'ebetso, lits'ebetso li bonts'a liphello tse ntle tsa hedonic le b-ts'ebetso e bonts'a liphello tse bohloko tsa hedonic. Tšebeliso ea tahi ke hore--pele e etsahala pele 'me e bonahatsa mamello. Ka lehlakoreng le leng, b-ts'ebetso e hlaha ka mor'a hore ts'ebetso e fihlile 'me e bonahatse ho tlohela. Solomone le Corbit [52] e sebelisitsoeng ho sebelisoa li-skydivers e le mohlala oa se fapaneng, moo li-skydivers tsa li-novice li tšohileng haholo ha li tlōla (b-ts'ebetso) le phomolo ha li fihla (ts'ebetso). Ha ba ntse ba pheta mekhoa ea bona, tekanyetso e fetoha e joalo eo batho ba nang le phihlelo ba nang le eona ba nang le tšabo ha ba tlōla empa ba imolohile haholo ha ba fihla. Mohlala ona o sa tsoa hlophisoa hore o hlalose ho hlahella ho intša kotsi ("ho itšeha") [53].
Koob [51] o koahela setšoantšo se qaqileng sa biologic holim'a khopolo-taba ea mohanyetsi oa kelello. Mehato e le 'ngoe le tse peli ho sethaleng sa meraro e amana le "liphetoho tsa ka hare-hare", tse khetholloang ke ho fokotseha ha mosebetsi oa moputso, o kenyelletsoeng ke moputso o moholo oa moputso le ho fokotseha ha tlhaho ea dopamine ho meputso e seng ea lithethefatsi. Koob e eketsa mokhoa ona ho kenyeletsa "liphetoho tsa lipakeng tsa", tse thehiloeng haholo-holo mohopolong oa mekhoa ea bohanyetsi. Ha e le hantle, khopolo ea "Anti-Reward" e bontša hore ha boko bo fana ka moputso oa tsamaiso, ho na le kopano e tšoanang ea boitsebiso ba khatello ea boko ka sepheo sa ho fokotsa karabelo ea moputso le ho hlokomeloa ha tekanyo ea moputso oa homeostatic le tsamaiso ea moputso, e hlahisoang ke ho ts'oaroa ha tsamaiso ea 'mele ea khatello ea kelello (hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis), le tsamaiso ea boko ba' mele (corticotrophin-releasing factor (CRF)). Litekanyetso tse phahameng tse boletsoeng ka holimo tsa dynorphin li tsoela pele ho phahamisa CRF, 'me ho kopanela ha litsamaiso tsena ho tlisa liphello tse ngata tse mpe tse amanang le boemo ba ho tlohela. Ho eketsa bothata, boko bo khahlanong le khatello ea kelello bo boetse bo fokotseha, joalo ka bopaki ba ho fokotseha ha pelo ea Y (tlhaho ea maikutlo ea tlhaho bokong). Boko bo tsitsitseng bo kenella ho "boemo" bo ts'oanang ha moputso o sa khone ho khutlela mmuso oa hae o tloaelehileng (o tloaelehileng). Ts'ebetso ea moputso e qetella e hlahisa sebaka se fetotsoeng, e siea motho ea kotsing ea ho khutlela morao le ho itšetleha. Sena ke seo Koob a se bitsang "lehlakoreng le lefifi" la tahi [51].
3.1.3. Ntho ea thuto ea kelello ea ho ithuta, tloaelo le boikemisetso
Le hoja mehlala e meholo ea Anti-Reward le ea I-RISA e kenyelletsa likarolo tsa thuto, likhopolo tse ling tsa ho lemalla ho lebisa tlhokomelo li lebisitsoe haholo-holo litabeng tsa ho lemalla ho lemala, le mekhoa ea likokoana-hloko tsa eona. Hyman [54] e bua ka ho lemalla ho lemalla e le "ts'ebetso ea patholose ea mekhoa ea methapo e tloaelehileng e sebelisang thuto e amanang le moputso" [54] (leq. 565).
Everitt le Robbins [55,56] etsa tlhahiso ea mokhoa oa ho lemala e le phetoho e tsitsitseng ho tloha liketsong tsa boithatelo ho ea liketsong tsa liketso tsa liketso tse qobelloang. Mohlala oa bona o akarelletsa ho kopana ha mokhoa oa khale oa ho ba le boipheliso ba Pavlovia le ho ithuta lithuto, 'me ba fana ka bopaki bo bontšang phetoho ea boko bo tsoang ho ventral striatum (sebaka sa NAcc) ho ea ho sepheo sa li-roratum. nako ea tsoelo-pele ea ho lemala.
Robinson le Berridge [4,57] atolosa mohlala oa ho ithuta le khopolo ea "Khothatso ea Khothatso" ea ho lemala. Khopolo-taba ea ho khothaletsa batho ba ts'oanang le ts'ebetso e latela moralo oa tsela ea DA ea hypotheensitized mesocorticolimbic, leha ho le joalo, khopolo ena e lebisa tlhokomelo ho boikarabelo bo susumelletsang boitšoaro, ho e-na le thabo kapa moputso [58]. Mohlala ona o ka 'na oa latela mokhoa o tsoileng matsoho oa tsamaiso ea moputso, moo "lithethefatsi li kenyang letšoao la bohata mabapi le melemo ea ho ikoetlisa, e fokolang phepelo ea tlhahiso-leseling e phahameng" [59]. Taba ena e hlakisa ka ho hlakileng "ho rata" le ho "batla" ka hore tsoelo-pele ea lithethefatsi e tsoela pele ka tsela ea ho rata (hedonic moputso oa bohlokoa) ho batla (tsusumetso ea ho susumetsa e thehiloeng bolumeling) [60,61]. Ka hona, bafuputsi ba bua ka ho lemalla lintho e le "tšusumetso ea litsebi" [4] ho fella ka matšoao a mabeli a boitšoaro ba ho lemala. Bangoli bana ba hlokometse hore "ho matlafatsoa ke bopaki bo bokeletsoeng lilemong tsa morao tjena, re lula re kholisehile ho fihlela qeto ea hore pelong ea eona, ho lemala ke bothata ba tšusumetso e matla ea tšusumetso ka lebaka la ts'oaetso e bakoang ke lithethefatsi ea mechine e meholo e bontšang hore maruo ke tšusumetso e itseng" [4]. Le hoja li ka sehloohong li lebisitse tlhokomelo ea ho lemalla lik'hemik'hale, bangoli bana ba ile ba etsa qeto ea hore meputso ea tlhaho e amana le tsamaiso ea moputso oa dopaminergic, 'me kahoo "ts'ireletso ea ts'ehetso e ka boela ea tšollela liphoofolong kapa liphofu ho tse ling tse kang lijo, thobalano, papali ea chelete, joalo-joalo. . "[4].
Robinson le Berridge [61] ba sa tsoa ntlafatsa mokhoa oa bona oa ho tlosa bohlokoa ba motsoako oa ho rata, ho bonts'a ho batla hore e be oona feela motsoako oa khopolo ea ts'oaetso ea ts'usumetso. Ba ile ba etsa joalo ka ho fetola li-rats ho tloha "bofetoheli" (ho hatella sekepe ho fanoa ka letsoai le bohloko la leoatle) ho "batla", ka ho ts'oara tsela ea mesocorticolimbic hang-hang pele ho hlahisa sehlabelo se tšoanang. Ka hona ba etsa tlhahiso ea hore litholoana tsena li be khahlanong le mekhoa e tloaelehileng ea boemo ba Pavlovia mabapi le karolo ea thuto ea ho lemala (hore ho qobelloa le litakatso ho thehiloe mekhatlong e fetileng), hape ho totobatsa kamoo litakatso tsa "ho senya" lipotoloho tsa boko [61] (leq. 282).
3.1.4. Liphatsa tsa lefutso
Liphatsa tsa lefutso, ha li ntse li sebetsa mona, li ka aroloa ka mekhoa e meraro; Lihlahisoa tsa liphatsa tsa lefutso, lipoleloana tsa liphatsa tsa lefutso tse amanang le liphatsa tsa lefutso ho motho ka bomong, le epigenetics li kopanya li peli. Mabapi le lithuto tsa liphatsa tsa lefutso, Swendsen le LeMoal [62] o hakanya hore liphatsa tsa lefutso li tlatsetsa hoo e batlang e le 40% ea lefu lena la tahi. Bangoli ba ile ba tsoela pele ho fana ka likhakanyo tse nepahetseng tsa tekano bakeng sa lintho tse itseng tse kang; 49% (m) le 64% (f) ea joala, 44% (m) le 65% (f) bakeng sa cocaine, 33% (m) le 79% (f) bakeng sa matekoane, 43% (m) bakeng sa mafura, le 53% (m) le 62% (f) bakeng sa koae [62] (leq. 80). Volkow le Muenke [63] tlaleha tlaleho e tloaelehileng ea liphatsa tsa lefutso mahlakoreng ka bobeli a ho hlahlojoa habeli; mohlala, ADHD le tšebeliso e mpe ea lithethefatsi. Mahlahahlaha le likoloi [64] a etsa tlhahlobo ea lingoliloeng 'me a tsebahatsa liphatsa tsa lefutso tse amanang le lithethefatsi e le karolo ea lihlopha tse peli; liphatsa tsa lefutso tse ka khonang ho fetola lik'hemik'hale tse amanang le lintho tse itseng, le liphatsa tsa lefutso tse susumetsang boitšoaro ba tsamaiso ea tsamaiso (e kang DRD2). Bangoli bana ba ile ba boela ba fumana hore mehato ea pele ea ts'oaetso e ne e tlamahane haholo le maemo a tikoloho, athe mehato ea morao-rao e ne e tlameletsoe haholoanyane.
Blum et al. [65] o ile a tseba hore liphatsa tsa lefutso li teng pakeng tsa moeli oa A1 oa liphatsa tsa lefutso tsa Dopamine D2 (DRD2) le ho ba le monyetla oa ho hlaolela tahi. Ka ho khetheha, li ne li lumela hore bajari ba DRG2-A1 ba na le li-receptor tse seng kae tsa D2. Lilemo tse seng kae hamorao, Blum, Cull, Braverman le Comings [66] o ile a etsa tlhahiso ea hore batho ba nang le bothata bona ba liphatsa tsa lefutso ba ka 'na ba e-ba le ho ferekana ha tsamaiso ea moputso oa mesolimbic, eo ba neng ba e bitsa "Dopamine Meward Cascade". Litšitiso tsena li fella ka boemo ba hypodopamineric bo hlahisang maemo a ho lemalla, a qobelloang, le a se nang boikemisetso, hammoho le mathata a mangata a botho. Blum et al. [66] o ile a qapa lentsoe "Ho Hlōleha ha Moputso" (RDS) ho emela ho se leka-lekaneng ha lik'hemik'hale tsa lik'hemik'hale tse hlahisang mathata a le mong kapa a mangata a boitšoaro. Ha ba ntse ba tsoela pele ka lipatlisiso, Blum le sehlopha sa hae ba fumane hore bajari ba gene ea DRD2-A1 ba na le 30% -40% tlase ho amohela D2 receptors, 'me ba etsa karolo ea 33% ea baahi ba US [67].
3.1.5. Mekhoa ea Likokoana-hloko ea Lithethefatsi
Liphuputso tse ngata mabapi le tlhaloso ea limolek'hule tsa lithethefatsi li hlahile lilemong tse leshome tse fetileng, hangata li lebisitse tlhokomelo karolong ea CREB, DeltaFosB le glutamate [2,68,69,70,71,72,73]. Kakaretso ea lipatlisiso tsena e bontša hore moroallo oa dopamine tsamaisong ea moputso o etsa hore ho be le keketseho ea tlhahiso ea cyclic AMP (cAMP), molek'hule e nyenyane e hlahisang ho lokolloa ha protheine e sebetsang ea CAMP e sebetsang (CREB). CREB ke protheine e laolang polelo ea liphatsa tsa lefutso tse khethehileng. Tabeng ena, sephetho ke ho lokolloa ha dynorphin, protheine e fokotsang ho lokolloa ha dopamine le ho thibela VTA, kahoo e fokotsa mokhoa oa moputso. Bafuputsi ba lumela hore sena ke molek'hule oa mamello, kaha lithethefatsi (kapa boitšoaro) li eketseha ho hlokahala hore li hlōle palo e eketsehileng ea CREB. Ts'ebetso ena e boetse e ameha ka ho itšetleha, kaha mokhoa oa ho fumana moputso o thibela motho ka boemong ba anhedonia ha a sa tlohele mohloli oa bothata ba dopamine. Ha meriana e fetoha e sa itekanetseng, litekanyetso tsa CREB lia theoha kapele, ho mamellana hoa fela, mme ts'ebetso e qala. Hona joale, DeltaFosB e fetoha ntho e ka sehloohong.
DeltaFosB ke ntho ea transcription e sebetsang ka tsela e fapaneng le CREB, kaha e tlosa dynorphin mme e eketsa kutloisiso tseleng ea moputso. Le hoja CREB e hlahisa boitšoaro bo hlephileng ba ho lemalla, DeltaFosB e khothalletsa ho ts'ehetsa boitšoaro bo hlephileng. Le hoja CREB e haha ka potlako ha e arabela tšebelisong ea lithethefatsi (kapa boitšoaro bo hlephileng), DeltaFosB e haha butle-butle. Ho phaella moo, ha litekanyetso tse phahameng tsa CREB li fokotseha ka potlako, maemo a phahameng a DeltaFosB a lula nako e telele-libeke kapa likhoeli. Sena se eketsa karabo ho litlhohonolofatso le litlhaloso tse amanang le moputso, ho siea motho ka boeona a amanang le lithethefatsi tse amanang le lithethefatsi le ho hlaseloa ke boitšoaro bo qobelloang le ho khutlela morao. Ts'ebetso ena e ntseng e atolosoa le liphello tsa eona tse amanang le eona li lebisitse tlhokomelong ea DeltaFosB e le "mochine o fetolelang ho lemala" [70].
Karolo ea boraro ke glutamate ea neurotransmitter. Bafuputsi ba fumana ho ba le marang-rang hore ba amehe haholo ka karolo ea thuto ea ho lemala, 'me bongata bo eketsehileng ba dopamine tseleng ea mesocorticolimbic e lebisa tlhokomelong e eketsehileng ea glutamate. Ka lehlakoreng le leng, ts'ehetso e matlafatsang ea glutamate e matlafatsa le ho matlafatsa litsela tsa ho ithuta / tsa mohopolo tse amanang le ho lemalla le boitšoaro bo potolohileng [74].
3.2. Litsebi tsa phekolo ea likokoana-hloko
Koob le Le Moal [5] ba nehetse karolo ea ho qetela ea tlhahlobo ea bona e hlakileng ka boitsebiso bo bongata ba boko bo ts'oanang le bo khahlanong le moputso ho ea ka "Lithethefatsi tsa Nondrug". Bangoli ba ile ba kena-kenana le "lithethefatsi tse sa sebeliseng lithethefatsi le lithethefatsi", 'me ba phethela ka polelo, "Ho ka etsoa nyeoe ea hore ho na le sefahleho se matla se nang le bothata ba ho lemalla ho lemalla, ho itlopa joala, ho noa joala, li ama mehato ea ho qobella papali ea chelete, ho qobella ho reka, ho qobella ho ja, ho qobella boitšoaro ba ho kopanela liphate le ho ikoetlisa "5] (leq. 46).
Tlhahlobo ea lingoliloeng ho bapisa boitšoaro bo hlephileng le li-SUDs, Grant, Brewer le Potenza [6] Kleptomania, pyromania, ho qobella ho reka, le ho qobella boitšoaro bo hlephileng ba ho kopanela liphate e le mehlala ea boitšoaro bo hlephileng, 'me qetellong e re, "Lipatlisiso tsa liphatsa tsa lefutso, ho sebetsa ha liphatsa tsa lefutso, lipatlisiso tsa liphatsa tsa lefutso, le lipatlisiso tsa phekolo li bontšitse hore ho na le kamano e matla ea methapo ea boitšoaro pakeng tsa boitšoaro bo hlephileng ba lithethefatsi le tšebeliso ea lithethefatsi mathata "[6] (leq. 92). Grant, Potenza, Weinstein le Gorelick [7] ho fumana mekhoa ea ho lemalla lithethefatsi le li-SUD hore li kopane likarolong tse ngata, ho akarelletsa le ho fokolloa ke bophelo, ho sa feleng (ho kula ho sa foleng), phetoho ea liphatsa tsa lefutso, neurobiology (boko bo botle, opioidergic, serotonergic, dopamine mesolimbic systems), phenomenology (ho lakatsa, ho tahoa, ho tlohela) karabelo ea phekolo.
Khatisong ea hae e qaqileng, "Litlhohonolofatso tsa tlhaho, ho se sebelisoe ke pelo, le ho se tsube lithethefatsi", Olsen [8] o itse, "ho na le glut ea bopaki ba hore meputso ea tlhaho e khonne ho fokotsa polasetiki ka potoloho e amanang le lithethefatsi" [8] (leq. 14). Olsen o ile a qotsa lipatlisiso tsa fMRI tse bontšang papali ea chelete, ho reka, ho kopanela liphate (orgasm), lipapali tsa video, le ho bona lijo tse khahlang ho etsa hore mesocorticolimbic tsamaiso le ho atolosoa amygdala ka tsela e tšoanang le lithethefatsi tsa tlhekefetso. Olsen o ile a etsa qeto ea hore "Boitsebiso bo bongata bo bontša hore ho ja, ho reka, ho bapala papali ea chelete, ho bapala lipapali tsa video, le ho qeta nako ka inthanete ke mekhoa e metle e ka fetohang boitšoaro bo qobelloang bo tsoelang pele ho sa tsotellehe liphello tse bohloko" [8] (leq. 14).
Tlhahlobo ea bona ea liphatsa tsa lefutso tsa boitšoaro bo hlephileng ba boitšoaro, Lobo le Kennedy [75] ba tlalehile hore batho ba nang le papali ea chelete ba ba le monyetla oa ho ba le motsoali oa papali ea chelete ea makhetlo a mararo, 'me monyetla oa ho ba le nkhono le bo-ntate-moholo. Blum et al. [67] ba fumane bana ba lino tse tahang hore e be 50% -60% mohlomong ho feta ho ba joala, palo e lumellanang le Leeman le Potenza [10] tekanyo ea ho ba le papali ea papali ea chelete.
Blum e 'nile ea kenyelletsa mekhoa ea ho lemalla lihlopha tsa lihlopha tse amang RDS. Qalong ea pampiri e buang ka moputso o fokolang, Blum et al. [76] e boletse, "Ka hona ho haella ha li-receptor tsa D2 ho baka batho kotsing e kholo ea boits'oaro bo bongata ba ho lemalla, ho nkeha maikutlo le boits'oaro, ho kenyeletsoa botahoa, k'hok'heine, heroine, matekoane le ts'ebeliso ea nikotine, ho itlopa ka tsoekere, papali ea chelete, ho lemalla thobalano ...". Lenane le latelang le emela mathata a ikhethileng a boits'oaro hajoale a hoketsoeng ho RDS (ka kopo hlokomela mona hore re sebelisa mantsoe a mantlha, leha re ne re ke ke ra arola lipapali tsa inthanete kapa boits'oaro ba thobalano ba Aberrant tlasa lentsoe Compulsive Behaviors):
- Litlamorao tsa ho lemalla: Ho noa ho tebileng, ho sebelisoa hampe ho tsuba, ho tsuba le ho ja lijo-thollo
- Boikarabello bo sa tsitsang: Tlhokomeliso-Mathata a ho Fokotsa Matšoao a Matšoao, Li-Tic le Tourette Syndrome le Autism (ho kenyelletsa Asperger Syndrome)
- Boikarabello bo qobelloang: Aberrant boitšoaro, ho bapala Inthanete le Texting Obsessive, Papali ea papali ea chelete le Workaholism le Shopaholisnm
- Mathata a Botho: Boitšoaro ba Boitšoaro, Botho bo sa Khetholloeng, Boitšoaro bo Bobebe, Bohlōhō ba Mahlatsipa le Pefo [67].
Ho ea ka Smith [77], lithuto tsa bo-rasaense tsa boithuto tse kang tsena le tse ling li ile tsa lebisa ho kenyelletsoa ha boitšoaro ba ASAM ho tlhaloso ea eona ea taolo. Ho phaella tabeng ea "Tlhaloso e Khutšoanyane ea Tšebeliso ea Lithethefatsi", ASAM e phatlalalitse "Long Definition of Addiction", moo e fanang ka mehlala e tobileng ea boitšoaro bo hlephileng ho serapeng sa pele:
Tlhekefetso e boetse e ama tsela ea ho itšireletsa le ho sebelisana pakeng tsa lipotoloho tsa cortical le hippocampal le mehaho ea moputso oa boko, e le hore mohopolo oa likhetho tsa nakong e fetileng li fumane moputso (tse kang lijo, thobalano, joala le lithethefatsi tse ling) li lebisa karabong ea likokoana-hloko le mekhoa ea boitšoaro ho ea ka ntle. ho tsosa takatso le / kapa ho kopanela boitšoarong bo lemalang.
[11]
Ho ts'ehetsa tšehetso e eketsehileng ea khopolo ea ho lemalla boitšoaro, ASAM e sebelisa poleloana "Boits'oaro bo khahlanong le boits'oaro" Linakong tsa 13 ka Tlhaloso ea bona e telele ea ho lemalla, le ho hlalosa poleloana e hlalosang mantsoe a hlalosang mantsoe a 3:
Lenaneong lena, lentsoe "boitšoaro bo hlephileng" le bolela boitšoaro boo hangata bo putsang 'me bo bonahala maemong a mangata a ho lemala. Ho ipapisa le boitšoaro bo joalo, feela joalokaha ho etsahala ka ho pepesa lithethefatsi tse khotsofatsang, ke ho tsamaisa mokhoa oa ho lemalla lithethefatsi ho e-na le ho tsuba lithethefatsi. Boemo ba sebōpeho le bo-physiology ke bokooa bo ka sehloohong bo bakoang ke ho lemala. Kahoo, tokomaneng ena, lentsoe "boitšoaro bo hlephileng" ha le bolele mekhoa e sa amoheleheng kapa ea boitšoaro e sa amoheleheng, e ka hlahang maemong a mangata a ho lemala. Lits'ebeletso, tse kang ho se tšepahale, ho tlōla melao ea litekanyetso tsa batho kapa litekanyetso tsa ba bang, liketso tsa tlōlo ea molao joalo-joalo e ka ba karolo ea ho lemala; tsena li talingoa ka ho fetisisa e le mathata a bakoang ke ho e-na le ho kenya letsoho ho lemalla.
[11]
Lipatlisiso mabapi le "neurobiology" ea "boitšoaro bo hlephileng ba boitšoaro" e tsoetse pele ho tloha nakong ea tlhaloso e ncha ea ASAM. Ka mohlala, libukeng tsa bona tsa ho hlahlojoa ha libuka tsa lefu la seoa, li-neurobiology, le mekhoa ea phekolo ea "lithethefatsi tsa boitšoaro" [9], Karim le Chaudhri ba bontšitse hore ho na le bothata bo eketsehileng ba mathata, ao hape ba a bitsang mekhoa ea ho qobella maikutlo, le ho sebetsana le lithethefatsi. Bangoli bana ba buile ka ho toba "papali ea chelete, ho ja, ho kopanela liphate, ho reka, ho sebelisa Inthanete kapa li-videogames kapa esita le ho ikoetlisa, ho sebetsa kapa ho oa ka lerato" [9] (leq. 5) e le mehlala ea lithethefatsi tsa boitšoaro.
Leeman le Potenza [10] o ile a hlahloba ka botlalo lipatlisiso tsa "neurobiological" mabapi le boitšoaro bo hlephileng, "Tlhahlobo e Lebelitsoeng ea Neurobiology le Genetics ea Lits'ilafatso Tsa Boitšoaro: Sebaka se Phahameng sa Lipatlisiso". Sehlooho sena se na le litemana tsa 197, mme se senya se fumanoang ho ea ka likarolo tse tharo: Ts'ebetso ea boko le liphetoho tsa mahlaseli, mekhoa ea methapo ea kutlo le liphatsa tsa lefutso. Bangoli ba akaretsa sehlopheng se seng le se seng tafoleng ea bona ea maqephe a feletseng, ba hlalosang "mekhoa e tšeletseng ea boitšoaro": Ho becha, Inthanete, papaling, ho reka, kleptomania, le thobalano. Karolo e ka ho le letšehali ea tafole e kenyelelitse kakaretso ea lipatlisiso tse teng ka mokhoa o itseng oa ho lemalla boitšoaro, 'me karolo e ka ho le letona e fapane le eona e nang le litlhaloso tse tšoanang tsa tšebeliso e mpe ea lithethefatsi. Bangoli ba ile ba etsa qeto ea hore ho na le boitsebiso bo fokolang empa bo hlahang bo kopantseng lithethefatsi tse fapaneng tsa boitšoaro le lipatlisiso tse teng ka lithethefatsi tse mpe.
Fineberg et al. [78] o ile a hatisa tlhahlobo e pharaletseng, "Liphetoho tse ncha tsa ho se tsebe ha motho meriana: litsebi tsa meriana, liphatsa tsa lefutso le boko bo kopanetsoeng ba ho se tsitsang le ho qobella". Tlhahlobo ea bona, bangoli bana ba ka sehloohong ba amohela mohopolo oa boits'oaro ba ho lemalla, ho kenyeletsa le ho leka ho "utloisisa (ing) ea pathophysiology ea mathata a sa tsitsang, a ho qobella, le a ho lemalla 'me a bontša mekhoa e mecha ea lipatlisiso" [78] (leq. 2). Bangoli bana ba sebelisitse papali ea papali ea chelete ho latela mohlala oa litlhahiso tsa boitšoaro, le hoja ba ile ba lumela hore ho na le bothata ba ho ja lijo tse kang ho ba le neuropathophysiology e nang le lithethefatsi. Li kenyelelitsoe litulong tsa bona, libuka tsena li tlaleha,
Joalo tabeng ea ho itšetleha ka lino tse tahang, kamano e fapaneng pakeng tsa ts'ebetso ea tlhahiso ea li-ventral nakong ea tebello e lebelloang le ho ikemela ka boithati ho ile ha hlokomeloa holima lipapali tsa papali ea chelete le lihlopha tse itšetlehileng ka joala tse bontšang hore tšebetso ena ea ts'ebetso e hlaselang ea ho itšunya-tšunya ka mekhoa ea boitšoaro e bua ka tsela e tsoanang le ho se tsitsisehe.
[78] (leq. 15)
Khopolo ea lijo e lemallo e 'nile ea ithutoa ka ho khetheha lilemong tsa morao tjena, ho kenyelletsa le lipatlisiso tse matla ho karolo ea methapo ea pelo ea ho ja lijo tse ngata le botenya [79,80,81,82,83,84,85,86,87,88,89,90].
3.2.1. Mathata a ho becha
Kantle le lipatlisiso tse boletsoeng ka holimo ho li-neurobiology tsa mathata a mabeli a sebelisoang ho sebelisoa ha lithethefatsi (SUDs) le boitšoaro bo hlephileng, ho na le lipatlisiso tse ngata ka ho khetheha ho neurobiology ea papali ea chelete (GD) (GD) (e tsejoang e le Pathological Gambling (PG) pele DSM-5). Ka sebele, joalokaha ho boletsoe ka Fineberg et al. [78] ho ithuta, lithuto tse ngata ka boitšoaro bo hlephileng li sebelisa GD e le sebopeho.
Lithuto tse ling ka kotloloho li bapisa le ho fapana le methapo ea kutlo ea pelo ea GD le lefu la neurobiology ea li-SUDs. Ka mohlala, Potenza [91,92] e hatisitse litlhaloso tse peli tsa lingoliloeng tse tobileng ho li-neurobiology tsa GD. Tlhahlobo ea hae ea pele ea lingoliloeng, ho batlisisa lintho tse tloaelehileng pakeng tsa GD le tšebeliso e mpe ea lithethefatsi, Potenza [92] ba fumane likarolo tse ling tsa ho atolosa litleliniking, liphatsa tsa lefutso, li-epidemiological, phenomenological, le libaka tse ling tsa likokoana-hloko, 'me ba phahamisa potso mabapi le hore na GD e tla be e arotsoe ka mokhoa o loketseng e le "ho lemalla boitšoaro". Liphuputso tsena li matlafatsoa thutong ea hae ea bobeli, moo a ileng a fumana libaka tse ngata tsa boko (ventral striatum, ventromedial prefrontal cortex, insula, har'a ba bang), le mekhoa ea neurotransmitter (norepinephrine, serotonin, dopamine, opioid le glutamate) e fetoloang e sa ferekane bapalami ba papali ea chelete [91].
Ho hahoa holim'a lipatlisiso tse joalo, Leeman le Potenza [10] o ile a hatisa tlhahlobo ea "ho tšoana le ho fapana pakeng tsa papali ea chelete le mathata a ho sebelisoa ha lithethefatsi". Bangoli ba tšoantšetsa ho tšoana ho hongata pakeng tsa GD le SUDs mabapi le ho sebetsa ka boko (li-cortices, li-striatum le li-insula) le litsebi tsa lipatlisiso tsa "neurotransmitter" (dopamine, serotonin, opioids, glutamate, le norepinephrine). Ka ho tšoanang, el-Guebaly le basebetsi-'moho le eena ba hatisitse tlhahlobo ea lipatlisiso mabapi le ho tšoaneleha ha boemo ba GD e le khathatso ea ho laola maikutlo kapa e le khatello ea ho eketsa [93]. Ho itšetlehile ka liphuputso tsa li-neurotransmitters tse sebetsang, li-neurocircuitry, le liphatsa tsa lefutso hammoho le karabo ho li-pharmacotherapies, bangoli bana ba fumane hore GD le SUDs li na le tse ling tse tšoanang ho feta pakeng tsa GD le mathata a ho laola maikutlo. Ka ho tšoanang, Brevers le Noël [94] ba hatisitse tlhahlobo ea lingoliloeng moo ba ileng ba fumana GD e lumellana le ho ba le bothata ba I-RISA, Anti-Reward, Incentive Sentiitization, le mekhoa e tloaelehileng ea ho lemala. E le mohlala oa ho qetela, Gyollai et al. [95] o ile a hatisa tlhahlobo ea lingoliloeng liphatseng tsa lefutso tsa GD 'me a phetha ka ho tiisa hore ho kenngoa ha eona ka har'a lihlopha tsa boits'oaro ba RDS.
E itšetlehile ka sena le bongata ba lipatlisiso tse ling, APA e kentse botjha ba papali ea chelete ho tloha ho ba ts'oaetso ea ho laola ts'oaetso ho "Mathata a sa amaneng le lintho" ho DSM-5. Tlhokomelo ena ea GD e le lefu lena le sa amaneng le lithethefatsi (ke hore, Boits'oaro ba Boits'oaro) ho DSM-5 e bolela ho senyeha ha maikutlo a nako e telele hore lithuto tsa saense tsa ho lemala le mohopolo oa ho lemala ka kakaretso li tlameha ho lekanyetsoa ho tšebeliso e mpe ea lisebelisoa tsa psychoactive.
Ho tloha ka nako eo, lithuto tsa litsebi le litlhahlobo li ntse li tsoela pele ho hlaha. Ka mohlala, Singer et al. [96] a hlahloba liphuputso tse amanang le mekhoa ea neurobiological ea GD e itšetlehile ka khopolo ea hore mokhoa oa morao tjena oa GD e le Boits'oaro ba Boits'oaro ho DSM-5 o ile oa fana ka maikutlo a hore "phantotypes e tšoanang ea ho utloisisa le ho susumetsa motho e ka 'na ea e-ba tlas'a mathata a ho becha le ho sebelisa lithethefatsi" [96] (leq. 1). Ka ho khetheha ba hlalositse lithuto tse 'maloa tse fanang ka tšehetso ea khopolo ea hore ho pepeseha ho fana ka moputso o sa lebelloang ho ka baka likarabo tse hlakileng tsa tsamaiso ea dopamine, e leng eona e sebelisang matla a khothatsang bakeng sa litlhoko tse amanang le moputso. Bahlahlobisisi ba ile ba boela ba ameha ka liphuputso tse bontšang hore cortisol e phetha karolo ea ho fetola maikutlo a susumelletsong mohatsong oa ventral, ke hore, maemo a cortisol ha ho becha a lemalla a amana hantle le likarabo tsa lichelete tsa lichelete.
Qetellong, tlhahlobo ea morao-rao ea Romanczuk-Seiferth et al. [97] ho tloha ka taba ea hore ho ne ho e-na le libuka tse ntseng li eketseha tse bontšang li-neurobiological pakeng tsa GD le SUDs, le hore sena se ts'ehetsoa ke taba ea hore mekhoa e khethehileng ea phekolo ea li-SUD e boetse e sebetsa ho phekola papali ea chelete. Ba ile ba hlahloba lipatlisiso tsa morao-rao tsa mafu a kelello, li-neurophysiological, le li-neurophysiking tsa GD tse thehiloeng ho lihlopha tse tharo tse kholo tsa ho hlahloba: Ho lahleheloa ke taolo, ho lakatsa / ho tlosoa le ho hlokomoloha libaka tse ling tsa bophelo ". Ba ile ba etsa qeto ea hore ho arola lihlopha tsena tsa matšoao ka tsela ena ho ile ha fana ka "moralo oa bohlokoa oa ho bapisa ka mokhoa o hlophisehileng bopaki bo bocha ka GD le SUDs nakong e tlang" [97] (leq. 95).
3.2.2. Internet Addiction
Bafuputsi ba 'nile ba ithuta IA ka lilemo tse ka bang mashome a mabeli. Kimberly Young o ile a fana ka lipatlisiso tsa pele tse hlakileng ho IA Kopanong ea selemo le selemo ea American Psychological Association ea 1996, 'me ho bile le lithuto le makhotla a makholo ka taba e ileng ea etsoa ho tloha ka nako eo. Ho bile le bonyane litlhahlobo tsa lingoliloeng tsa 20 tse hatisitsoeng lilemong tse hlano tse fetileng ka taba e pharaletseng ea IA, le / kapa lihlooho tsa eona tse khethehileng [15,36,47,98,99,100,101,102,103,104,105,106,107,108,109,110,111,112,113]. Har'a tsena litlhaloso, bonyane 10 e hlahlobile, ka kakaretso kapa ka kakaretso, lipatlisiso tsa lipatlisiso tsa neurobiological mabapi le IA [15,104,105,111,114,115,116,117,118,119].
Tlhahlobo ea bona ea lingoliloeng ho "neurobiology" ea "Inthanete le ho lemalla ho bapala", e hatisitsoeng pele ho lokolloa ha DSM-5, Kuss le Griffiths [105] a hlokometse;
Lithethefatsi tsa Inthanete li na le mefuta e mengata ea lipapali tsa Inthanete tse nang le bohlokoa ba ho kula, tse kang ho bapala, ho reka, papali ea chelete kapa liwebsaeteng tsa batho. Ho bapala lipapali ho emela karolo ea ts'ebeliso ea lithethefatsi tsa Inthaneteng, mme ho lemalla ho bapala lipapali ho bonahala eka ke mofuta o khethehileng ka ho fetisisa oa thuto ea Inthaneteng ho fihlela joale.
[105] (leq. 348)
Leha ho le joalo, ho na le khohlano e sa tloaelehang ea tlhōlo ea bothata ba maikutlo a "ho lemalla" Inthaneteng le "bothata ba ho bapala Inthaneteng". Ka mohlala, APA e ferekanya pepeneneng mohopolo oa IA le moelelo oa eona oa IGD DSM-5 ha ba re "Mathata a ho bapala Inthaneteng (ao hape a tsejoang e le bothata ba ho sebelisa Inthanete, ho lemalla Inthaneteng kapa ho lemalla lipapali) ho na le tokelo ea ho ba le bothata bo ikemetseng "([12], leq. 796). APA e tšehetsa tlhaloso ena ka litlhaloso tsa 14 tsa IGD tseo li li faneng ka DSM-5 ho tšehetsa ho hlahlojoa. Litemana tse leshome le metso e meraro ho tsena li ne li le libukeng tse hlahlojoang ke lithaka, 'me e' ngoe e bua ka sehlooho sa makasine ea pop-culture ("Wired") e mabapi le IA Chaena. Har'a lihlooho tse hlahlojoang ke lithaka, lihlooho tse tharo feela li ne li hlile li lebisitsoe ka ho khetheha Inthaneteng ho bapala [120,121,122]. Har'a lihlooho tse setseng tsa 10, lithuto tse 'nè tse boletsoeng ho papaling e le e' ngoe ea lihlopha tse tharo tsa IA [34,116,123,124], ho bapala papali e le 'ngoe ea li-subtypes tse leshome [125], ba bararo ba ile ba sebelisa mantsoe "papali" le "papali" ho kopana le mantsoe a mang a amanang le Inthanete a kang "papali ea chelete" le "litšoantšo tsa bootsoa" [126,127,128], 'me tse peli li buuoa ka "tšebeliso ea Inthanete" ka kakaretso e se nang li-subtypes [129,130].
Ho sa tsotellehe phetoho ea APA, bafuputsi ba 'maloa, ho akarelletsa le mofuputsi ea nang le phihlelo ea lefu la methapo ea kutlo, Guangheng Dong, ba' nile ba bua ka IGD e le karoloana ea IA [131,132,133,134,135]. Ka tlhahlobo ea morao tjena, e lokolloa ka mor'a hore ho phatlalatsoe DSM-5, Brand, Young le Laier [15] o itse:
Hona joale APA e shebane le papali ea inthanete. Re pheha khang, leha ho le joalo, hore le likopo tse ling li ka sebelisoa ka mokhoa o lemalloang… Ka hona, re akaretsa liphetho tsa lithuto tse fetileng tsa ho lemalla Inthanete ka tsela e pharalletseng, leha karolo e kholo ea lithuto tse phatlalalitsoeng ho fihlela joale li shebile haholo lipapaling tsa inthanete.
[15] (leq. 2)
Ka mokhoa o ts'oanang, ka morero oa tlhahlobo ena, tlhahlobo leha e le efe e nahanang hore IGD e le karolo ea IA e khetholloa e le thuto ea IA ka morero oa tlhahlobo ena, le hoja ba bangata ba sebelisa papali e le mohlala o ipapisang. Ka mohlala, Weinstein le Lejoyeux [116] li hlahlobile lihlooho tse khethehileng feela "Inthaneteng ea lithethefatsi" le "tšebeliso e mpe ea Inthanete" e phatlalalitsoeng Medline le PubMed pakeng tsa 2000-2009. Le hoja thuto ena e ne e sa totobetse ho ea ka methapo ea pelo, bangoli bana ba ile ba tlaleha ka bokhutšoanyane ka liphuputso sebakeng sena, ba qetella ba re:
Liphello li bonts'a hore li-substrate tsa neural tsa ho bapala lipapali tsa ho bapala lipapali tsa ho bapala lipapali tsa ho bapala lipapali tsa inthanete li ne li lekana le tsa takatso e bakoang ke ho itšunya-tšunya ha motho a itšetlehile ka lintho tse ngata. Ka hona, liphello li fana ka maikutlo a hore papali ea papaling ea ho bapala lipapali tsa marang-rang le ho lakatsa ho itšetlehile ka lintho tse itseng e ka 'na ea e-ba le mekhoa e tšoanang ea neurobiological.
[116] (leq. 279)
Kuss le Griffiths [105] o ile a hatisa tlhahlobo ea lingoliloeng ho "neurobiology" ea "Internet le Gaming Addiction", eo ho eona ho bolelang ho kopanya lithuto tse amanang le lihlooho tse lemalloang lipapaling tsa inthanete kapa lihlooho tse sebelisoang Inthaneteng ntle le moqapi o itseng oa subtype. Ka ho tšoanang tlhahlobo ea Weinstein le Lejoyeux [115] "Liphetoho tse ncha mekhoeng ea neurobiological le ea pharmaco-genetic e sebelisoang Inthaneteng le ho lemalla monoana oa video" e na le poleloana e reng "Inthanete le ho lemalla li-videogame" kamehla pampiring ea bona, le hoja boholo ba tlhahlobo ea bona bo totobetse ho bapala. Ho sa tsotellehe ho se lumellane hoa lebitso, ke habohlokoa ho hlokomela hore liphello tse ngata tsa litlhaloso tse peli li lumellana ka ho toba le tse ling tsa li-neurobiology tse boletsoeng ka holimo tse fumanoang ke lithethefatsi [4,43,44,51,55,56,57,61]. E le karolo ea liphuputso tsena, mokhoa oa moputso oa mesocorticolimbic o fumanoe o amehile ka mokhoa o ts'oanang le oa tšebeliso e mpe ea lithethefatsi, joalo ka ha e ne e le ts'oaetso e bakoang ke takatso.
Bafuputsi ba Setsi sa Naha sa Psychiatry Mexico le bona ba entse tlhahlobo ka sehlooho sa IA. Bafuputsi bana ba batlisitse tlhophiso, comorbidity, diagnostic, electrophysiology, epidemiology, genetics ea limolek'hule, neuroimaging le kalafo (ea bongaka le eo eseng ea meriana) ea lefu lena. Ho ipapisitse le liphuputso tsa bona, bafuputsi ba fihletse qeto ea hore "lipatlisiso tse ngata tsa bongaka le tsa methapo ea kutlo li entsoe holima taba ena ... ka lipatlisiso tse kenyang lintlha tse tsoang likarolong tse fapaneng tsa lefats'e" [111] (maqephe a 1, 7). Ka mokhoa o ts'oanang, tlhahlobo ea bona e tsepamisitse maikutlo haholo litlamong tsa phekolo bakeng sa IA, Winkler et al. [118] o ile a boela a tlaleha "ho kopana haholo le matšoao a tloaelehileng a amahanngoa le mekhoa ea boitšoaro bo bobe le ho tšoana ha maikutlo le lithethefatsi tse ling [118] (leq. 326) ".
Tlhahlobo e 'ngoe ea morao-rao e lebisitse tlhokomelo ea karolo ea li-prefraal ea ho laola mesebetsi ho IA le ho akaretsa lipatlisiso tsa lefu la pelo le tsa mahlaseli ka taba ena sehloohong sena [15]. Bangoli ba ne ba nahana hore IA e ka khetholloa ho IA e tloaelehileng le mefuta e mengata ea IA, mohlala, IGD kapa IPA. Tumellanong le mefuta e boletsoeng ka holimo ea lithethefatsi [4,43,44,51,55,56,57,61, haholo-holo e itšetlehile ka liphetoho tsa morao-rao ho tloha liphuputsong tsa mahlale a Inthaneteng tse lemaletseng batho, bangoli ba ile ba etsa qeto ea hore IA e bonahala e amana le mohaho, 'me boko bo sebetsang haholo bo fetoha likorale (mohlala, prefrontal cortex le limbic structures) le subcortical (mohlala. , karolo ea basal ganglia) libaka tsa boko. Liphetoho tsena tsa boko li boetse li nkoa e le li-neural correlates tsa ho fokotseha ha taolo ea batsamaisi, haholo-holo maemong ao ho tsona ho nang le litlhahiso tse amanang le lithethefatsi tse teng. Brand et al. o ile a hlahisa mokhoa oa ho nahanisisa oa boitšoaro oa mekhoa e tloaelehileng le e tobileng ea IA e totobatsang ts'ebeliso e ntle le e fosahetseng ka lebaka la tšebeliso ea Inthanete, e leng se lebisang ho khetholla-reactivity le takatso ea maikutlo. Bangoli ba boletse hore lits'ebetso tsa cue-reactivity le takatso e ka 'na ea potlakisa mathata matleng a taolo ea tsamaiso [15].
Meng le basebetsi-'moho [114] o ile a etsa lipatlisiso tsa pele tsa ho bala / ho etsa lipatlisiso tsa meta ea lithuto tsa fMRI tsa IGD. Bangoli bana ba qalile ka lihlooho tsa 61, tseo ba li kopantseng ho lithuto tsa tlhahlobo ea boko bo feletseng ba bokooa ba 10. Bangoli ba fumana ntho e tloaelehileng ea khethollo ea prefrontal lobe, 'me kahoo ba phethela, "Ha re nahana ka karolo e fetotsoeng ea prefrontal lobe ka moputso le tsamaiso ea boithati, liphello tsa rona li ile tsa fana ka bopaki bo tšehetsang bakeng sa ho hlophisoa ha IGD e le ho lemalla boitšoaro"114] (leq. 799).
Phuputsong e 'ngoe ea morao-rao ea tlhahlobo ea lingoliloeng ho "neurobiology ea IA, Zhu, Zhang le Tian [119] ka ho khetheha o ile a hlahloba mekhoa ea limolek'hule ka lithuto tsa tlhaho tse sebelisang litšoantšo tse sebetsang tse sebetsang ka motlakase (fMRI), positron emission tomography (PET) le tlhahiso e le 'ngoe ea photon computed tomography (SPECT). Bangoli bana ba fumane hore IA e amahanngoa le ho se sebetse mekhoeng ea dopaminergic ea boko feela joaloka ho lemalla lithethefatsi; Lipatlisiso tsa MRI li bontšitse liphetoho tsa mohopolo bokong ka lihlopha tsa IA, tse nang le ts'oaetso e sa tsitsang le taolo ea boitšoaro e fumanoang lilemong tsa bocha ba IGD, ho kopantsoe le boko bo sebetsang ka pele ho cortex le lihlekehleke tse hlahisang lithethefatsi.
Palo e kholo ea lithuto tsa liphatsa tsa lefutso tsa IA li hlaha. Ka mohlala, Montag et al. [136] ba bolela hore e ka 'na eaba ba fumane molek'hule oa limolek'hule oa IA ka liphatsa tsa lefutso tse ngotsoeng bakeng sa karolo ea nicotinic acetylcholine receptor subunit alpha 4 (CHRNA4). Bafuputsi bana ba ile ba fumana keketseho e kholo ea polymorphism e khethehileng lefapheng la CHRNA4 Inthaneteng e lemalloang lihlooho. Ho feta moo, Lee le al. [137] ba fumane marang-rang a nang le lithethefatsi hore ba be le maqhubu a phahameng a SS-5HTTLPR. Ho phaella moo, Han et al. [138] ba fumane Inthaneteng ba lemalla ho ba le litšebeletso tse atileng haholo tsa Taq1A1, mesebetsi e tlaase ea litsebo tsa COMT le ho itšetleha ka moputso o phahameng ho feta litaelo.
Lintlha tsa morao-rao tsa IA li lebisitse feela lithuputsong tsa mahlale ha li tlohela lithuto tsa EEG tse bohlokoa. Patlisiso ea rona e ekelitse lithuto tsa 15 IA EEG, tse 'nè ho IGD. Ha ho ntse ho hlahlojoa boitšoaro bo hlephileng, bobeli ba phomolo ea EEG le menyetla e amanang le ketsahalo e ka sebelisoa. Likotsi tse amanang le ketsahalo (ERPs) ke likarabo tse koetsoeng ka nako ho mesebetsi ea liteko kapa ho susumetsa. Ka mohlala, Yu, Zhao, Li, Wang le Zhou [139] lihlooho tse lekiloeng tse sebelisang mesebetsi e hlophisitsoeng hantle 'me li fumanoe li fokotsoe P300 amplitudes le ho eketseha ha P300 latencies ho lihlooho tsa IA ha li bapisoa le ho laola bophelo bo botle. Ho fokotseha P300 ho tlalehiloe ho batho ba bang ba sebelisang hampe [140], le ho fana ka maikutlo a mohopolo o futsanehileng le kabelo ea tlhokomelo. Bangoli ba ile ba boela ba tlaleha hore ho fokotseha ha matla a gamma oscillation, a bontsitsoeng a amana le ho fokotsa maemo a dopamine. Ka ho tšoanang, Duven, Müller, Beutel le Wölfling [141] o ile a etsa lipatlisiso tse amanang le papali eo barupeluoa ba ileng ba fumana meputso. Sehlopha sa IGD se ne se fokotseha haholo P300 amplitudes ha ho fumanoa meputso, e leng ho etella bangoli ho fihlela qeto ea hore P300 e fokolisitsoeng e ne e bonahala e fokolloa ke likhaolo tsa IGD, e leng ho fumanoa tumellanong le lithethefatsi tsa lithethefatsi. Ge et al. [142] o ile a sebetsa mosebetsi o hlophisitsoeng oa ho hlahloba le ho feta 'me a fumana le ho eketseha ha P300 latencies. Bangoli bana ba fumane hore p300 latency e eketseha ho khutlela litekong tse tloaelehileng ka mor'a hore liithuti li phethe lenaneo la likhoeli tse tharo tsa CBT. Tlhahlobo ea bobeli ea nako e telele e tlalehile ho ipolaea hammoho le phekolo e ntlafetseng mohopolo oa nakoana le ho tloaeleha ha P300 amplitudes le latencies [143]. Liphuputso tsena tse peli tsa ho qetela li bontša hore liphetoho tsa ts'oaetso e ka ba liphello tsa IA.
Zhou, Yuan, Yao, Li le Cheng [144] lihlooho tse lekiloeng tse sebelisang mesebetsi ea ho sheba / ea ho ea-ea-Go le ho fana ka tlaleho e matla le ho fokotsa N2 amplitudes ho lihlooho tsa IA ha li bapisoa le ho laola bophelo bo botle. Ka tlaase ho N2 amplitudes litlhahloking tsa methapo ea kutlo ea sekhahla sa ho sebelisa joala [145]. Bafuputsi bana ba boletse sephethong sa bona, "Liphetho tsa phuputso ena li bonts'a ka ho hlaka hore batho ba nang le PIU ba ne ba potlakile ho feta taolo mme ba arolelana litšobotsi tsa neuropsychological le ERPs tsa mathata a mang, joalo ka papali ea chelete, ho lemalla lithethefatsi, ADHD kapa ts'ebeliso e mpe ea joala ..." [145] (leq. 233). Ka ho tšoanang, Dong, Zhou le Zhao [146] ho tlalehile hore lihlooho tsa IA li amana le litaelo tse bontšitsoeng bophahamo ba NoGo N2 e tlaase le latente ea P300 e telele. Ho phaella moo, Yang, Yang, Zhao, Yin, Liu le An [147] o fumane hore batho ba IA, ba ts'oanang le basebetsi ba hlekefetsang, ba ile ba etsa mesebetsi e mengata e phahameng mesebetsing ea NoGo. A Go / No-Go paradigm e amanang le "bapalami ba feteletseng" e hlahisitse liphetho tse tšoanang [148]. Qetellong, Yu, Zhao, Wang, Li le Wang [149] o sebelitse mosebetsi o sa sebetsaneng oa ho senya li-N400 phapang pakeng tsa basebelisi ba bangata ba Inthanete le litsamaiso. N400 e ne e le tlaase ho basebelisi ba Inthanete haholo, e bontšang hore ho ka ba thata ho fumana tsebo e nahanang. Liphuputso tse tšoanang li 'nile tsa tlalehoa bakeng sa ba hlekefetsang joala le basebelisi ba matla ba kannete [140].
Zhou, Li le Zhu [150] o sebelisitse mosebetsi o fetotsoeng oa Erikson flanker, mme a tlaleha phokotso e amanang le ketsahalo (ERN's) lihloohong tse lemalloang inthaneteng ha li bapisoa le taolo. Li-ERN ke karoloana ea li-ERP 'me li bontša phoso ea boko ha lithuto li leka ho laola tlhokomelo le ho se ts'oanehe-ha li-ERN li le tlase, monyetla o moholo oa hore boko bo se ke ba lokisa litsebo tse fosahetseng. Bangoli ba qotsitse lithuto tse bontšang li-ERN tse tlase ho ADHD le ts'ebeliso e mpe ea lithethefatsi, ho bontša kamoo bakuli ba nang le bothata ba ho thibela takatso ea ho amohela meputso ea nako e khuts'oane ho sa natsoe litlamorao tse mpe tsa nako e telele. Ba fane ka likhaello tsa li-ERN tse fokolang ts'ebetsong ea phethahatso, bafuputsi bana ba phethile ka ho re, "Liphetho tsa phuputso ena li bontša ka ho hlaka hore batho ba nang le ts'ebeliso ea inthanete ba ne ba potlakile ho feta taolo mme ba arolelana litšobotsi tsa neuropsychological le ERN tsa mathata a mang, joalo ka papali ea chelete, ts'ebeliso e mpe ea lithethefatsi" [150] (leq. 5). Yau, Potenza, Mayes le Crowley [151] o ile a sebelisa Balloon Analogue Risk Task (BART), 'me a tlaleha phaello e fokolang e amanang le maikutlo (FRN) le P300 amplitudes "maemong a kotsi a basebelisi ba Inthanete" ho bapisoa le taolo. Ho ea ka bangoli bana, ho se utloisise maikutlo ha maikutlo nakong ea kotsing ho ka tlatsetsa ho ts'ebetsong ho ts'ebelisoang ho sa tsotellehe liphello tse mpe. Dong, Zhou le Zhao [152] lihlooho tse lekiloeng tse sebelisang lentsoe la mebala ea Stroop, le ho tlaleha hore ho fokotsa ho se tsotellane ho hokae (MFN) ho latela lihlopha. Hammoho le liphoso tse ngata tsa ho arabela, bangoli bana ba tlaleha hore ho fumanoa hona ho fana ka maikutlo a ho fokotsa ts'ebetso ea bolaoli, e leng karolo e arolelanoang ea lithethefatsi.
Phuputso e le 'ngoe ea ERP e ile ea bapisa likarolo tse ling tsa lik'homphieutha le li-gamer tsa lik'homphieutha tse sa tloaelehang. Tumellanong le lithuto tsa tšebeliso e mpe ea lithethefatsi, Thalemann, Wölfling le Grüsser [153] o fumane li-ERP tse hlaselang haholo-holo lipapaling tsa batho ba nang le phihlelo ha li bapisoa le bapalami ba tloaelehileng. Qetellong, lithuto tse peli tsa phomolo ea EEG li phatlalalitsoe. Liphuputso tsena li tlalehile lihlooho tsa IA li e-na le matla a fokolang ka ho fetisisa lihlopheng tsa delta le tsa beta ha li bapisoa le litaelo. Liphuputso tsena ka bobeli li bontša hore ho se tšoane hona ho ka 'na ha e-ba le li-neurobiological marker for IA154,155]. Ho kopanngoa, lithuto tsa EEG li fana ka bopaki bo eketsehileng ba hore ba nang le bothata ba IA ba tšoana haholo le ba nang le ts'oaetso ea lithethefatsi ha ba bapisoa le taolo.
3.2.3. Mathata a ho bapala Inthaneteng
IA e ne e etsoa tlhahiso ea ka molao bakeng sa ho kenngoa DSM-5 ka makhetlo a mabeli, hang ka ho bapala e le karoloana, 'me hang ha e se na li-subtypes [17,34]. IGD leha ho le joalo, ha ho mohla ho neng ho etsoa tlhahiso ea molao bakeng sa ho kenngoa DSM-5, ka hona ha ea ka ea etsoa ka mokhoa oa ho fana ka litlhaloso. Leha ho le joalo, ka hora ea ho qetela, APA e ile ea fana ka phihlelo ea IGD Karolo ea 3-Conditions for Further Study, ha IA e lelekoa. Ho na le lipatlisiso tse ngata mabapi le "Internet Addiction", 'me ho ka ba thata ho hlakola hore na liphuputso li hlile li totobetse ho IGD kapa li koahetse IA ka kakaretso ka papali e le karoloana. Hoa utloahala hore lipapali tsa lipapali ke lihlopha tse ithutoang ka ho fetisisa, ha boholo ba lipatlisiso tsa "neuroscientific" ka ts'ebetsong ea IA li tsoa China le Korea Boroa, linaha tseo IP e hlalositsoeng ka tsona, kahoo lipatlisiso ka IPA ha li na thuso [156].
Tlhahlobo ena e latela litlhahiso tsa mathomo, ha ho nahanoa ka papali ea lipapali e le karoloana ea IA. Joalokaha pampiri ena e tsepamisitsoe haholo ho karolo e 'ngoe ea IA, IPA, tlhokomelo e fokolang e fanoa ho IGD e le karolo e ikemetseng ea boloetse kapa bothata. Ka lebaka leo, ho tlalehoa ha lithuto tsa lefu la pelo ka bobeli ba IA le IGD ho kopantsoe. Ho sa tsotellehe lipolelo tsa lipatlisiso tse fokolang tabeng ena [12,16,46,47,157,158,159], ho senyeha ha selemo le selemo ka lithuto tsa pele tsa boko (ntle le litlhahlobo) ho IA le litlhaku tsa eona tsa IGD ho hlakisa hore lithuto tsa boko tse tšehetsang IA tšimong ena li ntse li eketseha ka potlako:
- Pele ho lithuto tsa 2009-6,
- Liphuputso tsa 2009-4,
- Liphuputso tsa 2010-8,
- Liphuputso tsa 2011-9,
- Liphuputso tsa 2012-14,
- Liphuputso tsa 2013-19,
- Liphuputso tsa 2014-23, le
- 2015 (ho fihlela ka June) - lithuto tsa 16.
Ho hlophisitsoe ka thekenoloji, lithuto tsena tsa boko li akarelletsa lithuto tsa 44 tsa fMRI [103,132,134,135,160,161,162,163,164,165,166,167,168,169,170,171,172,173,174,175,176,177,178,179,180,181,182,183,184,185,186,187,188,189,190,191,192,193,194,195,196,197,198,199], Lithuto tsa MRI tsa XMUMX [124,128,131,133,200,201,202,203,204,205,206,207,208,209,210,211,212,213,214,215,216,217,218], Lithuto tsa 6 tsa nyutlelie (PET / SPECT) [117,129,219,220,221,222], Lithuto tsa 15 EEG [42,139,141,143,144,146,148,149,150,152,153,154,155,223,224] le lithuto tsa 7 tsa tsa bophelo [121,138,225,226,227,228,229].
Bopaki bona bo pharaletseng ba meriana bo fana ka tšehetso e matla ea ho amohela lithethefatsi tse amanang le inthanete e le mathata a utloahalang. Ho feta moo, lipatlisiso li ntse li tsoela pele ho hlahisa karolo e 'ngoe e hlalositsoeng ea liwebsaetete tsa liwebsaetete tsa liwebsaete / facebook, leha ho le joalo tsena hangata hase lithuto tsa neuroscience le kahoo eseng ka hare ho pampiri ena bakeng sa tlhahlobo e tsoelang pele [100,104,171,230,231,232,233,234,235,236,237,238,239,240,241].
3.2.4. Boitšoaro bo bobe ba ho Kopanela liphate
Childress et al. [242] ba ile ba khanna thuto eo ba ileng ba e nka ka boloetse ba fMRI ba cocaine ba lemaletseng bakuli ba hlahisoang ka potlako (33 millisecond), litšoantšo tse sa bonahaleng tsa litšoantšo (litšoantšo tse amanang le lithethefatsi). Litaba tse tšoanang li ile tsa bontšoa hamorao litšoantšo tse bontšang ho kopanela liphate tse amanang le thobalano (litšoantšo tse tsosang takatso). Bafuputsi ba ile ba fumana ts'ebetsong ea potoloho ea maoto le mahlakoreng a litlhoko tse bontšitsoeng ka thobalano joalo ka ha ho bontšoa lintlha tse amanang le lithethefatsi. Bukeng ea bona ea ho hlahloba lingoliloeng tsa lipatlisiso tsa mahlaseli a mabeli a potoloho ea ho kopanela liphate, Georgiadis le Kringelbach [243] o hlakile, "ho hlakile hore marang-rang a amehang boitšoarong ba batho ba thobalano a tšoana ka mokhoa o ikhethang le marang-rang a amehang mosebetsing oa ho sebetsana le meputso e meng" [243] (leq. 74).
Frascella, Potenza, Brown le Childress [244] o entse tlhahlobo ea lingoliloeng ho fapana le mekhoa e meraro e tobileng ea boitšoaro bo tahiloeng ke joala, bothata ba papali ea chelete, botenya, le mechine ea ho kopanela liphate. Bangoli ba atolositse boholo ba Childress et al. [242] ho ithuta, le ho phethela lithuto tse sebetsang tsa ho nka litšoantšo tsa bong, lerato la lerato le kamano e fana ka bopaki bo bongata bakeng sa sistimi e atolositsoeng empa e tsebahalang e bohareng ba lits'ebetso tsa tlhaho, tse sa sebeliseng lithethefatsi le mesebetsi ea ho pholoha… lerato le khokahano li felletse (VTA, NAcc, amygdala, ventral pallidum, orbitofrontal cortex). Khopolo-taba e lokafatsoa ka hore ho amahanngoa le meputso ea tlhaho ea boemo ba pholoho le ho lemalla lithethefatsi, ho holisa sistimi ea boko hore e sebetsane le kalafo, le ho eketsa kutloisiso ea rona ka boits'oaro bo hlokahalang ba boits'oaro [242] (leq. 15).
Joalokaha ho boletsoe pejana, mohlala oa RDS o kenyelletsa boitšoaro bo hlephileng ba ho kopanela liphate lethathamong la mathata a amanang le RDS [245,246,247,248].
Poleloana e reng “Reward Deficiency Syndrome” e qapiloe ka lekhetlo la pele… ka 1995, 'me joale e hlalosoa ke Microsoft Dictionary e le “Boko bo putsa ho se khotsofale kapa bofokoli ba lefutso bo hlahisang boitšoaro bo nyarosang bo batlang boitšoaro bo kenyeletsang lithethefatsi, lijo tse feteletseng, thobalano, lipapali / papali ea chelete. le maitshwaro a mang ”.
[249] (leq. 2)
Mohlomong kholo e kholo ea lithuto tse bontšang motheo oa neurobiological bakeng sa boitšoaro bo hlephileng ba ho kopanela liphate ka tsela e ts'oanang le mokhoa oa ho lemalla bothata ho kenyelletsa phetolelo ea DeltaFosB. Ho 'nile ha tiisoa hantle hore lithethefatsi tsa tlhekefetso li phahame ka lebaka la litšenyehelo tse ling tse amanang le lithethefatsi,' me sena se etsa hore ho be le tšusumetso e matla bakeng sa boitšoaro bo hlephileng le ho khutlela morao [2,73,250,251,252]. Hlokomela hore lintlha tsena tsa lipatlisiso li lokela ho sebelisa liphoofolo tse sa pheleng, tse kang litoeba, likhoto le hamsters, kaha karolo e hlokahalang ea thuto e hloka ho ntlafatsa litaba ho fumana le ho lekanya DeltaFosB e sa sebetseng. Ka mohlala, bafuputsi ba na le litoeba tse fetotsoeng ka liphatsa tsa lefutso ho fetelletsa DeltaFosB tsamaisong ea moputso maemong a tšoanang le a lithethefatsi tse lemaletseng lithethefatsi. Ha ho hlahisoa ka cocaine ka lekhetlo la pele, litoeba tsena li ile tsa bontša ho utloisisa lithethefatsi tse eketsehileng 'me tsa arabela le ho itšoara ka mekhoa e tšoanang le ea likhoto tse neng li fetohile meriana ka tšebeliso e sa foleng [253]. Liteko tse ngata tse sebelisitsoeng hammer tsa Syria li tšoaroa ho fetelletsa DeltaFosB li tsepamisitse maikutlo holim'a liphello tsa boitšoaro ba thobalano, 'me li fumane ts'ehetso e ts'oanang ea ho kopanela liphate [254,255]. Wallace et al. [256] ka tlhaho e ile ea etsa hore ho be le kutloisiso ena linthong tsa laboratori ka "boitšoaro bo sa foleng ba ho kopanela liphate". Bangoli bana ba fumanoe khafetsa ka ho kopanela liphate boiphihlelo haholo ho eketsa DeltaFosB maemong a NAcc ho bapisoa le taolo, le hoja palo ea keketseho e ne e le tlaase ho feta lithethefatsi tsa tlhekefetso. Pitchers et al. [257] ka mokhoa o tšoanang o ile oa tšoantšetsa tlhahiso ea litekanyetso tse phahameng tsa DeltaFosB ka NAcc, ho feta moo ho fumanoa hore bophahamo bona bo ameha haholo ka ho matlafatsa liphello tsa moputso oa thobalano. Ho etsa lipatlisiso tsa meputso ea tlhaho le lithethefatsi, Pitchers et al. ba fumane litoeba ho eketsa kutloisiso ea amphetamines ka mor'a liphihlelo tse tsosang takatso ea thobalano [258]. Bangoli bana ba phethile, "Ho ba le phihlelo ea ho kopanela liphate ho fokotsa liphetoho tse sebetsang le tsa morphological tsamaiso ea mesoli e tšoanang le ho pepeseha hangata ho psychostimulants" [258] (leq. 1). Pitchers et al. [2] a tiisitse liphuputso tsena, a bontša hore litlhohonolofatso tsa tlhaho (litloaelo tsa thobalano) le lithethefatsi tsa tlhekefetso (amphetamines) li etsa mekhoa e tšoanang ea moputso, ho tsoela pele ho tšehetsa linyeoe tsa lithethefatsi tsa boitšoaro, ho akarelletsa le IPA.
3.2.5. Litšoantšo Tsa Bootsoa Inthaneteng
Bukeng ea hae e hlomphuoang ka ho fetisisa ka boloetse ba pelo, Brain e Fetohang [259] Norman Doidge o ile a akaretsa lipatlisiso tsa ho lemala le mokhoa oa moputso, 'me a bolela hore ho tsoelapele ho tsoaloa ha dopamine ka mokhoa oa moputso ha motho a shebella litšoantšo tse manyala tse hlephisang boitšoaro Inthaneteng le ka nako e telele ho etsa hore ho be le phetoho ea meriana e matlafatsang phihlelo eo. Doidge o ile a tsoela pele ho hlalosa hore na liphetoho tsena tsa neuroplastic li etsa joang limmapa tsa bokooa bakeng sa thabo ea thobalano. O ile a hlahisa karolo e eketsehileng ea ho mamellana, moo boitsebiso ba boko bo boletsoeng pejana ba "tlhaho" ba ho kopanela liphate bo ke ke ba bapisoa le limmapa tse sa tsoa qaptjoa le tse tsitsitseng tse hlahisoang ke ho shebella litšoantšo tse manyala tse hlephisang boitšoaro tsa Inthanete, 'me kahoo motho ea lemaletseng ho fetela ho Internet litšoantšo tse manyala tse hlephisang boitšoaro e le ho boloka boemo bo phahameng ba thabo.
Li-neurosurgeons Hilton le Watts [260] o ile a hatisa tlhaloso ea Journal Surgical Neurology International eo ba neng ba e bitsa "ho lemalla litšoantšo tsa bootsoa: pono ea kelello". Bangoli ba ile ba fana ka tlhahlobo e khutšoanyane ea lingoliloeng e tsosolosa khang ea hore litšoantšo tsohle tsa tahi li sebetsa ka mekhoa e tšoanang ea motheo. Bangoli ba kenyelletsa lithuto tse ngata tse boletsoeng pejana; karolo ea DeltaFosB linthong tsa tlhaho tsa lithethefatsi, liphetoho tse bakoang ke maikutlo a bakoang ke boitšoaro bo feteletseng, liphetoho tsa dopamine receptor, le tšusumetso ea boitšoaro bo feteletseng tsamaisong ea moputso. Ha ba araba ka ho tsilatsila pampiri ea bona, Hilton le Watts ba hlalositse bohlokoa ba ho nka pono e pharaletseng ea lipatlisiso tse teng, ba phethela ka ho re, "Sepheo sa rona ke hore ho khetholla atrophy ea libaka tsa likarolo tse amanang le moputso oa litsela li ka talingoa ka leseli la khoeli, ho fanoa ka lipatlisiso tsa morao-rao tse bontšang hore ho na le likokoana-hloko tse ngata tse tlisoang ke mekhoa ea tlhaho, haholo-holo ho kopanela liphate "[261] (leq. 6). Hilton o ile a hatisa tlhahlobo ea bobeli ea lingoliloeng [24], hape ho totobatsa karolo ea bohlokoa ea ho etsa lipatlisiso tsa DeltaFosB e le ho tsebisa ho ithuta ka ho kopanela liphate ka kakaretso feela empa ho sebelisoa habonolo haholoanyane ho sebelisoa ha litšoantšo tsa bootsoa.
Phuputso ea pele ea FMRI e tsepamisitseng maikutlo ho IPA e phatlalalitsoe ka 2014, ha ho qala liphuputso tsa Univesithing ea Cambridge ho fumanoe mosebetsi o tšoanang oa boko bo kang oa batho ba lemaletseng lithethefatsi le lino tse tahang [262]. Phuputsong ena e hlakileng ea boipiletso teko e entsoe e etselitsoe ho lekanya phihlelo ea boikokobetso-ea reactivity, hammoho le likarolo tsa neurobiological le correlates, haeba li le teng, tse fumanoang litabeng tse nang le boitšoaro bo bobe ba ho kopanela liphate (CSB). Hlokomela hore thuto ena e kenyeletsa mela e mabeli ea lipatlisiso. Taba ea pele, phuputso e ile ea batlisisa phapang ea "ho rata le ho batla" ho CSB le tse seng tsa CSB. Litaba li ne li bontšoa livideo ka hare le ka ntle ho scanner ea fMRI. Nako le nako, lihlooho li ile tsa botsoa hore li lekanyetse liphihlelo tsa tsona tse ikhethileng ka mehato e 'meli e tobileng: "Keketseho ee ea hau ea ho kopanela liphate e kae?" Le "U rata video ee joang?" [262] (leq. 3). Mokhoa ona oa thuto o ile oa hlahisa liphello tse peli tse fapaneng: (1) Ha li bapisoa le litaba tse sebetsang hantle tsa ho laola, lihlooho tsa CSB li ile tsa tlaleha takatso e phahameng ea litšoantšo ho livideo tse hlalosang thobalano, empa eseng lipapaling tse tsosang takatso; (2) Ha e bapisoa le litsamaiso tse phetseng hantle, lihlooho tsa CSB li tlalehile tekanyo e phahameng ea ho rata likarolo tse tsosang takatso, empa eseng ka mantsoe a hlakileng. Liphetho tsena li bonts'a ho khetholla pakeng tsa ho rata le ho batla ke li-CSB ha li shebella livideo tse hlalosang thobalano. Liphello tsena li hlalositse liphello tsa lithuto tse thehiloeng hantle ka khopolo ea khothatso ea ho lemala, moo ho lemalloang batho ba lemaletseng ho tlaleha maemo a phahameng a ho batla empa eseng ea ho rata meputso ea bona e babatsehang.
Sebaka sa bobeli se ka sehloohong sa lipatlisiso se ne se le ka har'a thuto ena mabapi le mekhoa e metle ea boitšoaro bo hlephileng ba likamano tsa botona le botšehali (CSB), haholo-holo litšoantšo tsa bootsoa. Liphuputso tsa pele li bontšitse libaka tse tloaelehileng tsa boko tse ntseng li sebelisoa nakong ea ho lakatsa le ho sebelisa lithethefatsi-reactivity bakeng sa tahi, cocaine le nikotine; har'a ba bang, amygdala, dACC, le ventral striatum [263]. Le hoja bafuputsi ba lipatlisiso tsa hona joale ba fumane libaka tse tšoanang ho ts'oaroa ka har'a lihlooho tse peli tsa CSB le tseo e seng tsa CSB ha li bontšoa thepa e hlalosang thobalano, bafuputsi ba fumane ts'ebetso e phahameng lihloohong tsa CSB. E itšetlehile ka liphetho tsena, Voon et al. [262] o ile a phetha ka hore:
Liphuputso tsa morao-rao le tse ntseng li le teng li bontša hore ho na le marang-rang a tloaelehileng bakeng sa reactivity le cue reactivity ka lihlopha tse nang le lik'homphieutha tsa CSB le lithethefatsi, ka tatellano. Liphuputso tsena li fana ka maikutlo a ho fetela ka marang-rang a nang le mathata a ts'oaetso ea lithethefatsi le meputso ea tlhaho ".
[262] (leq. 9)
Ka ts'ebetso, bafuputsi bana ba boetse ba tlaleha hore litaba tsa 60% (lilemong tsa bohareng: lilemo tse 25) li na le bothata ba ho finyella litšebeletso / ho tsosoa le balekane ba sebele, leha ho le joalo li ka finyella lipapatso tsa litšoantšo tsa bootsoa. Hlokomela hore sena se fumanoa se lumellana le liphello tsa sebele tsa phuputso ea morao-rao e batlang ho fumana ho seng joalo [264].
Kühn le Gallinat [263] o ile a etsa lipatlisiso tsa MRI le lihlooho tsa banna tse mashome a tšeletseng a metso e mene (e seng tsa CSB) le lihora tse bonngoeng tsa ho shebella lihlahisoa tse hlakileng ka beke le lilemo tse sebelisoang ka mokhoa oa ho hlasela le ho hokahanya. Liphetho tse tharo tse kholo li tlalehiloe. Ntlha ea pele, nako e teletsana le lihora tse ling ka beke ea tšebelisano e amanang le bohlooho bo tlaase bo bongata boemong bo nepahetseng ba caudate. Le hoja ho na le lintho tse ngata tse rarahaneng, ho fetoha ha molumo ho striatum ho amahanngoa le lithethefatsi tse 'maloa, ha tataiso ea phetoho e sa tsitsane. Ntlha ea bobeli, lilemo tse ngata le lihora tse ngata ka beke tsa tšebeliso li sebelisana le mosebetsi o ka tlaase oa putaminal ho arabela litšoantšong tse khutšoanyane, tse sa ntseng li le thobalano. Liphuputso tsa fMRI li tiisitse hore putamen e sebelisoa nakong ea ho tsosoa ha thobalano [265,266]. Bangoli ba re tlhahiso ena e tlaase e ka bontša mamello e tlisoang ke ho hloka boithati: "Sena se lumellana le maikutlo a hore ho pepeseha ha litšoantšo tse litšila tse tsosang takatso ho fella ka ho fokotseha ha karabo ea tlhaho ea li-neural ho susumetsa thobalano" [236] (leq. E6). Ho fanoe ka karabo e matla lipapaling tsa video tse hlakileng tsa 9 ho Voon et al. [262], e ka 'na eaba e khutšoanyane (530 milliseconds) ho pepesehela litšoantšo tse sa ntseng li le teng ha li sebetse ho ba shebelli ba libaesekopo tsa inthanete tsa mehleng ea kajeno, mme ke mokhoa o motle oa ho lekanya ho fokotsa likarabo tsa thobalano. Ntle le moo, bao e seng lithethefatsi mona ba hlahlojoang ba ka 'na ba arabela ka tsela e fapaneng le ea ba lemalloang. Qetellong, bafo ba neng ba ja litšoantšo tse litšila tse tsosang takatso ba fumanoe ba se na puisano e fokolang pakeng tsa caudate e nepahetseng le ea mokotla oa boraro oa li-prefrontal cortex (DLPFC). Le hoja DLPFC e amehile ka mesebetsi e phahameng, e boetse e amahanngoa le cue reactivity ho lithethefatsi le lipapali tsa marang-rang. Ho tsieleha ha potoloho ena ho amana le meriana ea lithethefatsi le ea boitšoaro. Ka ho khetheha, ho se hokae ho se hokae pakeng tsa DLPFC le caudate (joalokaha ho fumanoa thutong ea morao tjena) ho ameha ho lemallo la heroin [267].
Litlhaloso tse ngata tse bontšang litokomane tse tlang tse tlang ka neurobiology ea IPA li ne li fanoa Kopanong ea Machaba ea 2015 2nd ea Boitšoaro ba Boitšoaro Budapest, Hungary. Hlokomela hore tsena kaofela ke likhetho tsa likopano 'me ha li e-s'o hatisoe likoranteng tse ntlafalitsoeng ke lithaka. Li fana ka bopaki bo eketsehileng, ho sa tsotellehe hore na ho na le lipatlisiso tse ntseng li eketseha ka potlako. Ka mohlala, Gola, Wordecha, Sescousse, Kossowski le Marchewka [268] tse hlahisitsoeng thutong ea bona ea fMRI ea batho ba nang le Inthanete ba shebaneng le litšoantšo tse litšila tse tsosang takatso ea CSB. Bafuputsi bana ba ile ba latela mohlala oa thuto [269], eo bafuputsi ba ileng ba fumana ho eketseha ho utloahalang ha ba arabela lits'etsong tse lemalloang (tse lekantsoeng ka linako tse khutšoanyane tsa ho itšoara) le karabo e fokolang sephethong sa ventral ha e bontšoa e se meriana. Thutong ea bona, Gola et al. fumane liphetho tse tšoanang tse tšoanang; Lihlooho tsa CSB li ile tsa bontša ho matlafala ho ts'ebelang lithethefatsi tse fanang ka lithethefatsi (ho fokotsa) ho bapisoa le litsamaiso, leha ho le joalo ba sa fumane karabo e fokolang ho li-non-addictive cues. Thuputsong e tšoanang ea fMRI, Brand, Grabenhorst, Snagowski, Laier le Maderwald [270] o ile a fumana banna ba bong bo fapaneng ka ho kopanela liphate hore ba be le tšebetso e eketsehileng ea ho hlasela ba bang ka lebaka la litšoantšo tsa bootsoa tse khethiloeng. Ho feta moo, keketseho ea ketsahalo e amana le tekanyo ea litletlebo tse ikhethang ka lebaka la ho lemalla litšoantšo tsa bootsoa. Wehrum-Osinsky, Klucken le Stark [271] ba tlaleha ka thuto e tšoanang le ea fMRI eo ba e entseng le batho ba 20 ba tlaleha ho sebelisa lithethefatsi tse feteletseng tsa Internet le lihlooho tsa ho laola 20. Le hoja lintlha tse tobileng tsa thuto ea tsona li ne li sa kenyelletsoa boitsebisong ba tsona bo hatisitsoeng, bangoli bana ba ile ba tlaleha hore ho fumanoe hore "ho fetotsoe mekhoa e metle ea ho kopanela liphate ho mokuli ha e bapisoa le sehlopha sa taolo" [271] (leq. 42).
Le hoja ho e-na le li-neuropsychological tse eketsehileng ho feta neurobiological, liphuputso tse ngata li 'nile tsa etsoa lipatlisiso ka liphello tsa litšoantšo tsa bootsoa tsa inthanete tse shebelloang ka liketso tsa tsebo. Taba ena ea lipatlisiso e bohlokoa ho pampiri e teng hona joale ka hore mekhoa ea methapo ea kelello e bakoang ke ho sebetsa ha methapo ea meriana e thehiloe hantle. Ka mohlala, Fineberg et al. [272] o ile a hatisa tlhahlobo ea litlaleho moo ba ileng ba hlahloba likamano pakeng tsa lipalo tse ngata tse fumanoeng ka mokhoa oa kelello. Mosebetsing oa bona, bangoli bana ba ile ba fana ka tafole eo ba neng ba e-na le 'mapa oa libaka tse fapaneng le mekhoa e metle (mekhoa e sa tšoaneng ea ho se ts'oane le ho qobella) ho fumana liphuputso tsa methapo ea pelo le methapo ea mafu. Ho sebelisa GD e le mohlala, bangoli bana ba tlama mehaho e meholo e kang orbitofrontal cortex (OFC) le li-subcortical ho sebelisana le li-neurotransmitters tse kang serotonin le serotonin / dopamine (ka ho latellana), ho khetholloa ke mesebetsi e lekanyang liketso tsa tsebo tse kang ho etsa liqeto le nako ea ho arabela . Ka mokhoa o ts'oanang, tlhahlobisong ea bona e boletsoeng ka holimo, Fineberg et al. [78ba ile ba tlaleha hore liphuputso tsa bona li "hlahisa maikutlo le batho ba tsoang lits'ebetsong tsa ho ba le papali ea chelete le tsa bothata ba joala tseo lihlopha tsena ka bobeli li bontšitseng ho se ratehe ho matla, empa sehlopha se itšetlehileng ka joala se ile sa boela sa bontša ho senyeha ha ts'ebetsong ea tsamaiso e nahannoang ho kenyeletsa karolo e kholo ea DLPFC" [78] (leq. 15). Ka lebaka leo, re lumela hore ho tlaleha litlaleho tse latelang tsa kelello ho hlahloba ho kena-kenana ha litšebelisano tsa ho kopanela liphate le ho tsosoa ha thobalano le mesebetsi ea bolaoli ho sebelisoa ka ho toba tlhahlobisong ena ea lithuto tsa bo-rasaense tsa boko bo lebisitseng bothata ba IPA.
Likhopolo tse 'maloa le lisebelisoa tsa liteko li' nile tsa ntlafatsoa ho hlalosa le ho phenyekolla mesebetsi ea bolaoli [273]. Ka kakaretso, tshebetso e sebetsang e hlalosa ts'ebetso e rarahaneng pakeng tsa libaka tse 'maloa tse nang le tsebo e le hore ho be le boits'oaro bo tsamaisanang le sepheo, mohlala, ho lebisa tlhokomelo, ho thibela boitsebiso,274,275] e ka amehang le ho sitisoa ke mekhoa ea maikutlo [273]. Mabapi le li-neural correlates tsa mesebetsi ea bolaoli ho ile ha bontšoa hore ka kakaretso ba ne ba le sebakeng sa prefrontal cortex, empa ba fapana pakeng tsa likarolo tse le 'ngoe tsa mesebetsi ea bolaoli [276,277,278]. Liphuputso tse entsoeng ke lefu la pelo le li-neuropsynthesis ka lithethefatsi tsa lithethefatsi li bontšitse hore li-prefrontal cortex le mesebetsi ea tsamaiso li senyeha ka mor'a tšebeliso ea lithethefatsi [46,279]. Sena se ne se nkoa e le ho hlalosa ts'ebetso ea lithethefatsi khafetsa le khetho ea nako e khutšoanyane ka lebaka la lithethefatsi ho sa tsotellehe liphello tse mpe tse latelang ka tšebeliso ea lithethefatsi [280].
Nakong ea tsoelo-pele ea boitšoaro bo hlephileng ba ho kopanela liphate ho Internet ho ne ho nahanoa hore ho lebella le ho amohela ho khotsofatsa ho phetha karolo ea bohlokoa [281], kaha tsoho ea ho kopanela liphate e matlafatsa haholo [241,279]. Ka mokhoa o ts'oanelang, o ile oa bontšoa hore liketso tsa ho kopanela liphate tse tsosang takatso ea ho kopanela liphate Inthaneteng li amana le botenya ba matšoao a IPA ka banna le basali ba bong bo fapaneng hammoho le banna ba ratanang le ba bong bo tšoanang [282,283,284,285] 'me basebeletsi ba IP ba nang le bothata ba ile ba eketsa takatso ea ho ikemela ha ba bapisoa le ba sebelisang li-cybersex ba phetseng hantle ha ba tobana le boitsebiso ba litšoantšo tsa bootsoa [286]. Ho 'nile ha bontšoa ka ho eketsehileng hore mekhatlo e nang le mekhoa e metle e lekantsoe ke Tšebeletso e Thabisang ea Mokhatlo e fetoletsoeng ka litšoantšo tsa bootsoa [287] 'me ho feta moo, tloaelo ea ho atamela le ea ho qoba [288] li amana le matšoao a IPA. E itšetlehile ka litlhaloso tsena, mohlala oa lithethefatsi tse itseng tsa inthanete tse hlalositsoeng ke Brand et al. [15] e sa tsoa hlalosoa bakeng sa tšebeliso ea li-cybersex (ho akarelletsa le IP) [289].
Reid, Karim, McCrory le Carpenter [290] o ile a fumana ho se sebetse ho hoholo ho tlalehiloeng ho bakuli ba hypersexual, e leng phuputso e 'ngoe e fumanoe hore ha ho na ho holofala ha kakaretso ea mesebetsi e sebetsang e sebelisoang ho sebelisa liteko tsa kankere [291]. Leha ho le joalo, liphuputso tse 'maloa li tlalehile ho kena-kenana le ho sebetsana le thobalano le ho tsosoa ha thobalano le mesebetsi ea batsamaisi. Ho haelloa ha lintho tse bonahalang ho bakoang ke ho lebisoa tlhokomelo ka lebaka la tšusumetso e mpe ea maikutlo ho bontšitsoe lithutong tse sebelisang khetho ea nako ea ho khetha [292], pono e potlakileng ea sepheo [293], le mosebetsi oa ho lemoha letheba [294,295,296]. Ho kena-kenana le matla a ho thibela tšoaetso ho ile ha bontšoa ka thuto ka ho sebelisa mesebetsi ea Go / No-go ka litšoantšo tse sa nke lehlakore le tsa thobalano le ho bontša hore batho ba nang le boikakaso bo phahameng ba ho kopanela liphate le ts'ebetso e phahameng ea mosebetsi o bontšitse ts'ebetso e mpe ea mosebetsi [297].
Tumellanong le tse ka holimo, Laier, Pawlikowski le Brand [298] o sebelisitse mosebetsi oa ho becha oa Iowa o fetotsoeng ka litšoantšo tsa bootsoa 'me a fumana hore ho tsosoa ha thobalano nakong ea ho etsa liqeto ho ka kena-kenana le ho sebetsana le litlaleho le ho etsa liqeto tse molemo. Ka ho ts'oanang, ts'oaetso ea thobalano e bakoa ke litšoantšo tsa thobalano tse sa sebetseng mohopolo oa ho sebetsa mohopolong oa setšoantšo sa 4-backdigm [299] hammoho le ho fetola le ho shebella tshebetso ho pharadime e tsamaeang ka ho fetisisa ea tsamaiso [300]. Liphuputso tsa ho ameha ka litsebo tsa thobalano li ile tsa hlalosoa hape tsa bontšoa hore li ntlafatsoe ka sampuli ea batho ba kopanelang liphate [301]. Sena se lumellana le tlhahiso ea maikutlo ea hore mesebetsi ea bolaoli e lokela ho ameha maemong ao batho ba tobaneng le lintlha tse amanang le lithethefatsi tse etsang hore batho ba lakatse ho ba le maikutlo a bona [15]. Phuputso e 'ngoe e sebelisitse EEG ha barupeluoa ba ntse ba etsa Tora ea Hanoi le Test Testing Testing ea Wisconsin' me ba nka lipapali tse sa nkeheng le tse sa tsitsang [302]. Liphello, ha ho phapang mosebetsing oa ts'ebetso o neng o hlokomeloa ha ho bapisoa maemo a video, empa ho khetholloa ha khethollo ea prefrontal ho ne ho hlokomeloa nakong ea mesebetsi e 'meli ka boemo bo hlakileng ba video. Bangoli ba hlalosa hore ts'oaetso ea ho kopanela liphate e sitisa ts'ebetso ea ts'ebetso, empa mosebetsi oa ts'ebetso ha oa fokotseha ka lebaka la ho ikamahanya le maemo nakong ea tshebetso ea mosebetsi, e leng se ka sitisang ho lakatsa maemo a nang le bothata ba ho lemala.
Phuputso ea EEG ka ba belaelang mathata a laolang ho sheba ha bona litšoantšo tse manyala tse hlephisang boitšoaro tsa marang-rang e tlalehile hore ho na le li-neural reactivity ho tšoaetso ea thobalano [303]. Thuto e ne e etselitsoe ho hlahloba kamano pakeng tsa ERP amplitudes ha ho shebella litšoantšo tsa maikutlo le tsa thobalano le mehato ea lipotso tsa bosodoma le takatso ea thobalano. Bangoli ba fihletse qeto ea hore ho se be le likamano lipakeng tsa lipotso tsa bosodoma le ho bolela P300 amplitudes ha ba shebella litšoantšo tsa thobalano "ba hlōleha ho fana ka ts'ehetso ea mehlala ea ho kopanela liphate"303] (leq. 10). Leha ho le joalo, ho haelloa ke likamano ho ka 'na ha e-ba molemo ho hlalosoa ka liphoso tse ka hlakileng ka mokhoa oo. Ka mohlala, thuto ena e sebelisitse letamo la lihlooho tse sa tšoaneng (banna le basali, ho akarelletsa le 7 bao e seng litho tsa botona le botšehali). Liphuputso tsa maqheka-reactivity ha li bapisoa le karabelo ea bokooa ba ho lemalla ho laola bophelo bo botle li hloka litaba tse tloaelehileng (ho kopanela liphate ho tšoanang, lilemo tse tšoanang) ho ba le liphello tse nepahetseng. Ka ho khetheha ho lithuto tsa lithethefatsi tse hlephisang boitšoaro, ho hlakile hantle hore banna le basali ba fapana ka tsela e tsotehang bokong le boemong bo ikemetseng ba ho ba le maikutlo a tšoanang a ho kopanela liphate [304,305,306]. Ho phaella moo, lipotso tse peli tsa ho hlahloba ha lia tiisoa bakeng sa basebelisi ba IP ba nang le lithethefatsi, 'me litaba ha lia hlahlojoa bakeng sa mehlala e meng ea tahi kapa mathata a maikutlo.
Ho feta moo, sephetho se thathamisitsoeng bukeng ena, "Tlhaloso ea ho utloisisa bosodoma e le takatso e phahameng, ho e-na le ho ferekana, e tšohloa" [303] (leq. 1) ho bonahala eka ha ho moo ho nkoang hore thuto e fumane hore P300 e le bophahamo bo fapaneng le takatso ea thobalano le molekane. Joalokaha ho hlalositsoe ho Hilton (2014), tlhaloso ena "e hanyetsa ka ho toba tlhaloso ea P300 e le takatso e phahameng" [307]. Phuputso ea Hilton e fana ka maikutlo a hore ho se be le sehlopha sa taolo le ho se khonehe ha theknoloji ea EEG ho khetholla pakeng tsa "takatso ea ho kopanela liphate" le "ho qobelloa ho kopanela liphate" ho etsa hore Steele et al. liphihlelo tse ke keng tsa hlalosoa [307].
Qetellong, pampiri ena (bophahamo bo phahameng ba P300 ho litšoantšo tsa thobalano, ho amana le litšoantšo tse sa nkeheng) ho fanoa ka tlhokomelo e fokolang karolong ea puisano. Sena ha se lebelloang, kaha ho tloaeleha ho fumanoa ka lithethefatsi le lithethefatsi tsa marang-rang ke ponelo ea P300 e ntseng e eketseha mabapi le tšusumetso e sa keneleng lipolotiking ha e pepesoa litekong tse bonahalang tse amanang le lithethefatsi [308]. Ha e le hantle, Voon, et al. [262] ba ile ba fana ka karolo ea puisano ea bona ha ba hlahloba lipatlisiso tsena tsa P300 tse fetileng. Voon et al. ho fana ka tlhaloso ea bohlokoa ba P300 e sa fanoang pampiring ea Steele, haholo-holo mabapi le ho theha mekhoa e metle ea ho lemala, ho qetella,
Ka hona, bobeli ba mosebetsi oa DACC lenaneong la hona joale la thuto ea CSB le P300 li tlalehile thupelong e fetileng ea CSB [303] e ka 'na ea tšoantšetsa mekhoa e tšoanang ea lisebelisoa tsa tlhokomelo. Ka ho tšoanang, liphuputso tsena ka bobeli li bontša ho lumellana pakeng tsa mehato ena ka takatso e matla. Mona re fana ka maikutlo a hore mosebetsi oa DACC o amahanngoa le takatso, e ka bonahatsang letšoao la takatso, empa ha e tsamaisane le maikutlo a ratehang ka mokhoa o ts'oanang oa ts'ebeliso ea lithethefatsi.
[262] (leq. 7)
Kahoo le hoja bangoli bana [303] ba boletse hore thuto ea bona e hanyetsa ho sebelisoa ha mokhoa oa ho lemalla MacB, Voon et al. ho ile ha e-ba le maikutlo a hore bangoli bana ba hlile ba fana ka bopaki bo tšehetsang mohlala oo.
Phuputso e 'ngoe ea EEG e amanang le bangoli ba bararo ba tšoanang e sa tsoa hatisoa [309]. Ka bomalimabe, thuto ena e ncha e bile le mathata a mangata a tšoanang le a pele [303]. Ka mohlala, e ne e sebelisa letamo la lipuo tse sa tšoaneng, bafuputsi ba ile ba sebelisa lipotso tsa ho hlahloba lipotso tse sa kang tsa tiisoa bakeng sa basebelisi ba litšoantšo tsa bootsoa ba Internet, mme litaba ha lia hlahlojoa bakeng sa mehlala e meng ea ho lemala kapa mathata a maikutlo.
Thuputsong e ncha, Prause et al. o bapisa mosebetsi oa EEG oa batho ba atisang ho sheba litšoantšo tse litšila tse tsosang takatso ea Inthaneteng ba nang le taolo ha ba ne ba nka litšoantšo tse peli tsa thobalano le tsa ho se nke lehlakore [309]. Joalokaha ho lebeletsoe, bophahamo ba LPP mabapi le litšoantšo tse sa nke lehlakore bo ile ba eketseha ho lihlopha ka bobeli, le hoja ho eketseha ha boholo ba matla ho ne ho le nyenyane bakeng sa litaba tsa IPA. Ho lebella bophahamo bo boholo ho ba shebelli ba litšoantšo tse litšila tse tsosang takatso ea Inthaneteng, bangoli ba re, "Mokhoa ona o fapane le mefuta ea lithethefatsi".
Le hoja e kholo ea ERP amplitudes ho arabela litlamong tsa lithethefatsi tse amanang le litšoantšo tse sa nkeheng li bonahala lithutong tsa lithethefatsi tse sa lebelloang, ho fumana hona joale ho sa lebelloa, 'me ho lumellana le liphuputso tsa Kühn le Gallinat [263], ea ileng a fumana tšebeliso e eketsehileng e amanang le ho sebetsa ha boko bo fokolang ha a arabela litšoantšong tsa thobalano. Karolong ea puisano, bangoli ba qotsitse Kühn le Gallinat mme ba fana ka tloaelo e le tlhaloso e nepahetseng bakeng sa mokhoa o ka tlaase oa LPP. Tlhaloso e eketsehileng e fanoeng ke Kühn le Gallinat, leha ho le joalo, ke hore ho tsosolosa ho matla ho ka 'na ha fella ka liphetoho tsa meriana. Haholo-holo, litšoantšo tse litšila tse tsosang takatso li sebelisana hantle le taba e tlaase ea bohlooho molomong oa dorsal striatum, tsoho e amanang le thobalano e amanang le ho susumetsa [265].
Ke habohlokoa ho hlokomela hore se fumanoeng ke Prause et al. ba ne ba le ka lehlakoreng le leng la seo ba neng ba se lebeletse [309]. Motho a ka lebella hore batho ba bangata ba shebellang litšoantšo tse manyala tse hlephisang boitšoaro tsa Inthanete ba be le li-amplitudes tse tšoanang le tsona ka lebaka la ho pepesehela litšoantšo tsa thobalano haeba litšoantšo tse manyala tse hlephisang boitšoaro tsa Inthanete li se na phello. Ho e-na le hoo, ho fumanoa ka tsela e sa lebelloang ea Prause et al. [309] e fana ka maikutlo a hore hangata ba shebellang litšoantšo tsa bootsoa ba Inthaneteng ba tloaetse ho sheba litšoantšo. E ka 'na eaba e mong o ka tšoana le sena ho mamellana. Lefatšeng la kajeno la ho sebelisa Inthanete ka lebelo le leholo, ho ka etsahala hore hangata bareki ba inthaneteng ba sheba litšoantšo tsa bootsoa le livideo ho fapana le likarolo tse ntseng li le joalo. Litšoantšo tsa ho kopanela liphate li hlahisa ho tsosoa ha lintho tsa 'mele le ho ikokobetsa ho feta litšoantšo tsa thobalano [310] le ho shebella lifilimi tsa thobalano ho baka thahasello e fokolang le boikarabelo ba thobalano litšoantšong tsa thobalano [311]. Ho kopanngoa, Prause le al., Le lithuto tsa Kühn le Gallinat li lebisa qeto e utloahalang ea hore hangata bashebelli ba litšoantšo tsa bootsoa ba inthaneteng ba hloka boikutlo bo eketsehileng ba ho hlahisa likarabo tsa boko bo lekanang le ho laola bophelo bo botle kapa basebelisi ba bootsoa ba itekanetseng.
Ho phaella moo, polelo ea Prause et al. [309], "Tsena ke boitsebiso ba pele bo sebetsang ba batho ba tlaleha mathata a tsamaiso ea VSS" ke bothata hobane e hlokomoloha patlisiso e phatlalalitsoeng pejana [262,263]. Ho feta moo, ke habohlokoa ho hlokomela hore e 'ngoe ea mathata a maholo ha ho hlahlojoa likarabo tsa boko bo hlalosang litšoantšo tsa bootsoa ba Inthanete ke hore ho shebella thobalano ke boitšoaro bo hlephileng. Ka lehlakoreng le leng, lithuto tsa mahlaseli a li-cocaine li na le litšoantšo tse amanang le tšebeliso ea cocaine (mela e mosoeu seiponeng), ho e-na le ho ba le lihlooho tse hlileng li kenyang cocaine. Kaha ho shebella litšoantšo tsa thobalano le livideo ke boitšoaro bo hlephileng, liphuputso tsa bokooa nakong ea bokooa ba Inthaneteng basebeletsi ba lokela ho ela hloko bobeli ba liteko le ho hlalosa liphello. Ka mohlala, ho fapana le ho hlahella ka lekhetlo la bobeli litšoantšo tse ntseng li sebelisoa ke Prause et al. [309], Voon et al. o ile a khetha likarolo tse hlakileng tsa video tsa bobeli ba 9 ka mokhoa oa bona oa ho fetola li-paradigm ho ea haufi-ufi ho bapisa litšoantšo tse tsosang takatso ea Internet [262]. Ho fapana le tlhahiso ea bobeli ho litšoantšo tse ntseng li le teng (Prause et al. [309]), ho shebella li-video tsa 9-seconds ho ile ha etsa hore boko bo eketsehileng bo sebetsane le batho ba boima ba ho shebella litšoantšo tsa bootsoa ho feta kamoo ba bonts'ang litšoantšo tse ntseng li le teng. Ho phaella tabeng ea hore bangoli ba bua ka thuto ea Kühn le Gallinat, ba lokolloa ka nako e tšoanang le thuto ea Voon [262], leha ho le joalo ba ne ba sa amohele Voon et al. ho ithuta kae kapa kae pampiring ea bona ho sa tsotellehe bohlokoa ba eona.
4. Liphello
Tlhahlobo ena e ile ea phenyekolla sehlopha sa morao-rao sa tsebo ea saense mabapi le mekhoa e metle ea ho lemala ho amanang le libaka tse pharaletseng tsa lisebelisoa tsa psychoactive le boitšoaro bo kang ho becha, thobalano le tšebeliso ea inthanete, hammoho le lipatlisiso tse fumanehang tse tšehetsang likarolo tse itseng tsa boitšoaro le likaroloana tsa bona. Boholo ba lipatlisiso li sebelisa mekhoa ea ho etsa li-neuroimaging, EEG, kapa litekanyo tsa 'mele, le hoja liphuputso tse ling li sebelisitse mehato ea methapo ea pelo. Tlhaloso e tloaelehileng e ne e le hore bohle ba sebelisitse lisebelisoa tsa neural ho tiisa ho lemalla ho itšoara ka boitšoaro bo bontšang boitšoaro bo hlephileng ba lithethefatsi (le li-subtypes) ka ho khetheha, ho theolo ea methapo ea ho sebelisa lithethefatsi ". Litholoana tsa ts'ebetso ena li hlahisitse palo e kholo haholo ea lithuto tse thehiloeng ke methapo ea pelo e tšehetsang ho sebelisoa ha mekhoa ea ho lemalla lits'oaetso tse amanang le Inthanete.
ASAM e boletse ka ho hlaka hore lipontšo tsohle tsa bokhoba ba tahi li mabapi le litlamorao tse tloaelehileng bokong, eseng phapang ea lintho kapa se kahare kapa boits'oaro. Kahoo, ho ipapisitsoe le sena le liphuputso tse hlahlobiloeng ka har'a pampiri ena, ho thata ho fana ka mabaka a ho se lumellane ho hlakileng ha APA ka mekhoa e meng e qobelloang ea inthanete ("Ts'ebeliso e fetelletseng ea inthanete e sa kenyeng papali ea inthanete (mohlala, ts'ebeliso e fetelletseng ea media oa sechaba, joalo ka joalo ka Facebook; ho shebella litšoantšo tse manyala tse hlephisang boitšoaro inthaneteng) ha ho nkoe ho tšoana le bothata ba ho bapala Inthaneteng… ”[12] (leq. 797). Ka monahano ona, ho shebella IP haholo le ho bapala lipapali tsa marang-rang ka ho feteletseng ho fapane haholo, ho sa tsotellehe hore ho na le mekhoa e mengata ea ho ts'ebetsong ea bokooa, le ho sa tsotellehe monyetla oa ho bonahatsa boitšoaro bo tšoanang le ba maikutlo a kelello le liphello tsa kelello. Sena ke "ho se lumellane ha lintho tsa tlhaho le boitšoaro" [24] (leq. 5).
Ho se utloisisane ha lithethefatsi tse nang le bothata ba ho sebelisa lithethefatsi ho ka bonoa hape ho DSM-5's Diagnostic Features karolo ea IGD:
Karolo ea bohlokoa ea bothata ba papali ea inthanete ke ho nka karolo ho phehellang khafetsa papaling ea komporo, hangata lipapali tsa sehlopha, lihora tse ngata. Lipapali tsena li kenyelletsa tlholisano lipakeng tsa lihlopha tsa libapali… ho nka karolo liketsahalong tse rarahaneng tse kenyelletsang karolo ea bohlokoa ea likamano tsa sechaba nakong ea papali. Lintlha tsa sehlopha li bonahala e le tšusumetso ea mantlha.
[12] (leq. 797)
Ho itšetlehile ka monahano ona, ho sebelisa hampe dintho kahare kapa moketeng ho ka baka ts'oaetso ea lithethefatsi, empa ho sebelisa lithethefatsi hampe ha ho le joalo ha ho joalo. Ho etsa papiso e amanang le marang-rang, monahano ona o bolela hore motho ea bapalang World of Warcraft ka ho feteletseng o lemaletse, empa motho ea bapalang Candy Crush ka ho feteletseng ha a joalo. Tlhahlobo ena e fana ka bopaki bo matla ba maikutlo a ho hlahloba boitšoaro bo amanang le inthanete, ho kenyelletsa le tšebeliso ea IP, e le ntho e ka 'nang ea e-ba meriana, e lokelang ho nkoa ha ho buuoa ka lihlopha tsa IPA.
Menehelo ea Mongoli
Todd Love o ile a theha morero ona, a tsamaisa tlhahlobo ea lingoliloeng, 'me a ngola pampiri e kholo. Christian Laier le Matthias Brand ba ile ba ntšetsa pele taba ea hore na e ngotsoe ka letsoho hakae, ba ngola likarolo tsa mongolo o ngotsoeng ka letsoho, 'me ba ntlafatsa mongolo o ngotsoeng ka letsoho. Linda Hatch e thusitse ho theha le ho hlalosa maikutlo a akaretsang a hlahisoang, le ho thusoa ka ho hlophisoa ha mongolo o ngotsoeng ka letsoho. Raju Hajela o ile a hlahloba le ho hlophisa saense ea tsa bongaka, a tlatsetsoa ka mokhoa oa thuto, 'me a thusoa ka phetolelo ea mongolo o ngotsoeng ka letsoho. Bangoli bohle ba ile ba amohela lengolo leo.
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