Ts'ehetso ea borena ea "Boiteko bo Boholo ba Litšoantšo Tsa Bootsoa" - TEDx Glasgow (2012): Leqephe la 1

Selelekela

Leqephe lena, le a leqephe la bobeli, fana ka tšehetso e matla bakeng sa lipolelo tse hlahang ho tsona Boiteko bo Boholo ba Litšoantšo | Gary Wilson | TEDxGlasgow (le Tlhaselo ea Bacha, ea Philip Zimbardo). Mongolo o mong le o mong oa PowerPoint le mongolo o amanang le oona o tsamaisana le (1) litemana tsa motheo tsa tšehetso, li lateloa ke lithuto tse tšehetsang (2) le bopaki ba bongaka bo hatisitsoeng lilemong tse kenellang. Masola a 1 ka 17 a ka tlase. Leqephe lena la bobeli le na le li-slide tsa 18 ka 35.

Ke habohlokoa ho hlokomela hore Boiteko bo Boholo ba Litšoantšo e ile ea phethoa mme ea romelloa ho TEDx ka December 2011, ha puo e fanoa ka Hlakubele, 2012. Puo ena ea TEDx e ne e le karabelo e tobileng ho "Philip Zimbardo"Demise of Guys”Puo ea TED, eo bamameli ba Glasgow ba neng ba e shebile pele ho puo.

Ho tloha ka December 2011, sehlopha se seholo sa lipatlisiso tse tšehetsang le bopaki ba bongaka bo fihlile ho tšehetsa Boiteko bo Boholo ba Litšoantšo Tsa Bootsoa litemoso tse tharo tse ka sehloohong tse neng li le:

  1. Litšoantšo tsa bootsoa Inthaneteng li ka baka tšoaetso ea thobalano;
  2. Ho sebelisa litšoantšo tsa bootsoa Inthaneteng ho ka lebisa liphetohong tse kholo tsa bokooa ba 3 tse amanang le ho lemalla lithethefatsi; le
  3. Ho sebelisa litšoantšo tsa bootsoa Inthaneteng ho ka eketsa maemo a mang a kelello le a maikutlo (mathata a mahloriso, ho tšoenyeha ha sechaba, ho tepella maikutlong, joalo-joalo).

Se latelang ke kakaretso e khutšoanyane ea bopaki le boitsebiso ba bongaka bo tšehetsang lipolelo tse entsoeng ka Boiteko bo Boholo ba Litšoantšo

1) Ho sebelisa litšoantšo tsa bootsoa Inthaneteng ho ka baka liketso tsa thobalano:

2) Ho sebelisa litšoantšo tsa bootsoa Inthaneteng ho ka lebisa liphetohong tse kholo tsa bokooa tse amanang le lithethefatsi tse bontšitsoeng ka lithethefatsi:

Boiteko bo Boholo ba Litšoantšo ho thathamisitsoe litlatsetso tse leshome tsa inthanete "lithuto tsa boko," tse tšehetsang mohopolo oa ka oa hore bokhoba ba inthanete (le lithethefatsi tsa inthanete tse joalo ka papali le litšoantšo tsa bootsoa) li teng mme li kenyelletsa mekhoa e ts'oanang ea mantlha le liphetoho tsa boko joalo ka tse ling tse lemalloang. Lefapha lena la thuto le ntse le hola haholo. Ho tloha ka 2019, ho na le lithethefatsi tse 350 tsa "inthanete" tse lemalloang inthaneteng. Kaofela ha bona ba tlaleha se fumanoeng ke methapo le liphetoho tsa boko ho ba lemaletseng inthanete tse lumellanang le mofuta oa lithethefatsi (lenane la Ho lemalla marang-rang "lithuto tsa boko"). Ho phaella moo, moralo oa lithuto tse 'maloa tsa lithethefatsi tsa lithethefatsi li tšehetsa boipiletso ba hore marang-rang a sebelisoa ke inthanete ho baka (tse ling) matšoao a kang ho tepella maikutlo, ADHD, matšoenyeho, joalo-joalo. Lenane la lipatlisiso tse joalo: Boithuto bo bontšang ts'ebeliso ea Marang-rang le tšebeliso ea litšoantšo tsa bootsoa ho baka matšoao le liphetoho tsa boko.

Boiteko bo Boholo ba Litšoantšo o ile a hlalosa liphetoho tse tharo tse khōlō tsa boko tse hlahang ka ho lemalla ho kopanela liphate: (1) Sensitization, (2) ho hlaseloa ha maikutlo, le (3) lipotoloho tse sa sebetsaneng tsa boipheliso (boikaketsi). Ho tloha ka March, 2012, lipatlisiso tse ngata tsa batho ba sebelisang litšoantšo tsa bootsoa le ba lemaletseng ho kopanela liphate li phatlalalitsoe. Liphetoho tsena tse tharo tsa boko li fumanoe har'a tsona Liphuputso tse thehiloeng ho 54 tse nang le litsebo tsa maikutlo tse sebelisoang hangata ka basebelisi ba litšoantšo tsa bootsoa le ba lemaletseng thobalano:

  • Boithuto ba ho tlaleha sensitization (cue-reactivity & cravings) ho basebelisi ba litšoantšo tsa bootsoa / ba lemaletseng thobalano: 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26, 27.
  • Liphuputso tsa tlaleho ea ho hloka boithati kapa ho tloaela ho ba teng (ho fella ka ho mamelleha) bathong ba litšoantšo tsa bootsoa / ho kopanela liphate: 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8.
  • Liphuputso tse tlalehoang ka mokhoa o bobebe oa boits'oaro (boipaketsi) kapa mosebetsi o fetotsoeng oa basebeletsi ba litšoantšo tsa bootsoa le ba ho kopanela liphate: 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19.

The Liphuputso tse thehiloeng ho 54 tse fanang ka maikutlo a kelello (MRI, fMRI, EEG, lefu la methapo ea pelo, li-hormone) li fana ka tšehetso e matla bakeng sa mokhoa oa ho lemalla, joaloka 30 litlhahlobo tsa morao-rao tsa lingoliloeng le litlhaloso ke tse ling tsa litsebi tsa mantlha tse phahameng ka ho fetisisa lefatšeng.

Ke boetse ke hlalositse keketseho kapa tloaelo puong ea ka ea TEDx (e ka bang sesupo sa bokhoba). Hona joale lithuto tse hlano li botse basebelisi ba litšoantšo tsa bootsoa ka kotloloho ka ho nyoloha ha mefuta e mecha kapa mamello, ho tiisa ka bobeli (1, 2, 3, 4, 5). Ho sebelisa mekhoa e fapaneng e sa tobang, kapa liak'haonte tsa bongaka, lithuto tse eketsehileng tsa 40 ba tlalehile liphuputso tse lumellanang le tloaelo ea "litšoantšo tse litšila tse tsosang takatso" kapa ho nyolohela mefuteng e feteletseng le e sa tloaelehang.

Ha e le mabapi le ho tlohela, thuto e 'ngoe le e' ngoe e botsitseng e tlalehile matšoao a bang teng ha motho a khaotsa ho tsuba. Hajoale Lithuto tse 13 li tlaleha matšoao a bang teng ho basebelisi ba porno.

Ho thoe'ng ka lithuto tsa methapo tse etsang hore motho a lemalle joala bo litšila? Mono ha li eo. Ha e ntse e le sengoli sa pele sa Prause et al., 2015 o boletse hore o ile a ithuta a le mong feela oa thuto ea litšoantšo tse litšila tse tsosang takatso ea ho sheba litšoantšo tsa bootsoa, ​​10 litokomane tse lekiloeng tsa lithaka ha li lumellane: Litlhaloso tse hlahlojoang ke lithaka tsa Prause et al., 2015. Bo-ramahlale ba litsebo tsena ba bolela hore Prause et al. e hlile e fumane ts'oaetso / tloaelo (e lumellanang le tsoelo-pele ea tahi), joalo ka Nyane Ho tsosoa ha bokooa ho li-vanilla (litšoantšo) ho amana le e kholoanyane tšebeliso ea litšoantšo. Ha ho makatse hore ebe Prause et al. sehlopha se ile sa bolela ka sebete hore se entse phoso ea setšoantšo sa ho lemalla lithethefatsi ka serapa se le seng se nkiloeng ho sena "Lengolo le eang ho mohlophisi" la 2016 Ha e le hantle, lengolo le ngotsoeng ke Prause ha lea ka la fosa letho, kaha tlhaloso ena e pharaletseng e senola: Lengolo ho mohlophisi "Prause et al. (2015) mekhoa ea ho qetela ea ho lemala " (2016).

Empa 'lithethefatsi tsa bootsoa' ha li li-APA DSM-5, ho joalo? Ha APA e qetella e ntlafalitse buka ea 2013 (DSM-5), ha hoa ka ha e-ba joalo e nahanang ka "lithethefatsi tse ts'oanang le lithethefatsi tsa inthanete," ho e-na le hoo ho khetha ho pheha khang ka "bothata ba hypersexual." Sekhele sa ho qetela sa boitšoaro bo hlephileng ba ho kopanela liphate se khothalletsoa ho kenngoa ke DSM-5's ea ho kopanela liphate lebenkeleng ka morao ho lilemo tsa tlhahlobo. Leha ho le joalo, ka hora ea leshome le motso o mong "kamoreng ea linaleli" lenaneo (ho ea ka setho sa Sehlopha sa Basebetsi), tse ling DSM-5 ba boholong ba ile ba hana bosodoma, ho bolela mabaka a hlalositsoeng e le a sa utloahaleng.

Nakoana pele ho ea DSM-5's moqolo oa 2013, Thomas Insel, eo e neng e le Motsamaisi oa Setsi sa Sechaba sa Bophelo bo Botle ba kelello, o ile a lemosa hore e ne e le nako ea tšimo ea bophelo ba kelello hore e khaotse ho itšetleha ka DSM. Ea eonabofokoli ke ho hloka matla ha bona, ”O hlalositse,“re ke ke ra atleha haeba re sebelisa mekhahlelo ea DSM e le "maemo a khauta."A eketsa,"Ke ka lebaka leo NIMH e tla tsosolosa lipatlisiso tsa eona ho tloha DSMs. ” Ka mantsoe a mang, NIMH e rerile ho emisa lipatlisiso tsa lichelete tse ipapisitseng le mabitso a DSM (le ho ba sieo ha tsona).

Mekhatlo e kholo ea bongaka e ntse e tsoela pele ka APA. The Mokhatlo oa Amerika oa Tlhekefetso ea Meriana (ASAM) e ile ea senya sepheo sa ho qetela sekhukhung sa bothata ba ho kopanela liphate ka August, 2011, likhoeli tse 'maloa pele ke lokisetsa puo ea ka ea TEDx. Litsebi tse phahameng tsa tahi ea ASAM li ile tsa lokolla tlhaloso e tsitsitseng ea ho lemala. Tlhaloso e ncha e etsa tse ling tsa lintlha tse kholo Ke entse puo ea ka. Mokhoa o ka sehloohong oa ho lemalla boitšoaro o ama boko ka litsela tse tšoanang le tsa lithethefatsi. Ka mantsoe a mang, ho lemalla ho lemalla ke lefu le le leng (boemo), eseng ba bangata. ASAM e hlalositse ka ho hlaka hore ho lemalla boitšoaro ba thobalano ho teng 'me e tlameha ebe e bakoa ke liphetoho tse tšoanang tsa boko bo fumanoang meleng ea lithethefatsi.

Mokhatlo oa Lefatše oa Bophelo o bonahala o ikemiselitse ho lokisa bothata ba lipolotiki tsa APA. Buka e sebelisoang haholo ka ho fetisisa lefapheng la bongaka, Selemo sa Machaba sa Mafu (ICD-11), e na le tlhatlhobo e ncha e loketseng ho lemalla lit soant so tsa bootsoa "Bothata ba ho Kopanela Liphate ka ho Kopanela Liphate. "ICD-11 e na le tšoaetso e ncha ea ho lemalla papali ea video: Bothata ba ho bapala Inthanete.

3) Ho sebelisa litšoantšo tsa bootsoa Inthaneteng ho ka eketsa maemo a mang a kelello le a maikutlo

Boiteko bo Boholo ba Litšoantšo e hlalosa "Tlhahlobo e 'Ngoe ea Litlhapi”Moo bahlankana ba felisitseng tšebeliso ea litšoantšo tsa bootsoa ba tlalehileng tšoarelo ea mathata a maikutlo le kelello. TGPE e boetse e hlalositse "ho tsuba ho tsuba" (ho lemalla marang-rang le li-subtypes tsa eona) ho mpefatsa kapa ho baka matšoao a kang boko ba boko, bothata ba mahloriso, ho tšoenyeha ka ho feletseng, ho tepella maikutlo le ho tšoenyeha ha sechaba. Ho latela 2020 ho na le lithuto tse makholo tse amanang 'me Liphuputso tsa 90 tsa ho hlasela ho tšehetsa taba ena.

Ka 2016 Gary Wilson o ile a hatisa lipampiri tse peli tse hlahlojoang ke lithaka:

Tlhokomeliso: tse ling tsa li-link li ea liphetolelong tsa lithuto tse hlahang ho www.yourbrainonporn.com. Li-link tsa moo, li lebisa libokeng le lithuto tse feletseng sebakeng se seng.

POWERPOINT LITLHAKU TSE KHOLO 1-17 LE LITLHAKU TSE Kopaneng

SLIDE 1

Ho sebelisoa ha litšoantšo tsa bootsoa Inthaneteng ke e 'ngoe ea liteko tse sisinyehang ka ho fetisisa tse amang lefatše ka bophara tse kileng tsa etsoa ntle ho tlhaho.

TŠEBELETSO EA SEHLOOHO:

Kelello e tloaelehileng. Pele ho marang-rang ho ne ho sa tloaeleha hore batho ba neng ba le ka tlas'a 18 ba fumane livideo tsa bootsoa ka botlalo. Teko e ile ea eketseha ka potlako ka ho qaptjoa ha libaka tsa porno tsa porno (2006), le li-Smartphones (2008), 'me hona joale ke VR porno.

TŠEBELETSO E NTSENG:

TLitlamorao tsa Bootsoa ba Inthanete ho Bacha: Tlhahlobo ea Patlisiso (2012) - Ntho e hlahang:

Keketseho ea morao-rao ea InternetMahlale a morao-rao a fetotse tsela bacha Kopana le ho sebelisa lintho tse amanang le thobalano.

Mecha ea litaba tsa thobalano le bongoana le bophelo bo botle (2017) - Litlhaloso tse hlahang:

Litaba tsa thobalano li atile haholo mecheng ea setso, 'me litšoantšo ha li pepese maikutlo le likotsi (mohlala, tšebeliso ea likhohlopo, ho ima) tse amanang le ts'ebetso ea thobalano. Ho pepesehela litaba tse joalo ho hokahana le liphetoho mekhoeng e mabapi le thobalano le bong, tsoelo-pele ea pele liketsong tsa thobalano, boimana le tšoaetso e tšoaetsanoang ka thobalano ho bacha. Leha ho le joalo, tlhaiso-leseling e nyane e teng ka baokameli le babuelli ba litlamorao tsena. Hape re tseba hanyane ka media oa dijithale, litaba tsa bona tse amanang le thobalano, le tšusumetso ea bona ho bacha. Lintlha tse tsoang lipatlisisong tse 'maloa tsa bacha ba tsofetseng li bonts'a hore lipontšo tsa thobalano liwebosaeteng tsa media li amana le litumelo le boits'oaro bo bobe har'a ba romellang litaba tsena le har'a bashebelli. Litšoantšo tsa bootsoa tse fumanehang marang-rang li bonahala li le thata haholo ho bacha ho feta mehloli ea marang-rang. Ka lebaka la nako e ngata le e eketsehang ea nako eo bacha ba e qetang ba le marang-rang le ho ba teng ha bona ka tšohanyetso ho susumetsa, ho hlokahala tlhokomelo e eketsehileng ho mecha ea phatlalatso ea litaba tsa thobalano.

Litšoantšo tsa Bootsoa tsa Inthanete: Taba e Khethehileng. Mahlale a macha a atolositse bacha ho fihlella litšoantšo tsa bootsoa. Litšoantšo tsa bootsoa tse fumanehang marang-rang li fapana le litšoantšo tsa bootsoa tsa nakong e fetileng ka litsela tse ling tsa bohlokoa. Litaba tse fumanehang marang-rang li lula li "bulehile" ebile li ea nkeha, li lumella ho kena ka nako efe kapa efe le sebakeng se seng le se seng. E ka ba e kopanetsoeng 'me ea tšoareha haholoanyane, kahoo ho na le monyetla o eketsehileng oa ho ithuta le nako ea ho pepesa. Mefuta e feteletseng ea lintho tse mabifi kapa tsa thobalano e atile haholo inthaneteng ho feta mecheng e meng e tsebahalang. Ho nka karolo ke sephiri ebile ha ho tsejoe, e leng ho lumellang bana le bacha ho batla lisebelisoa tseo ba neng ba ke ke ba li batla mecheng ea setso. Qetellong, ho pepesetsoa litaba mecheng ea marang-rang ho thata haholo ho batsoali ho beha leihlo ho feta ho pepesetsoa litaba ha u le libakeng tsa setso. Lipatlisiso tsa naha le tsa machabeng li senola hore ho pepesetsoa litšoantšo tse manyala tse hlephisang boitšoaro marang-rang ho tloaelehile ho bashanyana eseng ntho e tloaelehileng har'a banana.

SLIDE 2

Hoo e batlang e le mohlankana e mong le e mong e monyenyane ea nang le inthaneteng e fetoha teko ea teko.

TŠEBELETSO EA SEHLOOHO:

Feela ho bolela tse totobetseng: marang-rang a marang-rang a porno a fumaneha ho mohlankana e mong le e mong ea nang le phihlello ea inthanete.

TŠEBELETSO E NTSENG:

Litefiso tsa ts'ebeliso ea litšoantšo tsa bootsoa li ntse li eketseha. Sena Phuputso ea 2017 mabapi le lilemo tsa Australia 15-29 e fumane hore banna ba 100% ba ne ba shebelletse porno. E boetse e tlaleha hore khafetsa ho shebella litšoantšo tsa bootsoa ho tsamaisana le mathata a bophelo bo botle ba kelello.

Phuputso ena ea 2017 ea Sweden e tlalehile hore banna ba 98 ba lilemo li 18 ba ne ba shebelletse litšoantšo tsa bootsoa (Kamano lipakeng tsa tloaelo ea ho sebelisa litšoantšo tsa bootsoa khafetsa, boitšoaro ba batho ba bang le thobalano ho batho ba baholo ba banna ba Sweden). Se qotsitsoeng thutong:

Seo re se fumaneng se bonts'a hore basebelisi khafetsa ba tlaleha boits'oaro bo amanang le likotsi tsa thobalano ho kenyelletsa lilemo tsa pele ho thobalano, thobalano ea ka morao, le ho leka liketso tse bonoang litšoantšong tsa bootsoa… .. Ho ipapisitsoe le 3AM, haeba basebelisi khafetsa ba na le monyetla oa ho leka thobalano Liketso tse bonoang litšoantšong tse manyala tse hlephisang boitšoaro, ha ho bonolo ho nahana hore mokhoa o kotsi oo ba boneng liketso tse etsoang le ona o ka kenella kahare (ho fumanoa) le ho sebelisoa (ts'ebeliso) maemong a bophelo ba 'nete.

Liphello li bontša hore batho ba sebelisang litšoantšo tse manyala tse hlephisang boitšoaro hangata ba na le lipelaelo tsa ho kopanela liphate ha ba sa le banyenyane, ba kopanela mefuteng e mengata ea likamano tsa botona le botšehali, 'me ba ka' na ba loana le bothata ba ho kopanela liphate le bothata ba bootsoa bo sebelisoang. Phuputso ena e tlatsetsa lefapheng la lipatlisiso tse ntseng li hōla tse fanang ka bopaki ba hore litšoantšo tsa bootsoa li ka ba le liphello tse mpe ho bacha.

SLIDE 3

Mofuputsi oa Canada Simon Lajeunesse o fumane hore bashemane ba bangata ba batla litšoantšo tse manyala tse hlephisang boitšoaro ba le lilemo li 10 - ba khannoa ke boko bo khahliloeng ke thobalano ka tšohanyetso. Basebedisi ba bona litšoantšo tsa bootsoa inthaneteng e le ntho e qobellang ho feta litšoantšo tsa bootsoa tsa nako e fetileng. Hobaneng ha ho le joalo? Tsebo e sa feleng.

TŠEBELETSO EA SEHLOOHO:

Banana ba lilemong ba batla litšoantšo tsa bootsoa: Sengoloa sa mantlha sa Science Daily, moo Lajeunesse a reng bashanyana ba bangata ba batla litšoantšo tse manyala tse hlephisang boitšoaro ba le lilemo li 10. Ho tlameha ho hlokomeloe hore Lajeunesse o ne a kopa mashome a mabeli a metso e mehlano ka 2009 ho hopola se etsahetseng lilemo tse 10-15 pejana (bohareng ba morao ho bo 1990), nakong eo bacha ba fokolang banna ba na le likhomphutha tsa bona mme e mong le e mong o na le mohala oa ho daela.

Litšoantšo tse manyala tse hlephisang boitšoaro marang-rang li qobella ho feta ka lebaka la lipale tse ncha le lintho tse ling.

1) Boithuto bo tlalehang bootsoa lifilimi lia tsosa ho feta mefuta e meng ea litšoantšo tsa bootsoa:

2) Makholo a lithuto tsa liphoofolo le a batho a thehile thuto ea hore ho hlaha hoa putsa ebile ho eketsa mesolimbic dopamine. Tse fokolang morao tjena lithuto:

Tloaelo e batlehang le lithethefatsi ho batho le liphoofolong: Ho itšetlehile ka boitšoaro ho limolek'hule (2016) - Ntho e hlahang:

Boemong ba limolek'hule, ho batla le ho lemalla lintho tse ncha ho fetoloa ke mokhoa o ka sehloohong oa moputso bokong. Dopamine ke neurotransmitter ea mantlha e kenyelletsang ho arola likarolo tse ka tlase tsa neural tsa paramente ka bobeli.

Li-Neurotransmitters le Novelty: Tlhahlobo e hlophisitsoeng (2016) - Ntho e hlahang:

Boko ba rona bo arabela haholo nthong e ncha. Mona, re lekola ka tatellano lithuto tsa bankakarolo ba batho tse shebileng metheo ea methapo ea kutlo ea ho sibolla le ho sebetsana le bocha. Ha mehlala ea lithuto le lithuto tsa liphoofolo tse seng batho li supile karolo ea litsamaiso tsa dopaminergic, cholinergic, noradrenergic le serotonergic, lingoliloeng tsa batho li shebile haholo-holo ho tse peli tsa pele. Dopamine e fumanoe e ama likarabo tsa electrophysiological nthong e ncha qalong ea nako kamora ho hlahisa tlhahiso….

Dopamine Modulates Novelty Ho Batla Ho Ts'oara Nakong ea Qeto Ho Etsa litšoene (2014) - Ntho e hlahang:

Mohopolo oa hore dopamine e fetola boiphihlelo ba boqapi o tšehetsoa ke bopaki ba hore buka e bululela botle ba dopamine neurons le ho kenya tšebetsong libaka tsa boko tse fumanang karohano ea dopaminergic. Ntle le moo, dopamine e bonts'oa ho khanna boits'oaro bo ho khethollang maemong a lipale.

Ntho e ncha e eketsa ho sebelisoa ha motlakase oa mesolimbic ea sebaka sa substantia nigra / ventral (SN / VTA) nakong ea moputso tebello: Bopaki bo tsoang ho fMRI (2011) - Ntho e hlahang:

Re bontša hore lihlopha tse ikhethileng kahare ho Karolo ea SN / VTA ea morusu le karolo ea morao-rao ea SN e nepahetseng li fetoloa ka mokhoa o ts'oarellang ka tebello ea moputso, athe karolo e kholo ea SN / VTA ea medial e ne e fetotsoe ka boiphihlelo.

TŠEBELETSO E NTSENG:

Le ha ho le thata haholo ho fumana hore na banna ba lilemo li kae ba qala ho batla litšoantšo tse manyala tse hlephisang boitšoaro tsa inthanete, nako ea phihlello ea pele ea theoha. Ka mohlala, thuto ea 2008 e tlalehile hore liperesente tsa 14.4 tsa bashanyana li ile tsa pepesetsoa bootsoa pele ho lilemo tsa 13. Ka nako eo lipalo li ile tsa bokelloa 2011, ho pepesetsoa pejana ho ne ho tlōtse ka karolo ea 48.7. A Boithuto ba likarolo tse bohareng ba 2017 ba lilemo tsa Maaustralia 15-29 e tlaleha hore liperesente tsa 69 tsa banna le liperesente tsa 23 tsa basali ba qala ho shebella litšoantšo tsa bootsoa ba le lilemo li 13 kapa ba banyenyane. Ka moka ba batona le karolo ea 82 ea basali e kile ea shebella litšoantšo tsa bootsoa ka nako e 'ngoe.

Ts'ehetso e ngoe bakeng sa ho phallela porno ea inthanete e le ts'usumetso e ikhethang:

Li-slide tse ling tse fanang ka ts'ehetso ea ho phallela marang-rang a marang-rang e le tšusumetso e ikhethang: slide 6, slide 7, slide 8, slide 18.

Selelekela sa tlhahlobo ena e hlahlojoang ke lithaka ea 2016 ea lingoliloeng tseo ke li ngotseng le lingaka tse 7 tsa Sesole sa Metsing "Na litšoantšo tse litšila tse tsosang takatso inthaneteng li baka tšebeliso ea thobalano? Tlhahlobo le Litlaleho tsa Kliniki ", e totobatsang likarolo tse 'maloa tse ikhethileng tsa ho phallela lits'oants'o tsa marang-rang:

3.2. Litšoantšo Tsa Bootsoa Tsa Inthanete ke Tšusumetso e Feteletseng

Ha ho pelaelo hore tsoelo-pele ea bohlokoa ka ho fetisisa tšimong ea boitšoaro bo hlephileng ba ho kopanela liphate ke tsela eo inthanete e susumetsang le ho tsamaisa boitšoaro bo hlephileng ba ho kopanela liphate [73]. Maemo a sa lekanyetsoang a phahameng a ho kopanela liphate a phalleloang ka "tube" hona joale a fumaneha mahala le a fumanehang haholo, letsatsi la 24 ka ho sebelisa lik'homphieutha, matlapa le li-smartphone, 'me ho' nile ha boleloa hore litšoantšo tse manyala tse hlephisang boitšoaro Inthaneteng ke tšusumetso e sa tloaelehang, ho phehella ka lebaka la matla a eona a ho iphetola ha lintho [74,75]. Boitsebiso bo bong bo bontšang thobalano bo 'nile ba e-ba teng ka nako e telele, empa litšoantšo tsa bootsoa tsa video (1) li tsosa takatso ea ho kopanela liphate ho feta mefuta e meng ea litšoantšo tsa bootsoa [76, 77] kapa fantšo [78]; (2) litšoantšiso tsa thobalano li bontšitsoe ho etsa hore motho a tsohe haholoanyane, ho phalla ka potlako, le ho etsa lintho tse ling tse ngata ho feta le tse ling tse tloaelehileng, mohlomong kahobane ho ela hloko molekane ea ka mocha le ho tsosoa ha hae ho ile ha e-ba le boiphihlelo ba ho ikatisa [75, 79, 80, 81, 82, 83, 84]; le (3) bokhoni ba ho ikhethela boitsebiso ka boiketlo bo etsa hore litšoantšo tse manyala tse hlephisang boitšoaro tsa Inthanete li tsohe haholo ho feta likhetho tse khethiloeng [79]. Setšoantšo sa litšoantšo tse manyala tse hlephisang boitšoaro se ka boloka kapa sa phahamisa tsoho ea ho kopanela liphate ka ho panya-panya hang-hang ho boemo ba libuka, video e ncha kapa ho se mohla u kileng ua kopana le mofuta. Phuputso ea 2015 ea ho sheba litšoantšo tsa bootsoa tsa Inthaneteng ka ho lieha ho fokotsa (ho khetha ho khotsofatsoa hang-hang ka meputso e liehang ea bohlokoa bo boholo) e re, "Mokhoa o sa khaotseng oa ho kopanela liphate le litlhohonolofatso tsa tlhaho ka ho khetheha ho etsa hore litšoantšo tse manyala tse hlephisang boitšoaro tsa inthanete e be moetsi o ikhethileng oa moputso oa boko. ... Ka hona ke habohlokoa ho tšoara litšoantšo tse tsosang takatso e le tšusumetso e ikhethang ea ho ba le moputso, ho ba le tšusumetso ea maikutlo le lithuto tsa lithethefatsi "[75] (maqephe a 1, 10).

Ntho e ncha e ngolisa e le ea bohlokoa, e eketsa bohlokoa ba moputso, ebile e na le liphello tse tšoarellang ho susumetsa, ho ithuta le ho hopola [85]. Joaloka tšusumetso ea thobalano le litšobotsi tse khotsofatsang tsa ho kopanela liphate, mokhoa o tsosolositsoeng o qobella hobane o baka ho phatloha ha dopamine libakeng tsa boko ho amana haholo le moputso le sepheo-boitšoaro bo laoloang [66]. Le hoja litšoantšo tse manyala tse hlephisang boitšoaro tsa Inthanete li qobella batho ho rata litšoantšo tsa thobalano ho feta ho laola bophelo bo botle, dACC (dorsal anterior cingulate cortex) e boetse e bontša mokhoa o potlakileng oa ho etsa litšoantšo ho feta ho laola bophelo bo botle [86], ho etsa hore ho batloe litšoantšo tse ling tsa thobalano. Joaloka mongoli-co-author Voon o hlalositse ka phuputso ea 2015 ea sehlopha sa hae ka mokhoa o sa tloaelehang le ho tloaela batho ba ts'oanang le litšoantšo tsa bootsoa ba Inthaneteng, "Thepa e bonahalang e sa feleng ea litšoantšo tsa thobalano e fumanehang Inthaneteng [e ka fepa] ho lemalla, e leng se etsang hore ho be thata ho baleha"87]. Mesolimbic dopamine ts'ebetsong e ka boela ea ntlafatsoa ke lisebelisoa tse eketsehileng tseo hangata li amanang le litšoantšo tsa bootsoa tsa Inthanete li sebelisa tse kang, tlōlo ea litebello, tebello ea moputso, le ketso ea ho batla / ho etsa lipapali (ho sheba litšoantšo tsa bootsoa Inthaneteng) [88, 89, 90, 91, 92, 93]. Matšoenyeho, a bontšitsoeng ho eketsa tsoho ea ho kopanela liphate [89, 94], e ka boela ea tsamaea le litšoantšo tsa bootsoa tsa Inthanete. Ka bokhutšoanyane, litšoantšo tse litšila tse tsosang takatso tsa Inthaneteng li fana ka litšobotsi tsena kaofela, tse ngolisang e le tsa bohlokoa, li etsa hore ho be le li-dopamine tse phatlohang le ho ntlafatsa tsoho ea ho kopanela liphate.

Lintlha tse tsoang tlhahlobisisong e lekiloeng ea lithaka tsa 2017, Litšoantšo tse manyala tse hlephisang boitšoaro, Thabo le likamano tsa botona le botšehali: Ho ea ho Hedonic Reinforcement Model ea Inthaneteng Inthaneteng Media Media Sebelisa, e hlalosang thepa e ikhethang ea ho phallela litšoantšo tsa bootsoa marang-rang.

Matlafatso ea Hedonic:

Karolong ea bobeli ea mohlala, re beha hore IP e sebeletsa e le matla a matla a ho ts'ehetsa likamano tsa thobalano tsa hedonic. Le hoja mesebetsi ea thobalano ea mofuta leha e le efe e ka ba e thabisang ka tekanyo e itseng, IP e fana ka monyetla oa ho kopanya libuka tse tobileng, tse fumanehang habonolo, tse tsoelang pele, le meputso e potlakileng ka tsela e ikhethang le e matla haholo (mohlala, Gola et al., 2016). Mesebetsi e mengata e tloaelehileng, e seng ea ts'ebetso e fana ka maikutlo a mangata (mohlala, Foubert, 2016; Wilson, 2014; Struthers, 2009). Ho phaella moo, litlhahlobo tse fokolang li nahane hore ho na le monyetla oa hore IP e emela boikutlo bo hlollang ka mokhoa o sa tloaelehang (mohlala, Barrett, 2010; Hilton, 2013; Grinde, 2002) ho latela moloko oa batho. Leha ho le joalo, ho fihlela joale, ha ho na tlhahlobo e hlophisitsoeng ea ho hlahloba monyetla oa hore litšoantšo tsa bootsoa li emela moputso o moholo oa hedonic. Likarolong tse latelang, re hlahloba bopaki ba mohato ona oa bobeli.

Kakaretso ea Matlafatso e Ikhethileng:

Ka kopanelo, lingoliloeng tse lekotsoeng li bonts'a hore kannete IP ke moputso o ikhethileng le o matla bakeng sa sepheo sa thobalano sa hedonic. IP ke mokhoa o fumanehang habonolo oa ts'usumetso ea thobalano o hlokang boiteko bo nyane kapa nako ka lehlakoreng la moreki. Ho fapana le ts'ebetso ea thobalano e kopaneng, kapa mecha ea phatlalatso e seng marang-rang e buang ka thobalano, IP ke moputso o tlase ebile o sebetsa ka tšohanyetso. Ha ho makatse hore mofuta oa theko e tlase oa IP (ke hore, litšenyehelo tse tlase tsa lichelete le matla) hangata ho tlalehoa e le sesosa se susumetsang sa tšebeliso. IP e boetse e tloaelehile haholo ho lithahasello tsa basebelisi, litoro, le litakatso. Mefuta e fapaneng ea IP e se nang moeli e lumellang basebelisi ho fumana, ho phenya le ho hlaolela litakatso tsa bong bo botle le tse ikhethang. Kaha sepheo sa thobalano sa hedonic ke sona sesosa se ka sehloohong sa ho tsamaisa IPU, mofuta o ikhethileng le o sa khaotseng oa IP o emela moputso o ikhethang le o matla bakeng sa sepheo sena.

Pampiri ea methapo e hatisitsoeng kamora puo ea TEDx: Ho lemalla ho sheba litšoantšo tse manyala tse hlephisang boitšoaro - ts'usumetso e fetisisang e nkiloeng moelelong oa "neuroplasticity" (2013). Tlhaloso:

Le ha motjeko oa pathological (PG) le botenya li amohetse tlhokomelo e kholo lithutong tse sebetsang le tsa boits'oaro, bopaki bo ntse bo tšehetsa tlhaloso ea CSBs [boits'oaro bo khothalletsoang ba thobalano] e le tšibollo. Bopaki bona bo na le lintlha tse ngata, 'me bo thehiloe kutloisisong ea karolo ea "neuronal receptor" mabapi le ts'ebetso ea methapo, e tšehetsoang ke pono ea nalane ea boits'oaro. Ts'ebetso ena ea ho lemalla e ka holisoa ke boiphihlelo bo potlakileng le "susumetso e kholo" (polelo e qapiloeng ke Nikolaas Tinbergen) e hlahisoang ke litšoantšo tsa bootsoa tsa inthanete.

Tlhahiso-morao Hamorao Meputso ea Thabo ea Hona Joale: Litšoantšo Tsa Bootsoa Li Sebelisoa ke Nako ea ho Kopanela Liphoso le ho lieha Ho Fumana (2015) - Bafuputsi ba arotse lithuto ka lihlopha tsa 2: Half a leka ho se je lijo tseo a li ratang haholo; halofo ea bona e lekile ho lahla bootsoa ba inthanete. Baithuti ba ileng ba leka ho qoba litšoantšo tse litšila tse tsosang takatso ba ile ba fumana liphetoho tse kholo: ba nepile haholoanyane molemong oa bona oa ho lieha ho khotsofala. Bafuputsi ba itse:

"Seo se fumanoang se bontša hore litšoantšo tsa bootsoa tsa Inthanete ke moputso oa thobalano o tlatsetsang ho lieha ho fokotsa ho fapana le meputso e meng ea tlhaho. Ka lebaka leo, ke habohlokoa ho tšoara litšoantšo tse manyala tse hlephisang boitšoaro e le tšusumetso e ikhethang bakeng sa lithuto tsa boipheliso, ho hloka maikutlo, le ho lemalla lithethefatsi le ho sebelisa sena ho latela kalafo ka bomong hammoho le kamano ea bona. "

SLIDE 4

Joalokaha u bona ho tsoa tekong ena ea Australia, ha se bofeela feela, empa E ncha e romelang tsoho e nyolohang haholo. Bafo ba ne ba shebelletse litšoantšo tsa bootsoa tsa 22. O bona hlaba eo? Ke hona moo bafuputsi ba ileng ba fetohela litšoantšong tsa bootsoa tseo bashanyana ba neng ba e-s'o li bone pele. Phello: boko ba lihlooho le li-boners li thunya.

TŠEBELETSO EA SEHLOOHO:

Boithuto bo hlahisitsoeng ka slide #4: Ho arolelanoa ha lisebelisoa tsa tlhokomelo nakong ea ho lula le ho hlabana ka monna ea nyetseng ka thobalano (1999). Lithuto tse ling tsa batho tse tsamaellanang le liphetho tsa boithuto ba Australia:

  1. Liphetoho ka Bohloko ba Karabo ea Leqhoa la Eyeblink Nakong ea ho Itlosa Bolutu ka ho Kopanela Liphate (2000) - "Pontšo e phetoang ea karolo ea filimi e felletse ka ho fokotseha ho tsoelang pele ha tsoho ea thobalano. Ho tlosa tšusumetso e tloahelehileng ka tšusumetso e ncha ea thobalano ho eketsehile ho tsoha le thobalano le ho fokotsa ts'abo (phello e ncha). ”
  2. Boitšoaro le Tlhaho ea ho Kopanela Liphate Tsa Basona (1993) - "Banna ba leshome le metso e ts'eletseng ba ile ba lekoa tlasa maemo ao ba neng ba shebile karolo e ts'oanang ea filimi e tsosang takatso hangata" Ho eketseha ha ts'oaetso ea thobalano ha ho ne ho hlahisoa lits'oants'o tse mpe tsa thobalano kamora ho tloaela "
  3. Tloaelo le tloaelo ea ho hlasimoloha ha motho e le monna - "e eketseha ka ho tsosa takatso ea thobalano ha ho ne ho hlahisoa lits'oants'o tse mpe tsa boits'oaro"
  4. Liphetoho karabong ea erectile ho susumetsa maikutlo a ho kopanela liphate khafetsa (1998) - "Ho tiea ka letsatsi la boraro ho ile ha fokotseha haholo ha ho bapisoa le ka letsatsi la pele ho bakuli ba nang le ts'oaetso ea kelello le taolo e tloaelehileng"…
  5. Boitšoaro ba nako e telele ea ho tsosoa ha thobalano ho Human Male (1991) - “maemong a hlohlelletso a sa fetoheng ho ile ha khahlametsoa litekanyetso tsa bolulo ba nako e telele. Ka lehlakoreng le leng, likarabelo litabeng tse fapaneng li ile tsa lula li le holimo haholo. ”
  6. Ho lebisa tlhokomelo "Hot" kapa ho tsepamisa maikutlo "Cool": Mekhoa e hlokomelehileng ea ho kopanela liphate ho banna le basali (2011) - "Maikutlo a thobalano a fokotseha nakong ea ts'usumetso e matla khafetsa, 'me ea eketseha ka ho hlahisa tšusumetso e ncha, e bonts'ang tloaelo le litlamorao tse ncha. Ho fapana le kamoo ho neng ho lebelletsoe, tlhokomelo e chesang e ne e sa thibele tloaelo ea ho tsosa takatso ea thobalano. ”
  7. Tloaelo ea ho tsosoa ha thobalano (1985) - "Liphetho tsena li ile tsa tolokoa e le tse tšehetsang likhopolo tsa hore ho tsosa takatso ea thobalano ho litakatso tsa thobalano ho fokotseha ka lipontšo tse matlafatsang"
  8. Ho pheta-pheta ka mokhoa o hlalosang takatso ea thobalano: mokhoa o sa tloaelehang, thobalano le maikutlo a thobalano (1986) "Liphuputso li bonts'itse hore litlamorao tse mpe li eketsehile haholo ka ho pheta-pheta filimi 'me li khutletse maemong a mantlha ka kenyelletso ea bonohe…. Ha banna ba tsosoa hape ba tšoenyeha ke bocha bo nang le batšoantšisi ba fapaneng, mme basali ba tsosoa le ho tšoenyeha ke batšoantšisi ba tšoanang ba etsang lintho tse fapaneng. liketso. ”

TŠEBELETSO E NTSENG:

1) Tloaelo ea likarabo tsa thobalano ho banna le basali: teko ea khopolo-taba ea boitokiso ea likarabo tsa basali tsa thobalano (2013) - Excerpt:

Banna le basali ba ne ba bontša mekhoa e tšoanang ea likarabo tsa thobalano, e lumellanang le tloaelo le liphello tse ncha. Liphello tsa tloaelo le mokhoa o sa tloaelehang li ile tsa felisoa hang ha litlaleho tsa tlhokomelo li ne li lekana.

2) Tlhahlobo ea lingoliloeng ka liphoofolo le batho (e kenyeletsa lithuto tse sebelisang litšoantšo tsa bootsoa): Hormone le phello ea Coolidge. Limolek'hule le Cellular Endocrinology (2017) - Ntho e hlahang:

Ka bobeli, ba batona le ba batšehali, ho na le phokotso ea ho tsosa takatso ea thobalano kamora ho pepesetsoa ts'usumetso e ts'oanang ea thobalano. Phello ena e bonahala e akaretsa mefuta eohle ea mefuta e ithutoang, ho kenyeletsoa le batho, leha sephetho sa basali se lokela ho hlahlojoa le ho feta. Mokhoa o mocha oa thobalano o eketsa likarolo tse susumetsang tsa thobalano ho banna, ho pakoang ke phello ea Coolidge…. Mekhoa ea limolek'hule e amanang le ho khotsofatsa thobalano ha e utloisisoe hantle; Lintlha tsa morao-rao tsa liteko tsa likhoto li fana ka maikutlo a hore dopamine e ka bapala karolo e ts'oanang ho bong ka bobeli

SLIDE 5

Hobaneng thabo e kana? Tlhaho ea linku e rata ho boloka e tona e nontša tse tšehali - ha feela ho na le tse ncha tse teng. Pheleu e hloka nako e eketsehileng ho nyalana le nku e tona e tsofetseng. Empa haeba u lula u chencha basali, a ka etsa mosebetsi ka metsotso e 'meli - mme a tsoele pele ho fihlela a khathetse ka ho felletseng. Sena se tsejoa e le "phello ea Coolidge." Ntle le ts'ebetso ea Coolidge… ho ka be ho se na litšoantšo tsa bootsoa inthaneteng.

TŠEBELETSO EA SEHLOOHO:

1) Glenn Wilson mabapi le Phello ea Phallo, le 2) Boitšoaro bo kopaneng ba pheleu, Ovis aries. I. Boithuto bo tloaelehileng (1969).

Li-slide tse peli tse fetileng li fane ka bongata ba tšehetso ea mohopolo oa bolulo ho khothaletso e ts'oanang ea khale le ho hlahisa litaba tsa thobalano tse tsosang takatso le ho susumetsa. Lithuto tse ling tse 'maloa tse nahannoeng ha ho etsoa slide ena:

TŠEBELETSO E NTSENG:

Bopaki bo bong ba "Phello ea Coolidge" bathong bo se bo le teng.

1) Haholo-holo ho litšoantšo tse manyala tse hlephisang boitšoaro - banna ba ntša peo ea botona ea motile haholoanyane 'me ba e etsa kapele ha ba shebella naleli ea bootsoa ea lipale: Banna ba Ejaculate Larger Volumes of Semen, More Sperm ea Motile, le Ka Potlako ha e Bontšitsoe Litšoantšong tsa Basali ba Novel (2015)

2) Boikarabelo ba Metsoalle ea Bo-mphato ka ho Kopanela Liphate: Tlhahlobo (2014). Tlhaloso:

Tlhatlhobo ena e batlisisa hore na takatso ea thobalano le ho putlama hoa ho tsosa takatso ea ho tloaelana le balekane, keketseho ea karabelo ea botsoalle ba balekane, le ho bontša karabelo e fapaneng ho banna le basali…. Lingoliloeng tsa hajoale li tšehetsa hantle likhakanyo tse entsoeng ke khopolo ea maano a thobalano ka hore ts'ebetso ea thobalano e fetohile ho khothaletsa ho nyalana ha nakoana. Ho tsosa takatso ea thobalano le takatso ho bonahala li fokotseha ka lebaka la ho tloaelana le balekane le ho eketseha ho arabela mekhoa e metle ea banna le basali. Bopaki ho fihlela joale bo bontša hore phello ena e ka ba kholo ho banna.

3) Tlhahlobo e ngoe ea morao-rao ea lingoliloeng tse buang ka liphoofolo le batho (e kenyeletsa lithuto tse sebelisang litšoantšo tsa bootsoa): Hormone le phello ea Coolidge. Limolek'hule le Cellular Endocrinology (2017). Tlhaloso:

Ka bobeli, ba batona le ba batšehali, ho na le phokotso ea ho tsosa takatso ea thobalano kamora ho pepesetsoa ts'usumetso e ts'oanang ea thobalano. Phello ena e bonahala e akaretsa mefuta eohle ea mefuta e ithutoang, ho kenyeletsoa le batho, leha sephetho sa basali se lokela ho hlahlojoa le ho feta. Mokhoa o mocha oa thobalano o eketsa likarolo tse susumetsang tsa thobalano ho banna, ho pakoang ke phello ea Coolidge…. Mekhoa ea limolek'hule e amanang le ho khotsofatsa thobalano ha e utloisisoe hantle; Lintlha tsa morao-rao tsa liteko tsa likhoto li fana ka maikutlo a hore dopamine e ka bapala karolo e ts'oanang ho bong ka bobeli

SLIDE 6

Lenaneo lena la khale la mammali le bona "bukana" e ngoe le e ngoe "skrineng sa moshemane" e le monyetla oa ho fetisa liphatsa tsa lefutso. Ho boloka moshanyana a natefisa skrineng, boko ba hae bo ntša "e ea o e nka!" methapo ea pelo dopamine bakeng sa setšoantšo se seng le se seng se secha kapa boemo. Qetellong pheleu e tla khathala, empa hafeela moshanyana a ka 'na a tsoela pele ho tobetsa, a ka tsoela pele - mme le eena o tla ba le dopamine. Ka ho sheba litšoantšo tsa bootsoa Inthaneteng, moshanyana a ka bona bana ba chesang ka ho fetisisa ka metsotso e leshome ho feta baholo-holo ba hae ba li tsomang ba neng ba ka khona ho phela bophelo bo bongata. Bothata ke hore re na le bokooa ba litsomi.

TŠEBELETSO EA SEHLOOHO:

Li-slide tse 2 tse fetileng li na le lisebelisoa tse tšehetsang. Ho netefalitsoe hantle hore ho tsosa takatso ea botona le botšehali ho eketsa mesolimbic dopamine, mme dopamine e makatsang e ka eketsa tsoho le ts'usumetso ea thobalano. Litlhahlobo tse 'maloa tse tšehetsang lingoliloeng:

TŠEBELETSO E NTSENG:

1) Tlhaloso ea tlhahlobo ea lithaka e hlalositsoeng ke lithaka tse hlalosang karolo ea dopamine ho tsosa takatso ea thobalano, ts'usumetso le litokisetso - Na Litšoantšo Tsa Bootsoa Tsa Inthanete li baka Mathata a Kopanela Liphate? Tlhahlobo le Litlaleho tsa Bongaka (2016):

3.1. Karabelo ea Male ho Botsoa

Le ha karabelo ea botona le botšehali e rarahane, likarolo tse 'maloa tsa bohlokoa tsa boko li bohlokoa bakeng sa ho fihlela le ho boloka liqabang [61]. Hypothalamic nuclei e bapala karolo ea bohlokoa ho laoleng boits'oaro ba thobalano le li-erections ka ho sebetsa e le setsi sa kopanyo bakeng sa tlatsetso ea kelello le pherekano [62]. Nete ​​ea hypothalamic e tataisang li-erections e fumana tsela ea pro-erectile ho tsoa tseleng ea mesolimbic dopamine, e nang le sebaka sa "ventral tegmental tegmental" (VTA) le nucleus accumbens (NAc) [62]. Potoloho ea VTA-NAc ke senotlolo sa bohlokoa sa mehopolo e putsang, 'me e ba konopo ea lipotoloho tse akaretsang, tse rarahaneng ho feta tse kopaneng tse bitsoang "tsamaiso ea moputso" [63]. Karabelo ea motho ka mong meputsong ea tlhaho, joalo ka thobalano, e laoloa haholo ke tsela ea mesolimbic dopamine, e fumanang karabo e thabisang le e thibelang ho tsoa metsong e meng ea methapo le cortex ea pele.64]. Mehato e itšetlehile ka ts'ebetso ea li-neuron tsa dopaminergic ho VTA le li-receptor tsa dopamine ho NAc [65, 66]. Menyetla ea glutamate e khahlisang e tsoang metsong e meng ea li-limbic (amygdala, hippocampus) le preortalal cortex e nolofalletsa mosebetsi oa dopaminergic ho VTA le NAc [62]. Meputso e amohelang li-dopamine neurons e boetse e kenella ka har'a dorsal striatum, e leng sebaka se hlahisoang nakong ea takatso ea thobalano le penile tumescence [67]. Dopamine agonists, joalo ka apomorphine, e bonts'itsoe ho kenyelletsa erection ho banna ba nang le ts'ebetso ea erectile e tloaelehileng le e holofetseng.68]. Kahoo, dopamine ho supa tsamaisong ea moputso le hypothalamus li bapala karolo ea mantlha lithutong tsa botona le botšehali, tse susumetsang ka thobalano le li-penile erections [65, 66, 69].

Re fana ka tlhahiso ea hore tšebeliso e mpe ea ts'ebeliso ea thobalano marang-rang e felle ka hore ho se sebetse hantle 'me ho liehise kemolo ho mosebetsi oa rona o tlalehiloeng kaholimo. Re fetisa thuto ea boitšoaro e hlahisoang ke ho fetoha ha litšoantšo tse tsosang takatso ea boitšoaro bo bobe tsa inthanete liserekising tse laolang takatso ea thobalano le likamano tse litšila. Bobeli boithuto ba maikutlo a marang-rang a litšoantšo tse manyala tse hlephisang boitšoaro tsa inthanete ka ho kenella ka mokhoa o batsi le ho nyarosoa ha karabelo ea tsamaiso ea moputso meputsong e tloaelehileng ho ka ameha. Liphetoho tsena tse peli tsa boko li tsamaellana le ho fetoloa ho sa feleng hoa meputso ea tlhaho le lithethefatsi tsa tlhekefetso, hape li hokahanngoe ke dopamine surges tsamaisong ea moputso [70, 71, 72].

2) Tlhahlobo ena ea 2017 ea lingoliloeng, Litšoantšo tse manyala tse hlephisang boitšoaro, Thabo le likamano tsa botona le botšehali: Ho ea ho Hedonic Reinforcement Model ea Inthaneteng Inthaneteng Media Media Sebelisa, e ts'ehetsa mohopolo oa hore litaba tsa tlhaho tse sa feleng le tse ikhethang (mofuta oa lipale) li tsamaisa tšebeliso ea inthanete ka mokhoa ona:

Tlhahisoleseling le Monate oa IP

Karolo e 'ngoe ea litšusumetso tse putsang haholo ke ho hokahana ha litšusumetso le seo motho a se ratang. Ka har'a takatso le lingoliloeng tse susumetsang, hangata ho na le phapano e etsoang lipakeng tsa "ho rata" kapa "ho batla" ho hong (Berridge, 1996; Voon et al., 2014). Ho rata ho bolela monyaka o fumanoang mofuteng kapa boemong boo khothatso e khotsofatsang takatso ea hedonic (Berridge, 1996). Ka lehlakoreng le leng, ho batla ho bolela boleng bo putsang ba khothatso kapa boemo boo ts'usumetso e khotsofatsang drive ea tlhaho kapa ea takatso ea maikutlo (Berridge, 1996), kapa maemong a bokhoba, ho itšetleha ka ntho e itseng. Leha phapano e joalo e 'nile ea ithutoa khafetsa mabapi le lijo (mohlala, Berridge, 2009; Finlayson, King, & Blundell, 2007), kutloisiso e ts'oanang ea ho rata le ho batla e hlahisitsoe bakeng sa ts'ebeliso ea joala (Hobbs, Remington, & Glautier , 2005) lintho tse ling (mohlala, cocaine, Goldstein et al., 2008), le bakeng sa ts'ebeliso e qobelloang ea litšoantšo tsa bootsoa (Voon et al., 2014). Hangata, meputso eo ho nahanoang hore e matla ka ho fetisisa ke e amang ho rata le ho batla. Tšusumetso e khotsofatsang koloi (mohlala, tlala) ka tsela e khotsofatsang motho ka mong, litakatso tse ikhethang (mohlala, litlolo tse ikhethileng), li kanna tsa nkuoa li putsa ho feta litšusumetso tse fihlelang mokhoa o le mong feela o joalo (Berridge & Robinson, 2003). Kutloisiso e ts'oanang e kanna ea sebelisoa ho IPU.

Litlhahlobo tsa litaba tsa li-forum tsa marang-rang li hlokomela hore likhetho tsa litšoantšo tsa bootsoa hangata ke taba e rutoang ke batho bohle ba marang-rang, ka boikitlaetso bo matla ba ho beha likarolo le indexing e nepahetseng ea lisebelisoa tsa bootsoa ho latela thato ea basebelisi (Smith, 2015). Sena sea phethahala ho liwebosaete tseo e seng tsa bootsoa (mohlala, reddit.com, Smith, 2015), hammoho le liwebosaete tse tsebahalang haholo tsa IP (Fesnak, 2016; Hald & Štulhofer, 2015; Mazieres, Trachman, Cointet, Coulmont, & Prieur, 2014; Vincent, 2016). Ka boqapi feela, lihlopha tsena li emela tsela ea bohlokoa eo ka eona IP e ikhethileng molemong oa likhetho tsa mosebelisi. Likarolo tsa IP li lumella basebelisi ho ikakhela ka setotsoana litabeng tse amanang hantle le litakatso tsa bona tsa thobalano, ho ba fa moputso o tloaelehileng bakeng sa takatso e itseng ea thobalano, mme e lumella batho ho etsa sena ka boiteko bo fokolang ba sechaba kapa ka kotsi.

Mesebetsi e mmaloa lithutong tsa mahlale a sechaba (mohlala, Cusack & Waranious, 2012; Vannier, Currie, & O'Sullivan, 2014) hammoho le botho (mohlala, Strager, 2003) ba hlalositse sebopeho se ikhethileng sa IPU. Mefuta e mengata e fapaneng ea litaba ho IP e lumella basebelisi ho lekola le ho kopana le palo e sa sebetseng ea libuka le lisebelisoa tse ikhethileng (Ogas & Goddam, 2013; Barratt, 2014; Tyson, Elkhatib, Sastry, & Uhligh, 2013), e sebetsang haholoholo khetho ea batho le karabelo ho balekane ba bong bo fapaneng ba thobalano (Morton & Gorzalka, 2015). Mabaka a fapaneng, joalo ka liketsahalo tsa hajoale le liphapang tsa batho ka bomong, a bolela esale pele mefuta ea litaba tse batloang ke basebelisi ba IPU (mohlala, Markey & Markey, 2010, 2011). Ho feta moo, litlhahlobo tse ngata tsa litaba li fumane hore mefuta e mengata e fapaneng ea litoro, litakatso le litakatso tsa thobalano li emetsoe hantle ho IP (Downing, Scrimshaw, Antebi, & Siegel, 2014; Glasscock, 2005; Michael & Plaza, 1997; Vannier et al., 2014; Letsatsi, Marokho, Wosnitzer, Scharrer, & Liberman, 2008; Zhou & Paul, 2016). Le ha hona ho ka lumella basebelisi bolokolohi ba ho lekola likarolo tse ncha tsa litabatabelo tsa bona tsa thobalano le litoro tsa bona (Ley, 2016), e boetse e fa basebelisi khetho ea ho tsepamisa IPU ea bona litabeng tsa thobalano tse ikhethang tse khotsofatsang takatso ea bona ea thobalano (ke hore, ho batla, Svedin, Akerman, & Priebe, 2011) le litakatso tsa bona tsa thobalano (ke hore, ho rata, Half & Štulhofer, 2015). Ha e le hantle, mefuta e fapaneng ea litaba e fumanehang ho IP e lumella meputso e tloahelehileng haholo bakeng sa litakatso tsa thobalano tsa hedonic.

Pele mesebetsi ea theoretical (mohlala, Keilty, 2012; Patterson, 2004) e hlalositse tšekamelo ea bareki ba bang ba IP ho etsa lipatlisiso tsa nako e telele tsa "litšoantšo" tse phethahetseng kapa tse tsosang takatso tse loketseng ho phethahatsa takatso ea thobalano. Lipuisano tse sa hlophisitsoeng, tse nang le litekanyetso li fumane lihlooho tse tšoanang har'a bareki ba IP, ba boetse ba fana ka maikutlo a hore moelelo le taolo ke likarolo tsa bohlokoa molemong oa moputso oa IP (Philaretou et al., 2005).

Ho fetela ka nqane ho mabaka a hlakileng a thuto, ho boetse ho na le bopaki bo matla bo bontšang hore IPU e ipapisitse haholo le likhetho tsa basebelisi, e emelang moputso o ikhethileng le o ka bang matla bakeng sa litakatso tsa hedonic. Liphuputsong tse peli tsa banna ba baholo ba baholo US (Study 1 N = 103, Study 2 N = 88), IPU (e / che ho ts'ebeliso ea hajoale) e fumanoe e amahanngoa ka mokhoa o itekanetseng le boteng ba likhopolo tse sa tloaelehang tsa thobalano (mohlala, fetishism, frotteurism, exhibitionism; Williams, Cooper, Howell, Yullie, & Paulhus, 2009). Ka mokhoa o ts'oanang, phuputsong e fapaneng ea banna ba lilemong tse mahareng le ba baholo (ba lilemo li 40+) banna ba Majeremane (N= 367), IPU e ne e boetse e amahanngoa le litakatso tsa thobalano le tsoho (Ahlers et al., 2011). Mehlala ena ka bobeli, ho ba teng ha maemo ha hoa boleloa, ho fanoe ka sebopeho sa bona sa likarolo tse fapaneng. Leha ho le joalo, kaha ha ho na bopaki bo tiileng bo bontšang hore tšebeliso ea litšoantšo tsa bootsoa e ka lebisa ho paraphilia (bakeng sa tlhahlobo, bona Fisher, Kohut, Di Gioacchino, & Fedoroff, 2013), lithuto tsena li ka utloisisoa e le bopaki ba hore IPU e amahanngoa le dikgethollo tse itseng.

Ka mokhoa o ts'oanang, lithutong tsa batho ba baholo ba Croatia (N=2,337; Banna ba 43%; 64-65.7% ba bong bo fapaneng), ho ile ha fumanoa likhetho tse fapaneng tsa litšoantšo tsa bootsoa (Hald & Štulhofer, 2015). Haholo-holo, har'a mefuta e 27 ea IP, Hald le Štulhofer ba fumane hore barupeluoa hangata ba amohela likhetho tse ikhethang haholo tse fapaneng ka bong le bong. Ho pholletsa le lihlopha tsena le kahare ho batho ka bomong, ho bile le liphapang tse khethiloeng bakeng sa sepheo sa IP (mohlala, sebapali ka seng khahlanong le banyalani khahlanong le sehlopha), likarolo tsa batšoantšisi (banna le basali), le mefuta ea liketso tsa thobalano e bonts'oa. Ka kopanelo, liphuputso tsena li fana ka bopaki bo bong bakeng sa mohopolo oa hore IPU hangata e etselitsoe likhetho tse ikhethileng tsa moreki, e hlahisa monyetla oa moputso o ikhethang le o matla.

SLIDE 7

Litšoantšo tse manyala tse hlephisang boitšoaro Inthaneteng li ngoloa e le bonanza ea lefutso - ka hona, boko ba motho ea sebelisang litšoantšo tse litšila tse tsosang takatso bo matlafatsa maikutlo a hae a thobalano ho tsohle tse amanang le ho shebella litšoantšo tsa bootsoa. Ho ba mong, Voyeurism, Ho tobetsa, Ho Batlisisa, Li-tab tse ngata, Tse ncha khafetsa, Ho tsosoa kapa ho makala. Joalokaha mohlankana e mong a ile a botsa: "Na re moloko oa pele oa ho ipholla litho tsa botona kapa botšehali ka letsoho le letšehali?"

TŠEBELETSO EA SEHLOOHO:

Taba ke hore motho ea sebelisang litšoantšo tse litšila tse tsosang takatso a ka etsa hore a tsose takatso ea thobalano ho tsohle tse amanang le ts'ebeliso ea hae ea litšoantšo tsa bootsoa, ​​ho fapana le thobalano e arohaneng. Ho tsosa takatso ea thobalano litšoantšong tsa bootsoa ho bonahala haholo ho banna ba hlahisang mathata a amanang le thobalano. Bona karolo ea "Ts'ehetso e Ntjhafalitsoeng" ea slide 32 bakeng sa bopaki bo bongata bo tšehetsang polelo ena.

Tšehetso e ngata ea mantlha e tsoa bopaking ba nalane: (1) basebelisi ba litšoantšo tsa bootsoa ba hlalosang ho eketseha ha ts'ebeliso ea litšoantšo tsa bootsoa ho ba mefuta e "tšosang" kapa litšoantšo tsa bootsoa tse bakang matšoenyeho; (2) nts'etsopele ea mathata a amanang le thobalano a bakileng litšoantšo tsa bootsoa moo banna ba neng ba ka tsosoa ke litšoantšo tsa bootsoa; (3) ho hloka botle ba pono bo sa khaotseng ho lula u tsohile; (4) batlana le pono e nepahetseng feela ho qeta seboka. Maikutlo ana a ne a hokahana le morekisi oa mafu a kelello Norman Doidge oa 2007 ea rekisang haholo "Boko bo a Iphetola ”, eo hape e reng ts'ebeliso ea porno ea inthanete e ka fetola lingoloa tsa thobalano. Lintlha tse tšehetsang slide 7:

Nakong ea bohareng ba morao ho bo-1990, ha marang-rang a ne a hola ka potlako mme litšoantšo tsa bootsoa li ntse li phatloha ho eona, ke ile ka alafa kapa ka lekola banna ba 'maloa bao kaofela ba neng ba na le pale e tšoanang. Ba tlalehile bothata bo ntseng bo eketseha ba ho ts'oaroa ke balekane ba bona ba thobalano, balekane ba bona kapa likharebe tsa bona, leha ba ntse ba ba nka ba le batle. Likahare tsa seo bakuli ba fumaneng se khahlisa se fetohile ha libaka tsa marang-rang li hlahisa lihlooho le lingoloa tse fetotseng boko ba bona ba sa tsebe. Hobane polasetiki e tlholisano, boko bo etsa 'mapa oa litšoantšo tse ncha, tse khahlisang li eketsehile ka lebaka la se neng se ba hohetse pele. Kajeno, bahlankana ba palamang litšoantšo tsa bootsoa ba tšaba haholo ho hloka matla, kapa "ho se sebetse ha erectile" joalo ka ha ho tumme ka lebitso. Polelo e khelosang e bolela hore banna bana ba na le bothata lithong tsa bona, empa bothata bo lihloohong tsa bona. Ha se hangata ho ba hlahelang hore ho ka ba le kamano lipakeng tsa litšoantšo tse manyala tse hlephisang boitšoaro tseo ba li jang le ho hloka matla.

Phuputso ea 2007 ea Kinsey Institute e ts'ehetsa sengoloa sa hore ts'ebeliso e mpe ea litšoantšo tsa bootsoa e ka lebisa ho mosebelisi "a hloka" litšoantšo tsa bootsoa ho tsosa takatso ea thobalano (Mohlala oa Taolo e Kopanetsoeng - Karolo ea ho Thibela ho Kopanela Liphate le Monyaka oa ho Tsosa Thobalano Le Boitšoaro). Tekong ea ho sebelisa litšoantšo tsa bootsoa tsa video, 50% ea bahlankana ba ne ba sitoa ho tsosoa kapa ho fihlela likhetho le Litšoantšo tsa bootsoa (lilemong tsa bobeli li ne li le 29). Bafuputsi ba tsositseng ba fumana hore ho se sebetse ha banna ho erectile ho ne ho le joalo,

"E amanang le ho pepesetsoa le ho ba le boiphihlelo bo bongata ba lisebelisoa tse litšila tsa thobalano."

Banna ba nang le ho se sebetse ha eretile ba ne ba qetile nako e ngata ba le libakeng tsa ho hlapela moo libaka tsa bobebe li neng li "hohle hohle, "Le"ho bapala kamehla.”Bafuputsi ba itse:

"Lipuisano le lihlooho li matlafalitse mohopolo oa rona oa hore ho tse ling tsa tsona ho pepeseha maikutlo haholo ho bonahala ho felletse ka karabelo e tlase ho" vanilla sex "eototiki le tlhoko e eketsehileng ea bocha le ho fapana, maemong a mang ho kopantsoe le tlhoko ea mefuta e itseng ea litlamorao bakeng sa ho tsosa. ”

Litlhahiso tsa ho Fetoha Litlhabelong Tsa Bootsoa (1986) - Libeke tse tšeletseng tsa ho pepesehela litšoantšo tse manyala tse hlephisang boitšoaro tse se nang pefo ho ile ha fella ka hore bafo ba se ke ba ba le thahasello e kholo litšoantšong tsa bootsoa tsa vanilla, ba khetha ho shebella feela "litšoantšo tse manyala tse hlephisang boitšoaro" (bokhoba, sadomasochism, ho robala le liphoofolo). Tlhaloso:

Liithuti tsa banna le basali le batho ba sa lumellaneng li ile tsa pepeseha hora e le 'ngoe ea litšoantšo tsa bootsoa tse tloaelehileng, tse se nang boits'oaro kapa lihlahisoa tse sa hlokahaleng tsa ho kopanela liphate le tse mabifi libeke tse tšeletseng tse latellanang. Libeke tse peli ka mor'a phekolo ena, ba ile ba fuoa monyetla oa ho shebella livideo tsa video boemong ba botho. Litekanyetso tsa R-rated, R-rated, le X-rated li ne li fumaneha. Batho ba nang le litšoantšo tse ts'oanang tsa bootsoa bo sa tloaelehang, ba ne ba sa bontše thahasello ea litšoantšo tsa bootsoa tse sa tloaelehang, ba khethang ho shebella litšoantšo tse manyala tse hlephileng (bokhoba, sadomasochism, bokhachane) ho e-na le hoo. Banna ba sa tsitsitseng ba neng ba e-na le maikutlo a ho shebella litšoantšo tsa bootsoa bo tloaelehileng, ba sa tloaelehang ba ne ba ja litšoantšo tse manyala tse sa tloaelehang habonolo feela. Liithuti tsa banna li ne li bontša mokhoa o tšoanang, le hoja li batla li le bobebe haholo. Ts'ebetso ena e sebelisoang ke basali e ne e boetse e bonahala ho basali, empa e ne e sa tsejoe haholo, haholo-holo har'a barali ba basali.

Tšebeliso ea litšoantšo tse manyala tse hlephisang boitšoaro ka mohlala o sa tloaelehang oa banyalani ba Norway ba nyalanang le basali (2009) - Litšoantšo tse litšila tse tsosang takatso li amahanngoa le mathata a mangata a thobalano ho banna le boits'oaro bo fosahetseng ho basali. Banyalani ba neng ba sa sebelise litšoantšo tsa bootsoa ba ne ba sena mathata a thobalano. Litlhaloso tse 'maloa tsa thuto:

Banyalani bao molekane a le mong feela a neng a sebelisa litšoantšo tse manyala tse hlephisang boitšoaro, re fumane mathata a mangata a amanang le ho tsosoa (banna) le bobe (bo-'mè) boithati.

Banyalani bao molekane a le mong a neng a sebelisa litšoantšo tsa bootsoa ho ne ho e-na le boemo ba ho itlosa bolutu bo holimo. Ka nako e ts'oanang, banyalani bana ba ne ba bonahala ba na le mathata a mangata.

Banyalani ba neng ba sa sebelise litšoantšo tse manyala tse hlephisang boitšoaro… ba ka nkuoa e le ba setso ho feta khopolo ea lingoloa tsa thobalano. Ka nako e ts'oanang, ho ne ho bonahala eka ha ba na mathata.

TŠEBELETSO E NTSENG:

Taba ea pele, ho qotsitsoe lintlha tse 'maloa ho tsoa tlhahlobisong ea lingoliloeng tse buang ka boemo ba thobalano. Ke mang, ke eng, kae, neng (mme mohlomong le hobane hobaneng)? Phihlelo ea moputso oa thobalano e hokahanya takatso ea thobalano, khetho le ts'ebetso (2012):

Leha boitšoaro ba thobalano bo laoloa ke liketso tsa lihormone le methapo ea methapo bokong, boiphihlelo ba thobalano bo baka polasetiki e lumellang liphoofolo ho theha mekhatlo ea liletsa le tsa Pavlovia tse bolelang esale pele litholoana tsa thobalano, ka tsela eo li tataisa matla a karabelo ea thobalano. Tlhatlhobo ena e hlalosa kamoo boiphihlelo le moputso oa thobalano bo matlafatsang nts'etsopele ea boits'oaro ba thobalano le ho susumetsa maemo a likamano tsa botona le botšehali le likhetho tsa balekane ho likhoto…. motsamao, maikutlo, le likamano tsa batho tse amanang le moputso oa thobalano.

Re fana ka maikutlo a hore nts'etsopele ea "Gestalts '' le mangolo a 'thobalano' '(ho latela maikutlo a metsamao le lipuo) tse anngoeng ka matla ke liphihlelo tsa pele tse mabapi le ho tsosa takatso ea thobalano le moputso o tsoelang pele ho theha takatso ea distal, proximal, le likarolo tse sebetsang tse bolelang esale pele boemo ba moputso. Sena se etsahala ka mokhoa o ikhethileng ntlafatsong ea litakatso tsa thobalano tsa motho e mong le e mong, leha ho ka ba bonolo ho lemoha lintho tse ling tse ikhethang mabapi le boits'oaro bo itseng kapa mekhoa ea ho tsosa, kapa likarolo tsa '' ho hohela '', joalo ka bong a lakatsa motho ka mong, morabe, lilemo, mofuta oa 'mele, moriri kapa' mala oa mahlo, litšobotsi tsa sefahleho, esita le mekhoa e fapaneng ea maiketsetso (mohlala, phapang sebopeho sa sefahleho, setaele sa moriri, ho ba teng kapa ho ba sieo ha hlooho, 'mele le moriri oa sefahleho -sena ho tloha halofo ea pele ea lekholo la mashome a mabeli la lilemo ho isa halofo ea bobeli; bona Gabor, 1973)

Ho aha mohopolo oa bahlolohali ba bohlokoa ba nts'etsopele (bohlankana ba pelehi), pampiri e latelang e fumane hore boiphihlelo ba pele ba thobalano bo ka susumetsa boitšoaro ba motho ba thobalano (ke hore, ho lemalla lit soant so tsa bootsoa kapa bokhoba ba thobalano): Thuto ea Batho ba Kopanetsoeng ka ho Kopanela Liphate e Itšetlehile ka Nako e Bohlokoa Ho Ithuta: Tšusumetso ea ho lemalla thobalano, phekolo ea thobalano, le ho hlahisa bana (2014) - Litlhaloso tse hlahang:

Ho tsebo ea rona, ea rona ke thuto ea pele ea ho etsa lipatlisiso ka kotloloho hore na ho ithuta ho etsa thobalano ho tlasa nako e mahlonoko ea ho ithuta bathong. Liphetho tsa litlhahlobo tsa rona tsa lipalo li ne li tsitsitse haholo ho banna le basali ba nang le nako e mahlonoko ea ho ithuta hobane lintlha tse fumanehang ho li-subscales tse lekanyang thahasello ea batho ba baholo ho tsa thobalano (Hypersexuality Subscale) le monyetla oa ho etsa boits'oaro bo kotsi ba thobalano (Risky Sexual Behavior Subscale) e ne e atisa ho eketseha haeba boiphihlelo ba pele ba motho ba nkang karolo liphate le balekane ba hae bo etsahetse qalong ea bophelo le haeba ba ne ba qalile ho ipholla litho tsa botona kapa botšehali ho tloha bonyenyaneng. Seo re se fumaneng, mabapi le ho ipholla litho tsa botona kapa botšehali, se tšehelitsoe ke lithuto tse ling ka litlamorao tsa batho ba baholo ba boiphihlelo ba pele ba ho ipholla litho tsa botona kapa botšehali (mohlala, Brody et al., 2013; Carvalheira & Leal, 2013; Das, 2007; Hogarth & Ingham, 2009). Lilemo tseo barupeluoa ba rona ba tlalehileng hore ba qalile ho ipholla litho tsa botona kapa botšehali li bile le phello e kholo ka ho fetesisa e le selelekela sa thahasello ea bona ea batho ba baholo ho tsa thobalano joalo ka ha e lekantsoe ke Hypersexuality Subscale, mme barupeluoa ba lilemong tsa pele-pele ba tlalehile hore ba kile ba etsa thobalano ea mofuta o fe kapa o fe le molekane oa bona. boholo bo boholo ba phello. Barupeluoa ba qalileng boitšoaro bona pele ba le lilemo li 13 ba bile le thahasello e kholo ho tsa thobalano e le batho ba baholo.

Liphetho tsa thuto ea rona li fane ka motheo o mocha oa thuto le nts'etsopele bakeng sa tšimoloho ea bokhoba ba thobalano ka lehlakoreng le leng le takatso e matla ea thobalano ka lehlakoreng le leng. Thahasello e phahameng ea thobalano e bonoang ho ba neng ba e-na le boiphihlelo ba pele ba thobalano le balekane ba bona e ka hlalosoa ka ketso e kopaneng ea boemo ba Pavlovian, boemo ba ts'ebetso, le nako e mahlonoko ea ho ithuta e qaliloeng ke boiphihlelo ba pele le thobalano le molekane kapa ntle le tšusumetso ea tšebelisano boiphihlelo ba pele ba ho ipholla litho tsa botona kapa botšehali (Beard et al., 2013; O'Keefe et al., 2014; bona le Hoffmann, 2012 le Pfaus et al., 2012 bakeng sa litlhahlobo tsa likhopolo tsa boemo bo botle le tlhaiso-leseling ea liteko). Ka lehlakoreng le leng, thahasello e tlase ho tsa thobalano e bonahala e le phello ha liphihlelo tse joalo li ne li haella. Ho hatisoa ka thobalano ho ka fana ka tlhaloso ea boraro ea thuto. Ho hatisoa ka thobalano ke mofuta oa nako ea bohlokoa ea ho ithuta (Desmarais et al., 2012; Fox & Rutter, 2010; Fox et al., 2010; Uylings, 2006) qalong e ne e sebelisoa ho hlalosa maikutlo a hore linonyana tse holisitsoeng ke batsoali ba mefuta e meng ea mefuta e meng. balekane ba khethiloeng ba mefuta ea motsoali ea holisang ngoana (bakeng sa tlhahlobo bona Irwin & Price, 1999). Ho batho, khatiso ea thobalano e kopiloe ho hlalosa litakatso tsa thobalano bakeng sa balekane ba ts'oanang le batsoali ba bona ba bong bo fapaneng (Bereczkei, Gyuris, & Weisfeld, 2004; Nojo, Tamura, & Uhara, 2012), likhetho tsa banna ba bang bakeng sa basali ba anyesang kapa baimana (Enquist , Aronsson, Stefano, Jansson, & Jannini, 2011), le boikemisetso ba ho amohela balekane ba thobalano ba tsubang (Aronsson, Lind, Ghirlanda, & Enquist, 2011). Ho na le monyetla oa hore mefuta e meng e mengata ea thuto e kentse letsoho ho hlahiseng liketsahalo tse makatsang tse hlalositsoeng sengoloeng sa rona, empa ho thathamisa mefuta eohle ea thuto e amehang ke projeke e fetang bophahamo ba lipatlisiso tsa hajoale.

qotsitsoeng Na Litšoantšo Tsa Bootsoa Tsa Inthanete li baka Mathata a Kopanela Liphate? Tlhahlobo le Litlaleho tsa Bongaka (2016) E totobatsa tsela eo marang-rang a etsang litšoantšo tsa bootsoa a sebelisang maemo ka eona karabelo ea thobalano ho mefuta e sa bonoeng bophelong ba nnete ba thobalano. Ho tsoa botebong ba pelo:

Tlhahlobo ena e boetse e na le bopaki ba hore thepa e ikhethang ea litšoantšo tsa bootsoa Inthaneteng (tlhaho e se nang moeli, monyetla oa ho eketseha ka mokhoa o feteletseng ho boitsebiso bo feteletseng, lipapali tsa video, joalo-joalo) e ka 'na ea e-ba matla hoo ho ka tsosang takatso ea ho kopanela liphate likarolong tse ling tsa litšoantšo tsa bootsoa tsa Internet. -a balekane ba bophelo, joalo ka hore thobalano le balekane ba lakatsang ba ka 'na ba se ke ba ingolisa ha ba lebelloa le ho fokotseha ha bona.

Ho tloha karolong ea puisano:

3.4.3. Litšoantšo Tsa Bootsoa Inthaneteng le ho Kopanela Liphate

Kaha basebeletsi ba rona ba tlaleha hore ba ile ba ts'oaroa le ho tsosoa ke litšoantšo tsa bootsoa tsa inthanete, empa eseng ntle le tsona, lipatlisiso lia hlokahala ho thibela maemo a thobalano a sa lebelloang e le sesosa sa keketseho ea likhathatso tsa ts'ebetso ea thobalano le takatso e tlase ea thobalano ho banna ba ka tlase ho 40. Prause le Pfaus ba nahanne hore ho tsosa takatso ea thobalano ho ka fetoha likarolo tsa litšoantšo tsa bootsoa tsa inthanete tse sa fetoheng habonolo maemong a balekane ba nnete. "Ho nahanoa hore ho ba le litakatso tse ngata tsa thobalano ho latela maemo a VSS [tšusumetso ea thobalano] ho ka baka karabelo e fokotsehileng ea erectile nakong ea likamano tsa thobalano tse arohaneng ... Ha litebello tse matla tsa ts'usumetso li sa fihlelloe, ts'usumetso e kopanetsoeng ea thobalano ha e sebetse" [50]. Boemo bo joalo bo sa tloaelehang ba ho kopanela liphate bo lumellana le mokhoa oa ho khothatsa. Litsela tse 'maloa tsa lipatlisiso tse hlakileng li ile tsa eketsa mesolambic dopamine ho matlafatsa lithethefatsi tse peli tsa tlhekefetso le moputso oa thobalano [100,103]. Ho sebetsana le li-receptor tsa dopamine tsa D1, boiphihlelo ba ho kopanela liphate le tlhahiso ea kelello ea psychosotimulant ho baka liphetoho tse ngata tsa nako e telele tsa neuroplastic ho NAc e le bohlokoa bakeng sa ntlafatso ea ho batla litlhohonolofatso tse peli [103].

Motho ea sebelisang litšoantšo tse manyala tse hlephisang boitšoaro tsa Inthanete kajeno a ka lula a tsositse takatso ea ho kopanela liphate, 'me a haelloa ke dopamine e phahameng, ka nako e telele ka lebaka la litaba tse sa lekanyetsoang tsa romana. Linaha tse phahameng tsa dopamine li 'nile tsa ameha tabeng ea ho beha boitšoaro bo bobe ba likamano tsa botona le botšehali ka litsela tse sa lebelloang ho bobeli ba liphoofolo [176, 177] le batho. Ho batho, ha bakuli ba Parkinson ba ne ba laetsoe hore li-agonists li fuoe dopamine, ba bang ba tlaleha hore batho ba sa lumellaneng le litšoantšo tse litšila tse tsosang takatso, ba sebelisa 'me ba bonahatsa mesebetsi e mengata ea litšoantšo tsa thobalano, e amanang le takatso ea ho kopanela liphate [178]. Liphuputso tse peli tsa morao-rao tsa FMRI li tlalehile hore litaba tse nang le boitšoaro bo bobe ba likamano tsa botona le botšehali li atisa ho theha mekhatlo e nang le maemo a pakeng tsa maqheka a sa nke lehlakore le likhang tse hlakileng tsa ho kopanela liphate ho feta taolo [86, 121]. Ka ho sheba litšoantšo tse manyala tse hlephisang boitšoaro tsa Inthaneteng, "ho batla" ho ka 'na ha eketseha bakeng sa litšoantšo tsa bootsoa tsa Inthaneteng tse sa lebelloang le tse fapa-fapaneng, tseo ho leng thata ho li boloka nakong ea thobalano. Tumellanong le khopolo ea hore litšoantšo tsa bootsoa tsa Inthanete li ka sebelisa maemo a ho kopanela liphate, Seok le Sohn ba fumane hore ho bapisoa le taolo ea bosodoma ho ne ho e-na le ts'ebetso e kholo ea DLPFC likamano tsa botona le botšehali, leha ho le joalo ts'ebetso ea DLPFC e se ke ea etsoa khahlanong le thobalano [120]. Hape ho bonahala eka litšoantšo tse manyala tse hlephisang boitšoaro tsa Inthanete li ka etsa hore motho a ka lebella kapa a "batle" mokhoa o sa tloaelehang. Banca et al. ba tlaleha hore litaba tse nang le mekhoa ea ho kopanela liphate e qobelloang li ne li e-na le khetho e kholo ea litšoantšo tsa ho kopanela liphate le ho bontša mekhoa e meholo ka holimo ho ho sheba litšoantšo tse tšoanang tsa thobalano [86]. Bakeng sa basebelisi ba bang, khetho ea tlhaho e hlahisoa ke tlhoko ea ho hlōla ho fokotseha ha libido le mosebetsi oa erectile, e leng se ka lebisang ho litakatso tse ncha tsa bootsoa [27].

Ha mosebelisi a tsosa takatso ea hae ea thobalano litšoantšong tsa bootsoa tsa inthanete, thobalano le balekane ba nnete ba ka ngolisoang e le "ba sa fihlelleng litebello" (ponelopele e mpe ea moputso) e lebisang ho fokotseheng ho ts'oanang ha dopamine. E kopantsoe le ho se khone ho tobetsa ho hlasimolla ho feta, polelo ena e sa reroang e ka matlafatsa maikutlo a hore thobalano e arohaneng ha e na thuso ho feta litšoantšo tsa bootsoa tsa inthanete. Litšoantšo tse manyala tse hlephisang boitšoaro tsa Inthanete li boetse li fana ka maikutlo a motho eo a atisang ho ba le eena ha a fumanehe ka thobalano e kopanetsoeng. Ho ka etsahala hore haeba mosebelisi ea sebelisang litšoantšo tse manyala tse hlephisang boitšoaro Inthaneteng a matlafatsa kamano pakeng tsa ho tsoha le ho shebella batho ba bang ba etsa thobalano litsing ha a ntse a tsohile haholo, botsoalle ba hae lipakeng tsa likamano tsa botona le botšehali tse tsoileng tseleng bo ka fokola.

Lipatlisiso mabapi le maemo a ho kopanela liphate ho batho ha li lekane, empa li bontša hore tsoho ea ho kopanela liphate ke boemo bo botle [179, 180, 181], haholo-holo pele e e-ba motho e moholo [182]. Ho banna, ho tsosoa ho ka fetisetsoa ho lifilimi tse khethehileng [183], hammoho le litšoantšo [184]. Ho sebetsana le thobalano le ho khahloa ke liphoofolo tsa banna (eseng batho) ho ka ba le maemo a mangata ao ka tloaelo a sa lokelang ho kopanela liphate ho tsona, ho akarelletsa litholoana tsa litholoana, linotlolo tse kang a cadaverine, balekane ba bong bo tšoanang, le ba apereng ea liaparo tse nang le litoeba [177, 185, 186, 187]. Ka mohlala, likhooe tse ithutileng thobalano le seaparo ha lia ka tsa etsa ka tloaelo ntle le likoti tsa tsona [187].

Tumellanong le lipatlisiso tsena tsa boemo bo botle, nako e khutšoanyane eo banna ba qalileng ho sebelisa litšoantšo tsa bootsoa ba Inthanete ka eona kamehla, 'me ba e rata haholoanyane ka thobalano e kopanetsoeng, ho se thabise ha bona ho tlaleha ka thobalano e arohaneng, le ho phahamisa tšebeliso ea litšoantšo tsa bootsoa ba Inthanete hona joale. [37]. Ka tsela e tsoanang, banna ba tlaleha ho sebelisoa ho eketsehileng ha litšoantšo tse manyala tse hlephisang boitšoaro tse se nang letho (tseo batšoantšisi ba sa li kenyeng likhohlopo) le tšebeliso ea eona lilemong tsa pele ho moo, ba kopanela liphate tse ling tse sa sireletsang tsa thobalano ka bobona [188, 189]. Ho sebelisa litšoantšo tse manyala tse hlephisang boitšoaro pele ho nako ho ka boela ha amahanngoa le litakatso tsa maemo a ho feteletseng haholo [99,190].

Tlhahlobo ea Pfaus e supa hore boemo ba pele bo bohlokoa haholo bakeng sa litšoantšo tse tsosang takatso ea thobalano: "Ho ntse ho hlaka hore ho na le nako ea bohlokoa ea tsoelo-pele ea boitšoaro bo hlephileng ea ho kopanela liphate e ikarabellang ho liphihlelo tsa pele tsa thobalano le takatso, ho ipholla litho tsa botona kapa botšehali le ho kopanela liphate ho kopanela liphate ka boeona "[191] (leq. 32). Tlhahiso ea nako ea bohlokoa ea tsoelo-pele e lumellana le tlaleho ea Voon et al. hore litšoantšo tse manyala tse hlephisang boitšoaro tsa Inthanete tse qobelloang ka ho fetisisa li bontša hore ho na le mosebetsi o moholo oa ho etsa lipapali tse hlakileng [31]. Sepheo sa ventral ke sebaka se ka sehloohong se amehang ho matlafatsa moputso oa tlhaho le lithethefatsi [103]. Voon et al. o ile a boela a tlaleha hore litšoantšo tse manyala tse hlephisang boitšoaro tsa Inthaneteng lihlooho li ile tsa qala ho sheba litšoantšo tse manyala tse hlephisang boitšoaro tsa Inthanete nakoana pele (lilemo tse bolelang 13.9)31]. Phuputso ea 2014 e fumane hore hoo e batlang e le halofo ea banna ba lilemo li kolecheng ba tlaleha hore ba pepesehetse litšoantšo tsa bootsoa tsa Inthanete pele ba le lilemo li 13, ha li bapisoa le 14% feela ka 2008 [37]. Na litšoantšo tse litšila tse tsosang takatso tsa Inthanete tse sebelisoang nakong ea boemo bo boima ba ho hōla li eketsa kotsi ea mathata a amanang le litšoantšo tsa bootsoa ba Internet E ka thusa ho hlalosa tlhaloso ea 2015 ea hore 16% ea banna ba bacha ba Mataliana ba neng ba sebelisa litšoantšo tse manyala tse hlephisang boitšoaro Inthaneteng hanngoe ka beke ba tlaleha takatso e tebileng ea ho kopanela liphate, ha bapisoa le 0% ho bao e seng bareki [29]? Mohlanka oa rona oa pele e ne e le 20 feela mme o ne a ntse a sebelisa litšoantšo tse manyala tse hlephisang boitšoaro Inthaneteng kaha o ile a fumana Inthanete e phahameng.

Banna ba ka atleha ho etsa qeto ea ho kopanela liphate ho laboratori ka tlaleho ea thuto, empa ntle le ho matlafatsoa, ​​maemo a joalo a laboratori a nyamela litekong tsa morao [176]. Ts'ebetso ena ea tlhaho ea mali e ka 'na ea fana ka maikutlo a hore na tse peli tsa servicemen tsa rona li tsosolosoa joang le ho kopanela liphate le balekane ba bona ka mor'a ho tlohela lipapali tsa thobalano le / kapa ho khaola litšoantšo tsa bootsoa tsa Inthaneteng. Ho fokotsa kapa ho tima likarabo tsa boemo bo hlaselang ho etsoang ka maiketsetso e ka 'nang ea khahloa hape le liketso tsa thobalano le balekane ba bona.

Lintlha tse tsoang tlhahlobisong ea lingoliloeng tsa 2017 (Litšoantšo tsa bootsoa, ​​ho ithabisa le ho ba le likamano tsa botona le botšehali): Ho Mokhoa o Hlahlisang oa Hedonic oa ts'ebeliso ea litaba tse amanang le thobalano tse sebelisoang ho tsa thobalano Inthaneteng.) hlalosa mokhoa o fapaneng oa ho hlalosa hore na litšoantšo tsa bootsoa tsa inthanete li sebelisa joang litebello tsa thobalano (ke hore, takatso e fokolang ea thobalano e kopaneng, khotsofalo e fokolang ea thobalano, likamano tse futsanehileng):

Kakaretso le litlamorao tsa Mohlala oa Hona joale

Mosebetsi o teng hona joale o emela mokhatlo o hlophisitsoeng oa lingoliloeng tsa lipatlisiso tse amanang le IPU le tlhahiso ea mofuta o mocha oa theory. Ha re fana ka maikutlo a mofuta ona le ho sekaseka lingoliloeng, re lekile ho bontša hore na IPU e ka amana joang le likarolo tse itseng tsa khothatso ea thobalano. Re bontšitse hore IPU e tsamaisoa haholo-holo ke sepheo sa thobalano se matla, hore e matlafatsa merero eo ka mokhoa o ikhethileng, le hore e kentse letsoho ho matlafatseng merero eo ho khothaletsong ea thobalano. Litlamorao tse 'maloa li tsoa ka tlhaho ho tsoa mohlaleng oa rona, oo re o hlahlobang ka tlase.

Boitšoaro ba Batho ba Botona le Botšehali

Moelelo o hlakileng oa mohlala ke hore qetellong IPU e ka amahanngoa le ho fokotseha ha maemo a sechaba kapa a kamano, haholoholo maemong a likamano tsa thobalano le kamano e haufi. Patlisiso ea pele ea matla ho IP e bontšitse hore e kanna ea amahanngoa le ho se tšepahale, boitlamo bo fokotsehileng, le likamano tse fokolisitsoeng tsa balekane (Young, Griffin-Shelley, Cooper, O'mara, & Buchanan, 2000), mme lipatlisiso tsa morao-rao li bontšitse hore litšoantšo tsa bootsoa li ka ama baratuoa ba ratanang ka litsela tse fapaneng (Syzmanski, Feltman, & Dunn, 2015; Tylka & Kroon Van Diest, 2015). Ho feta moo, liperesente tse ngata tsa banna le basali li tlaleha hore IPU hajoale kapa e kanna ea ba karolo ea likamano tsa bona tsa lerato, ekaba e sebelisoa ke motho a le mong kapa ke balekane ka bobeli (Carroll, Busby, Willoughby, & Brown, 2016; Olmstead, Negash , Pasley, & Fincham, 2013). Ho tloha khale, litšoantšo tse manyala tse hlephisang boitšoaro li hokahantsoe le ho fokotseha ha lerato le ho hohela molekane (Kenrick, Gutierres, le Goldberg, 1989).

Ho hlile ho na le bopaki ba hore IPU e amahanngoa le boitlamo bo fokolisitsoeng ho molekane oa lerato (Lambert et al., 2012). Hohle lithuto tse hlano, ho ne ho na le bopaki bo hlakileng ba hore IPU e bolela esale pele boitlamo ba ho fokola le boitlamo ho molekane oa motho ea lerato. Boemong ba data bo ithutoang (Lambert et al., 2012; Study 1), barupeluoa ba tlalehileng IPU e kholo ba boetse ba tlaleha maemo a tlase a boitlamo ho molekane. Ho ea pele (Thutong ea 2), motho oa boraro ea shebelletseng o ile a hakanyetsa bareki ba IP ka nepo e le ho bontša boitlamo bo fokolang ho balekane ba bona ba marato litšebelisanong tsa sechaba. Liphumano tsena li ile tsa tšehetsoa hape ke data ea liteko (Study 3) moo ba neng ba tlohela IPU ka nako e telele ba neng ba ka tlaleha boitlamo bo boholo ho balekane ba bona ba lerato ho feta bareki ba IP. Kamora nako, ha re sebelisa boits'oaro ba boitšoaro, ho ile ha fumaneha hore IPU e ne e amahanngoa le ho bonts'a lerato le matla puisanong ea inthaneteng (Study 4) le monyetla o moholo oa ho etsa ho se tšepahale ka nako e telele (Study 5). Ka kopanelo, liphumano tsena li fana ka setšoantšo se lumellanang moo IPU e amanang le boitlamo bo kopanetsoeng ba kamano.

Hape ho na le bopaki bo bong ba hore IPU e amahanngoa le bolokolohi bo boholo mabapi le likamano tsa thobalano kantle ho lenyalo, tse ka nkoang e le moemeli oa boitlamo bo fokolang ba likamano. Haholo-holo, ho sampole ea banna ba emeloang ke naha naheng ea Amerika (General Social Survey ho tloha 2000 le 2002; Wright, 2012b), IPU e ne e amahanngoa le ho bulela pepeneneng mekhoa e fapaneng e fapaneng ea boits'oaro, ho kenyeletsoa likamano tsa thobalano kantle ho lenyalo. Ntle le moo, litlhahlobong tsa basali ba tsoang sampoleng e le 'ngoe (Dintlha tsa General Social Survey ho tloha 2000 le 2002; Wright, 2013b), IPU e ne e amahanngoa le maikutlo a matle mabapi le thobalano ea kantle ho lenyalo bakeng sa basali ba neng ba sa ruteha ebile ba sa rutehe hakaalo bolumeling.

Lihokela pakeng tsa tšebeliso ea litšoantšo tsa bootsoa le tšekamelo ea setso kapa boitlamo bo fokotsehileng le tsona li bonahala nako e telele. Bonyane thutong e le 'ngoe ea bolelele bo bolelele, ho ne ho e-na le likamano lipakeng tsa IPU le boitšoaro bo eketsehileng ba dyadic (Maddox et al., 2013). Ka ho khetheha, har'a mehlala e meholo ea balekane ba sa nyalanang ba lenyalong (N=993), IPU e itlalehileng le molekane e ne e le monyetla oa ho ba le boits'oaro bo eketsehileng nakong ea likhoeli tse 20, e fana ka maikutlo a hore e ka bapala karolo ea bohlokoa ho lebiseng boitlamong ba thobalano. Ntle le moo, liphetho tsena li tšehelitsoe ke litlhahlobo tsa Portraits of American Life Study - sampole e emelang naha ka bophara ea batho ba baholo ba Amerika - e fumaneng hore ts'ebeliso ea litšoantšo tsa bootsoa e ne e amahanngoa le boleng ba lenyalo bo fokotsehileng ha nako e ntse e feta (Perry, 2016, 2017), le ka litlhahlobo tsa General Dintlha tsa Patlisiso ea Sechaba ho tloha 2006-2014 e fumaneng hore batho ba qalileng litšoantšo tse manyala tse hlephisang boitšoaro ba sebelisa nakong ea boithuto ba phanele ba ne ba le kotsing ea ho hlala ka makhetlo a imenneng habeli nakong ea thuto ea lilemo tse 8 (Perry & Schleifer, 2017).

Ntle le mehlala e emelang naha ka bophara, mekhoa ea liteko e boetse e fumane hore IPU e amahanngoa le maikutlo a matle mabapi le boits'oaro bo fetelletseng. Haholo-holo, ho sampuli ea baithuti ba pele likamanong tse ikemetseng tsa monna a le mong (Gwinn, Lambert, Fincham, & Maner, 2013; Study 1; N= 74, banna ba 36%, Mongwaha wa Medi= 19), ho nahana ka IPU (mohlala, ho ngola tlhaiso ea video ea litšoantšo tsa bootsoa tse shebiloeng matsatsing a 30 a fetileng) ho ne ho amana le ho lumela hore motho o na le mekhoa e meng e phahameng ea likamano. Thutong e latelang ea barutoana ba undergraduates likamanong tse ikemiselitseng ba bang (Gwinn et al., 2013; Study 2; N= 291, banna ba 18%, Mongwaha wa Medi= 20), IPU e ne e amahanngoa le nako e telele le ho etsa boits'oaro bo eketsehileng ba dyadic, e le hore, IPU e tlalehiloeng ho latela motheo e ne e le ponelopele ea boitšoaro bo feteletseng ba "dyadic" 12 libeke hamorao.

Ka kopanelo, sephetho se tsoang lipatlisisong tse fapaneng, tse telele, tse emelang sechaba, le liteko li tšehetsa qeto ea hore tšebeliso ea litšoantšo tse litšila tse tsosang takatso ka kakaretso le IPU ka kotloloho e amana le boitlamo le boleng ba kamano. Liphetho tsena li tsamaisana le khang ea mofuta oa hajoale, ea hore IPU e amahanngoa le keketseho ea maikutlo a boithati a ho ichekela likamano tsa botona le botšehali, khafetsa ka litšenyehelo tsa maikutlo a mang a amanang le thobalano le batho ba bang.

Khotsofalo ea thobalano

Sebaka se seng seo setšoantšo sa hona joale se nang le sona se ka boela sa e-ba le khotsofalo ea thobalano. Ha merero ea ho kopanela liphate ka hono e atisa ho lebisa tlhokomelo ea thobalano, motho a ka lebella ho eketseha ha merero e joalo ea ho kopanela le liphello tsa khotsofalo ea thobalano. Leha ho le joalo, ho fanoe ka mabaka a mangata a tlatsetsang khotsofalong ea thobalano (mohlala, kamano ea botsoalle, boitlamo, ho itšepa, boitlhompho), hape ho ka etsahala hore likamano tsena pakeng tsa IPU le khotsofalo e tla ba tse rarahaneng. Bakeng sa batho ba bang, keketseho ea sepheo sa ho kopanela liphate ka hedon e ka 'na ea amahanngoa le ho fokotseha ha sebele ho khotsofatsang thobalano, kaha litakatso tse phahameng li ka' na tsa kopana le ho tsieleha, haholo-holo haeba keketseho e joalo e sa kopane le keketseho e khotsofatsang e amanang le likamano tsa thobalano (Santtila) le al., 2007). Ntle le moo, haeba motho a ne a ka qala ka maemo a tlaase a ho kopanela liphate, ho eketseha ha tšusumetso e joalo ho ka 'na ha amahanngoa le khotsofalo e kholo ea thobalano ha motho a ntse a tsepamisitse maikutlo haholoanyane ho fumana menyaka ho kopanela liphate.

Ho fapana le libaka tse ngata tseo ho buuoang ka tsona pele ho IPU le liphethong, tseo lipatlisiso li ntseng li le matla, likamano pakeng tsa IPU le khotsofalo ea thobalano li ithutile haholo, le libuka tse ngata tse buang ka taba ena. Ho e-na le ho hlahloba ka botlalo lenane la lipatlisiso tsa ho hlahloba IPU le khotsofalo ea thobalano, liphuputso tsa lithuto tsena li akaretsitsoe ka Lethathamong la 1.

Ka kakaretso, joalo ka ha ho bonts'itsoe Lethathamong la 1, likamano lipakeng tsa IPU le khotsofalo ea botona le botšehali li rarahane, empa li lumellana le khopolo ea hore IP e ka ts'ehetsa litšusumetso tse ngata tsa thobalano, haholoholo ha ts'ebeliso e eketseha. Har'a banyalani, ho na le ts'ehetso e lekanyelitsoeng bakeng sa mohopolo oa hore IPU e ka ntlafatsa khotsofalo ea thobalano, empa ha feela e kenyellelitsoe liketsong tsa thobalano. Boemong ba motho ka mong, ho na le bopaki bo lumellanang ba hore IPU e bolela esale pele ka khotsofalo e tlase ea thobalano ho banna, ka likarolo tse peli tse fapaneng le tsa bolelele bo supang mekhatlo ea ts'ebeliso e joalo le khotsofalo e fokotsehileng bakeng sa banna. Mabapi le basali, bopaki bo qhalakaneng bo fana ka maikutlo a hore IPU e kanna ea ntlafatsa khotsofalo ea thobalano, ea se na phello ea khotsofalo, kapa ea fokotsa khotsofalo ha nako e ntse e tsamaea. Leha ho na le liphetho tse tsoakaneng, sephetho sa ho se be le phello e kholo ea IPU mabapi le khotsofalo ea thobalano ho basali ke se fumanoeng ka ho fetesisa. Liphetho tsena le tsona li netefalitsoe ke tlhahlobo ea morao-rao ea litlhahlobo (Wright, Tokunaga, Kraus, & Klann, 2017). Ho lekola lithuto tsa 50 tsa tšebeliso ea litšoantšo tsa bootsoa le liphetho tse fapaneng tsa khotsofalo (mohlala, khotsofalo ea bophelo, khotsofalo ea botho, khotsofalo ea kamano, khotsofalo ea thobalano), tlhaiso-leseling ena e fumane hore ts'ebeliso ea litšoantšo tsa bootsoa (eseng inthanete e ikhethileng) e ne e lula e amana le ho bolela khotsofalo e tlase ea batho mefuta, ho kenyeletsoa khotsofalo ea thobalano, empa bakeng sa banna feela. Ha ho liphuputso tsa bohlokoa tse fumanoeng bakeng sa basali. Ka kakaretso, liphetho tse tsoakaneng joalo li thibela liqeto tse hlakileng mabapi le karolo ea IP ho susumelleng khotsofalo bakeng sa basali.

E 'ngoe ea liphetho tsa bohlokoahali tsa mesebetsi ea morao-rao e hlahlobang IPU le khotsofalo ea thobalano ke hore ho bonahala ho na le kamano pakeng tsa ts'ebeliso le khotsofalo, e le hore khotsofalo e fokotsehe haholo ha IPU e ntse e ata haholo (mohlala, Wright, Steffen, & Sun, 2017 ; Wright, Brigdes, Letsatsi, Ezzell, & Johnson, 2017). Lintlha tsa lithuto tsena li bonts'itsoe ho Tafole ea 1. Ha ho fanoa ka bopaki bo hlakileng mehlala e mengata ea machabeng, ho bonahala ho utloahala ho amohela qeto ea hore ha IPU e nyoloha ho feta hang ka khoeli, khotsofalo ea thobalano ea fokotseha. Ntle le moo, leha lithuto tsena (Wright, Steffen, et al., 2017; Wright, Bridges et al., 2017) li ne li arotsoe ka likarolo tse fapaneng, ho fanoe ka palo ea lithuto tsa longitudinal (mohlala, Peter & Valkenburg, 2009) e hokahanyang IPU le thobalano e tlase. khotsofalo, hoa utloahala ho lumela hore mekhatlo ena ke ea tlhaho. Ha IPU e ntse e eketseha, khotsofalo ea botona le botšehali e bonahala e fokotseha, e leng tumellanong le khang ea mohlala oa hore IPU e amahanngoa le tšusumetso e matla ea thobalano le ea boithati.

Ha e le ka 2017 moo Lipatlisiso tsa 24 tse amanang le tšebeliso ea litšoantšo tsa ho kopanela liphate / ho kopanela liphate mathata a thobalano le ho fokotsa menyetla ea ho kopanela liphate. Ho ts'oara kapa ho tsosa takatso ea thobalano litšoantšong tsa bootsoa hape ho bonoa ka ho nyoloha ha mefuta e mecha, kapa ho hloka mefuta e mecha le e sa tloaelehang ho tsosoa. Hona joale lithuto tse tharo li botse basebelisi ba litšoantšo tsa bootsoa ka kotloloho ka ho nyoloha ha mefuta e mecha kapa mamello, ho tiisa ka bobeli (1, 2, 3). Ho sebelisa mekhoa e sa tšoaneng e sa tobang, lithuto tse eketsehileng tsa 16 ba tlalehile liphuputso tse lumellanang le tloaelo ea "litšoantšo tse litšila tse tsosang takatso" kapa ho nyolohela mefuteng e feteletseng le e sa tloaelehang. Lithuto tse latelang, tse khethiloeng lethathamong le leng, li bonts'a basebelisi ba litšoantšo tse ts'oanang le litšoantšo tse ts'oanang le litšoantšo tsa bootsoa inthaneteng:

1) Na Litšoantšo Tsa Bootsoa Tsa Inthanete li baka Mathata a Kopanela Liphate? Tlhahlobo le Litlaleho tsa Bongaka (2016). Tlhaloso e pharaletseng ea lingoliloeng tse amanang le mathata a ho kopanela liphate a bakoang ke ho kopanela liphate li kenyeletsa litlaleho tsa meriana ea 3 ea basebeletsi ba ileng ba hlahisa litšoantšo tse litšila tse tsosang takatso ea thobalano. Basebeletsi ba babeli ho ba bararo ba ile ba folisa mathata a bona a thobalano ka ho felisa ts'ebeliso ea litšoantšo tsa bootsoa ha monna oa boraro a sa ntlafala hanyane kaha a ne a sa khone ho ithiba ts'ebeliso ea litšoantšo tsa bootsoa. Basebeletsi ba babeli ho ba bararo ba tlalehile tloaelo ea litšoantšo tsa bootsoa le ho eketseha ha ts'ebeliso ea litšoantšo tsa bootsoa. Mohlanka oa pele o hlalosa tloaelo ea hae ea "litšoantšo tse manyala tse hlephisang boitšoaro" tse lateloang ke ho nyolohela litšoantšong tse litšila tse tsosang takatso.

Mosebetsi oa ho sebetsa ka lilemo tse 20 o ile oa ngolla basebeletsi ba Caucasia ba nang le mathata a finyellang likamano tsa botona kapa botšehali nakong ea thobalano likhoeling tse tšeletseng tse fetileng. E ile ea qala ha a ntse a fetisetsoa mose ho maoatle. O ne a ipholla litho tsa botona kapa botšehali ka nako e ka etsang hora a se na palesa, 'me botona ba hae bo ne bo tsamaea hantle. Mathata a hae a ho ts'ehetsa le ho finyella li-orgasm a tsoelapele ho pholletsa le mosebetsi oa hae. Ho tloha ha a khutla, o ne a sa khone ho ejaculate nakong ea thobalano le mohlankana oa hae. O ne a ka finyella erection empa a sitoa ho etsa lipapali, mme ka mor'a 10-15 min o ne a tla lahleheloa ke ts'ebetso ea hae, e leng se neng se se joalo pele a e-na le litaba tsa ED.

Mokuli ea mamellang ho ipholla litho tsa botona kapa botšehali hangata bakeng sa "lilemo", 'me hang kapa ka makhetlo a mabeli hoo e ka bang letsatsi le leng le le leng bakeng sa lilemo tse' maloa tse fetileng. O ile a lumella ho shebella litšoantšo tsa bootsoa tsa Inthanete bakeng sa ho tsosolosa. Kaha o ne a fumane Inthanete ka lebelo le leholo, o ne a itšetlehile feela ka litšoantšo tsa bootsoa tsa Inthanete. Qalong, "bootsoa bo bonolo", moo litaba li sa kenyelletsang ho kopanela liphate, "o ile a etsa mano". Leha ho le joalo, butle-butle o ne a hloka boitsebiso bo bongata bo hlakileng kapa bo fokolang. O ile a tlaleha livideo tse ngata tsa nako e le 'ngoe ka nako e le' ngoe le ho shebella likarolo tse susumetsang ka ho fetisisa.

Mohlanka oa bobeli o hlalosa tšebeliso e ntseng e eketseha ea litšoantšo tsa bootsoa le ho eketseha ha litšoantšo tsa bootsoa. Nakoana kamora moo a etsa thobalano le mosali oa hae "eseng e hlasimollang joalo ka pele":

Motho ea lilemo li 40 ea African American o ile a ngolisa basebetsi ba nang le lilemo tse 17 tsa mosebetsi o tsoelang pele o mafolofolo o hlahisitsoeng ke bothata ba ho finyella litlhoko tsa likhoeli tse tharo tse fetileng. O ile a tlaleha hore ha a leka ho kopanela liphate le mosali oa hae, o ne a thatafalloa ho finyella ho tsosoa le ho thatafalloa ke ho e boloka nako e telele ho fihlela e le bosiu. Ho tloha ha ngoana oa bona e monyenyane a tloha kolecheng, likhoeli tse tšeletseng pejana, o ne a iphumana a ipholla litho tsa botona kapa botšehali hangata ka lebaka la ho ba le boinotšing bo eketsehileng. O ne a tloaetse ho ipholla litho tsohle ka beke ka karolelano, empa e ile ea eketseha ho isa ho tse peli ho tse tharo ka beke. O ne a atisa ho sebelisa litšoantšo tsa bootsoa Inthaneteng, empa hangata o ne a li sebelisa, nako e telele e ne e nkoa e le li-orgasm ka boitsebiso ba hae bo tloaelehileng. Sena se ile sa etsa hore a sebelise boitsebiso bo bongata bo hlakileng. Nakoana ka mor'a moo, ho kopanela liphate le mosali oa hae "ho ne ho sa susumetsa" joaloka pele le ka linako tse ling o fumane mosali oa hae "a sa rate". O ile a hana ho ba le mathata ana pele ho lilemo tse supileng tsa lenyalo la bona. O ne a e-na le mathata a lenyalo hobane mosali oa hae o ne a belaella hore o na le taba, e leng seo a ileng a se hana.

2) Masturbatory e sa tloaelehang e itlhahisa e le ntho ea tlhaho ea botsofali tabeng ea ho hlahlojoa le phekolo ea ho se sebetse ka thobalano ho banna bahlankana (2014) - E 'ngoe ea linyeoe tsa 4 tse tlalehiloeng pampiring ena li tlaleha ka monna ea nang le mathata a thobalano a nang le thobalano (libido tse tlase, fetishes, anorgasmia). Kamora likhoeli tsa 8 monna eo o tlalehile takatso e matla ea thobalano, thobalano e atlehileng le bohlola, mme a natefeloa ke "litloaelo tse ntle tsa thobalano. Lintlha tse tsoang pampiring:

"Ha a botsoa ka mekhoa e metle, o ile a tlaleha hore nakong e fetileng o ne a ipholla litho ka matla le ka potlako ha a ntse a sheba litšoantšo tsa bootsoa ho tloha bocheng. Litšoantšo tse manyala tse hlephisang boitšoaro qalong li ne li e-na le boophilia, le ho ba makhoba, ho laola, ho soma le ho mamella masochism, empa qetellong o ile a tloaela lisebelisoa tsena 'me a hloka litšoantšo tse tsosang takatso ea ho sheba litšoantšo tsa bootsoa, ​​ho akarelletsa thobalano ea thobalano, liketso tsa thobalano le thobalano e mabifi. O ne a tloaetse ho reka lifilimi tse hlephisang boitšoaro tse seng molaong ka liketso tse mabifi tsa thobalano le ho betoa le ho shebella litšoantšo tseo mehopolong ea hae ea ho kopanela liphate le basali. Butle-butle o ile a lahleheloa ke takatso ea hae le bokhoni ba hae ba ho nahana le ho fokotsa nako ea hae ea ho ipholla litho tsa botona kapa botšehali. "

Hammoho le mananeo a beke le beke le setsebi sa thobalano, mokuli o ile a laeloa ho qoba ho pepesehela lintho tse amanang le thobalano, ho kenyeletsoa livideo, likoranta, libuka le litšoantšo tse manyala tse hlephisang boitšoaro tsa inthanete… .. Kamora likhoeli tse 8, mokuli o ile a tlaleha hore o ile a ba le mokhelo o atlehileng le ho tsoa peo. O ile a nchafatsa kamano ea hae le mosali eo, 'me butle-butle ba atleha ho thabela mekhoa e metle ea thobalano.

3) Ho thata hakaakang ho sebetsana le ho phomola ha nako e khutšoanyane ho latela mohlala oa nakoana oa kelello? Tšoantšiso ea boemo (2017) - Tlaleho e mabapi le "linyeoe tse kopaneng" tse bonts'ang lisosa le kalafo bakeng sa ho emisa ho lieha (anorgasmia). "Mokuli B" o ne a emela bahlankana ba 'maloa ba phekoloang ke setsebi. Ho khahlisang ke hore pampiri e re "tšebeliso ea litšoantšo tsa bootsoa" ea Patient B e ne e se e fetohile lintho tse thata "," joalo ka hangata ". Pampiri eo e re ho amana le litšoantšo tsa bootsoa ho lieha ho ntša ejacization ho tloaelehile, hape hoa eketseha. Sengoli se hloka lipatlisiso tse ling mabapi le litlamorao tsa ts'ebeliso ea thobalano. Ho lieha ho khutla ha mokuli B ho ile ha folisoa kamora libeke tse 10 tsa litšoantšo tse manyala tse hlephisang boitšoaro. Litemana tse qotsitsoeng:

Linyeoe ke linyeoe tse ngata tse nkiloeng mosebetsing oa ka ka har'a National Health Service, sepetlele sa Croydon University, London. Ka taba ena (Mokuli B), ke habohlokoa ho hlokomela hore pontšo e bonahatsa banna ba bangata ba batona ba 'nileng ba fetisetsoa ke li-GP tsa bona ka mokhoa o tšoanang oa ho hlahlojoa. Mokuli B ke lilemo li 19 ea hlahisitseng hobane o ne a sa khone ho ejaculate ka tsela ea ho kena. Ha a ne a le 13, o ne a atisa ho fumana libaka tsa litšoantšo tse manyala tse hlephisang boitšoaro ka boeena ka lipatlisiso tsa inthanete kapa ka li-link tseo metsoalle ea hae e mo rometseng eona. O ile a qala ho ipholla litho tsa botona kapa botšehali bosiu bo bong le bo bong a ntse a phenyekolla fono ea hae setšoantšo ... Haeba a ne a sa ipholla litho, o ne a sitoa ho robala. Litšoantšo tse litšila tse tsosang takatso tseo a neng a li sebelisa li ne li eketsehile, joalo ka hangata (sheba Hudson-Allez, 2010), e le lintho tse boima (ho se letho le seng molaong) ...

Mokuli B o ne a pepesitsoe litšoantšong tsa thobalano ka litšoantšo tse manyala tse hlephisang boitšoaro tsa lilemo tsa 12 le litšoantšo tse manyala tse hlephisang boitšoaro tseo a li sebelisang li ne li eketsehile ho ba makhoba le ho busa ka nako ea 15.

Re ile ra lumela hore a ke ke a hlola a sebelisa litšoantšo tse litšila tse tsosang takatso ho ipholla litho tsa botona kapa botšehali. Sena se ne se bolela ho siea fono ea hae ka kamoreng e fapaneng bosiu. Re ile ra lumela hore o tla ipholla litho ka tsela e fapaneng ....

Mokuli B o ile a khona ho finyella li-orgasm ka ho kenella ka lenaneo la bohlano; liboka li fanoa bosiu bo bong le bo bong ka Sepetlele sa Croydon University e le hore lenaneo la bohlano le lekane ho ea ho libeke tse ka bang 10 ho tloha lipuisano. O ne a thabile a bile a imolohile haholo. Ka mor'a ho latela likhoeli tse tharo ho latela Mokuli B, lintho li ntse li tsamaea hantle.

Mokuli B ha a na taba e le 'ngoe feela har'a National Health Service (NHS)' me ha e le hantle banna ba bacha ka kakaretso ba fihlella kalafo ea kelello, ntle le balekane ba bona, ba itlhalosa ho fetola maikutlo.

4) Li-Neural Correlates tsa Liketso Tsa ho Kopanela Liphate Tsa Batho ba Kopanetsoeng ka ho Kopanela Liphate ho Batho ba nang le Likhatello tsa Botona le Botšehali ka ho Kopanela Liphate (le 2014) - Phuputso ena ea fMRI ea Univesithi ea Cambridge e fumane ts'ehetso ho batho ba ts'oanang le litšoantšo tse ts'oanang le litšoantšo tse tsosang takatso ea lithethefatsi. E boetse e fumane hore batho ba lemaletseng lit soant so tsa bootsoa ba lumellana le mokhoa o amohelehang oa ho lemalla ho batla "ho" haholoanyane, empa eseng e rata "eona" ho feta. Bafuputsi ba boetse ba tlaleha hore litaba tsa 60% (lilemong tsa karolelano: 25) li na le bothata ba ho finyella litšebeletso / ho tsosoa le balekane ba sebele ka lebaka la ho sebelisa litšoantšo tsa bootsoa, leha ho le joalo e ka fihlela li-erections ka porno. Ho tsoa thutong (CSB ke boitšoaro bo qobelloang ba thobalano):

Lihlooho tsa CSB li tlalehile hore ka lebaka la ts'ebeliso e fetelletseng ea lisebelisoa tse totobatsang thobalano… .. [ba] na le boiphihlelo bo fokotsehileng ba libido kapa erectile ka ho khetheha likamanong tsa 'mele le basali (leha e se ka kamano le lisebelisoa tse hlakileng tsa thobalano)

Ha li bapisoa le baithaopi ba phetseng hantle, lihlooho tsa CSB li ne li e-na le takatso e matla ea ho kopanela liphate kapa e batlang ho hlahisa lipolelo tse hlakileng le ho ba le likarolo tse kholo tsa likarolo tse fapaneng, kahoo li bontša phapang lipakeng tsa ho batla le ho li rata. Lihlooho tsa CSB le tsona li ne li e-na le mathata a mangata a ts'oaetso ea thobalano le mathata a erectile likamano tse haufi-ufi empa eseng ka lihlahisoa tse hlakileng tsa thobalano tse totobatsang hore takatso e matlafetseng ea likarolo e ne e totobetse ho tsebiso e hlakileng le e sa hlahisoang ke takatso ea thobalano.

5) Mesebetsi ea ho kopanela liphate ka Inthaneteng: Ho ithuta ka ho hlahloba mathata le ho se sebetsane le mekhoa e sebelisoang ho batho ba bang (2016) - Phuputso ena ea Belgian ho tsoa univesithing e etelletseng pele ea lipatlisiso e fumanoeng e na le bothata ba tšebeliso ea litšoantšo tsa bootsoa inthaneteng e ne e amahanngoa le ts'ebetso e fokotsehileng ea erectile le ho fokotsa khotsofalo e akaretsang ea thobalano. Leha ho le joalo basebelisi ba litšoantšo tsa bootsoa ba ile ba ba le litakatso tse kholo (sensitization). Phuputso e tlaleha keketseho, kaha banna ba 49% ba ne ba sheba litšoantšo tsa bootsoa "e ne e sa thahasellise ho bona pele kapa hore e ne e nkoa e nyonyeha. ” Tlhaloso:

Ba bang ba mashome a mane a metso e robong ba boletse ka linako tse ling ka linako tse ling ba batla litaba tsa thobalano kapa ba kenye letsoho ho li-OSA tseo pele li neng li sa li thahasellise kapa hore li nka ho nyonyeha, 'me 61.7% e boletse hore bonyane ka linako tse ling li-OSA li amahanngoa le lihlong kapa maikutlo a molato.

Phuputso ena ea Belgian e boetse e fumane ts'ebeliso e mpe ea litšoantšo tsa bootsoa inthaneteng e ne e amahanngoa le ts'ebetso e fokotsehileng ea erectile le ho fokotsa khotsofalo e akaretsang ea thobalano. Empa basebelisi ba litšoantšo tsa bootsoa ba na le litakatso tse kholo. (OSA = thobalano inthaneteng, e neng e le litšoantšo tsa bootsoa bakeng sa 99% ea litaba.) Ho khahlisang ke hore karolo ea 20.3% ea bankakarolo e boletse hore sepheo se le seng sa ts'ebeliso ea bona ea litšoantšo tsa bootsoa ke "ho tsosa takatso le molekane oa ka." Tlhaloso:

“Phuputso ena ke ea pele ea ho fuputsa ka kotloloho likamano lipakeng tsa mathata a thobalano le ho nka karolo ho nang le mathata ho li-OSA. Liphello li bontšitse hore takatso e phahameng ea thobalano, khotsofalo e tlase ea thobalano, le ts'ebetso e tlase ea erectile li ne li amahanngoa le li-OSA tse nang le mathata (liketso tsa thobalano inthaneteng). Liphetho tsena li ka hokahanngoa le tsa lithuto tsa pejana tse tlalehang boemo bo phahameng ba ho tsoha kamanong le matšoao a bokhoba ba thobalano (Bancroft & Vukadinovic, 2004; Laier et al., 2013; Muise et al., 2013). ”

6) Bacha le bootsoa ba websaeteng: nako e ncha ea ho kopanela liphate (2015) - Thuto ena ea Setaliana e ile ea hlahloba liphello tsa litšoantšo tsa bootsoa ba Inthaneteng batho ba baholo sekolong se phahameng, ba ngotsoeng ke moprofesa oa urology Carlo Pele, mopresidente oa Mokhatlo oa Italy oa Reproduction Pathophysiology. Phello e khahlisang haholo ke hore 16% ea ba jang porno ho feta hanngoe ka beke ba tlaleha takatso e tlase haholo ea thobalano ha e bapisoa le 0% ho bao e seng bareki (le 6% ea ba jang ka tlase ho hanngoe ka beke).

7) Mokhoa o sa tloaelehang, boemo bo botle le ho ela hloko lithahasello tsa thobalano”(2015). Phuputso ea fMRI ea Univesithi ea Cambridge e tlalehile tloaelo e kholo ea thobalano ho basebelisi ba ts'oaetso ea bootsoa. Tlhaloso:

Litlhahiso tse hlakileng tsa marang-rang li ngata ebile li atoloha, 'me tšobotsi ena e ka khothalletsa ho eketseha ha ts'ebeliso ho batho ba bang. Ka mohlala, banna ba phetseng hantle ba shebang lifilimi tse hlakileng ba fumanoa ba tloaetse ho ts'oara le ho fumana ts'oaetso e hlakileng e tsosang takatso ea ho kopanela liphate, e sa fokolang le e nyenyane (Koukounas le Over, 2000). ... Re bonts'a liteko tse hlokomelisoang litsing tsa bophelo tsa meriana hore boithabiso ba likamano tsa botona le botšehali bo ikemela bo khetholloa ke ho batla maemo, mokhoa oa ho ba le maemo a tloaelehileng le mekhoa e metle ea ho kopanela liphate ho banna.

Ho tsoa tokomaneng e amanang le eona:

Ba fumane hore ha ba lemaletseng ho kopanela liphate ba ne ba sheba setšoantšo se tšoanang sa thobalano hangata, ha ba bapisoa le baithaopi ba phetseng hantle ba kileng ba fokotseha haholoanyane sebakeng sa boko bo tsejoang e le ho qeta mekhoa e metle ea lik'hemik'hale, tse tsejoang hore li ameha ka ho lebella meputso le ho arabela liketsahalo tse ncha. Sena se lumellana le 'habituation', moo meriana e fumanoang e le ts'ebetso e ts'oanang le e nyane - ka mohlala, senoa sa kofi a ka fumana k'hafeine 'buzz' senoelong sa bona sa pele, empa ha nako e ntse e feta ba noa haholo kofi, e nyenyane buzz e fetoha.

Ts'ebetso ena e tloaelehileng e etsahala ho banna ba phetseng hantle ba bontšoang khafetsa video e le 'ngoe ea bootsoa. Empa ha ba sheba video e ncha, boemo ba thahasello le ho tsosoa bo khutlela moemong oa pele. Sena se bolela hore, ho thibela tloaelo, motho ea lemaletseng thobalano o tla hloka ho fumana litšoantšo tse ncha khafetsa. Ka mantsoe a mang, tloaelo e ka etsa hore ho batloe litšoantšo tse ncha.

"Lintho tseo re li fumaneng li bohlokoa haholo tabeng ea litšoantšo tsa bootsoa inthaneteng," a phaella ka Dr Voon. "Ha ho hlakile hore na ke eng e etsang hore motho a be le bothata ba ho kopanela liphate pele ho batho ba bang, mme ho ka etsahala hore batho ba bang ba be le lithethefatsi tse ngata ho feta tse ling, ho thata haholo ho baleha. "

8) Bophelo ba Botho ba ho Kopanela Liphate le ho Khutlela ho Litšoantšo Tsa Bootsoa. Taba e Ncha? (2015)

Litsebi tsa bophelo bo botle ba kelello li lokela ho nahanisisa ka liphello tse ka hlahisoang ke litšoantšo tsa bootsoa ho banna ba itšoereng ka thobalano, mathata a thobalano le maikutlo a mang a amanang le thobalano. Litšoantšong tsa bootsoa tsa nako e telele li bonahala eka li etsa liketso tsa ho kopanela liphate, haholo-holo ha motho a sa khone ho finyella sekhahla le molekane oa hae. Motho ea sebelisang boholo ba bophelo ba hae ba ho kopanela liphate ka ho ipholla litho tsa botona kapa botšehali ha a ntse a shebella litšoantšo tse tsosang takatso ea boitšoaro bo hlephileng, o susumelletsa bokhoni ba hae ho khutlisetsa liphatlalatso tsa hae tsa thobalano e le hore e tle e tle e hloke nako e khutšoanyane e le hore e fihle.

Matšoao a mangata a fapaneng a ho shebella litšoantšo tsa bootsoa, ​​joalo ka tlhoko ea ho kenyelletsa molekane oa hau ho shebella litšoantšo tsa bootsoa, ​​ho thatafalloa ho fihlella setšoantšo sa bootsoa, ​​tlhokahalo ea litšoantšo tse manyala tse hlephisang boitšoaro e le ho fetola mathata a thobalano. Litloaelo tsena tsa thobalano li ka 'na tsa tsoela pele ka likhoeli kapa lilemo' me e ka 'na ea e-ba kelellong le' meleng e amanang le ho se sebetse ha erectile, le hoja e se ho se sebetse ha manyolo. Ka lebaka la pherekano ena, e hlahisang lihlong, lihlong le ho latola, banna ba bangata ba hana ho kopana le setsebi

Litšoantšo tse manyala tse hlephisang boitšoaro li fana ka mekhoa e bonolo haholo ho fumana menyaka ntle le ho fana ka mabaka a mang a amang likamano tsa botona le botšehali ho latela histori ea moloko oa batho. Boko bo hlahisa mokhoa o mong oa ho kopanela liphate o sa kenyelletsang "motho e mong oa sebele" ho tloha equation. Ho feta moo, ho shebella litšoantšo tse manyala tse hlephisang boitšoaro ka nako e telele ho etsa hore banna ba be le mathata a mangata ha ba fumana ho ba teng ha balekane ba bona.

9) Ho ipholla litho tsa botona kapa botšehali le litšoantšo tse manyala tse hlephisang boitšoaro Sebelisa Har'a Batho ba Kopanetsoeng ba Kopanela Liphate ka Hore ba Kopanele Liphate Tse Fokolang: Ke Makhetlo a Mangata a ho Ipholla litho Tsa botona kapa Botšehali? (2015) - Litšoantšo tsa bootsoa khafetsa li ne li amana le ho fokotseha ha takatso ea thobalano le kamano e tlase ea kamano. Litemana tse qotsitsoeng:

Har'a banna ba neng ba ipholla litho tsa botona kapa botšehali hangata, 70% ba ne ba sebelisa litšoantšo tsa bootsoa bonyane hang ka beke. Tlhahlobo e matlafatsang e bontšitse hore ho ba le takatso ea ho kopanela liphate, litšoantšo tse manyala tse hlephisang boitšoaro hangata li sebelisoa, le kamano e tlase ea kamano ea kamano e ntle le kamano e haufi-ufi le eona e ekelitse mathata a ho tlaleha litloaelo tsa botona kapa botšehali hangata har'a banna ba nang le takatso ea thobalano.

Har'a banna [ba nang le takatso e tlase ea thobalano] ba neng ba sebelisa litšoantšo tsa bootsoa bonyane hang ka beke [ho 2011], 26.1% e tlaleha hore ba sitiloe ho laola tšebeliso ea bona ea litšoantšo tsa bootsoa. Ntle le moo, 26.7% ea banna e tlalehile hore tšebeliso ea bona ea litšoantšo tse litšila tse tsosang takatso e ama hampe thobalano ea bona e kopaneng.

10) Mekhoa e kopanetsoeng e pakeng tsa litšoantšo tsa bootsoa le ho fokotsa khotsofalo ea thobalano (2017) - Le ha pampiri ena e hokahanya tšebeliso ea litšoantšo tsa bootsoa ho fokotsa khotsofalo ea thobalano, e boetse e tlaleha hore khafetsa tšebeliso ea litšoantšo tsa bootsoa e ne e amana le khetho (kapa tlhoko?) Ea litšoantšo tsa bootsoa ho batho ho fihlela ts'usumetso ea thobalano. Tlhaloso:

Kamora nako, re fumane hore khafetsa ts'ebeliso ea litšoantšo tse litšila tse tsosang takatso e boetse e amana ka kotloloho le khetho ea motho ea litšoantšiso tsa bootsoa ho fapana le ho thabela thobalano. Barupeluoa lithutong tsa hona joale ba ne ba sebelisa litšoantšo tsa bootsoa haholo bakeng sa ho ipholla litho tsa botona kapa botšehali. Litšoantšo tsa bootsoa khafetsa li sebelisoa e le sesebelisoa se monate sa ho ipholla litho tsa botona kapa tsa botšehali, motho a le mong a ka tloaela ho sheba litšoantšo tse litšila tse tsosang takatso ho fapana le mehloli e meng ea thobalano.

11) "Ke nahana hore e bile tšusumetso e mpe ka litsela tse ngata empa ka nako e le nngwe nke ke ka khaotsa ho e sebelisa": Litšoantšo tse manyala tse hlephisang boitšoaro tse ikhethileng li sebelisa mehlala ea bacha ba Australia (2017) - Patlisiso ea inthaneteng ea Maustralia, ea lilemo li 15-29. Bao ba kileng ba sheba litšoantšo tse manyala tse hlephisang boitšoaro (n = 856) ba ile ba botsoa potso e bulehileng: 'Litšoantšo tsa bootsoa li amme bophelo ba hau joang?' Tlhaloso:

Har'a barupeluoa ba arabileng potso e bulehileng (n = 718), ts'ebeliso ea mathata e ile ea iponahalloa ke ba arabelang 88. Barupeluoa ba banna ba tlalehileng ts'ebeliso e mpe ea mathata a litšoantšo tsa bootsoa ba totobatsa litlamorao ho likarolo tse tharo: ts'ebetsong ea thobalano, ho tsosa le likamano.

12) Thuto e bona kamano pakeng tsa bootsoa le ho se sebetse ka thobalano (2017) - Lintho tse fumanoeng thutong e tlang e hlahisitsoeng kopanong ea selemo le selemo ea American Urological Association. Litlhaloso tse 'maloa:

Bahlankana ba ratang litšoantšo tse manyala tse hlephisang boitšoaro ho fapana le ho kopanela liphate lefatšeng ba ka iphumana ba tšoasitsoe ke leraba, ba sitoa ho etsa thobalano le batho ba bang ha monyetla o itlhahisa, ho tlaleha thuto e ncha. Banna ba lemaletseng litšoantšo tsa bootsoa ba na le monyetla oa ho ba le bothata ba ho se sebetse hantle 'me ha ba na monyetla oa ho khotsofatsoa ke thobalano, ho latela liphuputso tse hlahisitsoeng ka Labohlano sebokeng sa selemo le selemo sa Mokhatlo oa Urological Association, Boston.

Sekhahla sa lisosa tsa manyolo tsa ho se sebetse ha erectile sehlopheng sena sa lilemo se tlase haholo, kahoo keketseho ea ho se sebetse ha erectile eo re e boneng ha nako e ntse e feta bakeng sa sehlopha sena e hloka ho hlalosoa, ”ho boletse Christman. “Re lumela hore tšebeliso ea litšoantšo tse manyala tse hlephisang boitšoaro e ka ba ntho e le 'ngoe papisong eo.

13) hlahloba phello ea lintho tse hlalosang thobalano litabeng tsa thobalano, kutlwisiso le litloaelo tsa bahlankana: Phuputso e entsoeng (2016). Phuputso e entsoeng ka boleng e tlaleha ho eketseha ha boitsebiso bo fetelletseng. Khethollo:

Liphuputso li fana ka maikutlo a hore lihlooho tsa mantlha ke: litheko tse eketsehileng tsa phumaneho ea SEM, ho kenyelletsa le keketseho ea litaba tse fetelletseng (Hohle moo o shebang) tse bonoang ke bahlankana phuputsong ena joalo ka ha li na le litlamorao tse mpe menahanong ea boits'oaro le boits'oaro (Seo ha se setle). Lelapa kapa thuto ea thobalano e ka fana ka 'ts'ireletso' (Buffers) mekhoeng eo bacha ba e bonang ho SEM. Lintlha li fana ka maikutlo a pherekano (Litemana tsa 'Nete tsa' Nete) mabapi le litebello tsa bacha tsa bophelo bo botle ba thobalano (Bophelo bo Botle ba ho Kopanela Liphate) le litumelo le boits'oaro bo nepahetseng (Ho tseba ho nepahetse ho phoso). Ho hlalositsoe tsela e ka bang sesosa sa mabaka mme ho totobatsoa libaka tsa ho kenella.

14) Litlhahiso tsa ho Fetoha Litlhabelong Tsa Bootsoa (1986) - Libeke tse tšeletseng tsa ho pepesehela litšoantšo tse manyala tse hlephisang boitšoaro tse se nang pefo ho ile ha fella ka hore bafo ba se ke ba ba le thahasello e kholo litšoantšong tsa bootsoa tsa vanilla, ba khetha ho shebella feela "litšoantšo tse manyala tse hlephisang boitšoaro" (bokhoba, sadomasochism, ho robala le liphoofolo). Tlhaloso:

Liithuti tsa banna le basali le batho ba sa lumellaneng li ile tsa pepeseha hora e le 'ngoe ea litšoantšo tsa bootsoa tse tloaelehileng, tse se nang boits'oaro kapa lihlahisoa tse sa hlokahaleng tsa ho kopanela liphate le tse mabifi libeke tse tšeletseng tse latellanang. Libeke tse peli ka mor'a phekolo ena, ba ile ba fuoa monyetla oa ho shebella livideo tsa video boemong ba botho. Litekanyetso tsa R-rated, R-rated, le X-rated li ne li fumaneha. Batho ba nang le litšoantšo tse ts'oanang tsa bootsoa bo sa tloaelehang, ba ne ba sa bontše thahasello ea litšoantšo tsa bootsoa tse sa tloaelehang, ba khethang ho shebella litšoantšo tse manyala tse hlephileng (bokhoba, sadomasochism, bokhachane) ho e-na le hoo. Banna ba sa tsitsitseng ba neng ba e-na le maikutlo a ho shebella litšoantšo tsa bootsoa bo tloaelehileng, ba sa tloaelehang ba ne ba ja litšoantšo tse manyala tse sa tloaelehang habonolo feela. Liithuti tsa banna li ne li bontša mokhoa o tšoanang, le hoja li batla li le bobebe haholo. Ts'ebetso ena e sebelisoang ke basali e ne e boetse e bonahala ho basali, empa e ne e sa tsejoe haholo, haholo-holo har'a barali ba basali.

15) Kamano pakeng tsa Hangata Litšoantšo Tsa Bootsoa Tšebeliso, Lits'ebeletso, le Boiketlo ba Botona le Botšehali pakeng tsa Bacha ba Bochabela Sweden (2017) - Litšoantšo tse litšila tse sebelisoang ke banna ba lilemo li 18 li ne li fumaneha hohle, 'me basebelisi ba litšoantšo tsa bootsoa khafetsa ba ne ba khetha litšoantšo tsa bootsoa tse thata. Na see se bontša ho eketseha ha tšebeliso ea litšoantšo tsa bootsoa?

Har'a basebelisi ba tloaelehileng, mofuta o tloaelehileng oa litšoantšo tse litšila tse tsosang takatso o ne o le boima haholo litšoantšo tsa bootsoa (71%) tse lateloang ke litšoantšo tsa bootsoa (64%), le hoja litšoantšo tse manyala tse hlephisang boitšoaro tse bonolo e ne e le mofuta o khethiloeng ka ho fetisisa (73%) le basebelisi ba nakoana (36% ). Hape ho ne ho e-na le phapang pakeng tsa lihlopha tse lekanang le ba shebellang litšoantšo tse tsosang takatso tsa bootsoa (71%, 48%, 10%) le litšoantšo tsa bootsoa tse mabifi (14%, 9%, 0%).

Bangoli ba bontša hore litšoantšo tse manyala tse hlephisang boitšoaro hangata li ka 'na tsa lebisa ho khethollang litšoantšo tsa bootsoa tse thata kapa tse mabifi:

Hape hoa hlokomeleha hore kamano ea bohlokoa e ikarabellang e fumanoe pakeng tsa ho nahana ka litšoantšo tse litšila tse tsosang takatso ka makhetlo a mangata ka beke le ho sheba litšoantšo tse tsosang takatso ea bootsoa. Kaha liketso tse litšila tse tsosang takatso ea ho kopanela liphate le tsa thobalano li tloaelehile haholo, seo bacha ba bangata ba neng ba nahana hore ke litšoantšo tse litšila tse tsosang takatso e ka 'nang ea hlalosoa e le boitšoaro bo bobe ba ho sheba litšoantšo tsa bootsoa Haeba ho joalo, 'me ka lebaka la tlhaho ea tlhaho ea ho kopanela liphate ho Peter le Valkenburg, ho ka etsahala hore ho e-na le ho' hloekisa 'batho litabeng tsa bona tsa maikutlo le tšekamelo ea liketso tsa thobalano, ho sheba litšoantšo tse tsosang takatso ea bootsoa ho ba matlafatsa, kahoo ba eketseha monyetla oa ho bonahatsa tlhekefetso ea thobalano.

16) Tšebeliso e sa laoleheng ea inthanete bakeng sa thobalano e le ho lemalla boitšoaro? Phuputso e tlang (e hlahisitsoeng Kopanong ea Machaba ea 4 ea Litlhare tsa Boitšoaro, Hlakola 20-22, 2017) eo hape e botsitseng ka kotloloho mabapi le mamello le ho tlohela. E fumanoe ka bobeli ho "lithethefatsi tsa bootsoa".

Taba le sepheo: Ho na le phehisano e tsoelang pele ebang boitšoaro bo feteletseng ba ho kopanela liphate bo lokela ho utloisisoa e le mokhoa oa ho lemalla boitšoaro (Karila, Wéry, Weistein et al., 2014). Thuto ea joale ea boleng e ikemiselitse ho hlahloba hore na ho sebelisoa ntle ho taolo ea inthanete ka morero oa ho kopanela liphate (OUISP) ho ka etsoa joang ka maikutlo a ho lemalla boitšoaro har'a batho ba neng ba le kalafo ka lebaka la OUISP ea bona.

Mekhoa: Re ile ra etsa lipuisano tse tebileng le barupeluoa ba 21 ba lilemo li 22-54 (Mage = lilemo tse 34.24). Ho sebelisa tlhahlobo e ts'oanang, litsi tsa matšoao tsa OUISP li ile tsa hlahlojoa ka mekhoa ea ho lemalla boitšoaro, ho tsepamisa maikutlo ho khethehileng ho mamellana le matšoao a ho tlohela (Griffiths, 2001).

Liphello: Boitšoaro bo bobe bo neng bo le bobebe bo ne bo sa sebelisoe ke litšoantšo tse manyala tse hlephisang boitšoaro Inthaneteng (OOPU). Ho haha ​​ho mamellana ho OOPU ho iponahatsa e le nako e ntseng e eketseha e sebelisitsoeng ho liwebsaete tsa bootsoa hammoho le ho batla litlhahiso tse ncha le tse ling tsa ho kopanela liphate ka har'a lipapali tse sa khelohang. Matšoao a ho tlohela a iponahatsa a le boemong ba kelello 'me a nka mokhoa oa ho batla lintho tse ling tsa thobalano. Barupeluoa ba leshome le metso e mehlano ba phethahatsa litekanyetso tsohle tsa tahi

Sephetho: Thuto e bontša molemo bakeng sa moralo oa ho lemalla boitšoaro

Kamora nako, mosebelisi oa litšoantšo tsa bootsoa "ea ts'oereng thobalano litabeng tsa bootsoa" ha a bonoe feela litlamong tse amanang le thobalano le kholo ea thobalano, empa o bonts'oa ke methapo ea kutlo (cue-reactivity, litakatso, qobello ea ho e sebelisa). Sensitization e fella ka ho "batla" ho eketsehileng kapa ho lakatsa ha ho rata kapa thabo ho fokotseha. Hona joale ho na le lithuto tsa 20 tse fanang ka maikutlo a ho susumetsa, litakatso, kapa ho kenella hape ho basebelisi ba litšoantšo tsa bootsoa: 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20.

SLIDE 8

Ho kopanela liphate ka nnete, ho fapana le, ke: Ho ratana, ho ama, ho ama, ho thothomela, lipheromone, ho tsosolosa ho matla, ho hokahanngoa maikutlong, ho sebelisana le motho. Ho etsahala'ng ha mohlankana oa rona a qetella a e-na le molekane oa sebele?

TŠEBELETSO EA SEHLOOHO:

Setsebi sena se pheha khang ea hore ho ipholla litho tsa botona le botšehali ka marang-rang a marang-rang ha ho tšoane le thobalano le molekane oa 'nete. Le ha mona e le ntho e tloaelehileng, mohopolo oa mantlha ke hore banna ba banyenyane ba sebelisang ho sheba litšoantšo tsa bootsoa ba ka tsosa takatso ea bona ea thobalano ho tsohle tse amanang le ts'ebeliso ea bona ea thobalano. Phapang pakeng tsa thobalano ea 'nete le ho ipholla litho tsa marang-rang tse litšila tse tsosang takatso ea botona le botšehali ke ntho ea bohlokoa e bakang likamano tse litšila tsa botona le botšehali tsa botona kapa botšehali tse amanang le thobalano (erectile dysfunction, anorgasmia, low libido, ejaculation ejacation), joalo ka ha ho shebane le li-slide tsa morao. Ts'ehetso ea mantlha e tsoa ho makholo a likete a litlaleho tsa boithati tse nkiloeng liforong tsa ho hlasimolla litšoantšo tsa bootsoa le liforomo tse sa amaneng le porno moo banna ba romelletseng ts'ebeliso ea litšoantšo tsa bootsoa tse amang ts'ebetso ea bona ea thobalano (lenane la liforamo tse joalo). Hape, liak'haonte tsena tse likete li tsamaellana le morekisi oa mafu a kelello Norman Doidge oa 2007 ea rekisang haholo, "Boko bo a Iphetola, ” e boetse e bontšitse hore ts'ebeliso ea porno ea inthanete e ka fetola template ea thobalano. Lintlha tse tšehetsang slide ena:

Seoa sa hona joale sa bootsoa se fana ka pontšo e hlakileng ea hore litakatso tsa thobalano li ka fumanoa. Litšoantšo tse manyala tse hlephisang boitšoaro, tse tsamaisoang ka marang-rang a Inthanete, li khotsofatsa e 'ngoe le e' ngoe ea lintho tse hlokahalang bakeng sa phetoho ea methapo ea pelo. …

Litšoantšo tse litšila tse tsosang takatso li bonahala eka ke taba ea tlhaho feela: litšoantšo tse hlalosang thobalano li baka likarabo tsa tlhaho, tse hlahisoang ke limilione tsa lilemo tsa ho iphetola ha lintho. Empa haeba seo e ne e le 'nete, litšoantšo tsa bootsoa li ne li ke ke tsa fetoha. Lintho tse ts'oanang, likarolo tsa 'mele le boholo ba tsona, tse ileng tsa ipiletsa ho baholo-holo ba rona li ne li tla re thabisa. Sena ke seo lifoto tsa litšoantšo tsa bootsoa li ka re lumellang ho li lumela, hobane li bolela hore li loantša khatello ea thobalano, meno le tšabo le hore sepheo sa bona ke ho lokolla tlhaho ea tlhaho ea ho kopanela liphate.

Empa ha e le hantle lintho tse litšila tse tsosang takatso ke phedisano ketsahalo e bonts'ang hantle tsoelo-pele ea tatso e fumanoeng. Lilemong tse XNUMX tse fetileng, "litšoantšo tsa bootsoa" tsa "hardcore" hangata li ne li bolela ho hlakile setšoantšo sa thobalano lipakeng tsa balekane ba babeli ba tsohileng, ho bonts'a litho tsa bona tsa botona le botšehali. "Softcore" e ne e bolela litšoantšo tsa basali, haholo-holo, betheng, ntloaneng ea bona, kapa maemong a mang a maikutlo a lerato, libakeng tse fapaneng tsa ho hlobola, matsoele a senotsoe.

Hona joale hardcore e fetohile 'me e ntse e laoloa haholo ke lihlooho tsa thobalano tse qobelloang, ho emisoa lifahlehong tsa basali, le thobalano e halefileng, kaofela li kenyelletsa mengolo e kopanyang thobalano le lehloeo le tlotlollo. Litšoantšo tse manyala tse hlephisang boitšoaro hona joale li hlahloba lefatše la boitšoaro bo hlephileng, athe softcore ke eona ntho e thata lilemong tse mashome a seng makae tse fetileng, thobalano e hlakileng lipakeng tsa batho ba baholo, e seng e fumaneha ho cable TV. Litšoantšo tse khahlisang tsa mehleng ea khale-basali ba libakeng tse fapaneng tsa ho hlobola — joale li hlahella mecheng ea litaba e tsebahalang letsatsi lohle, litšoantšong tse manyala tse hlephisang boitšoaro, ho kenyeletsoa le thelevishene, livideo tsa rock, lipale tse tsoelang pele, joalo-joalo.

Lit soant so tsa bootsoa li senola tse ling tsa marang-rang a pele a methapo a thehiloe nakong e mahlonoko ea kholo ea thobalano mme a kopanya likarolo tsohle tsa pele, tse lebetsoeng kapa tse hatelletsoeng ho etsa marang-rang a macha moo likarolo tsohle li hokahantsoeng hammoho. Liwebsaete tsa bootsoa li hlahisa li-catalog tsa li-kink tse tloaelehileng ebe li li kopanya hammoho litšoantšong. Nakoana hamorao mosireletsi o fumana motsoako oa 'molai o hatellang likonopo tsa hae tsa thobalano hang-hang. Ebe o matlafatsa marang-rang ka ho sheba litšoantšo khafetsa, ho ipholla litho tsa botona kapa botšehali, ho ntša dopamine le ho matlafatsa marang-rang ana. O thehile mofuta oa "bosodoma," libido e hahiloeng bocha e nang le metso e matla litakatsong tsa hae tsa thobalano. Hobane o lula a mamellana, monyaka oa ho qhekella ka thobalano o tlameha ho tlatsetsoa ka thabo ea tokollo e mabifi, 'me litšoantšo tsa thobalano le tse mabifi li ntse li tsoakana-ka hona keketseho ea lihlooho tsa sadomasochistic litšoantšong tsa bootsoa.

Ka tloaelo, ha ke ntse ke tšoara e mong oa banna bana ka bothata bo bong, o ne a tlaleha, hoo e batlang e le ka thōko le ka ho bua hampe, hore o iphumana a qeta nako e eketsehileng Inthaneteng, a sheba litšoantšo tsa bootsoa le ho ipholla litho tsa botona kapa botšehali. A ka 'na a leka ho kokobetsa bohloko ba hae ka ho tiisa hore motho e mong le e mong o entse joalo. Maemong a mang o ne a tla qala ka ho sheba a naga-a mofuta oa sebaka kapa setšoantšong se hlobotseng kapa sekotwana sa video seo motho e mong a mo rometseng sona joaloka lark. Maemong a mang o ne a etela sebaka se seng kotsi, ka papatso e bontšang maikutlo a hae a mo lebisang litsing tse kotsi, mme haufinyane o tla ts'oaroa. …

Ba bangata ba banna bana ba boetse ba tlaleha ntho e 'ngoe hape, hangata ha ba fetela, e ile ea nkela hloko. Ba ile ba tlaleha bothata bo eketsehileng ba ho fetisoa ke balekane ba bona ba thobalano, balekane ba bona kapa likharebe, le hoja ba ne ba ntse ba li nka li le motle. Ha ke botsa hore na ts'ebetso ena e na le kamano efe le ho shebella litšoantšo tsa bootsoa, ​​ba arabela hore e ile ea ba thusa hore ba thabe haholo nakong ea thobalano empa ha nako e ntse e e-na le phello e fapaneng. Hona joale, ho e-na le hore ba sebelise likelello tsa bona hore ba thabele ho robala, hona joale, le balekane ba bona, lerato la ho rata lerato le ne le ba hloka hore ba nahane hore e ne e le karolo ea litšoantšo tsa bootsoa. Ba bang ba ile ba leka ho susumetsa ba ratang ba bona hore ba itšoare joaloka linaleli tsa bootsoa, ​​'me ba ne ba ntse ba thahasella ho "fucking" ho fapana le "ho etsa lerato." Litakatso tsa bona tsa ho kopanela liphate li ne li atisa ho laoloa ke maemo ao ba neng ba e-na le' ona. bokooa, le litemana tsena tse ncha hangata li ne li le tsa khale ebile li le mabifi ho feta maikutlo a bona a pele a ho kopanela liphate. Ke ne ke e-na le maikutlo a hore bonono leha e le bofe ba botona kapa botšehali boo banna bana ba neng ba e-na le bona bo ne bo shoa le hore ba ne ba lemalla litšoantšo tsa bootsoa ba Internet.

Liphetoho tseo ke li boneng ha li felle feela ho batho ba 'maloa ba tsa kalafo. Phetoho ea sechaba e ea etsahala.

TŠEBELETSO E NTSENG:

Karolo ena e kholo e tsoang tlhahlobisong ea 2017 ea lingoliloeng, Litšoantšo tse manyala tse hlephisang boitšoaro, Thabo le likamano tsa botona le botšehali: Ho ea ho Hedonic Reinforcement Model ea Inthaneteng Inthaneteng Media Media Sebelisa, e pheha khang ea hore tšebeliso ea thobalano marang-rang (IPU) e ka lebisa ho khethoeng ka thobalano e kopaneng:

Hobaneng IPU e ka eketsa maikutlo a boithati, a hedonic sex?

Bohareng ba khopolo ea hore IPU e eketsa boits'oaro le boithati ba thobalano ke mohopolo oa hore IP, ka lebaka la thepa ea eona e ikhethang, e fetola matlafatso a amanang le thobalano e arohaneng. Batho ba etsa lipalo tsa boiteko bo hlokahalang ho fumana moputso o itseng (Green & Myerson, 2004; Kahneman, 2003). Ha moputso o nkuoa o tšoaneloa ke boiteko bo itseng, ho etsoa boiteko. Ha liphetoho ho karolelano ena li etsoa, ​​boits'oaro le sepheo li fetoha ka lebaka leo. Ha re khutlela mohlaleng oa rona o ts'oanang oa tlala le lijo, ho na le bopaki bo bongata ba hore liphetoho ho mofuta o putsang oa lijo li fetola boits'oaro bo bonoang habonolo boemong ba setso / sechaba. Keketseho ea lijo tse hlabosehang haholo ka mokhoa oa theko e tlase, "lijo tse se nang thuso" tse fumanehang habonolo e tlalehiloe hantle ho lingoliloeng (bona Monteiro, Moubarac, Cannon, Ng, & Popkin, 2013). Bongata ba lijo tse hlabosehang li amahanngoa le ts'ebeliso e ntseng e eketseha ea ts'ebeliso ea lijo tse joalo le ho fokotseha ha motho ka mong ts'ebelisong ea phepo e nepahetseng-empa e le theko e phahameng ebile e sa latsoehe - likhetho (Drewnowski & Specter, 2004; Hardin-Fanning & Rayens, 2015). Ka bokhutšoanyane, botumo ba lijo tse fumanehang habonolo le tse putsang haholo li bile le litlamorao tsa setso tseleng eo batho ba atamela lijo ka eona.

Ho ka etsahala hore ts'ebetso e ts'oanang e etsahale le IPU. Le ha thobalano e le mong (mohlala, IPU) le likamano tsa botona le botšehali ka bobeli li kenyelletsa maikutlo / ts'usumetso (mohlala, litšoantšo tse hlakileng tsa thobalano kapa molekane oa thobalano) le sepheo se hlakileng sa khotsofalo ea thobalano (mohlala, orgasm), mekhoa eo khotsofalo eo e fumanoang ka eona li fapane, ka thobalano e le 'ngoe e bontšang ka mokhoa o hlakileng mohato oa boithati (mohlala, ho ipholla litho tsa botona kapa botšehali). Le ha motho a ka nahana hore ho shebella IP kapa ho ipholla litho tsa botona kapa botšehali ha li khethoe haholo ha ho bapisoa le thobalano e arohaneng, bonolo le phihlello ea IP e ka etsa hore li hohele batho ba bang (mohlala, Wright, Sun, Steffen, & Tokunaga, 2017), joalo ka ha ho ka etsahala ponahalo le ho iketsetsa maemo a IP.

Habohlokoa, haeba mohopolo ona-hore IPU e bolela esale pele keketseho ea sepheo sa hau sa boithati le maiketsetso a thobalano- ke 'nete, e lokela ho totobala menahanong ea boits'oaro le boits'oaro bo amanang le IPU. Haholo-holo, re ka lebella ho fumana kamano lipakeng tsa IPU le maikutlo a shebaneng le boithabiso litabeng tsa thobalano, joalo ka ho bulela pepeneneng likamano tsa botona le botšehali le ho tsepamisa maikutlo likhethong tsa boithabiso. Re ka lebella hore IPU e amahanngoe le maikutlo a ho hlonepha kapa a bohlokoa a batho bao e ka bang balekane ba hau ba thobalano, kaha ho hanana le thobalano ka tlhaho ho tsepamisitse maikutlo ho bona le ho ithorisa, ho talima bao e tla ba balekane ba bona e le mokhoa oa ho fihlela sepheo (mohlala, monyaka oa thobalano) ho fapana le matsete a kamano (Wright & Tokunaga, 2016). Ho tla ba le mekhatlo e tla hatisa haholoanyane khotsofalo ea motho ka thobalano. Kamora nako, re ka lebella ho fumana hore IPU e amahanngoa le boits'oaro bo fapaneng le bo ka bang kotsi ba likamano tsa botona le botšehali le lithahasello tse khethehileng tsa thobalano tse sebeletsang ho ntlafatsa thabo ea motho ka thobalano.

Bopaki ba litlamorao tsa IPU ho susumetso ea thobalano

Re entse khopolo ea theoretical ea hore IPU e kanna ea amahanngoa le liphetoho lipuisanong tsa thobalano ea motho. Ka tlase, re batla ho sekaseka likhakanyo tsa boitšoaro tse tsebahalang tsa boitšoaro le liphetho tsa IPU e le ho lekola hore na li ts'ehetsa likamano tse kopaneng.

Ho itlosa bolutu ka ho kopanela liphate.

Bopaki bo bong bo totobetseng ba thobalano e tla ba keketseho ea boits'oaro bo sa reroang ba thobalano (mohlala, thobalano e sa reroang le balekane ba lumellanang). Boitšoaro bo hlephileng ba thobalano bo amahanngoa le sepheo sa ho batla menyaka (Garcia & Reiber, 2008; Kruger & Fisher, 2008; Sirin, McCreary, & Mahalik, 2004). Batho ba etsang thobalano e sa reroang hangata ba hlalosa lipheo tsa boithati e le eona tšusumetso ea mantlha ea likopano tse joalo (Armstrong & Reissing, 2015; Lyons, Manning, Longmore, & Giordano, 2014; Regan & Dreyer, 1999) mme hangata ba hana ka ho hlaka litšusumetso tsa thobalano e mabaka a likopano tse joalo (Lyons et al., 2014). Kahoo, boits'oaro bo sa reroang ba thobalano e kanna ea ba sesupo se matla sa hedonic kapa boits'oaro bo shebaneng le thobalano, haholoholo hara banna (Regan & Dreyer, 1999), leha basali ba boetse ba tlaleha tšusumetso ea likopano tse joalo (Lyons et al., 2014) .

Phuputsong ea phanele ea longitudinal ea bankakarolo ba General Social Survey (GSS) ba US (Wright, Tokunaga, & Bae, 2014), ho ile ha hlahlojoa lisampole tse peli ka lintlha tsa nako tse peli ho feta lilemo tse peli (Mohlala 1, N= 269, Mdilemo= 47.0, SD= 14.8, banna ba 37%, ba betliloeng ho 2006 le 2008; Mohlala 2, N= 282, Mdilemo= 49.9, SD= 14.0, banna ba 50.1%, ba betliloeng ho 2008 le 2010). Kamora nako, ts'ebeliso ea mecha ea phatlalatso e bonts'ang thobalano (e sa hlalosoang ka kotloloho joalo ka ts'ebeliso ea marang-rang feela) e ne e amahanngoa le keketseho ea ho lumella boitšoaro ba thobalano le maikutlo a bulehileng haholoanyane mabapi le boits'oaro ba thobalano bo kopanetsoeng. Haholo, mokhatlo ona o ile oa phehella, ka holimo le ka nqane ho maikutlo a motheo, o fana ka maikutlo a hore ts'ebeliso ea litšoantšo tse litšila tse tsosang takatso ke ponelo-pele ea maikutlo a joalo. Ntle le moo, sebopeho se ne se sa bonahale ka ho khutla (mohlala, ho pepeseha ntle le tšohanyetso ha se a ka sa bolela tšebeliso ea litšoantšo tsa bootsoa kamora nako), ho fana ka maikutlo a hore kamano pakeng tsa lintho tse peli ha e ratehe.

Liphumano tsena li boetse li fetela boits'oarong bo tšoanang. Litlhahlobo ho tsoa ho li-sampuli tsa boemeli ba naha (Kakaretso ea Sechaba sa Sechaba) li hokahisitse ts'ebeliso e eketsehileng ea lisebelisoa tsa thobalano le ho nka karolo haholoanyane liketsong tsa thobalano tse sa ts'oaneng ho feta ka nako (Wright, 2012). Haholo-holo, litloaelano tsena li ne li sa bonoe ka ho tjeka morao-rao: Tšebeliso ea litšoantšo tse litšila tse tsosang takatso ea ho sheba litšoantšo tsa bootsoa e ne e amahanngoa le ho ata ha batho ba kopanelang thobalanong le motho e mong, empa ho ba le likamano tsa botona le botšehali ho ne ho sa amane le tšebeliso e mpe ea ts'ebeliso ea litšoantšo tsa bootsoa. Le ha liphumano tsena li sa netefatse kamano e ikhethileng, pakeng tsa IPU le ho itlosa bolutu ka thobalano, li bonts'a hore keketseho ea IPU e etella pele ho nka karolo ho feta tekano boitshwarong bo bobe bo fetang nako ka nako. Kamano ena ea nakoana e lumellana le mohlala oa rona o bonts'ang hore IPU e lebisa keketseho e kholo ea sepheo le boitšoaro ba hedonic ba thobalano.

Bopaki bo tšehetsang khokahano pakeng tsa IPU le boitšoaro bo atileng ba ho ba le thobalano le bonahetse ho bacha. Thutong ea bacha lilemong tsa Amerika Boroa-Boroa (N = 967, 49.9% e motona, Mdilemo= 13.6, SD= 0.7) ts'ebeliso e kholo ea mecha ea phatlalatso e buang ka thobalano (5-point Command; ka makhetlo a fetang le le leng ka beke — le ka mohla) e ne e amahanngoa le likarolo tse amanang le thobalano le tumello e kholo ea boitšoaro bo hlephileng ba thobalano ho banna le basali (Brown & L'Engle, 2009). Habohlokoa le ho feta, ha e ne e hlahlojoa hape lilemo tse peli hamorao, IPU mothating oa mantlha e ne e amahanngoa le litloaelo tse tsoelang pele mabapi le tumello e kholo ea thobalano, le ho ba le seabo se seholo mekhoeng e fapaneng ea boits'oaro ba thobalano. Phuputso e joalo e fetisetsa lipatlisiso tse fetileng tse bonts'itseng hore IPU ke ponelopele ea maikutlo le ho nka karolo likamanong tsa thobalano tse sa itlameng ka ho bonts'a kamano ena lilemong tsa bocha.

Phuputsong ea likamano tsa "metsoalle e nang le melemo" (FWB) (Braithwaite, Aaron, Dowdle, Spjut, & Fincham, 2015), eo ho eona balekane ba kenang setsoalleng se seng le se seng se sa rateng ha ba ntse ba ratana, IPU e hlahile e le sebui se sa fetoheng sa boits'oaro bo sa itlameng ba thobalano. Ka ho khetheha, thutong ea likarolo tse fapa-fapaneng ea baithuti ba pele ho thuto ba Amerika (Study 1, N=850, banna ba 23%, Mdilemo=19.3, SD= 1.3), IPU (8-point ordinal; ha ho mohla — makhetlo a 'maloa ka letsatsi) e ne e amahanngoa le monyetla o moholo oa ho ba le kamano ea FWB, palo e kholo ea balekane bao motho a kileng a ba le kamano le bona, le moralo o moholo oa ho tsoela pele likamano tse joalo nakong e tlang. Ntle le moo, liphumano tsena li ne li phetoa ka kotloloho karohano (Study 2)N= 992, banna ba 30%, Mdilemo=19.5., SD =1.3) mohlaleng o mong oa baithuti ba pele, ka mekhatlo eohle e oelang kahare ho nako e lebelletsoeng ea kholiseho. Ha lipatlisiso tsena li ne li hlahlojoa ka nako e telele likhoeli tse tharo, kamano pakeng tsa likamano tsa IPU le FWB e ile ea boela ea ts'oaroa, mme e ne e le matla ho feta kamano e pakeng tsa mekhoa e mmedi, kamora ho lokisa botsitso ba likamano tsa FWB. Ka kopanelo, liphumano tsena li supa pheletsong ea hore IPU ke ntho e ikhethileng ebile e susumetsang e ka bang le tšusumetso ea ho ba le boits'oaro bo bobe ba thobalano.

Likamano lipakeng tsa IPU le boitšoaro bo hlephileng ba thobalano le tsona lia hlaha har'a baithuti ba koleche, bao hangata ho nahanoang hore boitšoaro bo hlephileng ba thobalano bo atile haholo (Garcia, Reiber, Massey, & Merriwether, 2012). Phuputsong ea moetlo oa "ho hokahana" litsing tsa koleche (Braithwaite, Coulson, Keddington, & Fincham, 2015), moo baithuti ba koleche ba kopanelang liphate ka nako e le 'ngoe le balekane ba sa rateng, likhokahano li ile tsa boela tsa fumanoa lipakeng tsa IPU ( Lintlha tse 8 tsa ordinal; ha ho mohla — makhetlo a 'maloa ka letsatsi) le boits'oaro bo bobe ba ho kopanela liphate. E sebelisa mehlala e ts'oanang le e hlalositsoeng kaholimo (Braithwaite, Aaron, et al., 2015), IPU e ne e amahanngoa le boitšoaro bo bobe ba ho kopanela likobo ka mokhoa oa hookups ka bobeli le karolo e telele. IPU e boletse esale pele menyetla ea ho kopanela hooping, palo ea balekane ba nakong e fetileng ea hooku, le monyetla oa ho etsa hookups nakong e tlang. Kahoo, ho na le bopaki ba hore IPU e bolela esale pele ka boitšoaro bo bobe ba ho kopanela likobo ka mefuta e mengata e fapaneng (mohlala, likamano tse sa sebetseng tsa FWB le likamano tsa thobalano tse sa itsoeng ka nako e le 'ngoe).

Ntle le liphumano tse qobelloang tse telele, ho na le tšehetso e tlatselletsang ea karolo ea maikutlo ea hore IPU e amana le keketseho ea boits'oaro bo bobe ba thobalano. Phuputsong e nang le likarolo tsa bacha ba baholo ba Amerika (N=813, banna ba 38%; Mdilemo=20, SD= 1.8), IPU (6-point ordinal; eseng, letsatsi le leng le le leng kapa hoo e ka bang letsatsi le leng le le leng) e ne e atisa ho tlalehoa ke banna le basali (haholo-holo har'a banna: 86.1% banna khahlanong le 31% ea basali) mme e amana hantle le ho amohela boitšoaro bo sa itlameng ba thobalano (Carroll et al., 2008). Ka mokhoa o ts'oanang, phuputsong ea bacha ba Amerika (Braun-Courville & Rojas, 2009; N= 433, basali ba 85%, Mdilemo= 18; SD= 2.1) IPU (4-point ordinal; ha ho na makhetlo a fetang a 10) e ne e amahanngoa le nalane e kholo ea likamano tsa botona le botšehali tse sa reroang le maikutlo a ho lumella ho ba le likamano tsa botona le botšehali nakong e tlang. Kamora nako, thutong e kholo ea likarolo tsa bacha ba maDutch (Peter & Valkenburg, 2009; N= 2,343, banna ba 51%; Mdilemo= 16.4, SD= 2.29), IPU (7-point ordinal; ha ho mohla-makhetlo a 'maloa ka letsatsi) e ne e amahanngoa le boits'oaro bo matla ba thobalano le kamohelo ea tlhahlobo ea thobalano e sa ikemiselitseng nakong e tlang.

Ntle le maemong a Bophirimela, liphumano tsena li ntse li tsoela pele. Phuputsong e arohaneng ea baithuti ba univesithi (N= 556; Basali ba 73.4%) sechabeng se nang le Mamoseleme se nang le melao e thata e khahlanong le litšoantšo tsa bootsoa (Indonesia; Hald & Mulya, 2013), IPU (index e lekantsoeng ea makhetlo le nako e sebelisitsoeng) e ne e le boits'oaro ba boits'oaro bo sa sebetseng ba thobalano le boitšoaro bo hlephileng ba thobalano. Haholo-holo, liphuputso tsena li ne li totobetse ho barupeluoa feela, leha ho se na phapang lipakeng tsa liketsahalo tsa banna le basali bakeng sa boits'oaro ba thobalano ka kakaretso. Ntle le moo, ka mohlala oa bacha ba Taiwan (N= 2,001; 50% e motona; Mdilemo= 15.6, SD= 0.9) o fumane hore ho pepesehela litšoantšo tsa bootsoa inthaneteng (Lo & Wei, 2005; 5-point ordinal scale; ha ho mohla-hoo e ka bang letsatsi le leng le le leng) e ne e amahanngoa le likarolo tse fapaneng tsa boits'oaro le boits'oaro (mohlala, thobalano e sa reroang). Kamora nako, tlhahlobisong ea likarolo tsa banna Hong Kong (Lam & Chan, 2007; N= 229, Mdilemo= 21.5, SD =1.8), IPU (4-point kemolo ea sekaelo; Le ka mohla-hangata) e ne e amana hantle le ho lumella boitšoaro ba thobalano le ho beleha ho etsa tlhekefetso ea thobalano.

Ka kopanelo, liphumano tsena li bonts'a hore ho na le monyetla oa ho ba le kamano lipakeng tsa IPU le maikutlo ka bobeli mabapi le ho etsa boitšoaro bo bobe ba ho kopanela likobo. Ntle le moo, ha ba fumana hore tse ngata tsa liphumano tsena ke tsa tlhaho le tsa naha ka bongata, li fana ka bopaki bo matla ba ho fihlela qeto ea hore IPU e bolela esale pele hore na ke mabaka afe a matla a amanang le thobalano.

Sepheo sa thobalano.

Bopaki bo bong ba tšusumetso ea IP ho boits'oaro ba thobalano le bohedonic bo ka fumanoa lipatlisisong tse amanang le IP le khanyetso ea thobalano. Khanyetso ea thobalano, ka tlhaho, e kenyelletsa ho nyenyefatsa boleng ba batho bao e tla ba balekane ba hau ba thobalano le pono ea bona e le lintho tsa boitlatsetso ba boithabiso (Fredrickson & Roberts, 1997). Sena ke 'nete haholo-holo ho banna ba ratanang le ba bong bo fapaneng, bao ho nyatsoang thobalano ho entsoeng lipatlisiso tsa bona (mohlala, Fredrickson & Roberts, 1997; Szymanski, Moffit, & Carr, 2010). Leha ho le joalo, banna le basali ba ka nka ba bang e le lintho tsa thobalano (Strelan & Hargreaves, 2005), mme, leha ba sa rutoe ho baahi ba LGBTQ, ho na le bopaki ba hore batho ba joalo le bona ba ka nyatsa bao e tla ba balekane ba bona (Wilson et al., 2009). Haeba motho a ka etsa thobalano e arohaneng ka tsela e ikhethileng le ea hedonic, ho ka etsahala hore motho a shebe bao e tla ba baratuoa ba hae ba thobalano e le lintho tsa thobalano tse ka fumanoang ka thabo e kholo ea thobalano (Wright & Tokunaga, 2015, 2016). Ka hona, sesupo se le seng sa kamano lipakeng tsa IPU le ts'usumetso e matla ea hedonic e ka ba keketseho ea khanyetso ea thobalano e amanang le ts'ebeliso e joalo.

Lingoliloeng tse hatisitsoeng tse mabapi le ts'ebeliso ea mecha ea phatlalatso ea thobalano le maikutlo mabapi le basali ka kakaretso li bonts'a hore ts'ebeliso ea mecha ea phatlalatso e amanang le thobalano e amahanngoa le kamohelo e kholo ea pefo ho basali (Allen, Emmers, Gebhardt, & Giery, 1995; Demare, Briere, & Lips, 1988; Hald, Malamuth, & Yuen, 2010), haholoholo hara banna ba seng ba ntse ba ikemiselitse ho etsa pefo ea thobalano (Malamuth, Hald, & Koss, 2012). Ho feta moo, boithutong ba meta-anaytic ba litlamorao tsa litšoantšo tsa bootsoa li sebelisa maikutlo a thobalano (Wright, Tokunaga, & Kraus, 2016), ts'ebeliso ea litšoantšo tsa bootsoa ho banna le basali e ne e amahanngoa le maikutlo a mabifi a ho kopanela liphate. Ho aha holim'a sena, thutong ea nako e telele ea bacha ba maDutch (N= 962, Range= 14-20; Peter & Valkenburg, 2009), IPU (lintlha tsa lintlha tse 7; ha ho mohla-makhetlo a 'maloa ka letsatsi) e boletse esale pele mehopolo e akaretsang ea basali e le lintho tsa thobalano hara banna le basali. Leha ho le joalo, ho ile ha hlokomeloa hore ke banna feela ba etsang maikutlo a joalo a basali joalo ka lintho tsa thobalano ebe ba bolela keketseho ea IPU. Ka bokhutšoanyane, bakeng sa barupeluoa ba banna, IPU e ne e hokahane ka nako e telele le khokahano e kholo ea thobalano ea basali, eo, ka lehlakoreng le leng e neng e hokahane le IPU e kholo.

Ho pepesetsoa litšoantšo tse manyala tse hlephisang boitšoaro ho boetse ho bontšitsoe ho bolela esale pele maikutlo a sa lumellaneng le thobalano ho basali lipatlisisong tsa liteko le likamano tse entsoeng le banna ba koetlisitsoeng United States (Wright & Tokunaga, 2015, 2016). Mohlala, ka mohlala oa banna ba pele ba sekolo (N= 133, Mdilemo= 20.91, SD= 1.84), bankakarolo bao hangata ba neng ba sa sebelise mecha ea phatlalatso e hlalosang thobalano le ba bontšitsoeng litšoantšo tsa dijithale tsa mabotho a bohareng a sebaka sa marang-rang se tummeng sa litšoantšo tsa bootsoa (ha ho bapisoa le batho ba bontšitsoeng litšoantšo tsa lipapali) ba tlalehile litakatso tse eketsehileng tsa thobalano e sa amaneng le botsoalle, Batho bao e tla ba balekane ba bona, le maikutlo a mang a basali e le lintho tsa thobalano molemong oa ho fumana monyaka (Wright & Tokunaga, 2015).

Ka hare ho naha, IPU (6-point ordinal; le ka mohla, letsatsi le letsatsi) ka ho khetheha e kopantsoe le basali ba khethang basali ba baithuti ba koleche (N= 476; Banna ba 40.3%, Mdilemo= 19.5, SD= 1.3) naheng ea Japane (Omori et al., 2011). Ka kopanelo, liphumano tsena li fana ka maikutlo a hore, haholo-holo bakeng sa banna ba bong bo fapaneng, IPU e aroloa ka mokhoa o ikhethileng, e ea nako e telele ebile e amana le keketseho ea boits'oaro ba botona le botšehali, e lumellanang le maikutlo a boithati le a manyane a ho etsa thobalano.

Likhetho tsa thobalano.

Keketseho ea ts'usumetso ea thobalano ea hedonic ka lebaka la IPU le eona e tla bonahala likhethong tsa motho ka mong tsa thobalano. Li-drive tsa Hedonic li tsejoa li amahanngoa le takatso ea mefuta e fapaneng le e ncha (Kashdan & Steger, 2007; Holbrook & Hirschman, 1982). Kutloisiso e ts'oanang e kanna ea sebelisoa le ho lithahasello tsa thobalano le litloaelo (tse tšohloang hamorao). Haholo-holo, keketseho ea li-drive tsa hedonic tsa thobalano le tsona li ka amahanngoa le keketseho ea likhetho tse ikhethileng, tsa lipale, tse fapaneng le tsa boithati.

Thutong e nang le sefapano (Morgan, 2011) ea baithuti ba koleche Leboea-bophirima (N=782, banna ba 41.7%, Mdilemo= 19.9, Range= 18-30), hangata IPU (10-point-ordinal; ha ho mohla-makhetlo a fetang le le leng ka letsatsi. Haholo, IPU e ne e le ponelopele e matla ea litakatso tse fapaneng tsa thobalano tse neng li atile ho feta nalane ea bophelo ba thobalano. Basebelisi ba kamehla ba ne ba tloaetse ho tlaleha takatso ea ho kopanela liketsong tse fapaneng tsa thobalano, le haeba pele ba ne ba sena boiphihlelo ka boitšoaro bo joalo. Ho fumana joalo ho bonts'a hore IPU e kanna ea susumetsa takatso ea thobalano le sepheo kapa hore batho ba tlalehang litakatso tse fapaneng tsa thobalano le bona ba bulehetse IP haholo.

Ho aha holim'a sena, thutong ea likarolo tse fapaneng (Sun, Bridges, Johnson, & Ezzell, 2016) ea banna ba pele ba sekolo (N= 479, Range= 18-29), IPU (8-point ordinal; ha ho mohla — letsatsi le letsatsi kapa hoo e ka bang letsatsi le letsatsi) e ne e amana haholo le litakatso tse fapaneng tsa thobalano le mangolo a tsamaisoang ka matla. IPU e boletse esale pele monyetla oa hore motho a kope liketso tse khethehileng tsa thobalano tse bonoang ho IP ho molekane oa nnete le monyetla oa hore litšoantšo tse ts'oanang tsa thobalano li ka kopanngoa le likamano tsa thobalano e le tlatsetso ea ho eketsa mofere-fere. Ka bokhutšoanyane, IPU e ne e amahanngoa le takatso ea ho nchafatsa kapa ho kenyelletsa se bonoang ke likamano tsa thobalano tse kopaneng.

Ka mokhoa o ts'oanang, ka mehlala ea marang-rang e sebelisang marang-rang (Marokho, Sun, Ezzell, & Johnson, 2016; N= 1,883; Banna ba 38.6%; Mdilemo= 22.6, SD= 8.0), IPU (8-point ordinal; ha ho mohla — letsatsi le letsatsi kapa hoo e ka bang letsatsi le letsatsi) e ne e amahanngoa le takatso ea ho leka litloaelo tse ikhethileng tsa thobalano tse atisang ho bonoa litšoantšong tsa bootsoa (mohlala, banna ba shapa balekane ba bona, ho tsoa sefahleho, ho kenella ka morao). Liphuputso tse tšoanang le tsona li bonoe liphuputsong tse fapaneng tsa banna ba Majeremane (Wright, Sun, Steffen, & Tokunaga, 2015; N= 384, Mdilemo= 32.1, SD= 9.1) le basali (Sun, Wright, & Steffen, 2017; N= 392, Mdilemo= 27.5, SD= 6.7), e nang le IPU (8-point ordinal; ha ho mohla — letsatsi le letsatsi kapa hoo e ka bang letsatsi le letsatsiBanna le basali ba amanang le takatso ea ho etsa thobalano. Ntle le moo, lithutong tsa bacha ba maDutch (Hald, Kuyper, Adam, & Wit, 2013; N= 4,600; Banna ba 30.5%; Range= 15-25), IPU (5-point ordinal; ha ho mohla-letsatsi le letsatsi) e ne e le ponelo-pele ea takatso ea ho ba le "thobalano e tšosang" bophelong ba 'nete (mohlala, balekane ba bangata ka nako e le' ngoe; ho kopana le balekane ba inthaneteng bakeng sa liphihlelo tsa nnete), leha ho na le lintlha tse ling tse hlalosang (mohlala, ho batla monyaka, thobalano. Litakatso tsa maikutlo, letsoalo, boitšepo, tumelo) li ne li laoloa.

Ka liteko ho boetse ho na le bopaki ba hore IPU e amahanngoa le ts'usumetso e matla ea thobalano ea hedonic. Mohlala, qalong ea taba ena (Mohlala, Zillman & Bryant, 1988a, 1988b), litšoantšo tse manyala tse hlephisang boitšoaro li sebelisoa ka kakaretso (ha se IP feela) e hokahantsoe le khetho e kholo ho tsa botona le botšehali, balekane ba bacha ba kopanelang liphate le ba sa itlameng ka thobalano. likamano. Mabapi le IP ka kotloloho, lits'ebetsong tsa liteko tse hlalositsoeng pejana (Wright & Tokunaga, 2015) li fumane hore ho pepesehela IP ho bolela esale pele lintho tse ling tse ratoang ke hedonistic, joalo ka balekane ba khahlehang. Ka kakaretso, liphuputso tse joalo li fana ka maikutlo a hore IP e kanna ea baka keketseho ea likhetho tsa thobalano tsa hedonic.

Liphetho tsena li ntlafalitsoe le ho feta liphuputsong tsohle tsa lipatlisiso le tsa boleng. Boemong bo arohaneng, liphuputso tse thehiloeng ho lipotso tsa liithuti tsa pele (N= 172; Banna ba 41%; Mdilemo= 21.3; Range= 18-34; Weinberg, Williams, Kleiner, & Irizarry, 2010), Ho pepeseha ha IP ho ne ho amahanngoa le ho buleha ho bulehileng liketsong tse fapaneng tsa thobalano, ho kenyeletsoa ho kopana ka thobalano, tšebeliso ea lisebelisoa tsa mochini (ke hore, lintho tsa ho bapala ka thobalano), ho buleha ho tsosa takatso ea thobalano, le takatso ea ho etsa thobalano le balekane ba bangata (ke hore, ho kopanela liphate ka tsela tse tharo). Haholo-holo, liphuputso tsena li ne li lumellana haholo bakeng sa banna le basali ba bong bo fapaneng. Ho feta moo, thutong e latelang, ea boleng bo phahameng le baithuti ba pele (N= 73, banna ba 26%; Weinberg et al., 2010), likarabo ho lipotso tse bulehileng tse bulehileng li bonts'itse likamano tse ts'oanang lipakeng tsa ho pepesetsoa IP le ho pepeseha liketsong tse fapaneng tsa thobalano. Likarabo tsa mahala tsa karabo tse tsoang ho banna le basali li bonts'itse kutloisiso ea mabaka mabapi le kamano lipakeng tsa IPU le litakatso tsa thobalano, ba hlokomela hore IP e ne e tloaetse boitšoaro bo fapaneng ba thobalano le ho ntlafatsa boikemisetso ba bona ba ho etsa boits'oaro bo joalo. Ka bokhutšoanyane, leha bongata ba lingoliloeng tse hokahanyang IPU le litakatso tsa botona le botšehali tse fetang tekano li aroloa, litlaleho tsa morao-rao li fana ka maikutlo a hore batho ba utloisisa lihokelo tse joalo ka tlhaho. Leha litheko tsa ho itlaleha ka tlaleho li tsebahala (Chan, 2009), bareki ba IP ba bonahala ba lumela hore ts'ebeliso ea bona e fetotse boitšoaro ba bona ka mekhoa ea hedonic, e fanang ka tšehetso ho mofuta oa rona.

Kotsi ea ho Kopanela Liphate.

Liphuputso tse amanang le ts'ebeliso ea litšoantšo tsa bootsoa le boits'oaro ba likamano tsa botona le botšehali le tsona li ka supa boikemisetso ba boithati le boits'oaro, hobane boits'oaro bo kotsi ba thobalano hangata bo susumetsoa ke takatso ea monyaka oa thobalano oa nakoana ntle le ho tsotella litlamorao tse ka bang teng (Cooper et al., 1998) . Ka hedonism e kholo, batho ba na le monyetla oa ho ipeha kotsing ea ho natefeloa (Broadbeck, Vilén, Bachmann, Znoj, & Alasker, 2010; O'Leary et al., 2005). Kahoo, likhokahanyo lipakeng tsa IPU le ho ipeha kotsing ea thobalano li ka qotsoa e le bopaki bo bong ba kamano pakeng tsa IPU le matlafatso ea hedonic.

Nako e telele, liphetho tse tsoang ho moemeli oa naha, 2008, tlhahlobo ea likarolo tse peli tsa batho ba baholo (N = 833) le bacha (N= 1,445) Holland (Peter & Valkenburg, 2011b) o khothalelitse hore, ho batho ba baholo le bacha, IPU (7-point ordinal; ha ho mohla — makhetlo a 'maloa ka letsatsi) e ne e amahanngoa le ho nka kotsi e kholo ea thobalano. Ka tsela e fapaneng, ka har'a mehlala ena ka bobeli, ho ne ho e-na le khokahano e nyane lipakeng tsa IPU le litloaelo tse sa sireletsehileng tsa thobalano (ke ho re, thobalano e sa sireletsehang). Ka nako ea likhoeli tse tšeletseng, IPU e ne e sa kopane le boitšoaro bo kotsi ba thobalano ho batho ba lilemong tsa bocha, empa e ne e le ponelo-pele ea boits'oaro bo kotsi ho batho ba baholo, kaholimo le ka ts'usumetso ea bosholu ba boitšoaro ba thobalano. Ho kenyelletsa moo, ha ho kamano ea boiphetetso e fumanoeng (ke hore, boitšoaro bo kotsi ba thobalano e sa kang ea bolela esale pele IPU ka nako), a fana ka tlhahiso ea hore IPU e kanna ea khanna ho eketseha ha boitšoaro bo bobe ba thobalano, empa eseng bo fapaneng.

Phuputsong ea banna ba Amerika ba robalang le banna (N=149), mokhatlo o tsebahalang lipakeng tsa IPU le boits'oaro bo kotsi ba thobalano bo fumanoe (Eaton, Kaine, Mopapa, Garcia, & Cherry, 2012). Ka ho khetheha, ho mohlala oa banna ba se nang tšoaetso ea HIV ba nkang karolo ho kenella ho fokotsa likotsi, IPU (ts'ebeliso ea beke le beke ka metsotso; lintlha tse 8 tsa lintlha; Metsotso ea 0 — metsotso ea 180 kapa ho feta) e ne e amahanngoa le monyetla o moholo oa ho ba le thobalano e sa sireletsehang haufinyane le palo e kholo ea balekane ba neng ba etsa thobalano e sa sireletsehang le bona. Ntle le moo, IPU e ne e amahantsoe le tšebeliso e kholo ea lithethefatsi (mothetsi ea ka bang teng ea boitšoaro bo kotsi ba thobalano; Cooper, 2002) le phokotso ea tekanyetso ea kotsi ea tšoaetso ea HIV.

Thutong e kholo, e nang le likarolo tse ngata tsa banna ba sa nyalanang ba robalang le banna (N= 751; E bohareng Age = 32; Range= 18-68), ho ne ho e-na le kamano e ntle lipakeng tsa ho shebella boitšoaro bo kotsi ba thobalano ho IP le ho nka karolo bophelong ba 'nete mekhoeng e joalo e kotsi ea thobalano (Stein, Silvera, Hagerty, & Marmor, 2012). Haholo-holo, banna ba tlalehileng hore ba bone likamano tsa botona le botšehali tse sa sireletsoeng ho IP le bona ba na le monyetla oa ho amohela boits'oaro bo joalo liketsong tsa bona tsa thobalano.

Haha molemong oa liphumano tsena, thutong e tšoanelehang ea banna ba etsang thobalano le banna (N= 79; Mdilemo= ha e tlalehiloe), lipuisano tse hlophisitsoeng li senotse mekhoa e meraro eo IPU e ka lebisang ho boitšoaro ba thobalano ba ho tsofala (Wilkerson et al., 2012). Haholo-holo, mekhoa ea ho ngola litaba ka mokhoa o hlakileng e sebelisang mekhoa e tloaelehileng (mohlala, software e tloaelehileng ea ho ngola litefiso, baqolotsi ba bangata ba litaba, tlhahlobo ea boleng, le ho se sutumetse le barupeluoa) e senotse hore monyetla oa hore boitšoaro ba thobalano kapa tloaelo e kotsi ea thobalano e pakiloeng ho IP e ka lebisa bophelong ba boits'oaro ba thobalano. e ne e le ts'ebetso ea batho ba nkang karolo ha ba shebelletse IP e itseng, maikutlo a bona a thabo ka ho shebella IP, le ho fumaneha le boikemisetso ba molekane ea tšepahalang ba ho kopanela ho IP. Ha barupeluoa ba fumana liketso tse bontšitsoeng ho IP lia hlasimolla ebile li le monate (chebahalong), mme ha molekane ea tšepahalang oa thobalano a le teng, boitšoaro ba thobalano bo tlalehiloeng bo ka etsahala.

Thutong e akaretsang ea bacha ba New York City (N= 433; 85% basali; Mdilemo= 18, SD= 2.1, Range = 12-22), IPU (4-point ordinal; ha ho na makhetlo a fetang a 10) e ne e amahanngoa le mekhoa e fapaneng e fapaneng ea boits'oaro ba thobalano (Braun-Courville & Rojas, 2009). Haholo-holo, IPU e ne e amahanngoa le makhetlo a mangata a thobalano, balekane ba bophelo bohle, balekane ba bangata likhoeling tse tharo tse fetileng, monyetla o moholo oa ho sebelisa joala kapa lintho tse seng molaong nakong ea thobalano, monyetla o moholo oa ho ba le thobalano ea ka morao, le likotsi tsa thobalano ka kakaretso . Ha ho mokhatlo o fumanoeng lipakeng tsa IPU le ts'ebeliso ea likhohlopo. Leha ho le joalo, lipatlisiso tsa likarolo tse fapaneng (mohlala, Wright, Tokunaga, & Kraus, 2016; Study 1, N= 310, banna ba 54.5%; Mdilemo= 20.4, SD= 1.8; Ithute 2, N= 418, basali ba 78.7%; Mdilemo= 21.2, SD= 2.8) e fumane hore tšebeliso ea litšoantšo tsa bootsoa (hangata IP) e ne e amahanngoa le tšebeliso e fokolang ea likhohlopo nakong ea thobalano le litekanyetso tse tlase tsa ts'ebeliso ea likhohlopo tsa lithaka (ke hore, ho lumela hore ts'ebeliso ea likhohlopo hangata e sa tloaelehang).

Liphumano tsena li fumaneha ho feta maemong a Bophirima. Thutong e kholo ea baithuti ba kolecheng Chaena (N= 19,123; 48.7% e motona, Mdilemo= 20.8, SD =1.5), IPU (tekanyo e sa hlalosoang) e ne e amahanngoa le boits'oaro bo bongata ba thobalano le litloaelo tse ka nkoang li le kotsi (Sun et al., 2013). Haholo-holo ho banna le basali IPU e ne e amahanngoa le maikutlo a nepahetseng ka boitšoaro bo kotsi ba thobalano bo kang ho se sebelise likhohlopo. Ka mokhoa o tšoanang, phuputsong e kholo ea basebetsi ba banna ba falletseng India (N=11,219, banna ba 100%, Mdilemo= 26.6, SD= 5.5), ho shebella livideo tsa bootsoa ka kakaretso ho ne ho amahanngoa le monyetla o moholo oa ho etsa thobalano e lefuoang, boiphihlelo ba mafu a likobo le ts'ebeliso e sa lumellaneng ea likhohlopo (Mahapatra & Saggurti, 2014).

Ntle le mehlala e bonolo ea maemo, liphetho tsena li boetse li bonahala liphuputsong tse emelang naha ka bophara. Mabapi le IPU ka kotloloho, litlhahlobong tse ipapisitseng le 2000, 2002, le 2004 General Social Surveys (Wright & Randall, 2012), bankakarolo ba banna (N= 1,079; Mdilemo= 14.2; SD= 14.1) ea amohetseng ho shebella IP (4-point ordinal, matsatsi a 30 a fetileng; ha ho mohla — makhetlo a fetang a mahlanoE boetse e khothalelitse mefuta e meng e fapaneng ea likamano tsa botona le botšehali e kotsi e kenyeletsang ho ba le baratuoa ba bangata, ho etsa thobalano le batho bao e seng litho tsa bona le ho lefella thobalano. Liphuputso tsa basali ka nako e ts'oanang (2000-2004) li fumane hore basali ba amohelang IPU ba na le monyetla oa ho tlaleha ho ba le baratuoa ba bangata ba thobalano (Wright & Arroyo, 2013). Ho khahlisang ke hore ho banna, ho ne ho se na kamano lipakeng tsa IPU le ts'ebeliso ea likhohlopo (Wright & Randall, 2012), metric eo hangata e sebelisoang e le letšoao la litloaelo tsa thobalano tse bolokehileng (Albarracin, Johnson, Fishbein, & Muellerleile, 2001). Ka mokhoa o ts'oanang, tlhahlobisong ea lilemo tse fetang 37 tsa tlhaiso-leseling e tsoang ho GSS (1973-2010; Wright, 2013a), litšoantšo tse manyala tse hlephisang boitšoaro li sebelisa ka kakaretso-eseng IP feela - ho banna ho ne ho amahanngoa le balekane ba bangata ba thobalano nakong ea bophelo le monyetla o moholo oa ho kopa kapa o lefelletsoe ho kopanela liphate. Litlhahlobo tsa tšebeliso ea basali ea litšoantšo tse manyala tse hlephisang boitšoaro ho GSS ka nako e ts'oanang (1973-2010) li fumane hore basali ba sebelisang litšoantšo tse manyala tse hlephisang boitšoaro le bona ba na le monyetla oa ho tlaleha ho etsa thobalano kantle ho lenyalo, ho lefa thobalano le ho ba le baratuoa ba bangata ba thobalano (Wright, Bae, & Funk, 2013).

Mefuta e ts'oanang e boetse ea bonoa mabapi le ts'ebeliso ea lithethefatsi nakong ea thobalano le ts'ebeliso ea likhohlopo nakong ea thobalano (Braithwaite, Givens, Brown, & Fincham, 2015). Thutong ea likarolo tse fapaneng ea baithuti ba koleche (N = 1216; 37% banna; Banna-Mdilemo=19.6, SD =1.4; Basali-Mdilemo= 19.2, SD= 1.15), IPU (8-point ordinal; ha ho mohla — makhetlo a 'maloa ka letsatsi) e ne e amahanngoa le botaoa nakong ea likamano tsa thobalano tse sa kopanoang, mme banna ba bonts'a ka mokhoa o hlakileng mokhoa oa IPU o moholo o amanang le botaoa bo bongata. Ntle le moo, e ne e boetse e amahanngoa le ts'oaetso e phahameng ea batho ba sa kopaneng ea thobalano (mohlala, ho se na khohlopo) e kopanetsoeng ea ho kopanela likobo nakong eo e tahiloeng.

Ho fapana le se fumanoeng ka holimo, liphumano tse kenyelletsang mehlala e tsoang linaheng tse ling li sa kholise ho khetholla kamano lipakeng tsa IPU le boits'oaro bo bobe ba thobalano. Thutong ea bacha ba marang-rang ba Switzerland ba sebelisang marang-rang (N=7,458, 51.5% e motona; Luder et al., 2011), ho ne ho se mekhatlo e fumanoeng lipakeng tsa ho pepesetsoa IP (ka boomo kapa ka boomo) le boits'oaro bo kotsing ba ho etsa thobalano ho barupeluoa ba batona kapa ba basali, ntle le ts'ebeliso ea likhohlopo har'a ba batona. Bakeng sa banna, ho pepesetsoa ka boomo IP ho ne ho amana le monyetla o fokotsoeng oa ho sebelisa khohlopo nakong ea thobalano e neng e sa tsoa feta. Ka mokhoa o ts'oanang, phuputsong e hlalositsoeng pele ea bacha ba baholo ba Croatia (N= 1,005), ho ne ho boetse ho e-na le likhokahanyo tse sa hlakileng pakeng tsa IPU le boitšoaro bo kotsi ba thobalano (Sinkovic et al., 2013). Ka har'a mohlala ona, khafetsa IPU le bohlokoa ba hau ba IPU e ne e se baphethahatsi ba boits'oaro bo kotsi ba thobalano. Leha ho le joalo, botsofaling ba ho qala ho pepesetsoa IP e ne e le ntho ea bohlokoa, empa e fokola, e bonts'a kotsi ea ho ts'oaroa ka thobalano, lilemong tsa pejana tsa ho pepesetsoa ho amahanngoa le ho beha kotsing e kholo. Lithuto tsena tse peli li supa karohano ea bohlokoa ho lingoliloeng tse hlalositsoeng pele tse amanang le IPU le kotsi e kholo ea ho etsa thobalano. Leha ho le joalo, ha ho nahanoa hore lithuto tsena tse peli li etsahetse har'a bacha le batho ba baholo ba linaha tse peli tsa Europe mme li emetse likarolo tse peli tse arohaneng ho tsoa 'meleng o hlakileng le o qobellang oa lipatlisiso tse telele le tsa tšusumetso, re le lesisitheho ho hakanya ka semelo sa liphapang. Ntle le moo, lintlha tse amanang le bacha ba Switzerland (Luder et al., 2011) li ile tsa bokelloa 2002, e bolelang esale pele phatlalatso ea lits'ebeletso tsa litšoantšo tsa bootsoa tse lumellang bocha le mefuta e fapaneng ea IP e hlalositsoeng pele.

Ka kakaretso, liphuputsong tse 'maloa ho sebelisoa mehlala le mekhoa e fapaneng, IPU e bonahala e tsitsitse, e le hantle e amana le boits'oaro bo kotsi ba thobalano. Le ha ho fumanoe liphuputso tse sa hlakang (mohlala, Sinkovic et al., 2013; Luder et al., 2011) liphuputso tse ngata li fumana mekhatlo e nepahetseng le e bonelang pele lipakeng tsa IPU le likotsi tsa thobalano. Ha ho fanoa ka bopaki bona, mohlomong ha ho makatse hore ebe litlhahlobo tse fetileng tse hlophisitsoeng li phethile ka tsela e ts'oanang hore ho na le kamano e ntle, e ntle lipakeng tsa ts'ebeliso ea litaba tsa thobalano le boits'oaro bo kotsi ba thobalano (Harkness, Mullan, & Blaszcynski, 2015) le hore sena Khokahano e kanna ea ba ea tlhaho.

Ho Fokotsa Tekanyetso.

Kamora nako, haeba IPU e ne e ka amahanngoa le liphetoho molemong oa thobalano ho li-drive tsa hedonic le tsa boithati, re ka lebella ho fumana hore ho na le liphetoho tsa mantlha ho itlhophiseng ha hedonic. Re kile ra pheha khang ea hore sebopeho se fumanehang hanghang le se fumanehang habonolo sa IPU se matlafatsa khotsofalo ea hanghang ea takatso le thobalano. Hape ho na le bopaki ba hore ts'ebeliso e joalo e ka susumetsa bokhoni ba batho ba ho liehisa khotsofalo ka kakaretso (Negash, Sheppard, Lambert, & Fincham, 2016). Thutong ea nako e telele ea baithuti ba koleche (N= 123, banna ba 32, basali ba 91; Age Median = 20, Range = 18-27), IPU e ne e amahanngoa le tekanyo e kholo ea ho theola moputso oa nako e tlang (Negash et al., 2016, Study 1). Liphumano tsena li ile tsa lekoa le ho feta litekong tse fokolang tsa tlhahlobo ea bareki ba tloaelehileng ba IP (Negash et al., 2016, Study 2; N= 37; Banna ba 24, basali ba 13). Thutong ena, barupeluoa ba 16 ba ile ba abeloa ka mokhoa o sa khetholloang ho hana ho IPU bakeng sa libeke tse tharo, mme 21 e setseng e ile ea botsoa hore e hane ho ja lijo tseo ba li ratang ka libeke tse tharo. Kamora nako ea ho ithuta, ba neng ba ithibile ho IPU ba bonts'itse theolelo ea ho liehisa (ke hore, bokhoni bo eketsehang ba ho khetha meputso e meholo, ea nako e tlang, phello e leka-lekaneng, karolo e itseng2= .11) bapisoa le ba ileng ba tlohela lijo tseo ba li ratang haholo. Liphumano tsena tsa pele li supa khokahanong e ka bang teng pakeng tsa IPU le ho liehisoa ha theolelo ka kakaretso.

Haufinyane thutong ea liteko tsa baithuti ba koleche ea Taiwan (Cheng & Chiou, 2017; Study 1, N= 122, banna ba 51%, Mdilemo= 20.9, SD= 1.5), ho pepesetsoa IP ho ne ho boetse ho amahanngoa le theolelo ea ho lieha. Haholo, ha ho bapisoa le taolo, batho ba pepesetsoeng litšoantšo tsa marang-rang tse nang le thobalano ba ne ba khona ho theola boleng ba meputso ea nako e tlang molemong oa meputso e menyenyane, hang-hang, hape ba bonts'a mokhoa oo IPU e ka amanang le ona le mabaka a eketsehileng a hedonic.

Kakaretso ea Melemo ea ho Kopanela Liphate tsa Hedonic

Karolong ea ho qetela ea mohlala ona o khothalletsoang, IP e susumetsa takatso ea thobalano, maikutlo le boits'oaro ka ho tiisa ka matla takatso ea thobalano ea hedonic. Ka ho susumetsa boleng bo matlafatsang ba meputso ea thobalano, IP e fetola tsela eo bareki ba tlang liketsong tsa thobalano maemong a le mong le a kopaneng. Bopaki ba phetoho ena bo bonoa libakeng tse fapaneng.

IPU e amahanngoa le maikutlo a lumellehang ho tsa thobalano le batho ba bangata ba kopanelang thobalanong, bao ka bobeli ba tsebahalang ba susumetsehile haholo. Basebelisi ba IPU ba na le menyetla ea ho khotsofatsa takatso ea ho ba le thobalano le balekane ba bona, ba ba talime e le lisebelisoa tsa boithabiso. Basebelisi ba IP le bona ba kanna ba tlaleha sepheo le likhetho tsa botona le botšehali tseo ba reng ke IPU ea bona, ba fana ka maikutlo a hore IPU e lebisa ho litakatso tsa botona le botšehali tsa hedonic. IPU ka tsela e ikemetseng le nako e telele e bolela esale pele ho nka likotsi tsa thobalano, e leng tšebeliso e 'ngoe ea thobalano e shebiloeng ke thobalano. Kamora nako, bareki ba IP ba bonts'a mekhoa e meholo ea ho khetha meputso e nyane hang hang, ho fapana le bokamoso, meputso e meholo (ke hore, theolelo ea ho lieha). Ka kopanelo, liphumano tsena li lumellana le tšibollo ea hore IPU e khanna ho eketseha hoa sepheo sa boithati ba ho ithatela. Qetellong, ka lebaka la hore bongata ba likhokahano tsena ke tsa nako e telele 'me tse ling ke liteko, liphetho tsena li fana ka maikutlo a kutloisiso ea IPU e le sesosa sa ho eketsa takatso ea thobalano ea hedonic.

Ho tsoa ho ntlafatso ea Norman Doidge e phatlalalitsoeng koranteng e hlahlojoang ke lithaka: Ho Kopanela Liphate Boineng: Sefepali sa Brain se Ruta ka Internet Porn (2014), mona ke lintlha tse 'maloa tse hlalosang kamoo litšoantšo tsa bootsoa li sebelisang litakatso tsa botona le botšehali, haholo-holo linakong tse mahlonoko tsa nts'etsopele:

Empa ntlha ea mantlha ke hore linakong tsa rona tse mahlonoko re ka ba le litakatso tsa thobalano le maikutlo a lerato a hohelang ka kelellong tsa rona mme a ka ba le tšusumetso e matla bophelo bohle ba rona. 'Me taba ea hore re ka ba le litakatso tse fapaneng tsa thobalano e kenya letsoho ho phapang e kholo ea thobalano lipakeng tsa rona.

Taba ea hore nako e mahlonoko e thusa ho theha takatso ea thobalano ho batho ba baholo e hanana le taba ea hona joale e tsebahalang ea hore se re hohelang ha se sehlahisoa sa nalane ea rona, empa ke phello ea bioloji ea rona e tloaelehileng. Mohlala le linaleli tsa libaesekopo - ka mohlala - li nkuoa hohle e le tse ntle kapa tse boreleli hohle. Karolo e itseng ea bioloji e re ruta hore batho ba bang ba hohela hobane ba bonts'a matšoao a tlholeho, a ts'episang tsoalo le matla: khanya e hlakileng le likarolo tse hlakileng li bolela hore motho eo e tla ba molekane oa hae o lokolohile maloetseng; lipalo tsa hora e tšebetso ke sesupo sa hore mosali o emere; mesifa ea monna e bolela esale pele hore o tla khona ho sireletsa mosali le bana ba hae.

"Litumelo tse fumanoeng" ke litlhaloso tse ithutoang, ho fapana le "litatso", tse tsoaletsoeng. Lesea ha lea lokela ho rata tatso ea lebese, metsi kapa liswiti; tsena hang-hang li nkoa li le monate. Litatso tse fumanoeng li fumaneha qalong ka ho se tsotelle kapa ho se rate empa hamorao lia fetoha monate - monko oa chisi, li-bitters tsa Mataliana, veine e omeletseng, kofi, li-pâtés, leino la moroto ka monoaneng o halikiloeng. Lijo tse ngata tse monate tseo batho ba li lefellang haholo, tseo ba tlamehang ho “hlaolela tatso ea”, ke tsona lijo tse ba nyefotseng joalo ka bana.

Linakong tsa Elizabetha baratuoa ba ne ba khahloa ke monko oa 'mele oa bona hoo e neng e le ntho e tloaelehileng hore mosali a boloke apole ea hae letsohong ho fihlela e mo amoha mofufutso le monko. O ne a ka fa "moriana ona oa lerato" ho moratuoa oa hae hore a mo sutumetse ha a le sieo. Ka lehlakoreng le leng, rona re sebelisa litlolo tse ntle tsa litholoana le lipalesa ho koala monko oa 'mele oa rona ho barati ba rona. Litakatso tse ngata tseo re nahanang hore ke tsa "tlhaho" li fumaneha ka ho ithuta ebe li fetoha "tlhaho ea bobeli" ho rona. Ha re khone ho khetholla "sebopeho sa rona sa bobeli" ho tloha "sebopehong sa rona sa pele" hobane likelello tsa rona tsa "neuroplastic", hang ha li entsoe hape, li ba le mofuta o mocha, o mong le o mong o tšoanang le oa tlhaho ea rona.

Litšoantšo tse litšila tse tsosang takatso li shebahala e le taba ea tlhaho, 'me ho ka bonahala eka ha ho na letho le fumanoeng ka hona; litšoantšo tse tsosang takatso ea botona kapa botšehali, tsa batho ba maemong a bona a tlhaho, bohlola, likarabo tsa tlhaho, tse hlahisitsoeng ke limilione tsa lilemo tsa ho iphetola hoa lintho. Ho feta moo, thahasello ea monna e motona ho balekane ba fapaneng, e bitsoang "The Coolidge athari", e bonahala e le karolo ea lefa la rona la ho iphetola ha lintho. Empa ha feela ho ne ho le teng ho eona, litšoantšo tsa bootsoa li ka be li sa fetohe, ntle le hore banna ba ka batla balekane ba bacha. Lisosa tse tšoanang, likarolo tsa 'mele le boholo ba tsona, tse ipiletsang ho baholo-holo ba rona li ka re thabisa. Sena ke seo litšoantšo tsa bootsoa li ka hlokang hore re se lumele, hobane ba re ba loants'a khatello ea thobalano, taboo le tšabo, le hore sepheo sa bona ke ho lokolla tlhaho ea tlhaho ea thobalano.

Empa ha e le hantle litaba tsa litšoantšo tsa bootsoa ke ntho e matla e bonts'ang pele tsoelo-pele ea tatso e fumanoeng.

Ha e le lipolelo tsa ka tse mabapi le "li-pheromone" kapa monko o monate feela, resaerch e ncha ea nkhothatsa: "Lik'hemik'hale tsa thobalano: Bopaki ba hore banna ba sebetsa lipontšo tsa litlolo tsa botona le botšehali tsa basali".

SLIDE 9

Hantle, bafuputsi ha ba tsebe haholo ka litlamorao tsa litšoantšo tsa bootsoa inthaneteng - ka mabaka a 'maloa. Ka 2009 ha Lajeunesse a leka ho ithuta tšusumetso ea litšoantšo tsa bootsoa ho basebelisi, ha a ka a fumana banna ba lilemong tsa koleche ba sa e sebeliseng. Kahoo, bothata ba pele bo tebileng ke hore lithuto ha li na lihlopha tsa taolo. Sena se baka letheba le leholo le foufetseng. Nahana haeba bashanyana bohle ba ka qala ho tsuba haholo ba le lilemo li 10 - 'me ho ne ho se na lihlopha tse sa tsubeng. Re ka nahana hore mofetše oa matšoafo o tloaelehile ho bashanyana.

TŠEBELETSO EA SEHLOOHO:

Sengoloa sa mantlha sa Science Daily, moo Lajeunesse a reng ha a fumane banna ba lilemong tsa koleche ba sa e sebeliseng.

TŠEBELETSO E NTSENG:

1) Sena Phuputso ea 2017 mabapi le lilemo tsa Australia 15-29 e fumane hore banna ba 100% ba ne ba shebelletse porno. E boetse e tlaleha hore ho shebella litšoantšo tsa bootsoa khafetsa ho tsamaisana le mathata a bophelo bo botle ba kelello.

2) Patlisiso ena ea 2017 ea Sweden e tlalehile hore 98% ea banna ba lilemo li 18 ba ne ba shebelletse litšoantšo tsa bootsoa (Kamano lipakeng tsa tloaelo ea ho sebelisa litšoantšo tsa bootsoa khafetsa, boitšoaro ba batho ba bang le thobalano ho batho ba baholo ba banna ba Sweden).

SLIDE 10

A sa tšabe ho haelloa ke batho bao e seng basebelisi, Lajeunesse o ile a botsa baithuti ba banna ba 20 - "Na litšoantšo tsa bootsoa tsa inthanete lia u ama kapa li ama maikutlo a hau ka basali?" Karabo ea bona ke efe? “Nah, ha ke kholoe ke eona.” Empa haesale ba ntse ba e sebelisa ka lilemo tse ka bang leshome… ntle le ho ema. Sena se tšoana le ho botsa tlhapi hore na e nahana eng ka metsi.

TŠEBELETSO EA SEHLOOHO:

Sengoloa sa mantlha sa Science Daily, moo Lajeunesse a reng "Na litšoantšo tse litšila tse tsosang takatso ea Inthanete lia u ama kapa li ama maikutlo a hau ka basali?"

Ho 2012 ho bile le bopaki bo bongata ba bopaki ba hore maikutlo a banna mabapi le basali a fetoha kamora ho felisoa ha litšoantšo tsa bootsoa (maqephe a litlaleho tse joalo a mona: Barekisi ba Ileng ba Sebelisa Litšoantšo Tsa Bootsoa. Ntle le moo, ho fana ka bopaki bo matla ka nako eo ho tlalehiloe khokahano lipakeng tsa tšebeliso ea litšoantšo tse litšila tse tsosang takatso ka boitšoaro bo bobe ho basali. Ka mohlala:

1) Litšoantšo tsa bootsoa le maikutlo a ts'ehetsang tlhekefetso khahlanong le Basali: Ho tsosolosa kamano ea likamano le maemo a sa tšoaneng (2010) - Tlhahlobo ea lingoliloeng. Khethollo:

Ho ile ha etsoa tlhatlhobo ea meta ho bona hore na lithuto tse sa amaneng le letho li senola kamano pakeng tsa tšebeliso ea litšoantšo tsa bootsoa tsa banna le maikutlo a bona a tšehetsang pefo khahlanong le basali. Tlhatlhobo ea meta e lokisitse mathata ka tlhahlobo ea meta e phatlalalitsoeng pejana mme ea eketsa liphetho tsa morao-rao. Ho fapana le litlhahlobo tsa pejana tsa meta, liphetho tsa hajoale li bonts'a kamano e ntle e akaretsang lipakeng tsa ts'ebeliso ea litšoantšo tsa bootsoa le maikutlo a tšehetsang pefo khahlano le basali lithutong tse sa reroang. Ntle le moo, maikutlo a joalo a fumanoe a hokahana haholo le ts'ebeliso ea litšoantšo tsa bootsoa tse mabifi ho feta ts'ebeliso ea litšoantšo tse manyala tse hlephisang boitšoaro, leha kamano ea bobeli le eona e fumanoe e le ea bohlokoa.

2) Litšoantšo tse manyala tse hlephileng tsa ho kopanela liphate le ho hlekefetsa batho ka thobalano (1982) - Excerpt:

O ile a hlahloba litlamorao tsa ho pepesetsoa litšoantšo tse litšila tse tsosang takatso litumelong tse mabapi le thobalano ka kakaretso le ka maikutlo a basali ka ho khetheha. O fumane hore ho pepesetsoa litšoantšo tse manyala tse hlephisang boitšoaro ho felletseng ka ho felloa ke kutloelo-bohloko ho basali joalo ka bahlaseluoa le ho basali ka kakaretso.

3) Ho shebella litšoantšo tsa bootsoa le maikutlo a mabapi le basali le peto: Tlhahlobo e kopanetsoeng (1986) - Excerpt:

Ha ho bapisoa le sehlopha se neng se shebelletse filimi e laoloang, banna ba banna ba neng ba bontšoa filimi e mabifi ba ile ba lumellana haholoanyane ka lintho tse tšehetsang tlhekefetso ea motho khahlanong le basali ho feta lithuto tse laoloang. Le ha ho le joalo, ho fapana le likhakanyo, ho ne ho sena phapang ea lipalo pakeng tsa lihlopha tsena tse peli tumellong ea boloi, leha ho ne ho e-na le mokhoa o boletsoeng esale pele.

4) Tšebeliso ea litšoantšo tse manyala tse hlephisang boitšoaro le boitlamo bo ikhethang bo bontšang tlhekefetso ea thobalano har'a bacha (2005) - Excerpt:

Boithuto bona bo mabapi le sefapano bo ile ba hlahloba bacha ba 804, bashanyana le banana, ba lilemo li pakeng tsa 14 ho isa lilemong tsa 19, ba kena likolong tse fapaneng tsa likolo tse phahameng leboea-bophirima ho Italy. Sepheo sa mantlha e ne e le: (i) ho fuputsa kamano lipakeng tsa mefuta e mafolofolo le e sa tsotelleng ea ho hlekefetsoa ka thobalano le pefo le kamano pakeng tsa litšoantšo tsa bootsoa (ho bala limakasine le ho shebella lifilimi kapa livideo) le thobalano e sa batleheng har'a bacha; (ii) ho hlahloba phapang likamanong tsena mabapi le bong le lilemo; le (iii) ho etsa lipatlisiso ka mabaka a (litšoantšo tsa bootsoa, ​​bong le lilemo) tse atisang ho khothaletsa thobalano e sa batleheng. Liphumano li bonts'itse hore tlhekefetso ea thobalano e sebetsang le e etsoang habonolo le thobalano e sa batleheng le litšoantšo tsa bootsoa li ne li amana.

5) Likamano pakeng tsa ho lemalla ho ts'oaroa ke li-cybersex, tekano ea tekano, ho kopanela liphate le kabelo ea tlhekefetso ea thobalano ho bacha (2007) - Excerpt:

Phuputso ena e entsoe ho etsa lipatlisiso ka bokhoba ba ts'ebeliso ea cybersex, mohlala, tekano, maikutlo a thobalano le tumello ea tlhekefetso ea thobalano ho bacha le ho tseba likamano lipakeng tsa lintho tsena. Barupeluoa e ne e le liithuti tsa 690 tse tsoang likolo tse peli tse bohareng le likolo tse tharo tse phahameng Seoul. Boqhekanyetsi ba cybersex, mohlala, tekano, maikutlo a thobalano le tumello ea tlhekefetso ea thobalano ho bacha e ne e fapane ho latela litšobotsi tse akaretsang. Tekanyo ea botona le botšehali, maikutlo a thobalano le tumello ea pefo ea thobalano ho bacha e ne e susumetsoa ke bokhoba ba cybersex.

6) Likamano tsa bana ba lilemong tsa bocha li ipapisitse le tikoloho ea mecha ea litaba ea thobalano le maikutlo a bona a Basali ba likobo (2007) - Excerpt:

Phuputso ena e ne e etselitsoe ho etsa lipatlisiso tsa hore na ho pepesetsoa ha bacha lilemong tsa bosebeletsi ba bong bo amanang le thobalano ho amana le litumelo tse matla tsa hore basali ke lintho tsa thobalano [tlhahlobo-leseling ea bacha ba maDutch ba 745 ba lilemo li 13]. Haholo-holo re ithutile hore na kamano e teng lipakeng tsa maikutlo a basali e le lintho tse amanang le thobalano le ho pepesehela litaba tsa thobalano tse hlalositsoeng ka mokhoa o fapaneng (ke hore, ha e hlalose thobalano, e senang maikutlo kapa e pepesitse) le ka mekhoa e fapaneng (ke hore, pono le mamelo-pono ) e ka hlalosoa hamolemohali e le ho qhekella kapa e le hierarchical. Ho pepesehela thepa e pepesitsoeng ka thobalano lifiliming tsa inthaneteng e ne e le eona feela ntho e pepesitsoeng e amanang le litumelo tsa hore basali ke lintho tsa thobalano mohlaleng oa ho qetela oa khatello eo ho eona ho neng ho laoloa mefuta e meng ea litaba tsa thobalano. Kamano pakeng tsa ho pepesetsoa tikoloho ea litaba tsa thobalano le maikutlo a basali joalo ka lintho tsa thobalano li ne li sa fapana bakeng sa banana le bashanyana

7) Tšebeliso ea cyberpornography ke bahlankana ba Hong Kong tse ling tsa likamano tsa kelello (2007) - Excerpt:

Boithuto bona bo ile ba hlahloba ho ata ha pono ea litšoantšo tsa bootsoa tsa inthaneteng le kamano ea teng lipakeng tsa banna ba bacha ba China Hong Kong. Ntle le moo, barupeluoa ba tlalehileng hore ba na le ho shebella litšoantšo tsa bootsoa tse fumanehang marang-rang ba ile ba fumaneha ba le bangata mehatong ea ho lumella boitšoaro bo bobe ba pele ho lenyalo le ho ipepesetsa tlhekefetso ea thobalano.

8) X-Rated: Maikutlo a thobalano le mekhoa ea boitšoaro e amanang le US ea bocha ba pepesehela mecha ea phatlalatso e hlalosang thobalano (2009) - Excerpt:

Li-correlates tsa tšebeliso le maikutlo a latelang a thobalano le boitšoaro bo boletsoeng esale pele ka ho pepeseha lihlahisoa tse hlalosang thobalano ka limakasine tsa batho ba baholo, lifilimi tsa X-rated, le Inthanete li ile tsa hlahlojoa ka lipatlisiso tsa mefuta e sa tšoaneng ea bacha ba lilemong tsa bocha (boholo ba lilemo lilemong tsa lilemo = 13.6; N = 967).

Patlisiso ea Longitudinal e bonts'itse hore ho pepesetsoa banna kapele ho bonts'a maikutlo a sa tsoelang pele a karolo ea bong, litloaelo tse lumellehang tsa thobalano, ho sotleha ka thobalano le ho ba le thobalano ea molomo le thobalano lilemo tse peli hamorao. Ho pepesetsoa basali pejana ho boletsoe esale pele ka morao ho moo maikutlo a monna le ho ba le thobalano ea molomo le thobalano.

9) Boemo ba Bacha le Maikutlo a Inthaneteng ka ho Kopanela Liphate Lintlha le Maikutlo a Basali ka Likamano Tsa Botona le Botšehali: Tlhahlobo ea Boemo le Mekhoa e Meholo (2009) - Excerpt:

Morero oa thuto ena e ne e le ho hlakisa khokahanyo khokahanong e neng e thehiloe nakong ea bongoana mahlale a marang-rang a litšoantšo tsa bootsoa (SEIM) le maikutlo a basali e le lintho tsa thobalano. Motheong oa data ho tsoa lipatlisisong tsa panete ea maqhubu a mararo har'a bacha ba 962 ba Dutch, mokhoa oa ho hlophisoa ka mokhoa o hlophisitsoeng qalong o bontšitse hore ho pepesetsoa maikutlo a SEIM le mehopolo ea basali ha lintho tsa thobalano li na le tšusumetso e tobileng ho e mong. Tšusumetso e tobileng ea SEIM likhopolong tsa basali joalo ka lintho tsa thobalano ha e ea fapana ka bong. Leha ho le joalo, tšusumetso e tobileng ea mehopolo ea basali joalo ka lintho tsa thobalano ho pepesoa le SEIM e ne e bohlokoa feela ho bacha ba batona. Litlhahlobo tse ling li bonts'itse hore, ho sa tsotelehe bong ba bacha, ho rata SEIM ho khelositse tšusumetso ea ho pepesehela SEIM litumelong tsa bona tsa hore basali ke lintho tsa thobalano, hammoho le tšusumetso ea litumelo tsena ho pepesoa ke SEIM.

10) Sekolo sa Japanese College Students 'Media Exposure ho Lisebelisoa tse Bonang ka Thobalano, Maikutlo a Basali le Maikutlo a Thibeloang ka Thobalano (2011) - Excerpt:

Phuputso e teng hona joale e hlahlobile tšebeliso ea baithuti ba koleche ea Japane "(N = 476) ea thepa e pepesitsoeng ka thobalano (SEM) le litloaelano le maikutlo a basali e le lintho tsa thobalano le maikutlo a lumellang ho kopanela liphate. Liphetho li bonts'a hore baithuti ba koleche ea Japane ba sebelisitse mecha ea phatlalatso hangata e le mohloli oa SEM e lateloang ke inthanete le thelevishene / video / DVD. Barupeluoa ba banna ba sebelisitse SEM haholo ho feta basali. Ntle le moo, boikemisetso ba ho etsa thobalano bo kopantse kamano lipakeng tsa ho pepesetsoa SEM le maikutlo a basali joalo ka lintho tsa thobalano, athe ho pepesetsoa SEM mecheng ea litaba ho ne ho kopane ka kotlolloho le maikutlo a lumellang karolo ea baratuoa ba Japane.

11) Tšusumetso ea litaba tsa Inthaneteng le lithaka tsa litabatso tsa ho kopanela liphate ka litumelo tse ts'oanang le tse mabapi le thobalano ea basali: ho tšoana le phapang pakeng tsa bacha le batho ba baholo (2011) - Excerpt:

Re sebelisitse tlhaiso-leseling ho tsoa lipatlisisong tse peli tse emelang naha ka bophara tsa maqhubu a maqhubu a mahareng a bacha ba 1,445 ba maDutch le batho ba baholo ba 833 ba maDutch, re shebile tumelo e kholo ea hore basali ba hanana le thobalano (ke hore, mohopolo oa hore basali ba re "che" ha ba hlile ba ikemiselitse ho etsa thobalano). Kamora nako, batho ba baholo, empa eseng bacha, ba ile ba angoa ke litlamorao tsa HO BONA ka litumelo tsa hore basali ba hanana le thobalano.

12) Litšoantšo tse litšila tse tsosang takatso har'a batho ba nang le bothata ba ho kopanela liphate (2011) - Excerpt:

Boithuto bo teng hona joale bo fuputse 62% ea batho ba bonngoeng univesithing ea Midwestern ea sechaba ka mekhoa ea bona ea ho sheba litšoantšo tsa bootsoa, ​​ho sebetsa hantle, le ho ikemisetsa ho thusa maemong a ho betoa. Liphetho li bontšitse hore banna ba shebang litšoantšo tse litšila tse tsosang takatso ha ba na monyetla oa ho kenella joalo ka motho ea shebelletseng, ba tlaleha boitšoaro bo eketsehileng ba ho betoa, mme ba na le menyetla ea ho kholoa lipale tsa peto.

TŠEBELETSO E NTSENG:

Pele, tlhahlobo ea 2016 ea lingoliloeng - Mecha ea litaba le ho kopanela liphate: Puso ea boipheliso, 1995-2015 (2016) - Abstract:

Litšoantšiso tsa basali tse amanang le botona le botšehali ke liketsahalo tse atisang ho hlaha mecheng ea litaba e atisang ho hlahisa lipotso ka tšusumetso e ka hlahisoang ke tlhahiso ena menahanong ea ba bang ka maikutlo a basali le ka basali. Morero oa tlhahlobo ena e ne e le ho kopanya litlhahlobo tsa lipatlisiso tse matla tse amanang le thobalano le phatlalatso. Tsepamiso e ne e le patlisisong e phatlalalitsoeng koranteng e hlahlojoang ke lithaka, lipapaling tsa puo ea Senyesemane lipakeng tsa 1995 le 2015. Kakaretso ea likhatiso tsa 109 tse neng li e-na le lithuto tsa 135 li ile tsa hlahlojoa. Liphumano li fane ka bopaki bo sa fetoheng ba hore ho pepesetsoa mahlale ka bobeli le ho pepesetsoa khafetsa khafetsa khafetsa mabapi le litaba tsena ho kenyelletsa litholoana tse fapaneng, ho kenyelletsa ho se khotsofale ha 'mele, boitšepo bo matla, ts'ehetso e kholo ea litumelo tsa botona le tsa botšehali le litumelo tsa batho ba bong bo fapaneng. mamello e kholo ea tlhekefetso ea thobalano ho basali. Ho feta moo, ho pepesetsoa tlhahlobo ea dikahare tsena ho lebisa basali le banna ho ba le pono e fokotsehileng ea bokhoni ba basali, boitšoaro le botho.

Boithuto bo phatlalalitsoeng ho tloha 2012 bo hokahanya tšebeliso ea litšoantšo tsa bootsoa marang-rang le maikutlo a botona kapa botšehali, ho ikemela, maikutlo a basali a fokolang joalo.:

1) Litšoantšo Tsa Bootsoa le Boikutlo ba ho Kopanela Liphate Har'a Likhathollo (2013) - Excerpt:

Sebelisa mohlala oa bacha ba Danish ba banyenyane le moralo o hlophisitsoeng oa tlhahlobo, phuputso ena e ile ea hlahloba litlamorao tsa tšebeliso e mpe ea litšoantšo tsa bootsoa nakong e fetileng, tlhahlobo ea litšoantšo tse litšila tse tsosang takatso, pono e lemohileng ea litšoantšo tsa bootsoa, ​​le botho (ka mantsoe a mang, maikutlo ho basali, thobalano e ratehang le e ntle). Ntle le moo, ho ile ha hlahlojoa tšubuhlellano ea ho kopanela liphate. Liphetho li bonts'itse hore, har'a banna, ts'ebeliso e mpe ea litšoantšiso tsa bootsoa nakong e fetileng e ne e amana haholo le maikutlo a fokolang a khethollo ho basali le bosholu bo mabifi. Ho feta moo, ho lumellana ho tlase ho fumanoe ho bolela esale pele mekhoa e phahameng ea bong ba botona le botšehali. Litholoana tsa bohlokoa tsa ho pepesetsoa litšoantšo tse manyala tse hlephisang boitšoaro li fumanoe bakeng sa thobalano e lonya har'a barupeluoa ba amohelehang le bohlola bo botle ho basali.

2) Ho ntšetsa pele Centrefold Syndrome: Recency of Exposure, Ho itekanetse ka ho kopanela liphate, Pherekano ea nakong e fetileng ho ho finyella mecha ea litaba (2013) - Excerpt:

Phuputso ena e entsoeng e le liteko tsa hore na ho pepesetsoa litšoantšo tsa basali tse maemong a basali ho etsa hore banna ba baholo ba kholo ba kholoe ho feta ka litumelo tsa ngaka ea mafu a kelello Gary Brooks ba re ke "lefu la" Centerfold "." Centerfold syndrome e na le litumelo tse hlano: voyeurism, phello ea thobalano, netefatso ea bonna, trophism, le thobalano e seng ya semolao. Ho pepesehela litaba tsa boithati nakong e fetileng ho ne ho lumellana hantle le litumelo tsohle tse hlano tsa centre. Ho pepesoa haufinyane li-centerfolds ho bile le litlamorao tse matlafatsong ea phokotso ea thobalano, tumello ea botona le botšehali, le litumelo tsa thobalano tse se nang mohopolo tsa banna ba sa boneleng litaba tse leeme hangata. Liphetho tsena li ile tsa phehella hoo e ka bang lihora tsa 48.

3) Litšoantšo tse litšila tse tsosang takatso le khanyetso ho nka bohato bo matla bakeng sa Basali: Thuto e Lebelloang (2013) - Excerpt:

Boithuto ba rona bo fuputse mohloli o ka bang le tšusumetso ea sechaba eo hangata e 'nileng ea khothalletsoa ho fokotsa qenehelo le kutloelo-bohloko ho basali: litšoantšo tsa bootsoa. Lintlha tsa sechaba sa naha li ile tsa sebelisoa. Lintlha li ne li bokelitsoe ka 2006, 2008, le 2010 ho tloha ho batho ba baholo ba 190 ho tloha ka lilemo ho tloha 19 ho 88 qalong. Ho shebella litšoantšo tse litšila tse tsosang takatso ho ile ha bontšoa ka tšebeliso e tlalehiloeng ea tšebeliso ea lifilimi tsa bootsoa. Maikutlo mabapi le khato ea tumello a bontšitsoe ka ho hanana le ho hira le ho khothaletsa litloaelo tse khahlisang basali. E lumellana le maikutlo a ho ithuta sechabeng ka litla-morao tsa media, ho shebella litšoantšo tsa bootsoa esale pele ho ile ha bolela khanyetso ea kamorao ho ts'ebetso ea tumellano esita le ka mor'a ho laola maikutlo le liketso tse ling tse ka bang teng tsa tumellano. Bong ha bo a ka ba fokotsa botsoalle bona. Haele hantle, liphetho tsena li fana ka maikutlo a hore litšoantšo tsa bootsoa e kanna ea ba tšusumetso sechabeng e nyenyefatsang ts'ehetso ea mananeo a ts'ebetso ea basali.

4) Kelello, Kamano, le Likamano Tsa Botona le Botšehali Tsa Litšoantšo Tsa Litšoantšo Tsa Bootsoa Sebelisa Batho ba Monyenyane Banyalani ba Heterosexual Relations Inthaneteng (2014) - Excerpt:

Morero oa phuputso ena e ne e le ho lekola li-antecedents tse boletsoeng esale pele (ke hore, likhohlano tsa karolo ea bong le mekhoa ea ho ikopanya) le litlamorao (ke hore, boleng ba kamano e futsanehileng le khotsofalo ea thobalano) ea litšoantšo tse manyala tse hlephisang boitšoaro tsa banna li sebelisoa har'a banna ba baholo ba banna le basali ba 373 ba baholo. Liphuputso li senotse hore makhetlo a mabeli a ts'ebeliso ea litšoantšo tse manyala tse hlephisang boitšoaro le ts'ebeliso e nang le bothata ba litšoantšo tse manyala tse hlephisang boitšoaro li amana le kgohlano e kholo ea karolo ea bong, mekhoa ea ho qoba le ho tšoenyeha ho feta, boleng ba kamano e futsanehileng le khotsofalo e tlase ea thobalano. Ntle le moo, liphetho li fane ka ts'ehetso bakeng sa moetso o hlophisitsoeng o buelletsoeng moo khohlano ea karolo ea bong e neng e hokahantsoe le litholoana tsa kamano ka kotloloho le ka tsela e sa tobang ka mekhoa ea ho hokela le tšebeliso ea litšoantšo tsa bootsoa.

5) Thuto ea Naha ea Phello ea Litšoantšo Tsa Bootsoa Tšebeliso le Boikutlo ba Botho ka Basali (2015) - Excerpt:

Phuputso e entsoeng hona joale e fuputsitse likamano lipakeng tsa tšebeliso ea litšoantšo tse litšila tse tsosang takatso le maikutlo a litekanyetso tsa botona le botšehali ho sampole ea naha ea mahlakore a mabeli a batho ba baholo ba US. Ts'ebeliso ea litšoantšo tsa bootsoa e sebelisana le lilemo ho bolela esale pele maikutlo a karolo ea bong. Ka ho khetheha, ts'ebeliso ea litšoantšo tse litšila tse tsosang takatso ea ho sheba litšoantšo tse litšila tse ts'oanang le e 'ngoe e boletse esale pele hore batho ba baholo ba tla ba le maikutlo a tšoanang empa eseng ho batho ba baholo.

6) Tlhaloso ea lilemong tsa bocha ho lipapali tse fapaneng tsa litaba tsa ho kopanela liphate Inthaneteng: Thuto ea nako e telele (2015) - E bonts'a kamano lipakeng tsa ts'ebeliso e mabifi ea litšoantšo tsa bootsoa le tlhahlobo ea maikutlo a batona le a batšehali. Tlhaloso:

Tlhahlobo ea hona joale ea maqhubu a mabeli har'a bacha ba 1557 ba bacha ba hlalositseng lacunae ena ka ho ithuta ho ba le maikutlo a lerato le matla le bonyatsi ka SEIM. Bacha ba lilemong tsa bocha hangata ba ne ba lula ba bontšoa lerato la bo-SEIM, ha bacha le ba lilemong tsa bocha ba nang le maemo a phahameng a thuto ba ne ba pepesetsoa hangata ho li-STIM. Bashemane ba Hyper banna le basali ba banyane ba basali ba neng ba lula ba pepesetsoa pefo-themed SEIM.

7) 'Kamehla ho na le sefahleho sa hau': maikutlo a bacha ka litšoantšo tsa bootsoa (2015) - Excerpt:

Liphuputso li totobatsa hore bacha ba bangata ba pepesehetse litšoantšo tsa bootsoa ka boomo le ka boomo. Ho feta moo, ba tšoenyehile ka litloaelo tsa bong tse matlafatsang matla a banna le ho ikokobelletsa basali. Khokahano lipakeng tsa ho pepesehela litšoantšo tsa bootsoa, ​​litebello tsa bahlankana ka thobalano le khatello ea basali ba bacha ho latela se shebiloeng, e senotsoe.

8) Mofuthu ke eng? Litšoantšo tse manyala tse hlephisang boitšoaro Sebelisa sepheo se amanang le ho kenella ha batho ba mamelang (2015) - Excerpt:

Re fumane hore lintho tse 'maloa tse susumelletsang ho shebella litšoantšo tsa bootsoa li ne li amahanngoa le ho tlosoa ha boikemisetso ba ho kenella e le motho ea emeng, esita le ka mor'a ho laola hore litšoantšo tse manyala tse hlephisang boitšoaro li sebelisoa hangata. Thuto ena e ikopanya le ba bang ho fana ka maikutlo a hore setsoalle pakeng tsa litšoantšo tse manyala tse hlephisang boitšoaro li sebelisa le ho hanyetsa tlhekefetso ea thobalano

9) Tlhahlobo ea liteko tsa bocha ba boikutlo ba ho shebahala ha banna ka mor'a ho hlahella litšoantšong tse bohareng tsa ho hlalosa lintho tse sa tšoaneng (2015) - Basali ba pepesetsoeng linthong tse hlakileng ba ne ba amohela banna ba ba shebileng ka ho kopanela liphate. Khethollo:

Phuputso ena e ile ea lekanya maikutlo a basali ba banyane mabapi le mahlo a banna kamora ho pepesetsoa masapo a bohareng a boiphihlelo bo fapaneng. Ho itlhalosa ho ne ho sebelisoa joalo ka ha ho hlobotsoe. Basali ba pepeselitsoeng masapo a hlakileng a bohareng ba bontšitse kamohelo e kholo ea mahlo a banna ho feta basali ba pepesitsoeng ka makhetlo a sa hlakang hang hang kamora ho pepesetsoa le ho lateloa hora ea 48. Liphetho tsena li tšehetsa maikutlo a hore lits'oants'o tse ngata tsa boralitaba tsa basali li bonts'a 'mele ea basali, molaetsa oo ba o romellang o matlafatsa hore basali ba batla ho bonoa ke ba bang. Ba boetse ba fana ka maikutlo a hore esita le ho pepesa hakhutšoane masakeng a pepeneneng ho ka ba le phello e se nang moelelo boikutlong ba basali ba bosodoma.

10) Sepheo sa banna ho tiisa tšebeliso ea mecha ea litaba, sepheo sa basali, le boikutlo bo tšehetsang tlhekefetso khahlanong le basali (2016) - Excerpt:

Ho tataisoa ke mohopolo oa sengolo se ikhethileng sa thobalano molemong oa ho fumana sengoloa sa thobalano sa Wright, ts'ebetsong, mohlala oa ts'ebeliso ea boithabiso ba litaba tsa thobalano, phuputso ena e khothalelitse hore ha banna ba bangata ba pepesetsoa litšoantšo tse totobetseng, ba tla nahana haholo ka basali e le mekhatlo e teng bakeng sa khotsofalo ea banna ea thobalano (sengoloa se ikhethileng sa thobalano), le hore pono ena e nyenyefalitseng basali e ka sebelisoa ho tsebisa maikutlo a mabapi le tlhekefetso ea thobalano khahlano le basali (sengoloa se seng sa thobalano).

Lintlha li ile tsa bokelloa ho tsoa ho banna ba kopaneng ba khahliloeng ke basali ka thobalano (N = 187). Tumellanong le litebello, mekhatlo lipakeng tsa ho pepesetsoa ha banna ke mecha ea phatlalatso le maikutlo a tšehetsang pefo khahlanong le basali e ne e buelloa ke maikutlo a bona ka basali e le lintho tsa thobalano. Haholo-holo, khafetsa ea ho pepesetsoa limakasine tsa bophelo ba banna tse supang basali, mananeo a nnete a TV a tobileng basali, le litšoantšo tse manyala tse hlephisang boitšoaro li ile tsa bolela esale pele likhopolo-taba tse mabapi le basali, tse neng li bolela esale pele maikutlo a matla a tšehetsang pefo khahlanong le basali.

11) Bashebelli ba litšoantšo tse manyala tse hlephisang boitšoaro 'ho ka etsahala hore ba se ke ba ba le maikutlo a matle ka basali' (2016) - Excerpt:

Bashebelli khafetsa ba litšoantšo tse manyala tse hlephisang boitšoaro tse bobebe, joalo ka linepe tsa basali ba hlobotseng le ba sa hlobolang, ha ba nahane hantle ka basali mme ba kanna ba se ba lakatsa ho sheba litšoantšo tse manyala tse hlephisang boitšoaro tse tloaelehileng likoranteng, papatsong le mecheng ea litaba. Liphetho li bonts'itse hore batho ba neng ba sheba litšoantšo tse manyala tse hlephisang boitšoaro tse bobebe ba ne ba se na monyetla oa ho li hlalosa e le litšoantšo tsa bootsoa ho feta batho ba nang le maemo a tlase a ho pepesehela litšoantšo tsena. Batho ba neng ba hlolohetsoe litšoantšo tsena ba ne ba le monyetla ho feta ba bang ho amohela litšōmo tsa peto. Ntle le moo, batho ba neng ba sheba litšoantšo tsena khafetsa ba ne ba se na monyetla oa ho ba le maikutlo a matle ho basali.

12) Litšoantšo tse manyala tse hlephisang boitšoaro, ho qobella batho ho kopanela liphate le ho hlekahlekoa le ho romela melaetsa ea thobalano ka litšebelisanong le batho ba bacha: Thuto ea Europe (2016) - Excerpt:

Mahlale a morao-rao a entse hore litšoantšo tsa bootsoa li fihlellehe ho bacha, 'me bopaki bo ntseng bo hola bo supile kamano lipakeng tsa ho shebella litšoantšo tsa bootsoa le boitšoaro bo mabifi kapa bo hlekefetsang bahlankana. Sengoliloeng sena se tlaleha liphuputso tse tsoang phuputsong e kholo ea bacha ba 4,564 14 ba lilemo li 17 ho isa ho 91 linaheng tse hlano tsa Europe tse bonesang kamano lipakeng tsa ho shebella litšoantšo tse manyala tse hlephisang boitšoaro inthaneteng, ho qobelloa ho etsa thobalano le tlhekefetso le ho romella le ho amohela litšoantšo le melaetsa ea thobalano, e tsejoang ka hore ke "ho romellana melaetsa ea thobalano." . ” Ntle le phuputso e phethetsoeng likolong, lipuisano tse XNUMX li ile tsa etsoa le bacha ba nang le boiphihlelo bo tobileng ba pefo le tlhekefetso likamanong tsa bona.

Litefiso tsa ho shebella litšoantšo tsa bootsoa inthaneteng khafetsa li ne li phahame haholo ho bashanyana mme boholo ba bona ba ne ba khethile ho shebella litšoantšo tsa bootsoa. Ketso ea bashanyana ea khatello ea thobalano le tlhekefetso e ne e amana haholo le ho shebella litšoantšo tse manyala tse hlephisang boitšoaro inthaneteng. Ntle le moo, bashemane ba neng ba shebella litšoantšo tse manyala tse hlephisang boitšoaro inthaneteng ba ne ba le monyetla oa ho ts'oara maikutlo a fosahetseng a bong. Lipuisano tsa boleng bo holimo li bontšitse hore, leha ho romellana melaetsa ea thobalano e le ntho e tloaelehileng le ho lemohuoa hantle ke bacha ba bangata, e na le monyetla oa ho hlahisa likarolo tsa bootsoa tse kang taolo le tlontlollo.

13) Nako ea ho shebella litšoantšo tse manyala tse hlephisang boitšoaro pele e bōpa maikutlo a banna ka basali (2017) - Excerpt:

Barupeluoa (N = 330) ba ne ba le sehlopheng se seng sa lithuto tsa liithuti tsa univesithing e kholo, e bophirimela, ho tloha lilemong tsa 17-54 (M = 20.65, SD = 3.06). Barupeluoa ba bangata ba khetholloa e le ba tšoeu (84.9%) le ho kopanela liphate (92.6). Ka mor'a ho fana ka tumello e tsebang, barupeluoa ba qetile thuto ea inthanete.

Liphetho li bonts'itse hore lilemo tse tlase tsa ho pepesetsoa litšoantšo tse litšila tse tsosang takatso li boletse esale pele ho latela melao e phahameng ho feta matla a basali le litekanyetso tsa banna ba Playboy. Ho feta moo, ho sa tsotelehe mofuta oa banna ba pepesetsang litšoantšo tsa bootsoa (ke hore, ka boomo, ka phoso, kapa ho qobelloa), barupeluoa ba ile ba latela ka mokhoa o ts'oanang Matla a fetang Basali le tloaelo ea Playboy. Litlhaloso tse fapaneng li kanna tsa ba teng ho utloisisa likamano tsena, empa liphetho li bontša bohlokoa ba ho bua ka lilemo tsa tlhahlobo le banna.

Ho thoe'ng ka thuto ena e sa tloaelehang ea morao-rao - "Na ehlile litšoantšo tse manyala tse hlephisang boitšoaro li mabapi le "ho hloea basali"? Basebelisi ba Litšoantšo Tsa Bootsoa ba na le Maikutlo a Bongata a Bofetoheli ho Feta Batho Bao e Seng Batho Bao e Seng Boemo ho Moemeli oa Mohlala oa Amerika“? Ho 'nile ha boleloa haholo e le bopaki bo matla ba hore tšebeliso ea litšoantšo tsa bootsoa e lebisa ho tekano e kholo le boits'oaro bo tlase ba bong. Ebile, thuto ena ea Taylor Kohut (joalo ka pampiri ea 2016 ea Kohut) e fana ka mohlala o rutang oa mokhoa oa ho sotha mekhoa ea ho fihlela sephetho se lakatsehang. Ka mantsoe a mang, tšebeliso ea porno eo e na le molemo feela. Bangoli ba thuto ena ba thathamisitsoe egalitarianism joalo ka tšehetso ea tse latelang: Tlhahlobo ea Basali, Basali ba ts'oereng maemo, Basali ba sebetsang kantle ho malapa le Ho Ntša Mpa. Baahi ba lefatše, ba batlang ba lokolohile haholoanyane, ba se ba le haufi litekanyetso tse phahameng tsa tšebeliso ea bootsoa ho feta batho ba bolumeli. Ka ho khetha mekhoa ena le ho hlokomoloha mefuta e meng e sa hlokeng ho fetoha, mongoli ea etellang pele Kohut o ne a tseba hore o tla qetella a nang le basebelisi ba litšoantšo tse litšila ba ts'oanang ho khetha khetho e khethiloeng ka hloko ea "semolao".

SLIDE 11

E re tlisang bothateng ba bobeli: bafuputsi ha ba so botse basebelisi ba litšoantšo tsa bootsoa ka mefuta ea matšoao a Zimbardo a hlalositsoeng ho Tlhaselo ea Bacha [Puo ea TED]. Matšoao a "Arousal addiction" a fosahala habonolo bakeng sa maemo a mang, joalo ka: ADHD, khatello ea maikutlo sechabeng, khatello ea maikutlo, khatello ea maikutlo, OCD, joalo-joalo. Bafani ba tlhokomelo ea bophelo ba nahana hore maemo ana ke a mantlha - mohlomong sesosa sa bokhoba ba tahi, empa ha ho joalo sephetho ea ho lemalla. Ka lebaka leo, ba phekola bana bana ba sa botsa ka monyetla oa ho lemalla lithethefatsi. Kahoo, batho ba bangata ha ba hlokomele hore ba ka fetola matšoao a bona ka ho fetola boitšoaro ba bona.

TŠEBELETSO EA SEHLOOHO:

"Ho tsuba ka mokhoa o tsosang takatso" (lithethefatsi tsa marang-rang le likaroloana tsa eona):

Zimbardo o hlalositse "ho lemalla ho tsosa takatso" e le ho lemalla bocha, ho fapana le ho lemalla lithethefatsi, e leng ho lemalla ho ts'oanang. Zimbardo o ne a bua ka "bokhoba ba inthanete" bo shebaneng le mefuta e 'meli e meholo, litšoantšo tsa bootsoa le lipapali tsa video. Ho tloha ka Boiteko bo Boholo ba Litšoantšo e bile karabelo e tobileng ho "Philip Zimbardo"Demise of GuysPuo ea TED, ke sebelisitse polelo e ts'oanang le Zimbardo ("ho tsuba") ho hlalosa tšebeliso e mpe ea inthanete (papali ea video, ho shebella litšoantšo tsa bootsoa) ke bahlankana. Ho Slide 20, ke fane ka lithethefatsi tse 10 tsa "inthanete" tse lemalloang ho ts'ehetsa boteng ba bokhoba ba inthanete le likaroloana tsa eona. Leha ho le joalo, e se e le ka 2011 (ha ke lokisetsa puo ea ka), lithuto tse ngata tsa kelello li ne li le teng ho tšehetsa boteng ba bokhoba ba inthanete.

"Ho tsuba ho tsuba" ho eketsa kapa ho baka matšoao (ADHD, matšoenyeho a sechaba, matšoenyeho, khatello ea maikutlo, jj.):

Polelo ena e ne e le karolo e kholo e ts'ehetsoeng ke likete tsa basebelisi ba porno ba banyenyane ba tlalehileng matšoao le maemo a fapaneng kamora hore a felise porno. Litlaleho tse ngata tse joalo li hlaha maqepheng a latelang:

Taba ea hore "ho tsosa takatso e matla" e ka baka kapa ea eketsa mathata a kelello / maikutlo e boetse e tšehelitsoe ke lithuto tse ngata tse phatlalalitsoeng tse seng li ntse li hokahanya ts'ebeliso ea inthanete (litšoantšo tsa bootsoa, ​​papali ea video) le mathata a maikutlo le a kelello. Tlhokomeliso: Patlo ea Google Scholar ea lilemo tsa 1990-2011 e khutlisa likhakanyo tsa 16,000 tse batlang li "Lithethefatsi tsa inthanete" + matšoao a kelello. Bona Boithuto bo phatlalalitsoe pele ho Boiteko bo Boholo ba Litšoantšo e tlalehileng khokahano lipakeng tsa tšebeliso ea litšoantšo tsa bootsoa le bophelo bo bobe ba kelello le maikutlo. Mona ke tse ling tsa tsona:

1) Ho fapana ha mathata a amanang le inthanete le ts'ebeliso ea kelello mecheng ea likamano tsa thobalano: sepheo sa ho nts'ets'etsana ha batho le batho ba baholo (2004) - Litlhaloso tse hlahang:

Baithuti ba sa nkeng karolo liketsong tsa thobalano inthaneteng ba ne ba khotsofetse haholo ka bophelo ba bona ba kantle ho naha ebile ba hokahane haholo le metsoalle le ba lelapa. Ba entseng thobalano ka bobeli inthaneteng ba ne ba its'etleha haholo marang-rang mme ba tlaleha ts'ebetso e tlase ea kantle ho naha. Leha ho na le karolo e tloaelehileng ea baithuti liketsong tsa thobalano tsa inthanete (OSA) joalo ka sebaka sa nts'etsopele ea kahisano le thobalano, ba itšetlehileng ka Marang-rang le likamano tseo e fanang ka tsona ba bonahala ba le kotsing ea ho fokotseha ha kopanelo ea sechaba.

2) Litšoantšo Tsa Bootsoa Inthaneteng le Bolutu: Mokhatlo? (2005) - Excerpt:

Lipatlisiso li bonts'a setsoalle se seholo pakeng tsa ho sheba litšoantšo tse manyala tse hlephisang boitšoaro Inthaneteng le bolutu joalokaha ho pakoa ke tlhahlobo ea litaba.

3) Tšebeliso ea Litšoantšo Tsa Bootsoa Inthaneteng le Boiketlo ba Batho (2005) - Excerpt:

Leha batho ba bangata ba sebelisa marang-rang bakeng sa mosebetsi, thuto, boithabiso le mabenkele, ho na le banna ba fokolang ba tsebahalang ba le li-cybersex le basebelisi ba kotsing, ba tsetelang nako ea bona e ngata, chelete le matla ho lelekisa. Liphihlelo tsa cybersex tse nang le litaba tse mpe tsa ho kena-kenana le maikutlo a mabe mabapi le khatello ea maikutlo, matšoenyeho le mathata a nang le kamano e haufi le balekane ba bona ba nnete.

4) Sebaka sa inthanete sa bootsoa sa bootsoa se sebelisa: ho hlahlojoa ha lintho tse ngata tsa ho sebelisoa le maikutlo a kelello (2009) - Excerpt:

Ha ho bapisoa le basebelisi ba marang-rang ba seng marang-rang ba nang le litšoantšo tsa bootsoa, ​​basebelisi ba marang-rang ba litšoantšo tse litšila tse tsosang takatso ba ile ba khona ho ba le mathata a boitšoaro bo sa tloaelehang; ba sebelisang marang-rang a lits'oants'o tsa bootsoa hangata ba ne ba ka ba le mathata a boitšoaro bo sa tloaelehang. Kahoo, ts'ebeliso ea marang-rang ea litšoantšo tsa bootsoa tse etsahalang khafetsa ebile e atileng khafetsa e atile ebile e amana haholo le ho hloka toka ho sechabeng bacha ba Greece.

5) Likamano tsa setsoalle le boitsebiso ba litšoantšo tsa bootsoa ho Internet lilemong tsa bocha (2009) - Kakaretso ka tlhahlobo:

Phuputso e fumane hore bacha ba nang le likamano tse phahameng le likamano tsa botsoalle ba ne ba se na monyetla oa ho ja lisebelisoa tse hlakileng tsa thobalano joalo ka lithaka tsa bona tse tlase sechabeng (Mesch, 2009). Ntle le moo, Mesch o fumane hore ts'ebeliso e ngata ea litšoantšo tse manyala tse hlephisang boitšoaro e hokahane haholo le likamano tse tlase tsa kopano ea sechaba, haholo-holo tse amanang le bolumeli, sekolo, sechaba le lelapa. Phuputso e boetse e fumane kamano ea bohlokoa lipalo pakeng tsa tšebeliso ea litšoantšo tsa bootsoa le mabifi sekolong….

6)  Basebelisi ba khafetsa ba litšoantšo tsa bootsoa. Phuputso ea batho ba nang le lefu la seoa sa bacha ba Sweden ba lilemong tsa bocha (2010) - Litemana tse qotsitsoeng

Ho sebelisoa khafetsa ho ne ho boetse ho amahanngoa le boits'oaro bo bongata ba mathata. Ho shebella litšoantšo tse litšila tse tsosang takatso khafetsa ho ka bonoa e le boits'oaro bo nang le mathata bo hlokang tlhokomelo e fetang ea batsoali le matichere hape bo lokela ho rarolloa lipuisanong tsa bongaka.

7) Litlhahiso tsa kelello le tsa 'mele-le boitšoaro bo hlakileng ba tšebeliso ea mecha ea phatlalatso ka batho ba baholo (2011) - Excerpt:

Kamora ho fetolela palo ea batho ba sebelisang litšoantšo tsa bootsoa, ​​basebelisi ba litšoantšo tsa bootsoa (SEMB), ha ba bapisoa le batho ba sa tsubang, ba tlaleha matšoao a sithabetsang, bophelo bo bobe haholo, matsatsi a fokotsehileng a kelello le 'mele, le boemo bo tlase ba bophelo.

8) Ho shebella Litšoantšo Tsa Litšoantšo Tsa Porn Porn Inthaneteng: Karolo ea Litlhahlobo Tsa ho Kopanela Liphate Tsa Botona le Botšehali le Matšoao a Maiketsetso-Maqakabetsing a Maiketsetso a ho Sebelisa Inthaneteng Litabeng Tsa ho Kopanela Liphate Inthaneteng (2011) - Lintlha tse ngata tsa lipotso tse mabapi le lithethefatsi tsa bootsoa (IATsex) tse amanang le maemo a phahameng a mathata a kelello joalo ka: kutloisiso ea batho, khatello ea maikutlo, monahano o ferekanyang le psychoticism. Litemana tse qotsitsoeng:

Re fumane kamano e ntle pakeng tsa maikutlo a tsosang takatso ea ho kopanela liphate ha re shebile litšoantšo tsa bootsoa tsa Inthanete le mathata a boitsebiso bophelong ba letsatsi le leng le le leng ka lebaka la ho fetela ha cybersex joalokaha ho lekantsoe ke IATsex. Litekanyetso tse tsosang takatso ea ho tsosoa ha maikutlo, bothata ba lefatše ka bophara ba matšoao a kelello, 'me palo ea liketso tsa thobalano e sebelisitsoeng ke likarolo tse kholo tsa likarolo tsa IATsex, ha nako eo e sebelisetsoang liwebsaeteng tsa ho kopanela liphate Inthaneteng e sa tlatse letsoho ho hlalosang phapang pakeng tsa likarolo tsa IATsex.

Mohlala oa rona, botebo ba matšoao a lefats'e (SCL GSI), hammoho le maikutlo a ho sebelisana, khatello ea maikutlo, monahano oa paranoid le psychoticism, li ne li amana hantle le sekhahla sa IATsex.

Lithuto tse hatisitsoeng pele ho Boiteko bo Boholo ba Litšoantšo e tlalehileng likhokahano lipakeng tsa ts'ebeliso e mpe ea litšoantšo tsa bootsoa le tšebetso e futsanehileng:

1) Na k'homphieutha e sebelisoa lapeng ha e bapisoa le ts'ebetso ea lipalo sekolong? (2008) - Excerpt:

Hape, bokhoni ba boithuto ba baithuti bo ne bo hokahane hantle le katleho ea bona lithutong. Qetellong, ho shebella thelevishene ho bile le kamano e mpe le ts'ebetso ea baithuti. Haholo-holo, ho shebella tšabo, ketso kapa lifilimi tsa bootsoa li ne li amahanngoa le lintlha tse tlase tsa tlhahlobo.

2) Ho se tšoane ho tlalehiloeng ka boithati ka mekhoa ea boits'oaro ba tsamaiso le boitšoaro ba ho kopanela liphate ho batho ba nang le meriana le metseng ea banna (2010) - "Boitšoaro ba bosodoma" bo ne bo tsamaellana le ts'ebetso e futsanehileng ea ts'ebetso (e hlahang haholo-holo ho tsoa ho preortal cortex). Tlhaloso:

Bakuli ba batlang thuso bakeng sa boits'oaro ba bosodoma hangata ba bonts'a likarolo tsa ho se ts'oenyehe, ho ba le kutloisiso e thata, kahlolo e fosahetseng, khaello ea taolo ea maikutlo, le ho ameha haholo ka thobalano. Tse ling tsa litšoaneleho tsena li boetse li atile har'a bakuli ba hlahisang mafu a methapo a amanang le ho se sebetse ha phethahatso. Litemoso tsena li lebisitse lipatlisisong tsa hajoale tsa phapang lipakeng tsa sehlopha sa bakuli ba hypersexual (n = 87) le sampole ea sechaba se seng sa hypersexual (n = 92) ea banna ba sebelisang Behaeve Rating Inventory ea Executive Function-Adult Version Boitšoaro ba Hypersexual bo ne bo amana hantle ka li-indices tsa lefats'e tsa ho se sebetse hantle le li-subscales tse 'maloa tsa BRIEF-A. Liphuputso tsena li fana ka bopaki ba pele bo tšehetsang khopolo-taba ea hore ho se sebetse hoa phethahatso ho ka ameha boitšoarong ba bosodoma.

TŠEBELETSO E NTSENG:

"Ho tsuba ka mokhoa o tsosang takatso" (lithethefatsi tsa marang-rang le likaroloana tsa eona):

Ho ts'ehetsa puo ea hae ea TED Dr. Philip Zimbardo o phatlalalitse libuka tse peli (e 'ngoe le e kholo e nang le likopeho tse makholo):

Boithuto bo tšehetsang boteng ba bokhoba ba marang-rang le li-subtypes tsa bona (lipapali, litaba tsa sechaba, litšoantšo tsa bootsoa):

Litlhahlobo tse peli tsa morao-rao tsa lingoliloeng (tse nang le makholo a likhokahano) li pheha khang bakeng sa mekhahlelo ea tlhahlobo ea litaba tsa marang-rang tse amanang le bokhoba ba marang-rang (lipapali, litaba tsa sechaba, bootsoa):

Khatiso e latelang ea Mokhatlo oa Lefatše oa Bophelo oa buka ea tlhahlobo ea mafu, ICD, e lokela ho tsoa ho 2018. Tumellanong le tlhaiso-leseling ea bopaki tse ncha ICD-11 Ho etsa tlhahiso ea hore na o tšoeroe ke lefu le kopaneng la "Boitšoaro bo Tlokotsi ba ho Kopanela Liphate," hammoho le e 'ngoe bakeng sa "Mathata ka lebaka la boitšoaro bo hlephileng. ” ICD-11 e boetse e reretsoe ho kenyelletsa "Mathata a Papali ea Lipapali”('Gaming digital' kapa 'video-gaming'), e ka bang marang-rang (ke hore, inthaneteng) kapa inthaneteng. “Bokhoba bo bong” bo bong papali ea chelete ho lemalla, e se e ntse e le ho DSM.

Karolo ea 1 (a) - "Ho tsuba ha lithethefatsi" ho mpefatsa kapa ho baka matšoao (ADHD, khatello ea maikutlo sechabeng, matšoenyeho, khatello ea maikutlo, jj.). Boithuto bo phatlalalitsoeng kamora Boiteko bo Boholo ba Litšoantšo Tlaleho eo e hokahanya lipakeng tsa tšebeliso ea litšoantšo tsa bootsoa le bophelo bo bobe ba kelello le ba maikutlo:

1) Ke bo-mang ba litšoantšo tse manyala tse hlephisang boitšoaro ba Inthaneteng ba bonang bothata har'a banna ba koleche Ho Hlahloba Karolo e Ncha ea Boemo ba ho Qoba ho ba le Phihlelo (2012) - Excerpt:

Phuputso ea morao-rao e hlahlobile kamano ea ho shebella litšoantšo tsa bootsoa ba Inthaneteng le ho qoba ho ba le mathata a mangata a kelello (ho tepella maikutlo, ho tšoenyeha, khatello ea maikutlo, boiketlo ba sechaba, le mathata a amanang le ho shebella) ka phuputso e entsoeng ka marang-rang e entsoeng ka sampula e sa phekoleheng 157 banna ba tlase sehlopheng sa koetliso ea bongaka. Liphello li bontšitse hore palo ea ho shebella e ne e amana haholo le phapang e 'ngoe le e' ngoe ea kelello, e leng hore ho shebella ho eketsehileng ho amana le mathata a maholo.

2) Basali, Tlhekefetso ea Botona le Botšehali le Lerato le Etsa Lintho, le Tšebeliso ea Inthanete (2012) - Phuputso ena e bapisitse bokhoba ba basali ba li-cybersex le basali ba lemaletseng ho kopanela liphate, le basali bao e seng makhoba. Batho ba lemaletseng ho kopanela liphate ka cybersex ba bile le khatello e phahameng ea maikutlo. Tlhaloso:

Bakeng sa e 'ngoe le e' ngoe e fapaneng, mohlala e ne e le hore barupeluoa sehlopheng sa cybersex le barupeluoa sehlopheng sa lithethefatsi tsa cybersex ba kotsing ea ho tepella maikutlo, ho leka ho ipolaea, kapa ho ba le matšoao a ho tlohela ho feta karolo ea sehlopha sa cybersex. Barupeluoa ba neng ba le sehlopheng sa cybersex ba ne ba ka tlaleha ho tepella maikutlo ho feta ho litho tsa sehlopha sa batho ba lemalloang kapa ba se na cybersex.

3) Ho Sebelisoa ha Litšoantšo Tse Itoketseng Tse Ling Tsa Hong Kong Bacha ba Bochabela: Ho Pheta-pheta (2012) - Litlhaloso tse hlahang:

Ka kakaretso, litekanyetso tse phahameng tsa nts'etsopele ea bacha le ts'ebetso ea malapa e ntlafetseng li amana le mokhoa o ka tlaase oa ts'ebetso ea bootsoa. Monehelo o lekanyelitsoeng oa nts'etsopele e ntle ea bocha le ea lelapa bakeng sa ho sebelisoa ha thepa ea bootsoa hape o ile oa hlahlojoa.

Boithuto ba hona joale bo lekile ho hlahloba khokahano lipakeng tsa tšebetso ea lelapa le tšebeliso ea litšoantšo tsa bootsoa. Likarolo tse tharo tsa ts'ebetso ea lelapa, bonngoe, puisano le tumellano li ne li amana hampe le tšebeliso ea litšoantšo tsa bootsoa.

4) Boikutlo ba ho Kopanela Liphate ba Batho ba baholo le Boithati: Na Na Bohlokoa ke Boikhohomoso? (2013) - Excerpt:

Boikhohomoso bo ne bo amahanngoa le boitšoaro bo bobe ba ho kopanela liphate ka ho ipholla litho tsa botona kapa botšehali le litšoantšo tsa bootsoa li sebelisa banna.

5) Narcissism & Litšoantšo Tsa Bootsoa Inthaneteng Sebelisa (2014) - Excerpt:

Lihora tse sebelisitsoeng ho shebella litšoantšo tse manyala tse hlephisang boitšoaro tsa inthanete li ne li amana hantle le boemo ba narcissism ea bankakarolo. Ntle le moo, ba kileng ba sebelisa litšoantšo tse manyala tse hlephisang boitšoaro tsa inthanete ba ile ba amohela maemo a phahameng ka ho fetesisa a narcissism ho feta ba e-so ka ba sebelisa litšoantšo tse manyala tse hlephisang boitšoaro tsa inthanete.

6) Litšoantšo Tsa Bootsoa le Lenyalo (2014) - Litšoantšo tse litšila tse amanang le thabo e nyane ka kakaretso. Tlhaloso:

Re fumane hore batho ba baholo ba neng ba shebelletse filimi e lekantsoeng ea X selemong se fetileng ba ne ba ka hlalana haholo, ho ka etsahala hore ba kopane le batho ba sa ratanang, mme ba na le monyetla o fokolang oa ho tlaleha ba thabileng ka lenyalo la bona kapa ba thabileng ka kakaretso. Re fumane hape hore, bakeng sa banna, ts'ebeliso ea litšoantšo tse litšila tse tsosang takatso e fokolisitse kamano e ntle lipakeng tsa khafetsa ea thobalano le thabo.

7) Ho sebelisa litšoantšo tse litšila tse tsosang takatso, bophelo bo botle ba kelello le matšoao a sithabetsang har'a bacha ba Sweden (2014) - Litlhaloso tse hlahang:

Morero oa phuputso e ne e le ho batlisisa likhakanyo tsa ts'ebeliso ea litšoantšo tse manyala tse hlephisang boitšoaro khafetsa le ho batlisisa ts'ebeliso e joalo mabapi le matšoao a kelello le khatello ho bacha ba Sweden. … .. re fumane hore ho ba ngoanana, ho lula le batsoali ba arohaneng, ho ea lenaneong la sekolo se phahameng, le ho sebelisa litšoantšo tse manyala tse hlephisang boitšoaro khafetsa ho bile le litlamorao tse kholo lipontšong tsa kelello tse latelang.

Ts'ebeliso ea litšoantšo tsa bootsoa khafetsa metheo ea pele e hakantsoe le matšoao a psychosomatic ka ho latela tekanyo e phahameng ho bapisoa le matšoao a sithabetsang.

8) Tšebeliso ea Litšoantšo tse manyala tse hlephisang boitšoaro le litšebelisano tsa eona le liphihlelo tsa thobalano, bophelo bo botle le bophelo bo botle har'a bacha (2014) - Litlhaloso tse hlahang:

Lithutong tse telele tse mabapi le tšebeliso ea litšoantšo tsa bootsoa khafetsa li ne li amahanngoa le matšoao a psychosomatic ha a bapisoa le matšoao a sithabetsang. Hangata basebelisi ba litšoantšo tsa bootsoa hangata ba tlaleha mathata a likamano tsa lithaka ho feta lithaka tsa bona.

9) Kelello, Kamano, le Likamano Tsa Botona le Botšehali Tsa Litšoantšo Tsa Litšoantšo Tsa Bootsoa Sebelisa Batho ba Monyenyane Banyalani ba Heterosexual Relations Inthaneteng (2014) - Ho sebelisa litšoantšo tse litšila tse tsosang takatso le ho sebelisa litšoantšo tse litšila tse tsosang takatso ho ne ho amahanngoa le mekhoa ea ho hokela le ho tšoenyeha ho feta. Tlhaloso:

Kahoo, sepheo sa phuputso ena e ne e le ho lekola li-antecedents tse boletsoeng esale pele (ke hore, likhohlano tsa karolo ea bong le mekhoa ea ho ikopanya) le litlamorao (ke hore, boleng ba kamano e futsanehileng le khotsofalo ea thobalano) ea litšoantšo tsa bootsoa tsa banna li sebelisoa har'a banna ba baholo ba banna le banna ba 373 ba baholo. Liphuputso li senotse hore makhetlo a mabeli a ts'ebeliso ea litšoantšo tsa bootsoa le ts'ebeliso e nang le bothata ba litšoantšo tse manyala tse hlephisang boitšoaro li amana le kgohlano e kholo ea karolo ea bong, mekhoa ea ho qoba le ho tšoenyeha ho feta, boleng ba kamano e futsanehileng le khotsofalo e tlase ea thobalano.

10) Li-Neural Correlates tsa Liketso Tsa ho Kopanela Liphate Tsa Batho ba Kopanetsoeng ka ho Kopanela Liphate ho Batho ba nang le Likhatello tsa Botona le Botšehali ka ho Kopanela Liphate (le 2014) - Leha ho le joalo Voon et al., 2014 ha e na batho ba nang le maemo a maholo a kelello, litšoantšo tse tsosang takatso ea boitšoaro bo hlephileng li tsuba lihlooho tse ngata ka ho fetisisa ho tepeletseng maikutlo le matšoenyeho. Tlhaloso:

Lihlooho tsa CSB [lithethefatsi tse litšila tse tsosang takatso ea boitšoaro bo bobe] li ne li e-na le khatello ea maikutlo e phahameng le likhathatso (Tafole S2 ho Fanala S1) empa ha ho na ho hlahlojoa hona joale ha ho tepella maikutlong

11) Ha ho Kotsi Kotsing, Hantle? Boitšoaro bo bobe ba batho ba bootsoa, ​​setšoantšo sa 'mele le botle ba motho (2014) - Excerpt:

Tsela eo batho ba bonang litšoantšo tse manyala tse hlephisang boitšoaro ka eona e ne e le (a) e khotsofatsoang ka ho se khotsofale le ho se khotsofale ka mafura a 'mele ka ho kenngoa ka hare ho boemo ba mesomorphic, (b) ho amahanngoa le ho ananela' mele ka ho toba le ka tsela e sa tobang ka ho hlahloba 'mele, (c) bobe bo ama ka tsela e sa tobang ka ho ba le maikutlo a lerato le ho qoba maikutlo a lerato, 'me (d) ho amahanngoa hampe le tšusumetso e ntle ho ama ka tsela e sa tobang ka kamano ea kamano le ho tšoenyeha le ho qoba.

12) Matšoao a mamello ka mofuta oa ho kopanela liphate Ho emela: Tlhahlobo ea Tlhahlobo e Ntle ea Liketsahalo tsa banna ba 115 (2015) - Boithuto bo behile "li-hypersexual" ka mekhahlelo e 2: "bafebi ba sa foleng" le "ba iphollang litho tsa botona kapa botšehali" (bao e neng e le basebelisi ba litšoantšo tsa bootsoa ba sa foleng).

Monyetla oa ho ipholla litho tsa botona kapa botšehali o ne o sebelisoa joaloka linyeoe tse ileng tsa tlaleha ho feta 1 hr (kapa ketsahalo e le 'ngoe) ea ho ipholla litho tsa botšehali ka letsatsi kapa ho feta 1 hr ea litšoantšo tsa bootsoa ho sheba letsatsi, kapa ho feta 7 hr (kapa lipapali) ka beke.

Mabapi le bophelo bo botle ba kelello le mefuta e amanang le thobalano, motho ea thibelang ho ipholla litho tsa botona kapa botšehali o ile a khona ho tlaleha nalane ea mathata a ho tšoenyeha le mathata a ts'ebetso ea thobalano (71% vs. 31%) ka kameho e liehang ho ba tloaelo ho tlalehiloe bothata bo sebetsang ba thobalano.

13) Ho lemalla ho Lemalla Litšoantšo Tsa Bootsoa Inthaneteng le Matšoenyeho a kelello: Ho Hlahloba Likamano ka Nako le Nako (2015) Hlokomoloha poleloana e reng "ho lemalla ho lemalla, hobane e hlile e bolela lintlha tsohle ho Grubbs's CPUI-9, eo e leng lenane la lipotso tsa lithethefatsi tsa bootsoa (bona YBOP e nyatsa ka botlalo mohopolo o lemalloang oa ho lemalla litšoantšo tsa bootsoa). Ka bokhutšoanyane, lithethefatsi tsa bootsoa li amana le khatello ea maikutlo (bohale, ho tepella maikutlo, ho tšoenyeha, khatello ea kelello). Tlhaloso:

Qalong ea thuto ena, re ne re nahana hore "ho lemalla ho lemalla" litšoantšo tse manyala tse hlephisang boitšoaro tsa Inthanete ho tla amahanngoa le khatello ea kelello. Re sebelisa sampole e kholo ea likarolo tsa basebelisi ba batho ba baholo le sampole e kholo ea likarolo tsa basebelisi ba li-undergraduate tsa marang-rang, re fumane ts'ehetso e lumellanang ea khopolo-taba ena. Ntle le moo, tlhahlobisong ea bolelele ba nako ea nako e telele ea basebelisi ba litšoantšo tsa bootsoa, ​​re fumane likhokahano lipakeng tsa ho lemalla ho lemalla le khatello ea maikutlo ha nako e ntse e feta. Ka kakaretso, liphuputso tsena li tiisa ka matla polelo ea hore "ho lemalla ho lemalla" litšoantšo tse manyala tse hlephisang boitšoaro tsa inthanete ho ka kenya letsoho boiphihlelong ba khatello ea maikutlo ho batho ba bang.

14) Tlhahlobo ea Inthaneteng ea Botho, Litsebi tsa Maikutlo le Boits'oaro ba Litšebelisano Tsa Thobalano Tse Kopantsoeng le Boitšoaro ba Hypersexual Boithati (2015) - Ho lemalla bokhoba ba thobalano / thobalano ho ne ho sa amane feela le tšabo ea ho ba le ho se sebetse ha eretile, hape ho ne ho hokahane le khatello ea maikutlo le khatello ea maikutlo. Tlhaloso:

Boitšoaro ba bosodoma ”bo bontša hore motho o khona ho laola boitšoaro ba hae. Ho etsa lipatlisiso tsa boitšoaro bo hlephileng ba botona le botšehali, sampole ea machabeng ea banna le basali ba 510 ba ipitsang ba bong bo fapaneng, ba ratanang le ba bong bo fapaneng ba phethetse betri ea lipotso tse sa tsejoeng tsa inthanete. Ntle le lilemo le thobalano (e motona), boits'oaro ba bosodoma bo ne bo amana le lintlha tse phahameng mehatong ea nyakallo ea thobalano, thibelo ea thobalano ka lebaka la ts'oso ea ts'ebetso ea ts'ebetso, boits'oaro le khatello ea maikutlo le khatello ea maikutlo.

15) Boemo bo Botle ba kelello le Boipheliso bo Feteletseng ba ho Kopanela Liphate Bolela Matšoao a Tšebeliso e Sebetsang ea ho Kopanela Liphate ka Inthaneteng Litabeng Tsa Inthanete Har'a Bacha ba Bacha (2015) - Excerpt:

Phuputso ena e batlisitse hore na lintlha tse tsoang libakeng tse tharo tse fapaneng tsa kelello (ke hore, boiketlo ba kelello, lithahasello tsa thobalano / boits'oaro, le boits'oaro ba psychopathic) li boletse esale pele matšoao a ts'ebeliso e qobelloang ea lisebelisoa tsa marang-rang tse hlakileng tsa thobalano har'a bashanyana ba lilemong tsa bocha. Nako e telele, maemo a phahameng a maikutlo a sithabetsang, hape, thahasello e feteletseng ea thobalano e boletse esale pele keketseho ea matšoao a ts'ebeliso ea khatello likhoeli tse 6 hamorao.

16) Keletso, Lihlopha le Likokoana-hloko tsa Likokoana-hloko tsa Ego-Dyston In Clinic Setting (2016) - Pampiri ea mantlha (Mona) o sebelisitse poleloana e reng, “Ho ipholla litho ka tsela e tlamang” ho hlalosa mosebetsi oa litaba. Mohoeletsi oa pampiri (Motsoako oa Thobalano o Bulehile) e fetotse "Ho ipholla litho tsa botona kapa botšehali ho ikhotsofatsa" ho e etsa "Ego-Dystonic Masturbation." Ka 2016, ho ipholla litho tsa botona kapa botšehali ho ikhotsofatsa, ho tšoana le ho sebelisa litšoantšo tse litšila tse tsosang takatso. Tlhaloso:

Lintlha tsa rona li netefatsa litlaleho tse fetileng tsa li-psychiatric comorbidities, haholo-holo maikutlo, matšoenyeho, le botho ba mathata, ke taelo ho e-na le phapang ho batho ba nang le boitšoaro bo bobe ba ho kopanela liphate. 21, 22, 23, 24 Leha ho le joalo, EM e ka amahanngoa le ts'ebetso e sa tsejoeng ea ho tšoenyeha.

17) Litšoantšo tse manyala tse hlephisang boitšoaro tsa banna ho UK: ho ata le boitšoaro bo nang le bothata bo amanang (2016) - Excerpt:

Ba ileng ba tlaleha ho lemalla litšoantšo tse manyala tse hlephisang boitšoaro ba ne ba le monyetla o moholo oa ho kopanela mekhoeng e fapaneng e kotsi ea boitšoaro, ho kopanyelletsa le ho noa haholo, ho loana, le tšebeliso ea libetsa, ho sebelisa lithethefatsi tse seng molaong ho becha le ho shebella litšoantšo tse sa lumelloeng ke molao empa ho tse seng kae. Ba boetse ba tlaleha bophelo bo futsanehileng 'meleng le kelellong.

18) Boikutlo bo fetohileng ka mor'a ho shebella litšoantšo tse manyala tse hlephisang boitšoaro Inthaneteng bo amana le matšoao a Inthanete-litšoantšo tsa bootsoa-ho sheba bothata (2016) - Excerpt:

Internet-litšoantšo tse manyala tse hlephisang boitšoaro-ho sheba bothata (IPD) ho nkuoa e le mofuta o le mong oa bothata ba ts'ebeliso ea marang-rang. Bakeng sa nts'etsopele ea IPD, ho ne ho nahanoa hore tšebeliso e mpe ea litšoantšo tsa bootsoa tsa inthanete ho sebetsana le maikutlo a sithabetsang kapa khatello ea maikutlo e ka nkuoa e le kotsi. Boitsebiso bo bontšitse hore litloaelo tsa IPD li ne li amahanngoa hampe le ho ikutloa o le motle, o tsohile, o khobile matšoafo ebile o na le khatello ea kelello bophelong ba letsatsi le letsatsi le ho sebelisa litšoantšo tse manyala tse hlephisang boitšoaro Inthaneteng bakeng sa ho batla nyakallo le ho qoba maikutlo. Ho feta moo, litloaelo tsa IPD li ne li amana hampe le maikutlo pele le kamora 'marang-rang a litšoantšo tsa bootsoa.

19) Boits'oaro ba botona le botšehali bathong ba baholo: Mekhatlo ho pholletsa le mefuta e fapaneng ea lik'hamphani, mekhoa ea ho itšoara le ea maikutlo (2016) - Batho ba nang le mathata a ho ba le mathata a thobalano (PSB) ba bontšitse likhaello tse 'maloa tsa kelello le mathata a kelello. Litlhaloso tse 'maloa:

Tlhahlobo ena e boetse e bonts'a hore PSB e amahanngoa le bophelo bo bobe le ho feta, ho itšepa ho tlase, le litekanyetso tse phahameng tsa li-comorbidities ho pholletsa le likhathatso tse 'maloa. Ntle le moo, sehlopha sa PSB se bonts'itse bofokoli likarolong tse 'maloa tsa methapo, ho kenyeletsa le thibelo ea makoloi, memori ea tšebetso ea sebaka, le karolo ea ho etsa liqeto. Ka hona, ho ka etsahala hore PSB e hlahise mathata a mangata a bobeli, ho tloha ho ts'epahalleng joala le khatello ea maikutlo ho theohela boemong bo hlephileng ba bophelo le boitšepo.

20) Litšoantšo tse manyala tse hlephisang boitšoaro tsa Inthanete li sebelisa: Karolo ea ho labalabela, ho lakatsa ho nahana le ho se utloisise (2017) - Le ha ho sa hlaka hakaalo temaneng ena, phuputso ena e fumane likamano lipakeng tsa litakatso tsa ho sheba litšoantšo tse manyala tse hlephisang boitšoaro le lintlha tse mabapi le lipotso tsa khatello ea maikutlo le khatello ea maikutlo (tšusumetso e mpe). Tlhaloso:

Boithuto ba hona joale bo ile ba leka mokhoa o hlakileng oa takatso ea ho nahana le ho lakatsa tšebeliso ea litšoantšo tse litšila tse tsosang takatso, 'me ea hola hodima mofuta o le mong ho kenyelletsa ho ama hampe ho amanang le ho nahana ka takatso.

21) Phello ea Inthanete ho bophelo bo botle ba kelello bocha ba bana ba sekolo ba lilemong tsa bocha Rourkela - Thuto ea li-cross-sectional (2017) - Litlhaloso tse hlahang:

Ho etela libaka tsa bootsoa ho ne ho amana le thahasello ea thobalano, boikutlo bo tlaase, ho hloka mahloriso, le ho tšoenyeha ho sa hlalosoang.

Litšoantšo tsa bootsoa li ne li amana haholo le mathata a mangata a kelello ho bacha. Ka lebaka la ho se sireletsehe ha boiketsehi ba bongoaneng le ho se sebetse hantle, ba sitoa ho sebetsana le litaba tsa thobalano tse fumanehang marang-rang tse ka lebisang mathateng a ho tšoenyeha, ho tšoenyeha le khatello ea maikutlo.

22) Litšoantšo tse manyala tse hlephisang boitšoaro Sebelisa le ho jeoa ke bolutu: Tlhahlobo ea Bi-Directional Recursive Model le Phuputso ea Pilot (2017) - Excerpt:

Thutong le maikutlong, re lekola bolutu joalo ka ha bo amana le litšoantšo tse manyala tse hlephisang boitšoaro tse sebelisoang mabapi le boits'oaro ba thobalano le matla a tsona a ho lemalla. Liphetho tsa litlhahlobo tsa rona li senotse likamano tsa bohlokoa le tse ntle lipakeng tsa ts'ebeliso ea litšoantšo tsa bootsoa le bolutu bakeng sa mefuta eohle e meraro. Liphuputso li fana ka mabaka a ho ba teng ha nako e tlang, ho etsa mohlala oa kamano pakeng tsa ts'ebeliso ea litšoantšo tsa bootsoa le bolutu.

23) Kamoo ho Ithibela ho Amang Litakatso (2016) [liphetho tsa pele] - Litemana tse hlahang sehloohong sena:

Liphetho tsa Leqhubu la Pele - Lipatlisiso tsa mantlha

  1. Bolelele ba barupeluoa ba telele ka ho fetisisa ba etsoang pele ba kenella lipakeng tsa lipatlisiso le likhetho tsa nako. Phuputso ea bobeli e tla arabela potso ea hore na nako e telele ea boithaopo e tla etsa hore barupeluoa ba khone ho fokotsa meputso, kapa haeba barupeluoa ba bangata ba nang le mamello ba ka 'na ba etsa litsela tse telele.
  2. Nako e telele ea ho ipholoha e ka 'na ea baka tšenyo e tlase ea kotsi (e ntle). Phuputso ea bobeli e tla fana ka bopaki ba ho qetela.
  3. Botho bo amana le bolelele ba lithako. Leqhubu la bobeli le tla senola haeba ho ithiba ho susumetsa botho kapa haeba botho bo ka hlalosetsa phapang ka bolelele ba melapo.

Liphetho tsa Leqhubu la Bobeli - Diphetho tsa mantlha

  1. Ho ila litšoantšo tsa bootsoa le ho ipholla litho tsa botona kapa botšehali ho eketsa bokhoni ba ho lieha meputso
  2. Ho kopanela nako ea ho ipholosa ho etsa hore batho ba ikemisetse ho nka likotsi
  3. Ho ithiba ho etsa hore batho ba se ke ba itšoara hampe
  4. Ho ipholosa ho etsa hore batho ba ferekane haholoanyane, ba be hlokolosi haholo, ba be ba se ke ba hlola ba e-ba le metsoako

24) Ho shebella Mecha ea Boits'oaro ea Botona le Botšehali le ho Kopana ha Bona le Bophelo ba kelello Har'a Batho ba Bong le ba Bong bo Fapaneng Hohle Amerika (2017) - Litemana tse qotsitsoeng

Banna ba masoabi le ba bong bo fapaneng (GBM) ba tlalehile hore ba shebile mecha ea phatlalatso e hlakileng ea ho kopanela liphate (SEM) ho feta banna ba bong bo fapaneng. Ho na le bopaki ba hore ho shebella boholo ba SEM ho ka fella ka boikutlo bo bongata ba 'mele bo seng bobe' me bobe bo ama. Leha ho le joalo, ha ho liphuputso tse 'nileng tsa hlahloba mefuta ena ka mokhoa o tšoanang.

Ts'ebeliso e kholo ea SEM e ne e amana ka kotlolloho le maikutlo a mabe a mmele le maikutlo a sithabetsang le a tšoenyehileng. Hape ho bile le phello e sa tobang ea tšebeliso ea SEM ho matšoao a sithabetsang le a nang le matšoenyeho ka maikutlo a mmele. Liphumano tsena li totobatsa bohlokoa ba SEM ka bobeli ho setšoantšo sa 'mele le tse mpe tse amang hammoho le karolo eo setšoantšo sa' mele se e bapalang liphatlalatsong le lipelong tsa khatello ea maikutlo bakeng sa GBM.

25) Litšoantšo tse manyala tse hlephisang boitšoaro li sebelisoa ke banna ba nyenyane ba kopanetsoeng liphate: Metsoalle le ho se khotsofale ha 'mele, matšoao a ho kula, mehopolo ea ho sebelisa anabolic steroids le boleng ba bophelo (2017) - Litlhaloso tse hlahang:

Mohlala oa banna ba fokolang ba thobalano ba 2733 ba lulang Australia le New Zealand ba phethile tlhahlobo ea inthaneteng e neng e na le mehato ea ts'ebeliso ea litšoantšo tsa bootsoa, ​​ho se khotsofale 'meleng, matšoao a ho ja, maikutlo a mabapi le ho sebelisa li-anabolic steroid le boleng ba bophelo.

Hoo e batlang e le bankakarolo bohle (98.2%) ba tlalehetse tšebeliso ea litšoantšo tsa bootsoa ka tšebeliso e bohareng ea lihora tsa 5.33 ka khoeli. Patlisiso ea Multivariate e bontšitse hore ts'ebeliso e litšila ea litšoantšo tsa bootsoa e ne e amahanngoa le ho se khotsofale ho hoholo ke mesifa, mafura a mmele le bophahamo; matšoao a maholo a ho ja; menahano e mengata khafetsa mabapi le ho sebelisa li-anabolic steroid; le bophelo bo tlase.

26) Bacha ba Australia ba sebelisa litšoantšo tsa bootsoa le litloaelano le boitšoaro bo bobe ba ho kopanela liphate (2017) - Excerpt:

Bonyane lilemong tsa ho shebella litšoantšo tse manyala tse hlephisang boitšoaro li ne li amahanngoa le… mathata a bophelo bo botle ba kelello a haufinyane.

Karolo 1 (b) - Liphuputso tse phatlalalitsoeng kamora "Boiteko bo Boholo ba Litšoantšo”E tlalehileng khokahano lipakeng tsa ts'ebeliso ea litšoantšo tsa bootsoa le ts'ebetso e mpe ea kutloisiso:

1) Ho shebella litšoantšo tsa litšoantšo tse litšila ho sitisa mosebetsi oa ho boloka mohopolo (2013) - Bo-rasaense ba Jeremane ba fumane hore marang-rang a Inthanete a ka fokotsa mohopolo oa ho sebetsa. Tekong ena ea litšoantšo tsa bootsoa, ​​batho ba nang le bophelo bo botle ba 28 ba ile ba etsa mesebetsi ea ho hopola lintho ba sebelisa lihlopha tse fapaneng tsa litšoantšo tsa 4, e 'ngoe ea tsona e ne e le litšoantšo tsa bootsoa. Barupeluoa ba ile ba lekanya litšoantšo tsa bootsoa mabapi le ho tsosoa ha thobalano le ho ipholla litho tsa botona kapa botšehali pele ho, le ka morao, pontšo ea litšoantšo tsa bootsoa. Lipatlisiso li bontšitse hore ho hopola mohopolo ho ne ho le mpe ka ho fetisisa nakong ea ho shebella litšoantšo tsa bootsoa le hore ho tsoha ho hoholo ho ile ha eketsa lerotholi. Tlhaloso:

Liphetho li kenya letsoho ponong ea hore matšoao a ho tsosa takatso ea botona kapa ea botšehali ka lebaka la ts'ebetso ea litšoantšo tsa bootsoa a kena-kenana le ts'ebetso ea memori e sebetsang. Liphumano li buisanoa mabapi le tšebeliso ea litheko tsa botona le botšehali inthaneteng hobane ts'ebetso ea memori e sebetsang ka tšohanyetso e tsebahala ho tsoa ho litheko tsa lithethefatsi.

2) Likamano tsa ho kopanya liphate tsa ho kopanela liphate ka ho etsa liqeto ka tlase-taba (2013) - Phuputso e fumane hore ho shebella litšoantšo tse manyala tse hlephisang boitšoaro ho sitisitse ho etsa liqeto nakong ea tlhahlobo e lekantsoeng ea kutloisiso. Sena se fana ka maikutlo a hore ts'ebeliso ea litšoantšo tsa bootsoa e ka ama tšebetso e phethahetseng, e leng sete sa tsebo ea kelello e thusang ho fihlela lipheo tsa kopano. Tsebo ena e laoloa ke sebaka sa boko se bitsoang prefrontal cortex.

Mosebetsi oa ho etsa liqeto o ne o le bobebe ha litšoantšo tsa thobalano li ne li amahanngoa le likarolo tse kotsi tsa karete ha li bapisoa le ts'ebetso ea ha litšoantšo tsa thobalano li ne li amana le mekotla ea bohlokoa. Ho tsosoa ka thobalano ka thobalano ho lekanya kamano pakeng tsa maemo a mosebetsi le ho etsa liqeto. Phuputso ena e hatelitse hore ho tsosoa ha thobalano ho sitisa ho etsa liqeto, e leng se ka hlalosang hore na ke hobane'ng ha batho ba bang ba e-ba le liphello tse mpe ho latela taba ea ho sebelisa li-cybersex.

3) Arousal, ho sebetsa bokhoni ba ho hopola, le ho etsa liqeto tsa thobalano ho banna (2014) - Litlhaloso tse hlahang:

Phuputso ena e ile ea hlahloba hore na matla a ho sebetsa mohopolo (WMC) a lekanyelitse kamano pakeng tsa ho tsosoa ha maikutlo le ho etsa liqeto tsa thobalano. Palo ea banna ba 59 e ne e nkoa e le litšoantšo tsa 20 le tsa 20 tseo e seng tsa boiketlo ba ho kopana ha batho ba bong bo fapaneng ha mekhoa ea bona ea tsoho ea bophelo e tlalehiloe ka ho arabela ha letlalo. Barupeluoa ba ile ba boela ba qeta tlhahlobo ea WMC le mosebetsi oa khale oa ho betoa oo ba neng ba lokela ho o tseba hore na banna ba bangata ba Australia ba tla khaotsa ho hlekefetsoa ka thobalano ka lebaka la ho hanyetsoa ka mantsoe kapa ka 'mele kapa molekane oa basali. Barupeluoa ba neng ba e-na le boikutlo bo eketsehileng ba ho iphelisa ba bile ba qeta nako e eketsehileng ba shebella litšoantšo tse sa lumellaneng tsa thobalano tse khethiloeng hamorao ka mor'a ho emisa lintlha tse mabapi le mosebetsi oa khale oa ho betoa. Tumellanong le lintho tseo re li boletseng esale pele, kamano pakeng tsa ho tsosoa ha maikutlo le ho khethoa e ne e le matla ho barupeluoa ba nang le maemo a tlaase a WMC. Bakeng sa barupeluoa ba nang le WMC e phahameng, tsoho ea 'mele e ne e sa amane le sebaka sa ho emisa. Kahoo, bokhoni bo sebetsang ba ho sebetsa (le WMC ka ho khetheha) bo bonahala bo phetha karolo ea bohlokoa ho lekanyetsa liqeto tsa banna mabapi le boitšoaro bo mabifi ba ho kopanela liphate.

4) Ho khomarela litšoantšo tsa bootsoa? Ho hlokomoloha kapa ho hlokomoloha maemo a ts'oanang le litaba tsa ho kopanela liphate ka litaba tsa ho qoqa le ba bang ka litaba tsa thobalano ho na le maemo a mangata a amanang le matšoao a ts'oaetso ea ho kopanela liphate le ba bang ba libanese (2015 - Batho ba nang le tšekamelo e phahameng ea ho lemalla ho kopanela liphate ba etsa lintho tse ling hampe tsa mesebetsi ea tsamaiso (e leng tlas'a maemo a tsamaiso ea prefrontal cortex). Litlhaloso tse 'maloa:

Re ile ra batlisisa hore na tloaelo ea ho lemalla ho kopanela liphate ka litaba tsa thobalano e amahanngoa le mathata a ho laola tsela ea ho tseba hore na boemo bo hokae bo akarelletsang litšoantšo tsa bootsoa. Re ne re sebelisa lipatlisiso tse ngata tseo barupeluoa ba neng ba e-na le sepheo se hlakileng sa ho sebetsa ka tekanyo e lekanang ho se nke lehlakore le boitsebiso ba bootsoa. Re fumane hore barupeluoa ba tlalehang mekhoa e metle ea ho lemalla ho kopanela liphate ka litaba tsa ho kopanela liphate ka thobalano ba ile ba fokotseha haholo ho feta pakane ena

Liphello tsa lipatlisiso tsa morao-rao li shebana le karolo ea mesebetsi ea taolo ea batsamaisi, ke hore e sebetsana le mokhatlo oa prefrontal cortex, bakeng sa nts'etsopele le tlhokomelo ea bothata ba ho sebelisa li-cybersex ka bothata (joalokaha ho hlalositsoe ke Brand et al., 2014). Haholo-holo ho fokotsa matla a ho shebella tšebeliso e sebelisoang le ho fetola pakeng tsa boitsebiso ba bootsoa le lintho tse ling tse ka hare ho sepheo ka mokhoa o lekaneng e ka ba mokhoa o le mong ho nts'etsopele le ho lokisoa

5) Boits'oaro ba botona le botšehali bathong ba baholo: Mekhatlo ho pholletsa le mefuta e fapaneng ea lik'hamphani, mekhoa ea ho itšoara le ea maikutlo (2016) - Batho ba nang le mathata a ho ba le mathata a thobalano (PSB) ba bontšitse likhaello tse 'maloa tsa kelello. Liphuputso tsena li bontša hore o futsanehile e sebetsang ka katleho (boikaketsi) e leng tšobotsi ea boko bo ka sehloohong e hlahelang lithethefatsi tsa lithethefatsi. Litlhaloso tse latelang:

Ho latela litšoantšo tsena, hoa khoneha ho latela mathata a hlahang ho PSB le likarolo tse eketsehileng tsa kliniki, tse kang ho senyeha maikutlo maikutlong, ho senyeheloa ke maikutlo a itseng .... Haeba mathata a ho nahanisisa a hlalositsoeng tlhatlhobo ena e hlile e le karolo ea mantlha ea PSB, sena se ka 'na sa e-ba le litlhaloso tse kholo tsa kliniki.

6) Liphello tsa Litšoantšo Tsa Bootsoa ho Liithuti Tsa Sekolo se phahameng, Ghana. (2016) - Excerpt:

Phuputso eo e senoletse hore boholo ba liithuti li lumeletse ho sheba litšoantšo tsa bootsoa pele. Ho feta moo, ho ile ha hlokomeloa hore bongata ba bona bo lumeletse hore litšoantšo tse manyala tse hlephisang boitšoaro li ama litlhoko tsa barutoana hampe ...

7) Tšebeliso e sebetsang ea banna ba kopanelang liphate le ba sa kopaneleng liphate Pele ho 'me ka mor'a ho shebella video ea Erotic (2017) - Ho hlahisa litšoantšo tsa bootsoa ho amme bolaoli bo sebetsang ho banna ba nang le "boitšoaro bo hlephileng ba thobalano," empa e seng taolo e nepahetseng. Motsamaisi ea futsanehileng ea sebetsang ha a pepesetsoa litloaelo tse amanang le bokhoba ba tahi ke sesupo sa mathata a lithethefatsi (a bontšang bobeli ba tsona ho fetoloa lipotoloho tsa prefrontal 'me ho hlohlelletsa). Litlhaloso tse latelang:

Tlhaloso ena e bontša hore ho na le mekhoa e metle ea ho ba le tsebo ka mor'a ho kopanela liphate ka litekanyetso ho bapisoa le barupeluoa ba qobellang ho kopanela liphate. Ts'ehetso ea litaba tsena e tšehetsa khopolo ea hore banna ba kopanelang liphate ba se ke ba sebelisa monyetla oa ho ithuta ho tsoa phihlelo, e leng se ka etsang hore ho ntlafatsoe boitšoaro bo ntlafetseng. Hape sena se ka utloisisoa e le ho se be le phello ea thuto ka sehlopha sa likamano tsa botona le botšehali ha ba ne ba tsosoa ka thobalano, ho tšoana le se etsahalang nakong ea ts'oaetso ea thobalano, e qalang ka palo e ntseng e eketseha ea ho lemoha thobalano, e lateloa ke ts'ebetsong ea thobalano litokomane le ho hlahisa maikutlo, hangata ho amanang le ho hlaheloa ke maemo a kotsi.

8) Ho ipapisa le thobalano ea ho kopanela liphate ho etsa hore ho be le likhaello tse kholoanyane tse lebisang tlhokomelo e eketsehileng ho ho ba le litlokotsi tsa Cyber ​​har'a batho (2017) - Liphuputsong tse peli tse pepeselitsoeng litakatso tsa thobalano li hlahisitse: 1) theolelo e liehang ho feta (ho se khone ho liehisa khotsofalo), 2) tšekamelo e kholo ea ho etsa botlokotsebe ba cyber, 3) tšekamelo e kholo ea ho reka thepa ea bohata le ho qhekella akhaonto ea motho e mong ea Facebook. Ho bokella sena ho bonts'a hore ts'ebeliso ea litšoantšo tsa bootsoa e eketsa ho se ts'oenyehe ebile e ka fokotsa mesebetsi e meng ea taolo (boits'oaro, kahlolo, ho bona esale pele litlamorao, ho laola maikutlo). Tlhaloso:

Liphuputso tsena li fana ka temohisiso leanong la ho fokotsa ho nka karolo ha banna tlolong ea molao ea cyber; ke hore, ka ho pepesehela litakatso tsa thobalano le ts'ehetso ea boithabiso bo liehang. Liphetho tsa hajoale li fana ka maikutlo a hore ho fumaneha ho hoholo ha lits'oants'o tsa thobalano sebakeng sa marang-rang ho ka amana haholo le boits'oaro ba banna ba boitšoaro bo hlephileng ho feta kamoo ho neng ho nahanoa pele.

Qetellong bakeng sa karolo ena, Psychiatrist Victoria Dunckley e tlalehile lintlafatso tse kholo ho bakuli ba hae ba banyenyane ba nkang hiatus ho lisebelisoa tse kenang.

Karolo ea 2 - "Ho tsuba ka mokhoa o tsosang takatso" ho mpefatsa kapa ho baka matšoao (ADHD, khatello ea maikutlo sechabeng, matšoenyeho, khatello ea maikutlo, khatello ea maikutlo, jj.). Boithuto bo bonts'ang ts'ebeliso ea marang-rang e ile ea hlaha ho sesosa mathata a kelello, a kelello kapa a maikutlo.

Le ha boholo ba lithuto tse fetileng li lumellana, lithuto tse latelang li kenyelletsa mekhoa e fapaneng e bonts'ang kapa e netefatsang causation.

A) Litšoantšo tsa bootsoa li bontša kapa li fana ka maikutlo a ho baka:

Mona ke lithuto tse 'maloa tsa bootsoa tsa inthanete moo batho ba sebelisang litšoantšo tsa bootsoa ba ileng ba tlosa tšebeliso ea thobalano le liphetho. Ho ila litšoantšo tsa bootsoa ho netefatsa litlamorao tsa lona ke mohopolo oa mantlha puong ea ka ea TEDx, le pampiring e hlahlojoang ke lithaka eo ke e ngotseng ho 2016: Qoba Lintho Tse sa Lebelloang Tsa Inthanete Litšoantšo Tsa Bootsoa Sebelisa ho Senola Liphello Tsa Bona. Mona ke lithuto tseo ke li tsebang moo batho ba sebelisang litšoantšo tsa bootsoa ba lekileng ho tlohela litšoantšo tsa bootsoa. Kaofela ha bona ba tlaleha litholoana tsa bohlokoa. Lithuto tse hlano ho tse robeli li ne li e-na le basebelisi ba litšoantšo tsa bootsoa ka mokhoa o qobelloang ba nang le bothata bo bobe ba thobalano bo hanelang litšoantšo tsa bootsoa. Lithuto tseo tsa 5 li bonts'a ho hlonama ha bakuli ba folisa khatello e sa feleng ea thobalano ka ho tlosa phapang e le 'ngoe (litšoantšo tsa bootsoa):

  1. Mekhoa e metle ea ho ipholla litho tsa botona le botšehali (2016)
  2. Na Litšoantšo Tsa Bootsoa Tsa Inthanete li baka Mathata a Kopanela Liphate? Tlhahlobo le Litlaleho tsa Bongaka (2016)
  3. Masturbatory e sa tloaelehang e itlhahisa e le ntho ea tlhaho ea botsofali tabeng ea ho hlahlojoa le phekolo ea ho se sebetse ka thobalano ho banna bahlankana (2014)
  4. Boemo ba boemo bo botle ba kelello: Ho Ithuta ka Tlhahlobo (2014)
  5. Ho thata hakaakang ho sebetsana le ho phomola ha nako e khutšoanyane ho latela mohlala oa nakoana oa kelello? Tšoantšiso ea boemo (2017)

Lithuto tse ling tse tharo:

6) Tlhahiso-morao Hamorao Meputso ea Thabo ea Hona Joale: Litšoantšo Tsa Bootsoa Li Sebelisoa ke Nako ea ho Kopanela Liphoso le ho lieha Ho Fumana (2015) - Ho sheba litšoantšo tsa bootsoa tseo barupeluoa ba li jang, ha ba khone ho lieha ho khotsofatsa. Phuputso ena e ikhethang e boetse e na le basebelisi ba litšoantšo tsa bootsoa ho fokotsa tšebeliso ea litšoantšo tsa libeke tsa 3 Phuputso eo e fumane hore mokhoa o tsoelang pele oa ho sebelisa litšoantšo ke oa ho etsa joalo ho amana le ho se khone ho lieha ho khotsofatsa (hlokomela hore ho khona ho lieha ho ts'oanela ho khotsofatsa ke mosebetsi oa prefrontal cortex). Ntho e qaqileng ea thuto ea pele (lilemong tsa bobeli ba lilemo tsa 20) tse amanang le 'litšoantšo tse manyala tse hlephisang boitšoaro li sebelisa lintlha tsa tsona mosebetsing oa ho ikhotsofatsa o liehang:

"Litšoantšo tse manyala tse hlephisang boitšoaro tseo barupeluoa ba li jeleng, ba ile ba bona meputso ea nako e tlang e le ea bohlokoa bo tlase ho feta meputso ea hona joale, leha meputso ea nako e tlang e ne e le ea bohlokoa ho feta."

Thuto ea bobeli (lilemo tse bohareng tsa 19) e ile ea etsoa ho hlahloba haeba litšoantšo tsa bootsoa li sebelisoa lisosa ho fokotseha ha nakoana, kapa ho sitoa ho lieha ho khotsofatsa. Bafuputsi ba arohane basebelisi ba kajeno ba bootsoa lihlopha tse peli:

  1. Sehlopha se seng se ile sa itšetleha ka tšebeliso ea bootsoa libeke tsa 3,
  2. Sehlopha sa bobeli se ile sa itima lijo tsa bona tse ratoang libeke tsa 3.

Barupeluoa bohle ba ile ba bolelloa hore thuto e mabapi le boits'oaro, mme ba ile ba khethoa ka mokhoa o ikhethileng ho qoba mesebetsi eo ba e filoeng. Karolo e bohlale e ne e le hore bafuputsi ba ne ba e-na le sehlopha sa bobeli sa basebelisi ba litšoantšo tsa bootsoa ba sa jang lijo tseo ba li ratang. Sena se netefalitse hore 1) bafo bohle ba etsang mosebetsi oa boits'oaro, le 2) ts'ebeliso ea litšoantšo tsa bootsoa ea sehlopha sa bobeli e ne e sa amehe. Qetellong ea libeke tsa 3, barupeluoa ba ile ba nka karolo mosebetsing oa ho lekola litheolelo tsa ho lieha. Tsebiso ea bohlokoa: Le ha "sehlopha sa bootsoa" se ne se sheba litšoantšo tsa bootsoa haholo ho feta "batho ba ratang lijo," boholo ha boa ka ba shebella litšoantšo tsa bootsoa ka botlalo. Leha ho le joalo, litholoana:

"Joalokaha ho boletsoe esale pele, barupeluoa ba ileng ba sebelisa boitšoaro ho takatso ea bona ea ho sebelisa litšoantšo tse manyala tse hlephisang boitšoaro ba khethile liperesente tse phahameng tsa moputso o moholo hamorao, ha o bapisoa le bankakarolo ba ileng ba itšoara ka ts'ebeliso ea lijo empa ba tsoela pele ho sebelisa litšoantšo tsa bootsoa."

Sehlopha se khaotsitseng ho shebella litšoantšo tsa bootsoa ka libeke tse 3 se bontšitse litheolelo tse fokolang ha li bapisoa le sehlopha se neng se sa je lijo tseo ba li ratang. Ka mantsoe a bonolo, ho ila litšoantšo tsa bootsoa inthaneteng ho eketsa bokhoni ba basebelisi ba litšoantšo tsa bootsoa ba ho liehisa khotsofalo. Ho tsoa thutong:

Ka lebaka leo, ho haha ​​liphuputsong tsa longitudinal tsa Thuto 1, re bontšitse hore ho ts'oanela ho sebelisa litšoantšo tse manyala tse hlephisang boitšoaro ho amana haholo le tekanyo e phahameng ea ho lieha ho fokotsa. Ho sebelisa boitšoaro boemong ba thobalano ho ne ho e-na le phello e matla ho ho lieha ho fokotsa ho feta ho sebelisa boitšoaro holim'a takatso e 'ngoe e thabisang ea nama (mohlala, ho ja lijo tseo u li ratang haholo).

7) Kamoo ho Ithibela ho Amang Litakatso (2016) [liphetho tsa pele] - Litemana tse hlahang sehloohong sena:

Liphetho tsa Leqhubu la Pele - Lipatlisiso tsa mantlha

  1. Bolelele ba barupeluoa ba telele ka ho fetisisa ba etsoang pele ba kenella lipakeng tsa lipatlisiso le likhetho tsa nako. Phuputso ea bobeli e tla arabela potso ea hore na nako e telele ea boithaopo e tla etsa hore barupeluoa ba khone ho fokotsa meputso, kapa haeba barupeluoa ba bangata ba nang le mamello ba ka 'na ba etsa litsela tse telele.
  2. Nako e telele ea ho ipholoha e ka 'na ea baka tšenyo e tlase ea kotsi (e ntle). Phuputso ea bobeli e tla fana ka bopaki ba ho qetela.
  3. Botho bo amana le bolelele ba lithako. Leqhubu la bobeli le tla senola haeba ho ithiba ho susumetsa botho kapa haeba botho bo ka hlalosetsa phapang ka bolelele ba melapo.

Liphetho tsa Leqhubu la Bobeli - Diphetho tsa mantlha

  1. Ho ila litšoantšo tsa bootsoa le ho ipholla litho tsa botona kapa botšehali ho eketsa bokhoni ba ho lieha meputso
  2. Ho kopanela nako ea ho ipholosa ho etsa hore batho ba ikemisetse ho nka likotsi
  3. Ho ithiba ho etsa hore batho ba se ke ba itšoara hampe
  4. Ho ipholosa ho etsa hore batho ba ferekane haholoanyane, ba be hlokolosi haholo, ba be ba se ke ba hlola ba e-ba le metsoako

8) Lerato le sa Feleng: Litšoantšo tse manyala tse hlephisang boitšoaro le boitlamo bo nyahamisitsoeng ho molekane oa motho oa lerato (2012) - Phuputso e bile le lithuto tse lekang ho se sebelise tšebeliso ea litšoantšo tsa bootsoa libekeng tsa 3. Ha lihlopha tsena tse peli li bapisoa, ba neng ba ntse ba tsoela pele ho sebelisa litšoantšo tsa bootsoa ba tlaleha boitlamo bo tlase ho feta ba neng ba leka ho ila. Lintlha:

Mokhahlelo ona o ile oa sebetsa ka ho fokotsa kapa ho felisa litšoantšo tse manyala tse hlephisang boitšoaro ka nako ea thuto ea libeke tse tharo, empa ha ea ka ea thibela barupeluoa ba laola ho tsoela pele ho sebelisoa. Khopolo ea rona e ne e tšehetsoa ke hore barupeluoa litšoantšong tsa litšoantšo tsa bootsoa ba boletse hore ho fokotseha ha boitlamo ho bapisoa le barupeluoa ha ba itšetlehile ka boemo ba litšoantšo tsa bootsoa.

Hape, phello ea ts'ebetso ea bootsoa e sebelisoang ka boitlamo e ke ke ea hlalosoa ke phapang pakeng tsa ho itšireletsa ka mekhoa ea boithati ho sebelisa boitlhompho bo eketsehileng, kaha barupeluoa maemong a mabeli ba qoba ho hong ho khahlisang (ke, litšoantšo tsa bootsoa kapa lijo tse ratoang).

Ntle le moo, lithuto tse 'maloa tse telele li fana ka maikutlo a matla a ho kholisa:

9) Boithuto ba nako e telele mabapi le tšebeliso ea litšoantšo tsa bootsoa ho banna ba banyenyane le tšebetso ea boithuto: Bacha ba lilemong tsa bocha ba pepesehela litšoantšo tse manyala tse hlephisang boitšoaro Inthaneteng: Likamano tsa ho phatlalatsa nako, boikutlo ba ho batla maikutlo, le ts'ebetso ea lithuto (2014) - Litlhaloso tse hlahang:

Phuputso ena ea maqhubu a mabeli e ikemiselitse ho leka mofuta oa ho kopanya ho bashanyana ba lilemong tsa bocha (Boemo ba lilemo = 14.10; N = 325) hore (a) e hlalosa ho pepeseha ha bona litšoantšo tse manyala tse hlephisang boitšoaro tsa inthanete ka ho sheba likamano le nako ea ho pepesa le ho batla maikutlo, le (b e hlahloba litla-morao tse ka hlahang ka lebaka la ho pepesehela litšoantšo tse manyala tse hlephisang boitšoaro tsa inthanete bakeng sa ts'ebetso ea bona ea thuto….

10) Litšoantšo tse manyala tse hlephisang boitšoaro tsa Inthanete le boleng ba kamano: Ho ithuta ka nako e telele ka hare le pakeng tsa liphello tsa molekane oa liphetoho, khotsofalo ea thobalano le lisebelisoa tsa inthanete tse hlalosang thobalano pakeng tsa li-newly-weds (2015) - Thuto ea nako e telele. Tlhaloso:

Boitsebiso bo tsoang sehlopheng se sengata sa banyalani ba bacha bo bontšitse hore HO SEBELISA ho sebelisoa ho na le mathata a mangata ho feta liphello tse ntle ho banna le basali. Habohlokoa, phetoho ea banna e ile ea fokotseha ha nako e ntse e sebelisoa 'me tšebeliso ea SEIM e fokotseha phetoho. Ho feta moo, khotsofalo e mengata ea thobalano ho banna ba bolelang hore basali ba bona ba fokotseha nako e le 'ngoe hamorao, ha' mele oa basali ba sebelisoa ha ba fetole khotsofalo ea banna ba bona ka thobalano.

11) Na ho Shebella Litšoantšo Tsa Bootsoa ho Fokotsa Boikarabelo ba Lenyalo ka Nako? Bopaki bo tsoang Longitudinal Data (2016) - Thuto ea pele ea bolelele bo bolelele ba moemeli oa banyalani. E fumane litlamorao tse mpe tsa ts'ebeliso ea litšoantšo tsa bootsoa ho boleng ba lenyalo ka nako. Tlhaloso:

Phuputso ena ke ea pele ea ho fumana boitsebiso bo emelang naha, bolelele ba nako e telele (2006-2012 Portraits of American Life Study) ho leka hore na litšoantšo tse manyala tse hlephisang boitšoaro khafetsa li sebelisa tšusumetso ea boleng ba lenyalo hamorao le hore na phello ee e lekantsoe ke bong. Ka kakaretso, batho ba nyalaneng ba neng ba shebella litšoantšo tse manyala tse hlephisang boitšoaro khafetsa ho 2006 ba tlaleha maemo a tlase haholo a boleng ba lenyalo ho 2012, nete ea taolo bakeng sa boleng ba lenyalo ba pele le likamano tse nepahetseng. Phello ea litšoantšo tse manyala tse hlephisang boitšoaro e ne e se moemeli feela oa ho se khotsofale ka bophelo ba thobalano kapa ho etsa liqeto lenyalong ka 2006. Mabapi le tšusumetso e matla, khafetsa litšoantšo tsa bootsoa li sebelisoa ho 2006 e ne e le moemeli oa bobeli ea matla ka ho fetesisa oa lenyalo ho 2012

12) Ho Tloha Litlhapi ho Etsa Karolo ea Rōna? Litla-morao tsa ho sheba litšoantšo tsa bootsoa Sebelisa Tlhalo (2017) - Phuputso ena ea bolelele ba nako e sebelisitse tlhaiso-leseling e akaretsang ea sechaba ea General Social Survey e bokelletsoeng ho batho ba baholo ba Amerika ba likete Ba arabelitsoeng ba ile ba botsoa lipotso makhetlo a mararo mabapi le ts'ebeliso ea bona ea litšoantšo tsa bootsoa le boemo ba lenyalo - lilemo tse ling le tse ling tse peli ho tloha 2006-2010, 2008-2012, kapa 2010-2014. Litemana tse qotsitsoeng:

Ho qala litšoantšo tse manyala tse hlephisang boitšoaro pakeng tsa maqhubu a lipatlisiso ho batla ho imenne menyetla ea hore motho a ka hlalana nakong e tlang ea lipatlisiso, ho tloha liperesente tse 6 ho isa ho liperesente tsa 11, mme a batla a imena hararo ho basali, ho tloha liperesente tsa 6 ho isa ho 16 lekholong. Liphetho tsa rona li fana ka maikutlo a hore ho sheba litšoantšo tse manyala tse hlephisang boitšoaro, tlasa maemo a itseng a sechaba, ho ka ba le litlamorao tse mpe botsitsong ba lenyalo. Ka lehlakoreng le leng, ho khaotsa ho sebelisa litšoantšo tse manyala tse hlephisang boitšoaro lipakeng tsa maqhubu a lipatlisiso ho ne ho amahanngoa le monyetla o tlase oa tlhalo, empa ke oa basali feela.

Ntle le moo, bafuputsi ba fumane hore qalong balekane ba tlalehileng boemo ba thabo ea lenyalo bo phethile karolo ea bohlokoa ho lekoleng boholo ba kamano ea litšoantšo tsa bootsoa le monyetla oa tlhalo. Har'a batho ba tlalehileng hore ba "thabile haholo" lenyalong la bona leqhubu la pele la lipatlisiso, ho qala ho shebella litšoantšo tse manyala tse hlephisang boitšoaro pele phuputso e latelang e amahanngoa le keketseho e hlokomelehang - ho tloha liperesente tse 3 ho isa ho liperesente tse 12 - ka monyetla oa ho hlala ka nako ea phuputso eo e latelang.

Liphuputso tse ling hape li bontšitse hore setsoalle pakeng tsa ho qala litšoantšo tsa bootsoa se sebelisa le monyetla oa tlhalo e ne e le matla ka ho khetheha har'a bana ba Amerika ba banyenyane, ba neng ba le malumeli a seng makae, le ba ileng ba tlaleha thabo ea lenyalo ea pele e khōloanyane.

13) Litšoantšo tse manyala tse hlephisang boitšoaro Sebelisa le ho arohana ha lenyalo: Bopaki bo tsoang ho Two-Wave Panel Data (2017) - Thuto ea khale. Litlhaloso tse latelang:

Ha u etsa boitsebiso bo tsoang maqhubu a 2006 le a 2012 a Lipapitšetso tsa sechaba tsa American Life Study, sehlooho sena se ile sa hlahloba hore na batho ba lenyalong ba Maamerika ba neng ba shebella litšoantšo tse manyala tse hlephisang boitšoaro ho 2006, kapa ho hang kapa maemong a mangata, ba ne ba ka ba le karohano ea lenyalo ka 2012. Lipatlisiso tsa bongoli ba mekhoa e metle li bontšitse hore Maamerika a nyetseng a neng a shebella litšoantšo tse litšila tse tsosang takatso ho 2006 a ne a feta ka makhetlo a fetang a mabeli ho feta a ba neng ba sa shebella litšoantšo tsa bootsoa hore ba arohane ke 2012, esita le ka mor'a ho laola thabo ea lenyalo ea 2006 le khotsofalo ea thobalano le sechaba se nepahetseng li-correlates. Kamano pakeng tsa litšoantšo tse manyala tse hlephisang boitšoaro e sebelisa khafetsa le karohano ea lenyalo, leha ho le joalo, e ne e le ka tsela e nepahetseng. Monyetla oa ho arohana ha banyalani ka 2012 o eketsehile ka litšoantšo tsa bootsoa tsa 2006 ho fihlela boemong bo itseng ebe o hana mefuteng e phahameng ka ho fetisisa ea litšoantšo tsa bootsoa.

14) Na Batho ba Bang ba Litšoantšo Tsa Bootsoa ba ka 'na ba E-ba le Phihlelo e Eketsehileng ea ho Hlōloa? Bopaki bo tsoang Longitudinal Data (2017) - Thuto ea khale. Litlhaloso tse latelang:

Phuputso ena e ile ea hlahloba hore na Maamerika a sebelisang litšoantšo tse litšila tse tsosang takatso, hangata kapa ho feta hangata, ba atisa ho tlaleha hore ba arohane ka nako e telele. Boitsebiso ba nako e telele bo nkiloe ho maqhubu a 2006 le a 2012 a Litšoantšo tsa sechaba tsa American Life Study. Lipatlisiso tsa boitsebiso bo bongata bo bontšang hore batho ba Amerika ba shebile litšoantšo tse litšila tse tsosang takatso ho 2006 ba ne ba batla ba ka makhetlo a ka bang mabeli ho feta ba sa kang ba shebella litšoantšo tsa bootsoa ba tlaleha hore ba arohane ka maikutlo a lerato le 2012, esita le ka mor'a ho laola lintho tse amanang le likamano tsa 2006 le likamano tse ling tsa sechaba. Mokhatlo ona o ne o le matla haholo ho banna ho feta basali le bakeng sa Maamerika a sa nyalanang ho feta Maamerika a lenyalong. Liphuputso li boetse li bonts'a kamano e tobileng pakeng tsa hore hangata Maamerica a shebile litšoantšo tse manyala tse hlephisang boitšoaro joang 2006 le mathata a bona a ho arohana ke 2012.

15) Likamano pakeng tsa ho ipapisa le litšoantšo tse manyala tse hlephisang boitšoaro, ho ba le boiketlo ba kelello le ho lumella ho kopanela liphate har'a bacha ba Hong Kong ba lilemong tsa bocha: Thuto ea Longitudinal Longitudinal (2018) - Phuputso ea nako e telele e fumane hore ts'ebeliso ea litšoantšo tsa bootsoa e amana le khatello ea maikutlo, khotsofalo e tlase ea bophelo le maikutlo a lumellang thobalano.

Joalokaha ho nahanngoa, bacha ba ho sheba litšoantšo tse manyala tse hlephisang boitšoaro ba li-inthanete ba ne ba amahanngoa le matšoao a tepeletseng, 'me ba ne ba lumellana le lithuto tsa khale (mohlala, Ma et al. 2018; Wolak et al. 2007). Bacha, bao ka boomo ba neng ba pepesitsoe litšoantšong tse litšila tse tsosang takatso Inthaneteng, ba ile ba tlaleha matšoao a phahameng a matšoenyeho. Liphello tsena li lumellana le lithuto tse fetileng tsa liphello tse mpe tsa tšebeliso ea marang-rang litabeng tsa kelello, tse kang matšoao a tepeletseng (Nesi le Prinstein 2015; Primack et al. 2017; Zhao et al. 2017), boitlhompho (Apaolaza et al. 2013; Valkenburg et al. 2017), le bolutu (Bonetti et al. 2010; Ma 2017). Ho phaella moo, phuputso ena e fana ka ts'ehetso e matla bakeng sa liphello tsa nako e telele tsa ho pepesa ka boomo litšoantšo tse manyala tse hlephisang boitšoaro ka ho fetisisa ho feta nako. Sena se fana ka maikutlo a hore ho pepeseha ka boomo ho sheba litšoantšo tse manyala tse hlephisang boitšoaro ho ka lebisa matšoao a sithabetsang hamorao nakong ea bocha ... ..

Kamano e mpe pakeng tsa khotsofalo ea bophelo le ho shebella litšoantšo tse manyala tse hlephisang boitšoaro li ne li lumellana le lithuto tsa pejana (Peter le Valkenburg 2006; Ma et al. 2018; Wolak et al. 2007). Thuto ea hona joale e bontša hore bacha ba sa khotsofale bophelong ba bona ba Wave 2 ba ka etsa hore ba pepesetsoe mefuta e 'meli ea litšoantšo tsa bootsoa ho Wave 3.

Thuto ea hona joale e bontša liphello tsa nakoana le tsa nako e telele tsa ho lumella ho kopanela liphate ho lumellana le mefuta e 'meli ea ho shebella litšoantšo tsa bootsoa inthaneteng. Joalokaha ho lebeletsoe lipatlisisong tse fetileng (Lo le Wei 2006; Brown le L'Engle 2009; Peter le Valkenburg 2006), bacha ba lumellang ho kopanela liphate ba tlaleha hore maemo a phahameng a ho shebella litšoantšo tse manyala tse hlephisang boitšoaro a holimo

B) Lithuto tsa tšebeliso ea inthanete tse bonts'a khokahano:

Le ha lithuto tse makholo li hokahanya ts'ebeliso ea marang-rang le ho lemalla marang-rang ho mathata a kelello le a kelello, lithuto tse latelang li khothaletsa tšebeliso ea marang-rang e ka baka mathata a kelello le a maikutlo:

1) Ho buisana ka Inthaneteng, ho qobella batho ho sebelisa inthanete, le boiketlo ba kelello har'a bacha: Thuto ea nako e telele (2008) - Thutong e telele. Leqhetsoana: “Ts'ebeliso ea hang-hang ea len messengerosa le ho qoqa ka likamoreng tsa ho qoqa li ne li amana hantle le ts'ebeliso e qobelloang ea inthanete le khatello ea maikutlo ea 6 likhoeling tse tlang."

2) Tlhaloso ea ho Sebelisa Inthanete ka Bochabela ba Melello ea Bacha (2010) - Boithuto bo lebelletsoeng. Tlhaloso: “Liphetho li khothalelitse batho ba bacha ba neng ba se na mathata a bophelo bo botle ba kelello empa ba sebelisa internet marang-rang ba ka ba le khatello ea maikutlo ka lebaka leo."

3) Precursor kapa Sequela: Mathata a Pathological In Batho ba nang le Internet Addiction Disorder (2011) - Karolo e ikhethang thutong ena ke hore lithuto tsa lipatlisiso li ne li e-so sebelise marang-rang pele li ingolisa kolecheng. Phuputso e ile ea latela baithuti ba univesithi ba selemo sa pele ho netefatsa hore na ke liperesente life tse hlahisang bokhoba ba inthanete, mme ke lintho life tse ka bang kotsi ho tsona. Kamora selemo se le seng sa sekolo liperesente tse nyane li ile tsa khetholloa e le makhoba a Marang-rang. Ba ileng ba ba le lithethefatsi tsa inthanete qalong ba ne ba phahame ka bongata, leha ho le joalo ba ne ba le tlase ho bongata ba khatello ea maikutlo le lehloeo. Tlhaloso:

Kamora ho nts'etsapele lithethefatsi tsa inthanete ho ile ha bonoa lipalo tse phahameng haholo bakeng sa khatello ea maikutlo, khatello ea maikutlo, khatello ea maikutlo, maikutlo a batho, le psychoticism, ho fana ka maikutlo a hore tsena e ne e le liphetho tsa bokuli ba marang-rang. Ha re na ho fumana 'momori o tiileng oa bokhoba ba tahi ea inthanete. Bothata ba bokhoba ba ho lemalla ho sebelisa Inthanete bo ka tlisa mathata a itseng a bakoang ke lithethefatsi ka litsela tse itseng.

4) Liphello tsa motlakase oa motlakase o kopantsoeng ke kelello-ho kenya letsoho mosebetsing le liketsahalo tse amanang le liketsahalo P300 le ho hlokomoloha ho se tsotelle ha bakuli ba nang le bothata ba inthanete (2012) Kamora matsatsi a 40 a ho fokotsa ts'ebeliso ea marang-rang le lithuto tsa kalafo li fumane lintlha tse betere litekong tsa ts'oaetso, ka liphetoho tse tšoanang tsa EEG.

5) Phetoho ea P300 le phekolo ea ho itšoara hantle litabeng tsa boitšoaro litabeng tse nang le bothata ba ho lemalla bothata ba Inthanete: Thuto ea ho latela khoeli ea 3 (2011) - Litemana tsa EEG tse fetotsoeng (tse bontšang likhaello tsa ts'oaetso) li khutlela litekong tse tloaelehileng ka mor'a likhoeli tsa 3 tsa phekolo.

6) Bahlophisi ba Inthanete ba ikopanya le boemo bo nyahamisang empa ha ba na boikutlo bo nyahamisang (2013) - Batho ba nang le ts'oaetso e mpe ea inthanete ba bontšitse boemo bo tepelletseng bo matla empa ba sa bonts'a khatello ea maikutlo (hona ho bolela hore ts'ebeliso ea inthanete mohlomong e bakile khatello ea maikutlo).

7) Ho eketseha ha khatello ea kelello, bora le ho tšoenyeha ha sechaba nakong ea ho lemalla Inthanete ho bacha: Tlhahlobo ea ho ithuta (2014) - Boithuto ba Longitudinal (selemo sa 1). Bacha ba ileng ba lemala ba ile ba pepesa khatello ea maikutlo le lehloeo. Ka lehlakoreng le leng, sehlopha sa ts'ebeliso ea lithethefatsi tsa inthanete se bontšitse ho fokotseha ha khatello ea maikutlo, lehloeo le matšoenyeho a sechaba.

8) Baokameli ba bophelo bo botle le litsebi tsa univesithing Swansea ba fumane bopaki bo bong ba hore ho sebelisa ka ho feteletseng inthanete ho ka baka mathata a bophelo ba kelello (2015) Leqhetsoana: “Ha joale re se re qala ho bona litlamorao tsa ts'ebeliso e mpe ea marang-rang ho sehlopha sa bacha. Litlamorao tsena li ba kenyelletsa ho ba ba susumetsang haholoanyane, le ho sitoa ho hlahisa meralo ea nako e telele, e mabapi."

9) Phello ea ho labalabela ho itšunya-tšunya ha mekhoa ea methapo ea neural ea takatso e bakoang ke ho khahloa ke lipapali Inthaneteng (2016) - Ho kenella ho lebisitse phetohong ea liphetoho tsa boko le matšoao a fokotsehang a bokhoba.

10) Liphetoho tsa boleng ba bophelo le ts'ebetso ea ts'ebetso ho batho ba nang le bothata ba ho bapala Inthaneteng: Ho latela khoeli ea 6 (2016) - Tlhaloso: "Bakuli ba IGD ba ne ba e-na le matšoao a eketsehileng a khatello ea maikutlo le ho tšoenyeha, maemo a phahameng a ho hloka matla le ho halefa / mabifi, maemo a phahameng a khatello ea maikutlo, mofutsana oa QOL, le tšitiso ea karabelo e sa sebetseng. Kamora kalafo ea likhoeli tsa 6, bakuli ba IGD ba bonts'itse ntlafatso e kholo ho teba ha IGD, hammoho le QOL, thibelo ea karabo, le ts'ebetso ea botsamaisi. "

11) Phello ea motlakase oa motlakase o kopantsoeng le ho kenella ka kelello litabeng tsa matšoao a kelello le P50 ea mokhoa o hlakileng oa ho hlekahleka ho bakuli ba nang le bothata ba ho lemalla ho sebelisa inthanete (2017) - Ho kenella ho felletse ka ho etsa hore ho balloe ha EEG le matšoao a fokotsehileng a ho khetholloa, ho tetebela maikutlo le matšoao a kelello a khatello ea maikutlo kapa matšoenyeho.

12)  Tlhahlobo ea Facebook: Ho tlohela Facebook ho isa litekanyetsong tse phahameng tsa bophelo bo botle (2016) -Excerpt: “iT ho bonts'itsoe hore ho nka khefu ho tloha ho Facebook ho na le litlamorao tse ntle mahlakoreng a mabeli a bophelo bo botle: khotsofalo ea bophelo ba rona ea eketseha mme maikutlo a rona a ba a nepahetseng haholoanyane. "

13) Phekolo ea motlakase ka mahlaseli a motlakase bakeng sa ho lemalla internet: Bopaki ba ho tloaeleha ha bothata ba ho laola maikutlo ho bacha (2017) - Ho kenella ho bakile ho fokotseha ho hoholo hoa pherekano le matšoao a kelello.

14) Tšebeliso e Ntle ea Inthanete: Lithuto Tse peli tsa Longitudinal tsa ho Sebelisa Inthanete ho Feteletseng, Matšoao a Tšoenyehang, ho Cheseha ha Sekolo le ho Kopanela Lipakeng Har'a Ma-Adolescent a Pele le a Nakong ea Bochabela (2016) - Phuputso e entsoeng nako e telele e tlalehiloe hore tšebeliso e feteletseng ea inthanete e ka ba sesosa sa ho tepella sekolong hoo hamorao ho ka tšollang matšoao a nyahamisang.

15) Katleho ea ho Ikhutšoa ka Bokhutšoanyane bakeng sa ho Fetola Bothata ba ho bapala Inthaneteng Litsebo le Lithabiso (2017) - Sengoloa: “Ho itima boithatelo bo bokhutšoaane ho ile ha atleha ho fokotsa lihora tse ngata tsa papali, likotsi tsa lipapali tse mpe, le matšoao a IGD. "

16) Craving Behaivere Intervention in Ameliorating College Student 'Dis Display of Internet Game Disorder: Phuputso e telele (2017) - Ho kenella ho bakile ho fokotseha ho hoholo hoa bokhopo ba IGD, bo bonahetseng e le khatello e fokolang ea maikutlo le phetoho ea litlhoko tsa kelello ho tloha inthaneteng ho ea bophelong ba sebele.

17) Liphetoho tse fapaneng tsa phetoho ka mor'a marang-rang a marang-rang libakeng tse phahameng le tse tlaase tse sebelisang marang-rang (2017) - Sengoloa: “Batho ba ikhethileng ba nang le ts'ebeliso e mpe ea marang-rang ba bontšitse ho eketseha ha sekhahla sa pelo le khatello ea mali ea systolic, hammoho le phokotso ea maikutlo le boemo bo eketsehileng ba matšoenyeho, kamora ho felisoa ha seboka sa inthanete. Ha ho na liphetoho tse joalo ho batho ba se nang PIU e ipolelang. Liphetoho tsena li ne li sa ikamahanye le maemo a khatello ea maikutlo le khatello ea maikutlo. Liphetoho tsena kamora ho khaotsa ts'ebeliso ea marang-rang li ts'oana le tse bonoang ho batho ba khaolitseng ho sebelisa lithethefatsi tse matlafatsang kapa tse opangate."

18) Kamano e sa lebelloang pakeng tsa lithethefatsi le marang-rang a amanang le marang-rang a sebelisoang ke Inthanete ho baithuti ba Koena ba Chinese: A Longitudinal Cross-Lagged Analysis (2017) - Sengoloa: “Tlhahlobo e nkang nako e telele e telele…. Liphetho li senotse hore IA e ka bolela esale pele ka tsoalo le nts'etsopele ea tlhokomeliso e mpe ea ts'ebetso e amanang le marang-rang, le hore ha likhopolo tse joalo tse mpe li se li thehiloe, li ka tsoela pele ho ama hampe boemo ba liithuti tsa IA. "

19) Kamano pakeng tsa bongoana le ho se hlokomele batho ba baholo matšoao a lefu la ho kula ha bacha ba Korea ba nang le lithethefatsi tsa Inthanete (2017) - Boithuto bo bontša hore ADHD ea batho ba baholo e kanna ea amana le bokhoba ba inthanete.

20) Bafuputsi ba Montreal ba fumana khokahano ea 1st pakeng tsa lipapali tsa lipapali, ho lahleheloa ke bohlooho ho hippocampus (2017) - Barupeluoa kaofela ba ne ba le lilemo li 18 ho isa ho tse 30 ba se na nalane ea ho bapala lipapali tsa video. Litekanyetso tsa bongobo tse ileng tsa etsoa ho bankakarolo pele le kamora moo li bonts'itse hore lipapali tsa batho ba pele tse bakang lithunya li felletse ka tahlehelo ea taba e bohlooho ea hippocampal.

21) Ho nka Facebook ka tekanyo ea sefahleho: ke hobane'ng ha tšebeliso ea litaba tsa sechaba e ka baka lefu la kelello (2017) - Sengoloa: “Na ho na le taba ea hore tšusumetso e mpe ea ts'ebeliso ea Facebook bophelong bo botle ba kelello e kenya letsoho kholisong ea pherekano e ntle ea kelello? Karabo ea potso ena hangata e tla ba e. "

22) Lintho tse senyehileng tse nang le bohlooho bo botle ba li-grey e le letšoao la bothata ba lipapali tsa ho bapala Inthaneteng: ho fetola bopaki bo tsoang mohlahanong oa sepakapaka le sebopeho sa nako e telele (2017) - Boithuto ba nako e telele bo fumane hore papali ea inthanete e bakile tahlehelo ea litaba tse bohlooho tsa OFC ho ba lemalloang ke lipapali le lithuto tseo e neng e se libapali.

23) Phello ea Lenane la ho Kena Lipatlisiso: Tšebeliso ea Inthanete Bakeng sa Bacha (2017) - Basebelisi ba inthanete ba nang le mathata ba 157 ba qetile linako tse robeli tsa beke le beke. Tlhaloso: Bongata bo boholo ba bankakarolo ba atlehile ho sebetsana le matšoao a PIU… E ne e sa bue feela ka boits'oaro ba PIU empa hape e thusitse ho fokotsa matšoenyeho a sechaba le ho eketsa tšebelisano 'moho.

24) Ho lemalla Inthanete ho Etsa Hore ho se Tšepe ka Boko (2017) - Ha e bapisoa le sehlopha sa taolo, batho ba lemaletseng inthanete ba ne ba phahamisitse gamma aminobutyric acid, kapa GABA, neurotransmitter e hokahantsoeng le lithethefatsi tse ling le mathata a kelello. Kamora libeke tse 9 tsa tšebeliso e fokotsehileng ea inthanete, le kalafo ea boits'oaro ea boits'oaro, maemo a GABA "a tloahelehile".

25) Liphello tsa Botho ba Lipapali tsa Li-video tsa Bacha ba Basotho 'Mosebetsi oa Thuto le Boitšoaro: Thuto e sa Lebelloang, e laoloang (2010) - Bashemane ba amohetseng sistimi ea papali ea video ba na le ho theoha lipalo tsa bona tsa ho bala le ho ngola.

26) Mekhoa ea ho thibela lipapali ho bapala lipapali tsa batho ba baholo ba nang le mathata (2018) - Boithuto bo ikhethileng bo nang le kalafo bo batlang lipapali bo leka ho tlohela beke. Boholo ba libapali li tlalehile matšoao a ho tlohela a entseng hore ho be thata ho ithiba. Matšoao a ho tlohela a bolela hore papali ea papali e bakile liphetoho tse amanang le bokhoba ba tahi.

27) Litšebelisano pakeng tsa tšebeliso ea Inthanete e phetseng hantle, e nang le bothata le e lemalang mabapi le litšila le litšobotsi tse amanang le boikutlo ba boithati (2018) - Phuputso e 'ngoe e ikhethang e lekolang lihlooho tse nang le matšoao a tšoanang le a ADHD a sa tsoa ntlafatsoa. Bangoli ba lumela ka tieo hore ts'ebeliso ea inthanete e baka ADHD joalo ka matšoao.

28) Tšebeliso ea Inthanete ea Bacha, Boiketlo ba Sechaba le Matšoao a Tšoenyehang: Ho hlahlojoa ho tsoa Phuputsong ea Lihlopha tsa Longitudinal (2018) Tšebeliso e kholo ea inthanete ha nako e ntse e feta e lebisa maemong a phahameng a khatello ea maikutlo

SLIDE 12

Taba ea boraro, joalo ka setso, re ke ke ra kholoa hore thobalano e ka lebisa ho lemalleng hobane "thobalano e phetse hantle." Empa litšoantšo tsa bootsoa tsa inthanete kajeno ha se thobalano. E fapane le thobalano ea 'nete joalo ka "World Of Warcraft" e tsoa ho li-checkers. Ho shebella skrini se tletseng likarolo tsa 'mele ho ke ke ha sireletsa moshemane ho lemaleng. Ho fapana le moo, thuto ena ea Sedache e fumane hore - liketsahalong tsohle tse inthaneteng – porn e na le monyetla o moholo oa ho lemalla.

TŠEBELETSO EA SEHLOOHO:

Tlhokomeliso: Slides 3, 4, 5, 6 le 8 li fana ka ts'ehetso bakeng sa tseko ea hore litšoantšo tsa bootsoa tsa inthanete (ka libaka tsa tube) li fapana ka mokhoa o hlakileng le litšoantšo tsa porno tsa nakong e fetileng.

Boithuto bo bontšitsoeng slide bo ts'ehetsa taba ea hore litšoantšo tsa bootsoa tsa inthanete li na le monyetla o moholo oa ho li lematsa: Ho bolela hore ho na le Inthanete e qobelloang ho sebelisa: Ke Tsohle ka Thobalano! (2006) - Tlhaloso ea thuto ena ea nako e telele:

Morero oa lipatlisiso tsena e ne e le ho lekola matla a bolebello a lits'ebetso tse fapaneng tsa inthanete mabapi le nts'etsopele ea tšebeliso ea tšebeliso ea inthanete (CIU) e qobelloang. Phuputso ena e na le moralo oa bolelele ba maqhubu a mabeli le nako ea selemo ea 1. Tekanyo ea pele e ne e le basebelisi ba marang-rang ba 447 ba baholo ba neng ba sebelisa marang-rang bonyane 16 h ka beke mme ba ne ba e-na le marang-rang lapeng bonyane bonyane 1. Bakeng sa tekanyo ea bobeli, barupeluoa bohle ba ile ba memeloa hape, bao 229 ba ileng ba mo araba. Ka lipotso tse fumanehang marang-rang, ba arabelang ba ile ba botsoa mabapi le nako e sebelisitsoeng lits'ebetsong tse fapaneng tsa inthanete le CIU. Motheong oa likarolo, lipapali le erotica li bonahala e le lits'ebetso tsa bohlokoa ka ho fetisisa tsa inthanete tse amanang le CIU. Motheong oa nako e telele, ho qeta nako e ngata ho erotica ho boletse esale pele keketseho ea CIU 1 selemo hamorao. Monono oa ts'ebeliso ea lits'ebeliso tse fapaneng o fapana; erotica e bonahala e na le bokhoni bo phahameng ka ho fetisisa.

Lithuto tse ling tse tšehetsang tleleime ena ea 2011:

1) Cybersex le E-teen: Seo Lenyalo le Baeletsi ba Lelapa ba Lokelang ho se Tseba (2008) - Ntho e hlahang:

Bacha ba sebelisang marang-rang khafetsa ("e-teen") ba hlahisa lethathamo le lecha la liphephetso bakeng sa litsebi tsa lenyalo le tsa malapa. Banyalani le litsebi tsa malapa ba ke ke ba iphapanyetsa karolo eo inthanete e e bapalang kholisong ea thobalano ea bocha le moelelo oa eona ho lelapa. Sengoliloeng sena se tla sebetsa e le selelekela sa setsebi sa lenyalo le sa malapa ha se hlahisoa le bacha ba kenang boitšoarong ba thobalano inthaneteng.

2) Tlhaloso ea Bacha ea ho Boitsebiso ba Inthanete bo Kopanetsoeng ka Thobalano le Bothata ba ho Kopanela Liphate: Thuto ea Panel (Three-Wave Panel Study) (2008) - Ho hlahisa litšoantšo tsa bootsoa ho eketsa pherekano ea thobalano. Tlhaloso:

Tikoloho ea litaba tsa thobalano e ka ama kholo ea kholo ea thobalano ho feta mekhoa e tloaetsoeng ho ithuta, joalo ka maikutlo a thobalano le boits'oaro ba thobalano.

Ha bacha ba sebelisa SEIM khafetsa, ba lula ba nahana ka thobalano, 'me le takatso ea bona ea thobalano e ba matla le ho feta,' me khafetsa ba fetoha lintho tse ngata ka lebaka la menahano ea bona ka thobalano.

3) Bacha le ho lemalla ho kopanela liphate Inthaneteng (2009) - Ntho e hlahang:

Monahano o fokolang haholo kapa lipatlisiso li lebisitsoe ho sehlooho sa bacha le bokhoba ba thobalano. Bacha ba sebelisang inthanete khafetsa ba fana ka liphephetso tse ncha ho litsebi tsa bongaka. Sengoloa sena se hlahloba (a) mehopolo ea mantlha le litšobotsi tse ikhethang tsa kelello tsa marang-rang tse amanang le boitšoaro ba bacha ba thobalano marang-rang, (b) tšebeliso ea bokhoba ba ts'ebeliso ea likamano tsa botona le botšehali Inthaneteng le (c) kalafo le thibelo ha ho sebetsoa ka thobalano e nang le mathata inthaneteng. boits'oaro ho bacha. Ho phethoa hore litsebi tsa bongaka li ke ke tsa hlokomoloha karolo eo mecha ea phatlalatso e e bapalang bophelong ba batjha le phello ea eona ho ba lelapa le sechabeng.

TŠEBELETSO E NTSENG:

Boithuto bo kenyeletsang litefiso tsa "lithethefatsi tsa joala" li ntse li sa fumanehe hangata. Leha ho le joalo, lithuto tse tharo tsa morao-rao tse hlahlobang basebelisi ba litšoantšo tsa bootsoa li tlalehile litefiso tsa 27.6%, 28% le 19%:

1) Mesebetsi ea ho kopanela liphate ka Inthaneteng: Ho ithuta ka ho hlahloba mathata le ho se sebetsane le mekhoa e sebelisoang ho batho ba bang (2016) - Phuputso ena ea Belgian (Leuven) e fumane hore 27.6% ea bafo ba neng ba sebelisitse litšoantšo tsa bootsoa likhoeling tse 3 tse fetileng ba ile ba itlhahloba ka liketso tsa bona tsa thobalano inthaneteng e le mathata. Selelekela (litšoantšo tse manyala tse hlephisang boitšoaro tsa inthanete tsa OSA):

Karolo ea bankakarolo ba ileng ba tlaleha mathata a amanang le ho nka karolo ha bona ho li-OSAs e ne e le 27.6% mme ho tsena, 33.9% e tlaleha hore ba kile ba nahana ho kopa thuso bakeng sa ts'ebeliso ea OSA.

2) Litšobotsi tsa Meriana ea Batho ba Thahasellang ho Batla Phekolo ea Tšebeliso ea Litšoantšo Tsa Bootsoa (2016) - Phuputso ho banna ba fetang 18 ba neng ba shebile litšoantšo tsa bootsoa bonyane hanngoe likhoeling tse 6 tse fetileng. Phuputso e tlaleha hore 28% ea banna ba fumanetse (kapa ka holimo) setlokotsebe bakeng sa ho ba le moferefere oa hypersexual.

3) Ho lemalla Tšebelisano ea Inthanete Nakong ea Liithuti tsa K'holejeng: Thuto ea Boithaopo (2017) Phuputsong ea boits'oaro ea baithuti (karolelano ea lilemo tse 23), 10.3% e fumane lintlha maemong a kliniki bakeng sa bokhoba ba li-cybersex (19% ea banna le 4% ea basali). Ho bohlokoa ho hlokomela seo tlhahlobo ena ha e felle feela ho barupeluoa ba eona ba sebelisang litšoantšo tsa bootsoa.

Liphuputso tse latelang li hlalosa mofuta o mocha oa "bokhoba ba thobalano," e leng, bacha ba se nang likotsi tse mpe ba lemaletseng litšoantšo tsa bootsoa tsa inthanete feela (ha ba bapale le batho):

1) Moloko o Mocha oa Bokhoba ba ho Kopanela Liphate (2013). Lingaka li se li qalile ho bona "mofuta o mocha" oa bacha ba lemaletseng ho kopanela liphate ba lemaletseng litšoantšo tsa bootsoa inthaneteng, leha ho le joalo ba fapane hole le "makhoba a thobalano" a setso:

Ho fapana le hoo, mokhoa oa "mehleng ea kajeno" oa ho lemalla thobalano ka potlako o hlahile ka kholo e potlakileng ea mahlale a marang-rang mme o khetholloa ke "3Cs": ho sa feleng, litaba le setso. Ho tšoenyang haholo ke ho pepesehela litšoantšo tsa thobalano tse sa ts'oaneng le likamano tsa botona le botšehali, thobalano le nts'etsopele sechabeng.

2) Tšebelisano ea ho kopanela liphate le bana ba lilemong tsa bocha: Na ke bothata bo hlakileng? (2016) - Hape, ho hlalosa mofuta o mocha oa bokhoba ba thobalano ”: bacha ba se nang comorbidities kapa psychopathology e seng e ntse e le teng (joalo ka batho ba lemaletseng ho kopanela liphate).

Taba ea nehelano ena ke taba ea ts'oaetso ea botona le botšehali ea bacha, le boemo ba eona maemong a botho. Boemo ba botho bo ileng ba hlahlojoa e ne e le setaele sa ho ikopanya, boits'oaro, bong, tumelo le psychopathology. Ho etsa joalo, bacha ba 311 ba sekolo se phahameng (bashanyana ba 184, banana ba 127) ba lipakeng tsa lilemo tse 16–18 bao boholo ba bona (95.8%) e neng e le matsoalloa a Israele. Ho ile ha hlahlojoa meetso e mehlano ea boits'oaro, kaofela e ipapisitse le khopolo ea hajoale le lipatlisiso mabapi le bosodoma. Moetso oa bone o fumanoe o lumellana le data, o bonts'a hore psychopathology le hypersexuality ke mathata a ikemetseng mme ha a amane le ts'ebetso ea ho kena lipakeng.

3) Tlhahlobo le phekolo ea banna ba baholo ba ratanang le batho ba bong bo fapaneng le ba nang le bothata ba ho sheba litšoantšo tse manyala tse hlephisang boitšoaro ba sebelisa: Tlhahlobo (2017) - Karolo e latelang ea kenyelletso ea tlhahlobo e fana ka ts'ehetso e matla bakeng sa likopo tse hlahisitsoeng ho Slide 12 le ho Boiteko bo Boholo ba Litšoantšo:

Patlisiso ea Burgeoning neurobiological e belaelitse mohopolo oa bokhoba, boo ka tloaelo bo amanang le tšebeliso e thata ea joala le lintho tse ling (Lerato, Laier, Brand, Hatch, & Hajela, 2015). Bopaki bo fana ka maikutlo a hore mekhoa e fapaneng e ka hlalosoa e le tahi ka lebaka la mekhoa e tloaelehileng ea methapo ea kutlo le lits'ebetso tse susumetsang tse bapalang lintho tse peli le boits'oaro bo hlephileng (Grant, Brewer, & Potenza, 2006; Koob & Le Moal, 2008; Robinson Le Berridge, 2008). Phetoho ena e kholo ea kutloisiso ea bokhoba ba tahi e tsamaisitsoe le litlamorao tse kholo bakeng sa tlhahlobo ea kalafo le kalafo (Love et al., 2015). Sena se pakoa ke Mokhatlo oa American Psychiatric Association (APA) o ananelang bokhoba bo le bong ba boitšoaro, Gambling Disorder, ka karohano ea eona ea semmuso le e 'ngoe, Internet Gaming Disorder, joalo ka' Boemo ba ho Ithuta Haholoanyane 'ka hare ho DSM 5 (APA, 2013). APA ha e so fane ka bafuputsi le lingaka ka moralo o akaretsang oa ho lekola mekhoa e meng e hlahang le e ka bang lemallo. E 'ngoe ea boitšoaro bo joalo ke ts'ebeliso e qobelloang ea litšoantšo tsa bootsoa, ​​e ka bang le monyetla o moholo oa ho lemalla boitšoaro bohle bo amanang le inthanete (Griffiths, 2012; Meerkerk, Van Den Eijnden, & Garretsen, 2006).

Tšebeliso e nang le bothata ba ho sheba litšoantšo tse manyala tse hlephisang boitšoaro, eo hangata e bitsoang 'ho lemalla lit soant so tsa bootsoa' kapa 'ho lemalla lit soant so tsa bootsoa', e ka nkuoa e le ts'ebeliso efe kapa efe ea litšoantšo tse manyala tse hlephisang boitšoaro tse lebisang ho / kapa tse hlahisang litlamorao tse mpe tsa boits'oaro ba motho, tsa mosebetsi oa matsoho kapa tsa motho ka mong (Grubbs, Exline , Pargament, Hook, & Carlisle, 2015; Grubbs, Volk, Exline, & Pargament, 2015). Bopaki bo ntseng bo eketseha bo fana ka maikutlo a hore ts'ebeliso e fetelletseng le e qobelloang ea tšebeliso ea litšoantšo tsa bootsoa e na le litlamorao tse ts'oanang le ts'ebeliso ea lithethefatsi, ho kenyeletsoa ho kena-kenana le ts'ebetso ea mohopolo ea ho sebetsa (Laier, Schulte, & Brand, 2013), liphetoho tsa neuroplastic tse matlafatsang ts'ebeliso (Hilton, 2013; Love et al., 2015 ), Le kamano e mpe e mpe lipakeng tsa ts'ebeliso le bophahamo ba taba ea bohlooho bokong (Kühn & Gallinat, 2014). Ha e le hantle, lithuto tsa ho lekola boko li bonts'itse hore boko ba batho ba lemaletseng bokhoba ba litšoantšo tse manyala tse hlephisang boitšoaro bo ka bapisoa le batho ba nang le ts'epahalo ea lintho tse amanang le ts'ebetso ea boko joalo ka leihlo la data ea magnetic imaging (fMRI) (Gola et al., 2017; Voon et al. , 2014).

Mathata a thobalano, ka kakaretso, a khelositsoe ho khethollo ea semmuso ho DSM-5. Ho 2010, tlhahiso ea Kafka ea lefu la hypersexual (Kafka, 2010), leha nyeoe e ileng ea latela ea ts'imo e ts'ehetsa ho ts'epahala le bonnete ba litekanyetso tsa lefu la hypersexual (Reid et al., 2012). Boholo ba lipatlisiso tsa mahlale tse amanang le ho shebella litšoantšo tse manyala tse hlephisang boitšoaro li nahannoe e le bokhoba ba thobalano (Orzack & Ross, 2000), takatso ea thobalano (Mick & Hollander, 2006), ho qobelloa ho etsa thobalano (Cooper, Putnam, Planchon, & Boies, 1999), kapa boits'oaro ba bosodoma (Rinehart & McCabe, 1998), a fana ka maikutlo a hore ho ka ba le ho tšoana lipakeng tsa mekhahlelo ena e meng e amanang le eona. Kraus le basebetsi-'moho le eena ba khothalelitse ho amoheloa ha poleloana e reng Compulsive Sexual Behaeve (CSB) ho bonts'a sehlopha se pharalletseng sa boits'oaro bo bobe ba thobalano (ho kenyelletsa tšebeliso ea litšoantšo tsa bootsoa) se kenyelletsang mantsoe ana kaofela a kaholimo (Kraus, Voon, et al., 2016). Leha ho na le ho tšoana, leha ho le joalo, lingoliloeng li fana ka maikutlo a hore ts'ebeliso e nang le mathata ea litšoantšo tse manyala tse hlephisang boitšoaro e kanna ea fapana le ho fapana le mathata a mang a thobalano (Duffy, Dawson, & das Nair, 2016). Mohlala, ts'ebeliso e nang le mathata ea litšoantšo tse manyala tse hlephisang boitšoaro e ka fapana le ho lemalla thobalano ka kakaretso hobane thobalano e amanang le ho kopana le batho e ka ba e bakang matšoenyeho ho feta boiketlo ba ho tseba litšoantšo tsa bootsoa ntle le lebitso, boinotšing le ka theko e tlase inthaneteng (Short, Wetterneck, Bistricky, Shutter, & Chase, 2016 ).

Le ha ts'ebeliso e mpe ea litšoantšo tse manyala tse hlephisang boitšoaro e ka ama boits'oaro ba botona le botšehali, ea baka mathata a thobalano, mme ea fetola hampe maikutlo a amanang le thobalano (Cotiga & Dumitrache, 2015), lingaka le lingaka ha baa ikemisetsa ho sebetsana le ts'ebeliso e mpe ea litšoantšo tsa bootsoa. Batho ba nahanang hore ba na le bothata ba ho sebelisa litšoantšo tse manyala tse hlephisang boitšoaro ba tobane le boemo bo thata moo litsebi li hlokang koetliso e lekaneng ea ho sebetsana le ts'ebeliso ea litšoantšo tsa bootsoa (Ayres & Haddock, 2009), leha lingaka li lumela hore mekhoa e joalo ea ts'ebeliso e lokeloa ke kalafo le ho kenella (Pyle & Marokho, 2012) le bareki ba ntse ba tsoela pele ho senola khafetsa litšoantšo tse manyala tse hlephisang boitšoaro li sebelisoa ka linako tse ling (Ayres & Haddock, 2009). Ntle le kutlwisiso e nepahetseng ea tlhahlobo le kalafo ea ts'ebeliso e nang le bothata ba litšoantšo tse manyala tse hlephisang boitšoaro, monyetla oa hore kalafo e seng ea boitšoaro e eketsehe ho tloha ha kalafo e atamela e kanna ea susumetsoa ke leeme le litumelo tsa bona (Ayres & Haddock, 2009).

Ho sebelisa litšoantšo tse manyala tse hlephisang boitšoaro tse iponahatsang (SPPPU), kapa ho lemalla litšoantšo tse manyala tse hlephisang boitšoaro, ho se ho hlahile e le taba ea bohlokoa lipatlisisong tsa mahlale, leha e sa fumane tumello ea semmuso e le boloetse mme e ntse e tsoela pele ho se lumellane mabapi le tlhaloso ea eona, kapa hona ho ba teng (Duffy et al., 2016). Motho a ka ba le bothata ba ho sheba litšoantšo tsa bootsoa ka mabaka a mangata. Tsena li kenyelletsa tsa botho kapa tsa boitšoaro, tsa kahisano le likamano, nako eo u e qetileng u shebile, kapa ho shebella maemong a sa lokelang joalo ka mosebetsing (Twohig & Crosby, 2010). Ka hona, leha mekhoa ea ts'ebeliso le boits'oaro li kanna tsa se be le mathata a tlhaho, litjeo tsa batho bao e nang le bothata li ka ba kholo (Twohig & Crosby, 2010).

SPPPU e bua ka moo motho a itsebang e le lekhoba la litšoantšo tsa bootsoa mme a ikutloa eka ha ba khone ho laola tšebeliso ea bona ea litšoantšo tsa bootsoa. Tlhaloso ena e itšetleha ka boits'oaro ba motho ka boeena le boiphihlelo ha a etsa qeto ea hore na ho lelekisa le ho sebelisa litšoantšo tse litšila tse tsosang takatso ho sitisa bophelo ba letsatsi le letsatsi joang (Grubbs, Exline, et al., 2015; Grubbs, Volk, et al., 2015). Batho ba bangata ba iponang ba e-na le bothata ba ho sheba litšoantšo tse manyala tse hlephisang boitšoaro ba sebelisa maikutlo a bona hore ha ba na mekhoa e metle ea kalafo; ho seng joalo ba ne ba tla batla thuso (Ross, Månsson, & Daneback, 2012). Sena ke hobane ba ikutloa hore ts'ebeliso ea bona ea litšoantšo tsa bootsoa ha e laolehe mme ba bile le liteko tse hlōlehileng tsa ho fokotsa kapa ho tlohela (Kraus, Martino, & Potenza, 2016). Ho liperesente tse nyane tsa batho ba batlang kalafo, kalafo e bonts'itsoeng e ne e thusa feela hanyane (Kraus, Martino, et al., 2016). Morero oa tlhahlobo ena ea lingoliloeng ke ho bokella, ho hlophisa le ho sekaseka lingoliloeng tsa hajoale tse sebetsanang le kalafo ea SPPPU ho banna ba baholo ba bong bo fapaneng, ka sepheo sa ho kenya letsoho ho fihlela likhothaletso bakeng sa lingaka, litsebi le lipatlisiso tsa nako e tlang lebaleng.

SLIDE 13

Ke ka lebaka lena. Tsamaiso ena ea boholo-holo ea boko e fetohile ho re khanna ho ea lijo, thobalano le tlamahano. Ka lebaka leo, liphetolelo tse feteletseng tsa meputso ena ea tlhaho li ngolisa e le tsa bohlokoa haholo. Ka mantsoe a mang, re fumana dopamine e eketsehileng bakeng sa lijo tse phahameng tsa lik'halori le bana ba banyenyane ba ncha. Dopamine e ngata haholo e ka fokotsa mekhoa ea rona ea tlhaho ea satiation.

QALANG & ntjhafatswa TSEhetsa:

Litefiso tse peli li hlahisitsoe ka slide 13:

  1. Potoloho ea moputso e bile teng ho re khannela lijo, thobalano le tlamo.
  2. Mefuta e fetelletseng (e phahameng) ea meputso ea tlhaho e ka phahamisa dopamine. Khothaletso e ikarabellang e ngolisitseng e ka ba ea bohlokoa ka hona e ka fetisa mekhoa ea tlhaho ea satiation.

Joalokaha likopo tsa 2 tse hlahisitsoeng ho Slide 13 li tšehetsoa hantle ke lipatlisiso tsa mashome a lilemo ebile li nkuoa e le tsebo e tloaelehileng, ke thehile karolo e le 'ngoe feela.

Tlasa #1: Ena ke tsebo e tloaelehileng eseng ea khang. Bona sena mochini oa motlakase ho tsoa ho The National Institute on Drug Abuse, kapa leqephe lena ho tloha Litsi tsa Canada tsa Patlo ea Bophelo.

Tlasa #2: Taba ea mantlha, phasic dopamine coding bakeng sa boleng bo ka bang teng kapa boiphihlelo e tšehelitsoe ka botlalo ho lingoliloeng mme e nkuoa e le motheo oa mantlha oa neuroscience. Patlo ea setsebi sa Google bakeng sa "dopamine e bontša boleng ba moputso" e khutla Litlhaloso tsa 59,000. Ka mantsoe a bonolo, boleng ba moputso bo ka hlahang bo hlahlojoa ka phasic mesolimbic dopamine (potoloho ea moputso). Litlhahlobo tse 'maloa tse tšehetsang taba ena:

1) Dopamine e matlafatsa moputso o batlang ka ho khothalletsa thabo e hlahisoang ke mohopolo nucleus accumbens (2014) - Excerpt:

Morero oa dopamine ho tloha sebakeng sa ventral tegmental (VTA) ho ea ho NAc ke karolo ea bohlokoa ea potoloho ea neural e khothaletsang boitšoaro ba ho batla moputso (Nicola, 2007). Haeba mosebetsi oa NAc dopamine o fokotseha ka mokhoa o lekang, liphoofolo ha li na monyetla oa ho ikitlaelletsa ho fumana moputso (Salamone le Correa, 2012) mme hangata ba hloleha ho arabela linthong tse boletsoeng esale pele tsa moputso (Di Ciano et al., 2001; Yun et al., 2004; Nicola, 2007, 2010; Saunders le Robinson, 2012). Lits'oaetso tsena li bakoa ke ho senyeha ha karolo e itseng ea ho batla moputso: ho latsoa tloaelo ea ho nka mekhoa, athe lebelo la ho atamela, bokhoni ba ho fumana sepheo le ho etsa boits'oaro bo hlokahalang ho fumana moputso, le bokhoni ba ho moputso oa ho jella ha o senyehe (Nicola, 2010). Dopamine e tlameha ho khothaletsa mokhoa ka ho susumetsa ts'ebetso ea li-neuron tsa NAc, empa mofuta oa tšusumetso ena o lula o sa hlakileng. Bongata bo boholo ba li-neuron tsa NAc li thabile kapa li thibetsoe ke mekhoa e boletsoeng esale pele ea moputso (Nicola et al., 2004a; Roitman et al., 2005; Ambroggi et al., 2008, 2011; McGinty et al., 2013), mme thabo e qala pele ho boitšoaro bo atamelaneng ba ho bua le ho bolela esale pele mohopoloMcGinty et al., 2013). Ka hona, ketsahalo ena e na le litšobotsi tse hlokoang ke letšoao le itšetlehileng ka dopamine le khothalletsang mokhoa oa ho cared….

Ka kakaretso, ho sa tsotelehe mokhoa o ikhethang oa pharmacological, liphetho tsa rona li bonts'a hore NAc dopamine e khothaletsa boits'oaro ba ho batla moputso ka ho phahamisa likhakanyo tsa li-neurc tsa NAc ho susumetsa tikoloho. Boholo ba tlhahiso ena e beha morolo oa taba ho qala karabo ea mokhoa. Ka mochine ona, dopamine e laola matla le menyetla ea ho batla moputso.

2) Lipontšo tsa Dopamine bakeng sa boleng ba moputso le kotsi: data ea mantlha le ea morao-rao (2010) - Excerpt:

Dopamine neurons e bonts'a ts'ebetso ea phasic ho susumetso ea kantle. Lets'oao le bonts'a moputso, ho se sebetse hantle 'meleng, ho ba kotsing le kotlo ha o theoha ka tatellano ea likarolo tsa methapo ea kutlo. Boleng ba moputso bo lebelletsoeng ke khetho ea mantlha bakeng sa likhetho tsa moruo. Likhoutu tsa karabelo ea moputso boleng ba boleng, monyetla le sehlahisoa sa bona se bitsitsoeng, boleng bo lebelletsoeng. Lenane la moputso oa li-neurons kaha le fapana le bolepi esale pele, ka tsela eo, ho phethahatsa tlhoko ea mantlha ea polelo ea bolepi ba polelo ea polelo e boletsoeng morao ka ho ithuta khopolo….

Bongata bo boholo ba li-neurop tsa dopamine bo boetse bo matlafatsoa ke tšusumetso e matla, e matla ea tlhaho. Karabelo ena e matlafatsoa ha ho susumetsoa ke palee; e bonahala e fapane le lets'oao la boleng ba moputso. Li-neuron tsa Dopamine li bonts'a ts'ebetso e sa reroang ho litheko tse sa ruiseng tse ka bang teng ka lebaka la kakaretso le mehopolo e ts'oanang le pseudoconditioning ka meputso ea mantlha. Ts'ebetso ena e khuts'oane ho likarabo tsa moputso mme hangata e lateloa ke khatello ea maikutlo ea mosebetsi. Letšoao la dopamine le arohaneng butle le tsebisa ka kotsi, phetoho e ngoe ea bohlokoa e fapaneng. Karabelo ea phoso ea ho bolela esale pele e etsahala feela ka moputso; e fokotsehile ka kotsi ea moputso o boletsoeng esale pele….

Lithuto tsa Neurophysiological li senola lipontšo tsa phasic dopamine tse fetisang tlhahisoleseling tse amanang haholo-holo eseng feela moputso. Le ha e sa sebetse ka botlalo, lets'oao la dopamine le na le lithibelo ho feta ts'ebetso ea neuronal methapong e meng e mengata ea boko e kenyang boits'oaro bo tataisoang ke sepheo.

3) Dopamine ho Taolo ea Motheo: Ho Putsa, Mekhahlelo, le Phokotso (2010) - Sengoloa

Midbrain dopamine neurons li tsebahala ka likarabo tsa bona tse matla meputsong le seabo sa bona sa bohlokoa ho khothatsong e ntle. Ho hlakile ka ho eketsehileng, leha ho le joalo, hore li-dopamine neurons le tsona li fetisa lipontšo tse amanang le boiphihlelo bo sa hlonepheng empa bo sa putse joalo ka liketsahalo tse faposang le tse lemosang. Mona re lekola tsoelo-pele ea morao-rao ea ho utloisisa moputso le mesebetsi e sa busetseng ea dopamine. Ho ipapisitsoe le tlhaiso-leseling ena, re etsa tlhahiso ea hore li-dopamine neurons li tle mefuteng e mengata e hokahaneng le likhokahano tse fapaneng tsa bokong mme li na le likarolo tse ikhethang taolong ea ts'usumetso. Lisele tse ling tsa dopamine li kenyelletsa boleng ba tšusumetso, li tšehetsa marang-rang a boko bakeng sa ho batla, ho lekola le ho ithuta boleng. Tse ling li khothaletsa botsitso bo matlafatsang, li ts'ehetsa marang-rang a boko bakeng sa ho tataisa, ho tseba le ho susumetsa ka kakaretso. Mefuta eo ka bobeli ea li-dopamine neurons e eketsoa ke lets'oao la tlhokomeliso le amehang ho fumaneng ka potlako lintlha tse ka bang bohlokoa tsa kutlo. Re nahana hore litsela tsena tsa dopaminergic tsa boleng, botsitso le tlhokomeliso lia sebelisana ho ts'ehetsa boits'oaro bo feto-fetohang.

4) Mesebetsi e tsotehang e tsotehang ea Mesolimbic Dopamine (2012) - Excerpt:

Nucleus accumbens dopamine (DA) e kentse letsoho mesebetsing e mengata ea boits'oaro e amanang le ts'usumetso. Leha ho le joalo, lintlha tsa tlatsetso ena li rarahane 'me ka linako tse ling ho ka ba thata ho li utloisisa. Bohlokoa ba ho toloka liphumano tsena ke bokhoni ba ho khetholla lipakeng tsa likarolo tse fapaneng tsa ts'ebetso ea susumetso e anngoeng ka mokhoa o fapaneng ke manolo a dopaminergic. Leha maqhubu a methapo ea methapo ea kutlo a bitsoang "omvu "neurons le mesolimbic DA e bitsoa" moputso "sistimi, kakaretso ena e sa bonahaleng ha e bapisoe ke liphetho tse boletsoeng. Moelelo oa mahlale oa poleloana ea "moputso" ha o hlake, mme kamano ea eona le mehopolo e joalo ka matlafatso le tšusumetso ha e hlalosoe hangata. Boithuto ba meriana le ho fokola ha meriana ea DA ho bonts'a hore mesolimbic DA e bohlokoa likarolong tse ling tsa ts'ebetso ea ts'usumetso, empa ha e bohlokoa ho ba bang kapa ha e na thuso. E meng ea mesebetsi e susumetsang ea mesolimbic DA e bonts'a libaka tse fetang lipakeng tsa tšusumetso le likarolo tsa taolo ea makoloi, e lumellanang le ho kenya letsoho ho tsebahalang ha li-nucleus accumbens ho locomotion le lits'ebetsong tse amanang. Ntle le moo, leha ho na le lingoliloeng tse ngata tse hokahanyang mesolimbic DA le lintlha tse khothatsang le ho ithuta, sengoloa se khutlileng mashome a 'maloa a lilemo (mohlala, Salamone et al., 1994), tšekamelo e thehiloeng e bile ea ho totobatsa ho nka karolo ha dopaminergic moputsong, menyakeng, ho lemeng, ho lithutong tse amanang le moputso, ho sa nahanoe haholo ka ho kenya letsoho ha mesolimbic DA lits'ebetsong tse nyarosang. Tlhahlobo ea hona joale e tla bua ka ho nka karolo ha mesolimbic DA maemong a fapaneng a tšusumetso, ka khatiso

5) Dopamine moputso oa ho bolela esale pele ho phoso (2016) - Excerpt:

Liphoso tsa esale pele tsa moputso li na le phapano lipakeng tsa meputso e amohetseng le e boletsoeng esale pele. Li bohlokoa bakeng sa mefuta ea motheo ea ho ithuta ka meputso mme li etsa hore re loanele meputso e eketsehileng — tšobotsi e thusang ea ho iphetola ha lintho. Bongata ba dopamine neurons bohareng ba batho, litšoene, le litoeba bo bontša phoso e boletsoeng esale pele ea moputso; li hlahisoa ke moputso o fetang o boletsoeng (phoso e boletsoeng esale pele), li lutse tšebetsong ea motheo bakeng sa meputso e boletsoeng ka botlalo, 'me li bonts'a ts'ebetso e sithabetsang e nang le moputso o fokolang ho feta o boletsoeng (phoso e boletsoeng esale pele). Letshwao la dopamine le eketsa nonlinearly ka boleng ba moputso le dikhoutu tse sebetsang semmuso tsa moruo. Lithethefatsi tse lemalloang li hlahisa, li utsoa, ​​'me li phahamisa letšoao la moputso oa dopamine hape li susumetsa litlamorao tse fetelletseng, tse sa laoleheng tsa dopamine ho polasetiki ea neuronal.

Kleima # 2: Hore mefuta e phahameng ea meputso ea tlhaho e phahamisa phasic dopamine le mekhoa ea ho satiation e eketsehileng e thehiloe hantle, joalo ka ha dopamine e fana ka tšusumetso ea ho hahamalla moputso. Lijo tse fumanehang hantle (tsoekere e kenelletseng / mafura / letsoai), lipapali tsa video le litšoantšo tsa bootsoa tsa inthanete li nkoa e le tšusumetso e matla (joalo ka ha ho tšohliloe ho Slide 3). Taba ea pele, lithuto tse 'maloa tse hlahlobang lits'ebetso tsa marang-rang (litšoantšo tsa bootsoa, ​​tsa video, Facebook) li susumetsa haholo:

1) Boitsebiso bo bongata ba litšoantšo tsa bootsoa Inthaneteng Ho lemalla: Tlhahlobo le Tlhahlobo (2015) - Excerpt:

Mesebetsi e meng ea inthanete, ka lebaka la matla a bona a ho fana ka ts'usumetso e sa feleng (le ho ts'ebetswa ha tsamaiso ea moputso), ho nahanoa hore e etsa mohopolo o sa tloaelehang [24], e thusang ho hlalosa hore na ke hobane'ng ha basebelisi bao boko ba bona bo bonahatsang liphetoho tse amanang le lithethefatsi ba tšoaroa ka ho phehella ha bona. Mopholosi oa Nobel Mopholosi Nikolaas Tinbergen [25] e ile ea beha khopolo ea "ho susumetsa ka tsela e sa tloaelehang," ntho e 'ngoe eo ho eona ho ka etsoang tšusumetso ea maiketsetso e tla fetela ho iphetola ha liphatsa tsa lefutso. Ho bontša mohlala ona, Tinbergen o ile a etsa mahe a linonyana a maiketsetso a neng a le kholoanyane le a mebala-bala ho feta mahe a linonyana. Ho makatsang ke hore linonyana tsena li ile tsa khetha ho lula mahe a maiketsetso a maholo le ho tlohela mahe a tsona a tlhaho. Ka tsela e tšoanang, Tinbergen e ile ea etsa lirurubele tse nang le mapheo a maholoanyane le a mebala-bala, 'me hangata lirurubele li leka ho kopana le lirurubele tsena tsa maiketsetso sebakeng sa lirurubele tse tšehali. Setsebi sa kelello ea ho iphetola ha lintho Dierdre Barrett o ile a nka khopolo ena bukeng ea hae ea morao-rao e bitsoang Supernormal Stimuli: Kamoo Primal e Khothalletsang ho Hlōla Morero oa Bona oa ho Fetoha [26]. "Liphoofolo li na le tšusumetso e khōlō haholo ha liteko li li haha. Rōna batho re ka hlahisa tsa rona. "[4] (leq. 4). Mehlala ea Barrett e fapana le lipompong ho ea ho litšoantšo tse manyala tse hlephisang boitšoaro le lijo tse nang le letsoho tse monate tse sa letsoho kapa tse sa natsoeng ka letsoho ho bapala papali ea video e bapalang haholo. Ka bokhutšoanyane, internet e tloaelehileng e sa sebelisetsoeng ho sebelisoa haholo e khothatsa haholo. E sebelisa mekhoa ea rona ea moputso oa tlhaho, empa e ka etsa hore e sebetse ka maemo a phahameng ho feta maemo ao baholo-holo ba rona ba atisang ho kopana le 'ona ha boitsebiso ba rona bo fetoha, ho etsa hore bo khone ho fetoha mokhoa oa ho lemalla [27].

2) Ho lekanya ho khetholoha ho sa tloaelehang ka melemo ea tlhaho: Tlhahlobo e 'meli ea boikutlo ba ho lebella boipheliso (2015) - Excerpt:

Ntle ho tlhaho (SN) lihlahisoa ke lihlahisoa tsa maiketsetso tse kenyang litsela tsa meputso le mokhoa oa ho itšoara ka mokhoa o joalo ho feta tšusumetso ea tlhaho eo litsamaiso tsena li neng li reriloe ho tsona. Lintho tse ngata tsa kajeno tsa bareki (mohlala, lijo tse hajoang ke linokoane, joala le litšoantšo tse manyala tse hlephisang boitšoaro) li bonahala li kenyelletsa lintlha tsa SN, tse lebisang tlhobelisong e feteletseng, ho latela mekhoa ea tlhaho ea tlhaho. Ha ho tekanyo ea hona joale e teng bakeng sa tlhahlobo ea tlhahlobo ea likhaohano ka bomong kapa liphetoho tse kenyelletsoeng ho joalo. Ka lebaka leo, tekanyetso ea ho khahloa ke menyetla e ne e fetotsoe ho kenyelletsa lintho tse neng li emela ka bobeli SN le lihlopha tsa tlhaho (N) tse khotsofatsang. Tlhahlobo ea ho hlahloba lintlha e hlahisitse tharollo e 'meli,' me joalokaha ho boletsoe esale pele, lintho tsa N le SN li ne li jere ka litekanyo tse fapaneng. Tšepo ea ka hare ea litekanyetso tse peli e ne e le phahameng, ρ = .93 le ρ = .90, ka ho latellana. Mekhahlelo ea bobeli e ne e hlahlojoa ka ho sebelisa mekhoa ea N le SN e bolelang e le li-predictors le litlaleho tsa boithaopo ba letsatsi le leng le le leng la lihlahisoa tsa 21 le likarolo tsa SN e le liphello. Joalokaha ho ne ho lebeletsoe, litekanyetso tsa SN tsa boithabiso li ne li amana le tšebeliso e phahameng ea SN, ha N litekanyetso tsa boithabiso li ne li le mekhatlo e mpe kapa e sa jeleng paate ea lihlahisoa tsena. Re etsa qeto ea hore tekanyo ea bobeli ba litekanyetso ke boikutlo bo ka tšeptjoang le bo nepahetseng ba ho fana ka tlaleho ea khethollo ea khethollo bakeng sa ts'oaetso ea SN. Ha ho ntse ho hlokahala tlhahlobo e eketsehileng (mohlala, ho sebelisa litekanyetso tsa liteko), tekanyo e hlakileng e ka ba le karolo ea bohlokoa ho ithuta ka mekhoa e mabeli le mekhoa ea sechaba e amohelehang ho latela tlhahiso ea SN.

Lijo tse entsoeng ka mekhoa, lisebelisoa tsa khatello ea kelello, lisebelisoa tse ling tsa thepa le mefuta e fapa-fapaneng ea litaba tsa sechaba le lipapali tsa lipapali li phathahane hangata, li hlahisa mathata a mangata a bophelo bo botle (Roberts, van Vught, & Dunbar, 2012). Philo ea ho iphetola ha lintho e fana ka tlhaloso e susumetsang ea ho sebelisoa ho feteletseng. Liphoofolo, ho kopanyelletsa le batho, li atisa ho atamela (e leng, bokella, ho fumana le ho ja) sepheo se fanang ka moputso o phahameng ka ho fetisisa oa boiteko ba bona, kahoo ho ntlafatsa tšebeliso ea bona (Chakravarthy & Booth, 2004; Kacelnik le Bateson, 1996). Mekhoa e metle ea mekhoa ea phekolo e fetoha ho ntlafatsa boitšoaro bo ikemetseng ka ho matlafatsa tšusumetso e romellang matšoao a ho matlafatsa bophelo bo botle, ho fana ka limatlafatsi kapa menyetla ea ho ikatisa. Tinbergen (1948) o ile a kenya lentsoe "Stimulus e sa tloaelehang" ha a fumana hore liphoofolo li atisa ho bontša likarabo tse matla ho li fetoloang tsa tlhaho ea tlhaho. "Khetho ea khethollo" (Staddon, 1975; Ward, 2013) ha ho kotsi ho tikoloho ea tlhaho eo ho eona ho fetoloang liphetoho tse sa tloaelehang-empa ho na le mathata ha ho na le mekhoa ea maiketsetso le e feteletsoeng. Ka mohlala, lesole le sa tsoa rojoa la herring le lakatsa ho phunya molamu o mofubelu o mofubelu o sefubelu o nang le lihlopha tse tšoeu ho eona, ho e-na le molomo o mosesaane oa 'mè oa'Tinbergen le Perdeck, 1951). Moelelong oa khetho ea mehloli, phello ke mokhoa oa boits'oaro oa "ho fumana sohle seo u ka se khonang": leano le ikemiselitseng libakeng tsa tlhaho moo mohloli oa thepa o fokolang kapa o sa tšepahaleng. Sebakeng sa kajeno sa batho, liphihlelo tse ngata tse thabisang li teng ka mokhoa oa lihlahisoa tsa theko ea maiketsetso tse entsoeng kapa tse hloekisitsoeng ho ba tse sa tloaelehang. Ka mantsoe a mang, li susumetsa mokhoa oa moputso o tsoelang pele ho isa tekanyong e sa fumanoeng molemong oa tlhaho (Barrett, 2010). Ka mohlala, lisebelisoa tsa psychoactive (Nesse le Berridge, 1997), lihlahisoa tsa lijo tse potlakileng tsa khoebo (Barrett, 2007), lihlahisoa tsa papali ea chelete (Rockloff, 2014), litšoantšo tsa thelevishene (Barrett, 2010; Derrick, Gabriel, & Hugenberg, 2009), metsoalle ea Inthaneteng le Inthaneteng (Rocci, 2013; Ward, 2013), le lihlahisoa tse sa tšoaneng tsa thekiso, tse kang likoloi tse theko e boima (Erk, Spitzer, Wunderlich, Galley, le Walter, 2002), lieta tse phahameng tsa heeled (Morris, White, Morrison le Fisher, 2013), litlolo (Etcoff, Stock, Haley, Vickery, & House, 2011), le lipapali tsa bana (Morris, Reddy, & Bunting, 1995) kaofela ha tsona li 'nile tsa tšohloa e le mefuta ea matsatsing a kajeno a susumetsang ka tsela e sa tloaelehang. Bakeng sa tse ling tsa lintho tsena, bopaki ba methapo ea maikutlo bo bontšitse hore ba atisa ho ts'oaea dopamine ka tsela e matla, ho tlatsa karabelo ea moputso e etselitsoeng meputso ea tlhaho, ka hona ho khothalletsa ho sebelisoa ho feteletseng le maemong a mang, ho lemala (Barrett, 2010; Blumenthal & Khauta, 2010; Wang et al., 2001).

Litekong tse sa tšoaneng, tšusumetso e sa tloaelehang e atisa ho ba kotsi. Ho fumaneha ha lijo tsa li-calorie tse jang lijo tse ngata le ho ja lijo tse nooang, chefo ea lino tse tahang le lisebelisoa tse ling, ketsahalo ea ho lula fatše e kenyeletsa ho shebella thelevishene, ho sebelisa lisebelisoa tsa elektronike le lipapali tsa papali, le litšenyehelo tsa thepa ea thekiso kapa papali ea chelete, bohle ba fana ka tikoloho e khothalletsang khetho e sa nepahaleng ea boitšoaro, e lebisang maemong a kotsi (Barrett, 2007, 2010; Birch, 1999; Hantula, 2003; Ward, 2013). Sena se etsa hore ho be le ts'ebetso ea hore batho ba mehleng ea kajeno ba susumetsoe ka tsela e sa tloaelehang ea bohlokoa. Tlalehong ea morao-rao, re sebelisa lentsoe le leholo ho bua ka lihlahisoa tsa batho tsa kajeno le liphihlelo tse khetholloang ka khetho e sa lekanyetsoang (mokhoa o sa laoleheng oa mefuta e fapaneng haholo) le ho etsoa ka bongata haholo lefatšeng la kajeno. Hangata lihlahisoa tsena li hlophisoa, li hloekisitsoe, kapa lihlahisoa tsa bareki tse kenyelletsang lijo kapa lisebelisoa tsa bohobe. Mehlala e sa totobetseng e kenyelletsa melaetsa e fumanoang ka sechabeng Le hoja ka linako tse ling e le ntho e tsosang e nyenyane ho feta puisano ea sefahla-sefahleho, mokhoa ona oa puisano o fana ka litšobotsi tse bonang, tse potlakileng le tse fanoang ka nako e telele. Ka mokhoa o ts'oanang, liaparo tsa mehleng ea kajeno le lihlahisoa tse ling tsa thekiso li bontša batho ba tšoanang le ba nang le mekhoa e mengata ea ho ba le thobalano kapa boemo ba sechaba. Ho sebelisa kapa ho fumana lihlahisoa tsena ho thehiloe ho fana ka moputso o potlakileng ka lebaka la ho fetoleloa e le ho ntlafatsa matla a 'mele.

Ho 'nile ha boleloa hore khetho ea moputso o sa tloaelehang e ka ba phello ea ho se tšoane ha ts'ebetsong ea dopamine. Ho fumanoa ho haelloa ke dopamine ho amana le mekhoa e sa tšoaneng ea tšebeliso e feteletseng ea tšebeliso e mpe ea joala, ho ja joala, bothata ba papali ea chelete le ho lemala Inthaneteng (Bergh, Eklund, Södersten, & Nordin, 1997; Blum, Cull, Braverman, & Comings, 1996; Johnson le Kenny, 2010; Kim et al., 2011). Khopolo ea ho ba le tšusumetso e fetisisang e lumellana le tlhaloso ka ho khetholla ha motho ka mong mosebetsing oa dopamine. Litsela tsa Dopaminergic, tse hlahisitsoeng ka ho hlahisa mehloli ea thepa le ho sebelisoa molemong oa libaka tse sa fumaneheng, li ka 'na tsa ameha ka ho khetheha ho lisebelisoa tsa psychoactive, lijo tse matla haholo, le mefuta e meng ea mehleng ea kajeno ea bareki e bontšang meputso e feteletseng ea moputso (Barrett, 2010; Nesse le Berridge, 1997; Wang et al., 2001). Haeba ho le joalo, joale NPS / SNPS e hlalositsoeng mona e tla lebelloa hore e khetholle batho ba nang le ho se sebetse ha dopamine. Liphuputso tsa nakong e tlang li ka 'na tsa sebelisa mekhoa ea ho sebelisa li-neurophysiological tse sebelisanang le mekhoa ea boipheliso, e le ho netefatsa litlhaloso tse pakeng tsa maemo ana a mabeli a tlhaloso.

Liphihlelo tse sa tloaelehang ha li na thuso ebile li na le mekhoa e metle ka lebaka la litšoaneleho tsa bona (mohlala, ho ja lijo le ho tlosa lijo) le ho khothaletsa boitšoaro ba nako e telele (mohlala, liwebsaete tsa metsoalle le lipapali). Ka lebaka leo, bokhoni ba ho khetholla batho ba khethang mefuta ena ea moputso bo fana ka monehelo oa bohlokoa ho ba etsang lipatlisiso, ho phekola le ho thibela mathata a bophelo bo botle ba sechaba a bakiloeng ke ho feta.

3) Ho lemalla ho sheba litšoantšo tse manyala tse hlephisang boitšoaro - ts'usumetso e fetisisang e nkiloeng moelelong oa "neuroplasticity" (2013) - Excerpt:

Tlhekefetso e 'nile ea e-ba lentsoe la likarohano ha le sebelisoa mekhoeng e sa tšoaneng ea boitšoaro bo bobe ba likamano tsa botona le botšehali (CSBs), ho akarelletsa le ho sebelisa litšoantšo tsa bootsoa ka mokhoa o feteletseng. Ho sa tsotellehe kamohelo e ntseng e hōla ea ho ba teng ha lits'oants'o tsa tlhaho kapa ts'ebetso e thehiloeng ke kutloisiso e ntseng e eketseha ea ts'ebetso ea lisebelisoa tsa mahlaseli a dopaminergic, ho 'nile ha e-ba le boikemelo ba ho re li-CSB li ka lemalla. Le hoja papali ea chelete ea papali ea mali (PG) le botenya ba tsona li fumane tlhokomelo e kholo litabeng tsa ho sebetsa le tsa boitšoaro, bopaki bo ntseng bo eketseha bo tšehetsa tlhaloso ea li-CSB e le tahi. Bopaki bona bo na le mekhoa e mengata 'me bo thehiloe kutloisiso e ntseng e tsoela pele ea karolo ea mokete oa neuronal ka lebaka la ho lemalla lithethefatsi, ho tšehetsoa ke pono ea boitšoaro ba histori. Phello ena ea ho lemalla e ka ntlafatsoa ke mokhoa o tsitsitseng o tsitsitseng le "stimulus supranormal" (polelo e entsoeng ke Nikolaas Tinbergen) ntlha e hlahisoang ke litšoantšo tsa bootsoa Inthaneteng ....

Hoa makatsa hore ebe ho lemalla lijo ho ke keng ha kenyelletsoa ho lemalla boitšoaro, ho sa tsotellehe lipatlisiso tse bontšang ho fokotseha ha dopaminergic ho fumanoa ka botenya (Wang et al., 2001), ka ts'ebetso e ts'oanolloang ka ho ja lijo le ho tloaeleha ha motlakase oa 'mele (BMI) (Steele et al., 2010). Khopolo ea 'stimulus supranormal', e ipiletsang ka nako ea Nikolaas Tinbergen (Tinbergen, 1951), e sa tsoa hlalosoa moelelong oa monate o matla o fetang moputso oa k'hok'heine, o ts'ehetsang moelelo oa bokhoba ba lijo (Lenoir, Serre, Laurine, & Ahmed, 2007). Ka lekhetlo la pele Tinbergen o ile a fumana hore linonyana, lirurubele le liphoofolo tse ling li ka qhekelloa ka ho khetha li-substitutes tse entsoeng ka ho khetheha hore li khahle ho feta mahe a tloaelehileng a mahe le balekane. Ha e le hantle, ho na le ho hloka mosebetsi o ts'oanang le oa boits'oaro ka ho ithuta ho lemalla ho kopanela liphate ho batho, ho bapisoa le papali ea chelete le lithethefatsi tsa lijo, empa ho ka phehisana hore boitšoaro bo bong le bo bong bo ka kenyelletsa tšusumetso e phahameng. Deirdre Barrett (2010) e kenyelitse litšoantšo tse manyala tse hlephisang boitšoaro e le mohlala oa ts'usumetso e fetisisang ...

Litšoantšo tse tsosang takatso ke laboratori e phethahetseng bakeng sa thuto ena ea libuka tse ts'oanang le motlakase o matla oa khatello. Ho batlisisa ka hloko le ho tobetsa, ho batla taba e phethahetseng, ke boikoetliso ba ho ithuta ka methapo ea kutlo. Ha e le hantle, e tšoantšetsa khopolo ea Tinbergen ea 'boipheliso bo phahameng' (Tinbergen, 1951), ka matsoho a polasetiki a ntlafalitsoeng a hlahisitsoeng ka mokhoa o sa lekanyetsoang ho batho ba nang le morero o tšoanang le lipapali tsa butterfly tse matlafetseng tsa Tinbergen le Magnus; banna ba mefuta e 'ngoe le e' ngoe ba khetha mokhoa oa tlhaho oa ho iphetola ha tlhaho (Magnus, 1958;; Tinbergen, 1951). Ka kutloisiso ena, popo e ntlafalitsoeng e fana, ka puo ea tšoantšetso, phello e ts'oanang le pheromone ho banna ba banna, joalo ka tšoele, e leng 'ho thibela boits'oaro' le 'ho sitisa puisano pele ho thobalano lipakeng tsa bong ka ho kenella sepakapakeng' (Gaston, Shorey, & Saario, 1967) ... ..

Esita le maikutlo a sechaba a bonahala a ntse a leka ho hlalosa ts'ebetso ena ea biologic, joaloka polelong ena e tsoang ho Naomi Wolf; 'Ka lekhetlo la pele historing ea batho, litšoantšo' matla le ho hlohlelletsa li fetisitse tsa basali ba sebele ba hlobotse. Kajeno basali ba hlobotseng ba hlobotse ba le mpe feela "(Wolf, 2003). Feela joalokaha litšoantšo tsa "Pornbridge 'tsa Tinbergen tsa Magnus' me tsa Magnus 'li ne li atleha ho hlōlisana le banna ka mokhoa oa litšenyehelo tsa basali ba sebele (Magnus, 1958;; Tinbergen, 1951), re bona ts'ebetso ena e etsahala ho batho.

4) Na Litšoantšo Tsa Bootsoa Tsa Inthanete li baka Mathata a Kopanela Liphate? Tlhahlobo le Litlaleho tsa Bongaka (2016) - Excerpt:

3.2. Litšoantšo Tsa Bootsoa Tsa Inthanete ke Tšusumetso e Feteletseng

Ha ho pelaelo hore tsoelo-pele ea bohlokoa ka ho fetisisa tšimong ea boitšoaro bo hlephileng ba ho kopanela liphate ke tsela eo inthanete e susumetsang le ho tsamaisa boitšoaro bo hlephileng ba ho kopanela liphate [73]. Maemo a sa lekanyetsoang a phahameng a ho kopanela liphate a phalleloang ka "tube" hona joale a fumaneha mahala le a fumanehang haholo, letsatsi la 24 ka ho sebelisa lik'homphieutha, matlapa le li-smartphone, 'me ho' nile ha boleloa hore litšoantšo tse manyala tse hlephisang boitšoaro Inthaneteng ke tšusumetso e sa tloaelehang, ho phehella ka lebaka la matla a eona a ho iphetola ha lintho [74,75]. Boitsebiso bo bong bo bontšang thobalano bo 'nile ba e-ba teng ka nako e telele, empa litšoantšo tsa bootsoa tsa video (1) li tsosa takatso ea ho kopanela liphate ho feta mefuta e meng ea litšoantšo tsa bootsoa [76,77] kapa fantšo [78]; (2) litšoantšiso tsa thobalano li bontšitsoe ho etsa hore motho a tsohe haholoanyane, ho phalla ka potlako, le ho etsa lintho tse ling tse ngata ho feta le tse ling tse tloaelehileng, mohlomong kahobane ho ela hloko molekane ea ka mocha le ho tsosoa ha hae ho ile ha e-ba le boiphihlelo ba ho ikatisa [75,79,80,81,82,83,84]; le (3) bokhoni ba ho ikhethela boitsebiso ka boiketlo bo etsa hore litšoantšo tse manyala tse hlephisang boitšoaro tsa Inthanete li tsohe haholo ho feta likhetho tse khethiloeng [79]. Setšoantšo sa litšoantšo tse manyala tse hlephisang boitšoaro se ka boloka kapa sa phahamisa tsoho ea ho kopanela liphate ka ho panya-panya hang-hang ho boemo ba libuka, video e ncha kapa ho se mohla u kileng ua kopana le mofuta. Phuputso ea 2015 ea ho sheba litšoantšo tsa bootsoa tsa Inthaneteng ka ho lieha ho fokotsa (ho khetha ho khotsofatsoa hang-hang ka meputso e liehang ea bohlokoa bo boholo) e re, "Mokhoa o sa khaotseng oa ho kopanela liphate le litlhohonolofatso tsa tlhaho ka ho khetheha ho etsa hore litšoantšo tse manyala tse hlephisang boitšoaro tsa inthanete e be moetsi o ikhethileng oa moputso oa boko. ... Ka hona ke habohlokoa ho tšoara litšoantšo tse tsosang takatso e le tšusumetso e ikhethang ea ho ba le moputso, ho ba le tšusumetso ea maikutlo le lithuto tsa lithethefatsi "[75] (maqephe a 1, 10).

Ntho e ncha e ngolisa e le ea bohlokoa, e eketsa bohlokoa ba moputso, ebile e na le liphello tse tšoarellang ho susumetsa, ho ithuta le ho hopola [85]. Joaloka tšusumetso ea thobalano le litšobotsi tse khotsofatsang tsa ho kopanela liphate, mokhoa o tsosolositsoeng o qobella hobane o baka ho phatloha ha dopamine libakeng tsa boko ho amana haholo le moputso le sepheo-boitšoaro bo laoloang [66]. Le hoja litšoantšo tse manyala tse hlephisang boitšoaro tsa Inthanete li qobella batho ho rata litšoantšo tsa thobalano ho feta ho laola bophelo bo botle, dACC (dorsal anterior cingulate cortex) e boetse e bontša mokhoa o potlakileng oa ho etsa litšoantšo ho feta ho laola bophelo bo botle [86], ho etsa hore ho batloe litšoantšo tse ling tsa thobalano. Joaloka mongoli-co-author Voon o hlalositse ka phuputso ea 2015 ea sehlopha sa hae ka mokhoa o sa tloaelehang le ho tloaela batho ba ts'oanang le litšoantšo tsa bootsoa ba Inthaneteng, "Thepa e bonahalang e sa feleng ea litšoantšo tsa thobalano e fumanehang Inthaneteng [e ka fepa] ho lemalla, e leng se etsang hore ho be thata ho baleha"87]. Mesolimbic dopamine ts'ebetsong e ka boela ea ntlafatsoa ke lisebelisoa tse eketsehileng tseo hangata li amanang le litšoantšo tsa bootsoa tsa Inthanete li sebelisa tse kang, tlōlo ea litebello, tebello ea moputso, le ketso ea ho batla / ho etsa lipapali (ho sheba litšoantšo tsa bootsoa Inthaneteng) [88,89,90,91,92,93]. Matšoenyeho, a bontšitsoeng ho eketsa tsoho ea ho kopanela liphate [89,94], e ka boela ea tsamaea le litšoantšo tsa bootsoa tsa Inthanete. Ka bokhutšoanyane, litšoantšo tse litšila tse tsosang takatso tsa Inthaneteng li fana ka litšobotsi tsena kaofela, tse ngolisang e le tsa bohlokoa, li etsa hore ho be le li-dopamine tse phatlohang le ho ntlafatsa tsoho ea ho kopanela liphate.

Ka mabaka a totobetseng lithuto tsa liphoofolo mabapi le methapo ea kutlo ea marang-rang ea porno le lipapali tsa video li ke ke tsa hlola li etsoa. Leha ho le joalo, lithuto tse ngata tsa liphoofolo tse senolang litla-morao tsa lijo tse matlafatsang haholo (tsoekere e tsoetseng pele / mafura) li phatlalalitsoe. Mehlala e 'maloa ke ena e tšehetsang polelo ea hore lijo tse matlafatsang (tse matlafatsang) li fetisa kelello ka mekhoa e tloaelehileng ea ho ja.

1) Tlatsetso ea Lijo (2013) - Litlhaloso tse hlahang:

Ho tloha khale, batho ba ne ba amehile ka ho ja ka ho lekana ho phela le ho ikatisa. Ke haufinyane feela ka ho qaleha ha indasteri ea lijo ea sejoale-joale moo tšebeliso e ngata ea lijo tse nang le khalori e fumanehang habonolo, lijo tse tsoekere (mohlala, tsoekere e ngata le / kapa mafura) e hlahisitse mofuta oa pale ea tlhaho eo ho eona batho ba bangata ba jang haholo le ho nona haholo. Tikolohong ea kajeno ea lijo, batho ba tlaleha hore ba ja lijo tse matlafatsang ntle le ho fumana lijo tse matlafatsang feela empa ba bile le liphihlelo tse khotsofatsang, ho sebetsana le khatello ea maikutlo kapa mokhathala, ho matlafatsa temohisiso, le / kapa ho natefisa maikutlo. Lijo tse ntlafalitsoeng haholo tse nang le li-macronutrients tse ntlafalitsoeng ha li sa shejoe feela ho tloha molemong oa matla. Lithako tse ling tse ntlafalitsoeng, tse tsoekere, li shebeloa butle-butle ke batho ba sa rutehang le bo-ramahlale ka ho tšoana, e le lintho tse lemalloang le ho fetelletsa litaba ha tsona e le tlatsetso ea lijo. Hang ha e le mohopolo o phehisanang, bokhoba ba lijo hona joale bo nkuoa bo le bobe joalo ka mefuta e meng ea bokhoba ba ho lemalla, ho kenyelletsa le ts'ebeliso ea koae kapa koae. Khaolo ea hona joale e hlalosa lipatlisiso tse thehiloeng, tse kenyeletsang mehlala ea liphoofolo le lipatlisiso tsa bongaka, mabapi le ts'ebetso ea methapo ea tahi ea tsoekere. Ho shebella bokhoba ba tsoekere joalo ka mohlala o makatsang ke hona ho bohlokoa ka ho fetesisa ka lebaka la "ho monya lijo tsa lefatše." Ho khora hoa letsatsi le letsatsi leo batho ba fumanang tšebeliso ea lijo ho tsoa ho tatso e monate ea lijo le lino tse tsoekere haholo. Ntle le moo, ho na le bopaki bo ntseng bo hola bo hokahanyang tsoekere le ts'ebeliso ea tsoekere haholo-holo masea, ho seoa sa hona joale sa botena ba lefatše. Leha ho shebane le ts'ebeliso ea bokhoba ba tsoekere, tse ling tsa liqeto tsa mantlha tse hlahisitsoeng li ka akaretsoa ka mefuta e meng ea bokhoba ba lijo.

2) Monate o Matla o Fetela Moputso oa Cocaine (2008) - Litlhaloso tse hlahang:

Li-sugars tse hloekisitsoeng (mohlala, sucrose, fructose) li ne li le teng lijong tsa batho ba bangata ho fihlela morao tjena historing ea batho. Kajeno ho fetisoa ha lijo tse nang le tsoekere e nang le tsoekere ho tlatsetsa hammoho le lisebelisoa tse ling ho tsamaisa seoa sa botenya haholo. Ho qeta ho ja lijo tse nang le tsoekere kapa lino tse tahang ho qala ho susumetsoa ke monate oa tatso e monate 'me hangata ho bapisoa le ho lemalla lithethefatsi. Le hoja ho na le lintho tse ngata tse tloaelehileng tsa likokoana-hloko pakeng tsa lijo tse monate le lithethefatsi tsa tlhekefetso, bokhoni ba ho lemalla ba pele bo amanang le bofelo bo sa tsejoe hona joale.

Liphuputso tsa rona li bontša ka ho hlaka hore monate o matla o ka feta moputso oa cocaine, esita le ho batho ba nang le lithethefatsi le ba nang le lithethefatsi. Re nahana hore matla a ho lemalla a monate haholo a bakoa ke ho tsoaloa ke tlhaho ea tlhaho ea tlhaho ea tlhaho e hlahisang monate. Linthong tse ngata tse anyesang, ho akarelletsa likhoto le batho, li-receptors tse monate li iphetohile libakeng tsa bo-ntate tse futsanehileng ka tsoekere 'me ka hona ha lia fetoha hore li be le litlolo tse monate tse monate. Ho tsosolosa ho hoholo ha li-receptors tsena ka lijo tse nang le tsoekere, tse kang tse teng hona joale mekhatlo ea mehleng ea kajeno, li ne li tla etsa hore moputso o be le moputso o phahameng ka ho fetisisa oa bokhoni, 'me o na le monyetla oa ho fetelletsa mekhoa ea ho itšoara' me kahoo o lebise ho lemalla.

3) Ho hlahloba lits'enyeho tse tsitsitseng tsa ho itlopa joala ka mokhoa oa liphoofolo oa ho itšetleha ka tsoekere (2007) - Litlhaloso tse hlahang:

Keketseho ea likotsi tsa botena le mathata a ho ja e khothalelitse liteko tsa lipatlisiso tse reretsoeng ho utloisisa boits'oaro ba boitšoaro bo sa tloaelehang ba ho ja. Litlaleho tsa tliliniki li lebisitse tlhahiso ea hore batho ba bang ba ka ba le mekhoa e ts'oenyehang ha ba ja lijo tse monate. Ho itlopa lijo ke mokhoa oa tlhaho oa bulimia le botenya hape e se e le ntho e atileng bathong ba rona ba sa tsebeng letho ka bophelo ba rona. Tlhahlobo ena e akaretsa ho ts'oana ha boits'oaro ba ho ja lijo tse matlafatsang le taolo ea lithethefatsi tsa tlhekefetso. Moetso oa phoofolo oa ho itlopa joala ka tsoekere e sebelisoa ho bontša mekhoa e fumanoang ka lithethefatsi tse ling tsa tlhekefetso, joalo ka matšoao a ho khaotsa ho ts'oaroa, ho ja lijo tse matlafatsoang kamora ho tila le ho ts'oara matla. Liphetoho tse amanang le li-neurochemical tse atisang ho utluoa le lithethefatsi tsa tlhekefetso, ho kenyelletsa le liphetoho tsa ho lokolloa ha dopamine le acetylcholine ho li-nucleus accumbens, le tsona li ka fumanoa ka ho itlopa joala ka tsoekere.

4) Mefuta ea Liphoofolo ea Tsoekere le Ho ja ha Mafura: Kamano ho Tlatsetso ea Lijo le Ho Nona Boholo ba 'Mele (2012) - Litlhaloso tse hlahang:

Ho itlopa lijo ke mokhoa o hlahang mathateng a itseng a ho ja, hammoho le botenya le bongata ba batho ba sa tsebeng letho. Tsoekere le mafura ka bobeli li jeoa ke batho habonolo ebile ke likarolo tse tloaelehileng tsa ho itlopa. Khaolo ena e hlalosa mefuta ea liphoofolo ea ho ts'oaroa ha tsoekere le mafura a mangata, e lumellang tlhahlobo e qaqileng ea boitšoaro bona le litlamorao tsa bona tsa 'mele. Mokhoa oa ho itlopa joala oa tsoekere o sebelisitsoe ka katleho ho etsa hore motho a be le matšoao a amanang le methapo ea kutlo le litlamorao; mohlala, li-indices tsa ho khaola joalo ka opiate, ho eketsa ho ja kamora ho khaotsa ho ts'oaroa, ho ts'oaroa ha maikutlo le lithethefatsi tsa tlhekefetso, le tokollo e phetoang ea dopamine ka har'a li-nucleus tse bokellanang ka mor'a ho itlopa joala khafetsa. Boithuto bo sebelisang mokhoa oa ho itlopa lijo tse mafura bo bontša hore e ka hlahisa tse ling, empa eseng kaofela, tsa matšoao a ho its'epahalla a bonoang ka ho ja lijo tse tsoekere, hammoho le ho eketsa boima ba 'mele, bo ka hlahisang botenya.

5) Lipontšo tsa Homeostatic le Hedonic li kopane le taolo ea phekolo ea lijo (2009) - Litlhaloso tse hlahang:

Joalo ka ha ho ka lebelloa, ts'ebetso ea nako e telele ea litho tsa methapo ke lithethefatsi tsa tlhekefetso e lebisa ho liphetoho tsa sele le sele tse sebetsang e le karolo ea ho boloka homeostasis ho dopamine signaling (2). Ka har'a dopaminergic neurons ea VTA, ts'ebeliso ea lithethefatsi tse sa foleng li amahanngoa le secretion ea basal dopamine e fokotsehileng, boholo ba neuronal le ts'ebetso e eketsehileng ea tyrosine hydroxylase (tekanyetso ea liseleng ea dopamine biosynthesis) le protocol factor cyclic AMP factor element binding. (CREB) (2,10). Ka har'a li-neuron tse boletsoeng striatum, ts'ebeliso e mpe ea lithethefatsi e sa foleng e eketsa maemo a CREB hammoho le a mang a ho ngola, deltaFosB, tseo ka bobeli li fetolang karabelo ea methapo ea kutlo ho dopamine ho supa (2). Liphetoho tsena ho nahanoa hore li bohlokoa bakeng sa tšusumetso e fetelletseng ea ho fumana lithethefatsi tsa tlhekefetso tse bonoang ho bakuli ba lemaletseng joala. Mohlala, maemo a ntseng a eketseha a deltaFosB ho striatum e eketsa ho hlaka hoa litlamorao tse thabisang tsa lithethefatsi tsa tlhekefetso joalo ka koae le morphine mme li eketsa ts'usumetso ea ho li fumana (2).

Liphetoho tse tšoanang tsa seleng le tsa limolek'hule li 'nile tsa hlalosoa lichabeng tse senotsoeng ke lijo tse matlafatsang haholo. Linta li senotsoe lijong tse nang le mafura a mangata a 4 wk ebe li tloheloa ka tšohanyetso lijong tse bobebe tse bobebe tse bontšitsoeng li bontsitse litekanyetso tsa CREB tse sebetsang ho striatum ho fihlela 1 wk kamora swichi (11). Liphumano tsena li lumellana le mosebetsi oa Barrot et al. (12) ea tlalehileng hore ho fokotsa ts'ebetso ea CREB ho "ventral striatum" ho eketsa tharollo bakeng sa tharollo ea sucrose (moputso oa tlhaho) le morphine, setlhare se tsebahalang sa tlhekefetso. Ntle le moo, litoeba tse senotsoeng ke 4 wk ea lijo tse nang le mafura a mangata li bontšitse boemo bo phahameng ba boemo ba deltaFosB ka har'a li-nucleus accumbens (11), tšoanang le liphetoho tse bonoeng kamorao ho ho pepesetsoa lithethefatsi tsa tlhekefetso (2). Ntle le moo, polelo e eketsehang ea deltaFosB sebakeng sena sa boko e ntlafatsa ts'ebetso e matlafatsoang ea ts'ebetso ea lijo, e bonts'a karolo e hlakileng ea deltaFosB ho eketsa tšusumetso ea ho fumana meputso ea lijo (13). Ha li kopantsoe hammoho, liphuputso tsena li bonts'a hore libaka tse matla li ba le li-neuroadaptations tse tšoanang kamora ho pepesehela meputso ea lijo le lithethefatsi le hore liphetoho tsena li fetola tšusumetso ea ho fumana meputso ka bobeli.

6) Liphetoho tse fumanoang molemong oa moputso oa bokooa li beha litakatso tsa lijo tse thabisang le ho tšoenyeha ho bakoang ke ho khaotsa ho ja lijo tse ngata (2013) - Litlhaloso tse hlahang:

Libeke tse ts'eletseng tsa HFD tse bakang ho nona ho hoholo hoa mmele o nonneng oa ancronia, boitšoaro bo kang ho tšoenyeha le hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenocortical axis (HPA) hypersensitivity ea khatello ea maikutlo. Ho tlosoa HFD empa eseng matšoenyeho a bakoang ke LFD le maemo a basal corticosterone le khothatso e ntlafalitsoeng ea meputso ea lijo tsa sucrose le tse mafura a mangata. Ho fepa ka mafura a mangata a sa foleng ho fokotsitse CRF-R1 le ho eketsa maemo a liprotheine tsa BDNF le pCREB ho amygdala mme a fokotsa TH mme a eketsa protheine ea ΔFosB ho NAc le VTA. Moputso o fumanehang oa lijo tse fumanehang litapong tse tlositsoeng ho HFD o kopantsoe le liprotheine tse ngata tsa BDNF ho NAc le ho theola polelo ea P le ea PCREB ho amygdala.

Anhedonia, ho tšoenyeha le ho ba le khatello ea maikutlo ho khatello ea kelello e ba teng nakong ea HFD mme e ka ba le karolo ea bohlokoa potolohong e mpe e tsoelang pele ho fepa mafura a mangata le nts'etsopele ea botona. Ho tlosoa ha HFD ho ntlafatsa likarabo tsa khatello ea maikutlo le ho eketsa tlokotsi bakeng sa lijo tse fumanehang habonolo ka ho eketsa boitšoaro bo susumetsoang ke lijo. Liphetoho tse tšoarellang matšoao a amanang le dopamine le liplasitiki tse amanang le polokeho ea meputso li ka khothaletsa maemo a mabe a maikutlo, ho ja ho feta tekano le lijo tse fumanehang hape.

7) Liphetoho tse lipakeng tsa ΔFosB tse mahareng a Dopamine Signaling li Tloaelehile ke Lijo Tse Phahameng Tse Phahameng Tsa Fat-X (2008) - Litlhaloso tse hlahang:

Kutloelo-bohloko ea ho fumana moputso e hlahisitsoe e le sesosa se rerang boitšoaro bo amanang le ts'ebeliso e mpe ea lithethefatsi hammoho le ho nona. Leha ho le joalo, mekhoa e sekametseng e kenyang menyetla ea meputso ha e tsejoe. Re khothalelitse hore ts'ebeliso ea dysamine ho saena dopamine e ka ba sesosa sa tebello e phahameng ea moputso eo ka eona mehopolo e nang le moputso e ka sebetsang ho etsa hore tsamaiso e lekane.

Re sebelisitse mofuta oa panya ea liphatsa tsa lefutso, "sensFosB-overexpressing mouse, ho hlahloba liphetoho tsa tsela ea moputso ho latela lijo tse matlafatsang tse nang le mafura a mangata. Matšoao a tšoaeang moputso litoeba tsena a ile a hlahlojoa ka bobeli le ho latela libeke tsa 6 tsa ho pepesehela lijo tse fumanehang habonolo. Litsuonyana li ile tsa hlahlojoa tlhahlobong ea boits'oaro ka mor'a ho tlosa lijo tse nang le mafura a mangata ho lekola boteng ba mofuta ona oa ho tlosa tšusumetso e ntle.

Liphetho tsa rona li bonts'a ts'ebetso e fetotsoeng ea moputso tseleng e kenelletseng sebakeng se potolohileng bokaholimo ba ΔFosB maemong a bokellanang a phaello. Maemo a phosphorylated cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP) element element binding protein (pCREB), brain-based neurotrophic factor (BDNF), le dopamine le cyclic adenosine monophosphate e laoloang phosphoprotein e nang le boima ba molek'hule oa 32 kDa (DARPP-X in the LNUMX-DARPP-X li fokotsoe ka litoeba tsa ΔFosB, tse khothalletsang ho tšoaea dopamine tse fokotsitsoeng. Libeke tse tšeletseng tsa ho pepesetsoa lijo tse nang le mafura a mangata li ntlafalitse liphapang tsena, 'me li senola bokhoni bo matla ba ho ja. Litoeba tsa ΔFosB li boetse li bonts'itse keketseho e kholo ea ts'ebetso ea locomotor le likarabo tse amanang le ho tšoenyeha lihora tsa 32 ka mor'a ho tlosoa ha mafura a mangata.

Liphetho tsena li fana ka maikutlo a tebileng a liphetoho lipapatsong tse amanang le ho soetseha ha ΔFosB le ho supa matšoao a dopamine tse ka tloaeloang ka lijo tse nang le phepo hape e ka ba mokhoa o rerang esale pele ka mefuta e meng ea botena.

8) Ho ja haholo ho ja lijo tse nang le phepo e ntle ho khothaletsa boitšoaro bo tepelletsang bo kang bo amanang le ho tloaela lintho tse amanang le neural ho potoloho ea moputso oa boko (2013) - Litlhaloso tse hlahang:

Ho fumana phello ea lijo tse matlafatsang tse nang le mafura a mangata (HFD) mokhoeng o sithabetsang maikutlo le liphetoho lipakeng tsa lefutso molemong oa ho utloisisa lits'ebetso tsa neural tse ka bakang tlhabollo ea khatello ea maikutlo maemong a ho natefeloa ke lijo ( DIO).

Liphetho tsa rona li bonts'a hore tšebeliso e sa feleng ea lijo tse mafura a mangata le botenya li tlisa liphetoho tse amanang le polasetiki e tsamaeang le moputso oa khatello ea maikutlo. Ha keketseho ea ts'ebetso ea BDNF le CREB e sebetsa hantle haholo boits'ebetsong bo nyahamisang le moputso, re fana ka maikutlo a hore limolek'hule tsena tse fanang ka maikutlo li ka kopanya litlamorao tsa ho fepa mafura a mangata le DIO ho khothaletsa maemo a mabe a maikutlo le pontšo ea khatello ea maikutlo.

Taba ea hore dopamine e phahameng e ka sebetsa ho feta mekhoa ea tlhaho ea satiation e amoheloa ka bophara mme ke motheo oa mofuta oa hajoale oa tahi, o bitsoang khopolo ea khothatso ea ho lemalla bokhoba. Litlhahlobo tse latelang li hlalosa karolo ea dopamine ho eketseheng ho batla kapa takatso, ka hona ho noa lithethefatsi le meputso ea tlhaho:

1) Tlhahiso ea ho susumetsa batho ho tsuba: tse ling tsa litaba (2008) - Litlhaloso tse hlahang:

Ho bonolo ho fumana maikutlo ho tsoa ho lingoliloeng hore maikutlo a boits'oaro a ka lekana le 'maikutlo a ts'ebetso ea locomotor', empa pherekano ke e 'ngoe feela ea litlamorao tse fapaneng tsa psychomotor ea lithethefatsi tse tsamaeang le maikutlo, tse ngata li sa lumellaneng (Robinson & Becker 1986). Ho bohlokoa ho hopola hore ntlheng ena lentsoe sensitization le bolela feela keketseho ea phello ea lithethefatsi e bakoang ke taolo ea lithethefatsi khafetsa. Se bohlokoa bakeng sa mohopolo oa tšusumetso ea matla a ho susumetsa ha se 'locomotor sensitization', kapa esita le 'psychomotor sensitization', empa ke tšusumetso ea maikutlo. Ho kenella ha ts'ebetso ea psychomotor ho nahanoa ho bonts'a ts'ebetso ea ts'ebetso ea ts'usumetso ea boko, ho kenyelletsa le mesotelencephalic dopamine system (Bohlale le Bozarth 1987), sensorization ea psychomotor hangata e ka sebelisoa e le bopaki (boiketsetso bo sa tobang) bakeng sa hypersensitivity ho potoloho e loketseng ea tšusumetso. Empa ke hypersensitivity morerong ona oa tšusumetso, eseng potoloho ea lipina, e tlatsetsang haholo ho batleng lithethefatsi.

2) Ho lemalla: Mafu a ho ithuta le ho hopola (2007) - Litlhaloso tse hlahang:

Mosebetsi o moholo oa ts'ebetso, ho kenyelletsa lithuto tsa pharmacological, lesion, transgenic, le micodialysis, o thehile hore thepa e khotsofatsang ea lithethefatsi tse lemalloang e itšetleha ka bokhoni ba tsona ba ho eketsa dopamine ho li-synapses tse entsoeng ke li-neurons tsa sebakeng sa midbrain ventral tegmental sebakeng sa li-nucleus (38-40), e lulang sebakeng sa "potral striatum", haholo-holo kahare ho bokaholimo ba khubung ea nucleus (41). Ventral tegmental tegmental sebakeng seo dopamine e nahanang ho ea libakeng tse ling tsa letsoalo tse kang pele ho cortex le amygdala le tsona li bapala karolo ea bohlokoa ho fetoleng boits'oaro ba ho sebelisa lithethefatsi. (42).

Lithethefatsi tse tlatsetsang li emela malapa a fapaneng a lik'hemik'hale, ho hlohlelletsa kapa ho thibela litebello tse fapaneng tsa pele tsa limolek'hule, mme li na le liketso tse ngata tse sa amaneng le kantle ho potoloho ea likarolo tsa methapo ea methapo / li-circus, empa ka mekhoa e fapaneng (mohlala, bona litšupiso 43, 44), kaofela qetellong li eketsa dopamine ea synaptic ka har'a li-nucleus accumbens….

Khaello ea memori e lula e nkuoa e le maemo a kenyelletsang ho lahleheloa ke mohopolo, empa ho thoe'ng haeba boko bo hopola lintho tse ngata haholo kapa li le matla li rekota mekhatlo ea methapo? Lilemong tse leshome tse fetileng, tsoelo-pele ea ho utloisisa karolo ea dopamine thutong e amanang le moputso (8) ba entse nyeoe e qobelloang ea mohlala oa "ho ithuta ka methapo" o lumellanang le maikutlo a nako e telele mabapi le boitšoaro ba batho ba lemaletseng lithethefatsi. (6). Mosebetsi ona, hammoho le likhakanyo tsa morao-rao tsa computational tsa dopamine (9, 10), e khothalelitse mekhoa eo lithethefatsi le tšusumetso e amanang le lithethefatsi li ka fumanang matla a tsona a susumetsang. Ka nako e ts'oanang, lipatlisiso tsa cellular le tsa molek'hule li senotse ho tšoana pakeng tsa liketso tsa lithethefatsi tse lemalloang le mefuta e tloaelehileng ea ho ithuta le ho hopola (11-14), ka lehae la tsebo ea rona ea hona joale ea hore na memori e kentsoe joang (15) le hore na e phehella joang (15, 16) ha e hole le mokhoa o mong le o mong oa ho hopola oa mammary. Mona ke pheha khang ea hore ts'ebeliso ea tlhekefetso e emetse ts'ebetso ea methapo ea kutlo le mehopolo eo ka tlasa maemo a tloaelehileng e sebopang boitšoaro bo amanang le ho phehella meputso le mekhoa e ba boletseng esale pele. (11, 17-20).

3) Pontšo ea Dopamine ka boitšoaro bo amanang le moputso (2013) - Litlhaloso tse hlahang:

Dopamine (DA) e laola boits'oaro ba maikutlo le bo susumetsang ka tsela ea mesolimbic dopaminergic. Liphetoho ho li-neurotransication tsa DA li fumanoe ho fetola likarabo tsa boits'oaro lithutong tse fapaneng tsa tikoloho tse amanang le boits'oaro ba moputso. Psychostimulants, lithethefatsi tsa tlhekefetso, le moputso oa tlhaho joalo ka lijo li ka baka liphetoho tse kholo tsamaisong ea mesolimbic DA. Boithuto ba morao-rao bo sebelisang li-optogenetics le DREADD, hammoho le liphatsa tsa lefutso tse tobileng tsa "neuron" kapa potoloho e ikhethang li ntlafalitse kutloisiso ea rona ea ho supa lipalo tsa DA ka potoloho ea moputso, mme li fane ka mokhoa oa ho khetholla likarolo tse ka tlase tsa neural tsa boits'oaro bo thata joalo ka ts'ebeliso ea lithethefatsi le mathata a ho ja.

Taolo ea tsamaiso ea DA maemong a amanang le moputso e amohetse tlhokomelo e kholo ka lebaka la litlamorao tse mpe tsa ho se sebetse hantle potolohong ena, joalo ka tšebeliso ea lithethefatsi le moputso oa lijo tse amanang le botena, tseo ka bobeli e leng litaba tse kholo tsa bophelo bo botle ba sechaba. Hona joale ho amoheloe hantle hore ho pepesehela khafetsa ho lintho tse lemalloang, liphetoho tse feto-fetohang li etsahala maemong a limolek'hule le a cellular tseleng ea mesolimbic ea DA, e ikarabellang bakeng sa taolo ea boitšoaro bo susumetsang le bakeng sa tlhophiso ea boits'oaro ba maikutlo le maemo (Nestler le Carlezon, 2006; Steketee le Kalivas, 2011). Liphetoho tsena tseleng ea mesolimbic ho nahanoa hore li lebisa ho ts'ebeliso ea lithethefatsi, e leng bokuli bo sa feleng bo khutlang moo boitšoaro bo hatelletseng ba ho batla lithethefatsi le ho sebelisa lithethefatsi bo phehellang le ha ho na le litlamorao tse mpe (Thomas et al., 2008).

Bopaki bo hlakileng joale bo fana ka maikutlo a hore liphetoho tse kholo tsa synaptic tsa sistimi ea DA ea mesolimbic ha e amane feela le litlamorao tsa li-psychostimulants le lithethefatsi tse ling tsa tlhekefetso, empa hape le litlamorao tse putsang tsa moputso oa tlhaho, joalo ka lijo; leha ho le joalo, mokhoa oo lithethefatsi tsa tlhekefetso li susumetsang matla a synaptic potolohong ena o ntse o le thata. Ebile, pontšo ea moputso oa DA e bonahala e rarahane haholo, hape e na le seabo ho ts'ebetso ea ho ithuta le ho lokisa maemo, joalo ka ha ho pakoa ke lithuto tse senolang karabelo ea DAergic e ngotseng phoso ea ho bolela esale pele thutong ea boitšoaro….

4) Tšusumetso ea DFFB ho Nucleus Accumbens ea Moputso oa Tlhaho o Amanang le Boitšoaro (2008) - Excerpt:

Transcript factor deltaFosB (ΔFosB), e kenyellelitsoeng ho nucleus accumbens (NAc) ka ho pepesehela lithethefatsi tsa tlhekefetso, e bonts'itsoe ho fana ka likarabo tse khothatsang litlamong tsena. Leha ho le joalo, ha ho tsejoe letho ka karolo ea ΔFosB ho laola likarabo ho meputso ea tlhaho. Mona, re bonts'a hore litloaelo tse peli tse matla tsa moputso oa tlhaho, ho nwa ka ho lekana le boitšoaro ba thobalano, li eketsa maemo a levelsFosB ho NAc. Joale re sebelisa phetiso ea liphatsa tsa lefutso ea bongata hore re ithute ka tsela eo indFosB induction e susumetsang karabelo ea boitšoaro liputsong tsena tsa tlholeho. Re bonts'a hore khatello e feteletseng ea ΔFosB ho NAc e eketsa mokhoa oa ho ja le ho phahamisa likarolo tsa boitšoaro ba thobalano. Ntle le moo, re bonts'a hore liphoofolo tse nang le boiphihlelo ba pele ba thobalano, tse bonts'ang litekanyetso tsa ΔFosB, le tsona li bonts'a keketseho ea tšebeliso ea sucrose. Mosebetsi ona o fana ka maikutlo a hore BFosB ha e qobelloe feela ho NAc ka lithethefatsi tsa tlhekefetso, empa hape e susumetsoa ke ts'usumetso e ntle ea tlhaho. Ho kenyelletsa moo, liphumano tsa rona li bonts'a ho pepeseha ho sa feleng ho susumetsang ho susumetsang osFosB ho NAc ho ka eketsa tšebeliso ea meputso e meng ea tlhaho.

5) Ts'ebeliso ea methapo ea methapo ea mokokotlo tsamaisong ea Mesolimbic e susumelitsoeng ke Moputso oa Tlhaho le Mopholosi oa Boipheliso. (2010) - Litlhaloso tse hlahang:

Moputso oa tlhaho le lithethefatsi tsa tlhekefetso li fetoha tsamaisong ea mesolimbic, moo lithethefatsi tsa tlhekefetso li etsang liphetoho tsa neuronal. Mona, re lekile polasetiki tsamaisong ena kamora moputso oa tlhaho le tšusumetso e latelang ea likarabo tsa lithethefatsi.

Boiphihlelo ba botona le botšehali bo etsa hore ho be le liphetoho tse sebetsang le tsa morika tsamaisong ea mesolimbic e ts'oanang le ho pepesetsoa khafetsa ho psychostimulants. Ho feta moo, ho ila boitšoaro ba thobalano kamora ho nyaloa khafetsa ho ne ho hlokahala bakeng sa moputso o eketsehileng oa lithethefatsi le li-arhente tsa dendritic tsa NAc neurons, ho fana ka maikutlo a hore tahlehelo ea moputso oa thobalano e kanna ea tlatsetsa le neuroplasticity ea mesolimbic system. Liphetho tsena li fana ka maikutlo a hore liphetoho tse ling tsamaisong ea mesolimbic li tloaelehile bakeng sa moputso oa tlhaho le oa lithethefatsi mme li ka bapala karolo ea matlafatso ka kakaretso.

Ts'ehetso e eketsehileng bakeng sa mohopolo oa hore dopamine e feta mekhoa e tloaelehileng ea satiation ho batho e tsoa lithutong ho bakuli ba fuoeng li-dopamine agonists. Lithuto tse 'maloa tse joalo:

1) Boitšoaro ba dopamine agonist-bo hlohlelletsa mekhoa ea ts'ebetso ea methapo: ho lekola tleleniki ea PD ho senola maqhubu a phahameng (2011). Tlhaloso:

Bakeng sa bakuli ba 321 PD ba nkang agonist, 69 (22%) ba nang le boits'oaro bo khothalletsang, mme 50 / 321 (16%) e ne e le pathologic. Leha ho le joalo, ha tlhahlobo e ne e lumelletsoe ho bakuli ba nkang litekanyetso tsa agonist tse neng li sa phekolehe ho feta tekano, boits'oaro ba methapo ea kutlo bo tlalehiloe ka 24%. Li-subtypes e ne e le: papali ea chelete (25; 36%), khatello ea maikutlo (24; 35%), tšebeliso e qobelloang / ho reka (18; 26%), ho itlopa joala ho tlatselletsa (12; 17%), ho qobella ho phehella (8; 12%) ebile e qobelloang. ts'ebeliso ea likhomphutha (6; 9%).

2) Khafetsa ea papali ea khatello ea methapo e qalang ea methapo e qalang kapa e nyopisang kelello ka mor'a kalafo ea lithethefatsi ea lefu la idiopathic Parkinson (2009). Tlhaloso:

Har'a bakuli ba ithutoang ba nang le PD, papali e ncha e qalang ea ho becha kapa khatello ea maikutlo e ngotsoe ho 7 (18.4%) ea bakuli ba 38 ba nkile litekanyetso tsa kalafo tsa dopamine agonists empa ha ea ka ea fumanoa har'a bakuli ba sa phekoloang, ba sebelisang litekanyetso tsa kalafo ea kalafo ea methapo kapa. levodopa a le mong.

3) Ho ja ka thata le phaello e boima e amanang le tšebeliso ea dopamine agonist (2006). Tlhaloso:

Li-agonists tsa Dopamine li kentsoe letsoho ho baka boits'oaro bo tlamang ho bakuli ba nang le lefu la Parkinson (PD). Tsena li kenyelelitse papali ea chelete, bosodoma, ho itlosa bolutu, le mekhoa e meng e pheta-phetoang, e se nang morero ("punding").

4) Litlaleho tsa ho becha ha li-pathological, hypersexuality, le mabenkele a qobelloang a amanang le lithethefatsi tsa dopamine receptor agonist (2014). Tlhaloso:

Ho tlalehiloe mathata a tebileng a taolo a susumetsang a kenyelletsang ho becha ha 'mele oa motho, ho ba le moea o mongata, le mabenkele a qobelloang mabapi le tšebeliso ea lithethefatsi tsa dopamine receptor agonist ka tatellano ea tlhahlobo le tlhahlobo ea kalafo ea mokuli. Lisebelisoa tsena li sebelisetsoa ho phekola lefu la Parkinson, syndrome ea leoto le sa tsitsang, le hyperprolactinemia. Seo re se fumaneng se tiisa le ho eketsa bopaki ba hore lithethefatsi tsa dopamine receptor agonist li amana le tšusumetso ena e ikhethang

SLIDE 14

Ka mohlala, fa likhoto monyetla o sa lekanyetsoang oa ho hohela lijo tse se nang phepo 'me hoo e ka bang kaofela ha tsona li tla itlopa botenya. Ke ka lebaka lena Maamerika a mane ho a mahlano a batho ba baholo a nonneng 'me halofo ea' ona e nonne - ke hore, ba lemaletse lijo. Ho fapana le meputso ea tlhaho, lithethefatsi - joalo ka joala kapa k'hok'heine, li tla ts'oasa basebelisi ba 4-5% feela, ekaba batho kapa likhoto.

TŠEBELETSO EA SEHLOOHO:

Bolela # 1: Ts'ehetso ea "fa likhoto phihlello e sa lekanyetsoang ea ho hohela lijo tse se nang phepo ebile hoo e ka bang kaofela ha tsona li tla itlopa ka botenya" li tsoa thutong ena ea 2010: Ho se sebetse joalo ka moputso le ts'ebeliso ea lijo tse matlafatsang ho litheko tse mafura: Karolo ea li-receptors tsa dopamine D2 (2010) - Abstract:

Re fumane hore tsoelo-pele ea botenya e kenyelelitsoe le ho hlaha ha bofokoli bo fokolang ba boko bo ntseng bo eketseha. Liphetoho tse tšoanang ho moputso oa homeostasis o bakoang ke cocaine kapa heroin e nkoa e le ntho e boima ka ho fetisisa ho fetoleng ho tloha ho tloaelehileng ho ea ho e mong ka lithethefatsi. Ka lebaka leo, re ile ra hlokomela boitšoaro bo matla ba ho fepa ka makhetlo a mangata empa e se maqeba a lekaneng, a lekantsoeng e le mokhoa o babatsehang oa ho ja lijo tse sa hanyetsanang le ho ferekanya ka mokhoa o tsitsitseng oa boipheliso. Li-styatal dopamine D2 receptors (D2R) li ne li fokolloa ka likhoka tse ngata, tse tšoanang le litlaleho tsa nakong e fetileng ho batho ba lemaletseng lithethefatsi. Ho feta moo, ho kokotseha ha lentivirus ea D2R e hlaselang ka potlako ho ile ha potlakisa ntlafatso ea ho lemalla ho lemalla ho lemalla lithethefatsi le ho qaleha ha lijo tse qobelloang ke lik'homphieutha tse batlang likokoanyana tse nang le phihlelo e eketsehileng ea lijo tse mafura haholo. Litlaleho tsena li bonts'a hore ho fetela hoa lijo tse monate ho etsa hore motho a lemalle-e le likarabo tse ling tsa lik'hamphani tse fanang ka moputso oa bokooa mme o khanna nts'etsopele ea ho ja lijo. Mekhoa e tloaelehileng ea hedonic e ka 'na ea kokobetsa botenya le ho lemalla lithethefatsi.

Sengoloa se mabapi le thuto e ka holimo (2010) - Litlhaloso tse hlahang:

Borena ba likhoto tse neng li ithata lijong tsa mafura a batho bo ile ba fetoha.

Dopamine e bonahala e ikarabella bakeng sa boits'oaro ba litoeba tse tlotsang.

Qetellong bo-rasaense ba tiisitse seo kaofela ha rōna re se nahanang ka lilemo: Bacon, cheesecake, le lijo tse ling tse monate empa li nontša mafura li ka 'na tsa lemalla.

Phuputso e ncha ho likhoto e bontša hore lijo tse mafura haholo, tse phahameng-khalori li ama boko ka tsela e tšoanang le cocaine le heroine. Ha likhoto li ja lijo tsena ka bongata bo lekaneng, li lebisa mekhoeng ea ho ja e ts'oanang le lithethefatsi, thuto e fumaneha.

Ho sebelisa lithethefatsi tse kang k'hok'heine le ho ja lijo tse se nang phepo tse ngata butle-butle ho imetsa lintho tseo ho thoeng ke litsi tsa boithabiso bokong, ho latela Paul J. Kenny, Ph.D., moprofesa e mong oa motsoalle oa liphekolo tsa limolek'hule Setsing sa Lipatlisiso sa Scripps, Jupiter , Florida. Qetellong menyaka e ea "ho oa," 'me ho fihlela thabo e tšoanang - kapa le ho ikutloa feela joalo ka mokhoa o tloaelehileng - ho hloka palo e eketsehang ea sethethefatsi kapa lijo, ho bolela Kenny, sengoli se ka sehloohong sa thuto.

Liphuputsong tse fetileng, likhofu li bontšitse liphetoho tse tšoanang tsa boko ha li fuoa phihlelo e sa lekanyetsoang ea cocaine kapa heroin. 'Me likhofu li hlokomolohile kotlo ea ho tsoela pele ho ja cocaine, bafuputsi ba hlokomela.

Taba ea hore lijo tse se nang phepo e ntle e ka qholotsang karabelo ena ha e makatse ka ho felletseng, ho bolela Dr. Gene-Jack Wang, MD, molulasetulo oa lefapha la bongaka Lefapheng la Naha la Brookhaven la Lefapha la Matla la Amerika, Upton, New York.

O re: "Hona joale re etsa lijo tsa rona li tšoana haholo le k'hok'heine."

Ho bonahala thuto ea neurotransmitter dopamine e ikarabella bakeng sa boits'oaro ba likhoto tse jang haholo. Dopamine e kentse letsoho litsing tsa boithabiso (kapa moputso) bokong, hape e bapala karolo ea ho matlafatsa boits'oaro. Kenny o re: "E bolella boko hore ho na le se etsahetseng mme o lokela ho ithuta ho se sa tsoa etsahala."

Ho ja ho tlōla ho ile ha etsa hore maemong a mangata a dopamine a fumanoe bokong ba likhoto tse tlokotsing, thuto e ile ea fumana. Ho batho, likarolo tse tlaase tsa li-receptors tse tšoanang li 'nile tsa amahanngoa le ho lemalla lithethefatsi le botenya,' me e ka 'na ea e-ba le liphatsa tsa lefutso, Kenny o re.

Tlasa #2: Leqephe lena e na le tšehetso ea: "Maamerika a mane ho a mahlano a batho ba baholo a nonne haholo 'me halofo ea' ona e nonne haholo."

Tlasa #3: Sena se PDF 'me Thutong ena e na le ts'ehetso bakeng sa: "Ho fapana le meputso ea tlhaho, lithethefatsi - joalo ka joala kapa k'hok'heine, li tla hokela basebelisi ba 10-15% feela, ekaba batho kapa likhoto."

Boipolelo # 4: Ka 2011, ho bile le ts'ehetso e matla ea methapo ea kutlo (phoofolo le lithuto tsa batho) bakeng sa boteng ba "bokhoba ba lijo." Ts'ehetso ea Neurobiological e ntse e tsoela pele ho bokellana ka sekhahla se makatsang (bona karolo e latelang le lenane lena la lithuto tsa methapo ea kutlo tsa 300). Litlhahlobo tse 'maloa tse khethiloeng tse phatlalalitsoeng pele ho puo ea 2012 TEDx:

1) Meputso ea tlhaho, neuroplasticity, le lithethefatsi tse se nang lithethefatsi (2011) - Abstract:

Ho na le phapang e phahameng lipakeng tsa libaka tsa boko tse amehang ho sebetsaneng le meputso ea tlholeho le lithethefatsi tsa tlhekefetso. Lithethefatsi tse "sa sebeliseng lithethefatsi" kapa "boits'oaro" li se li ngotsoe haholo kliniking, 'me mafu a kenyelletsa liketso tse qobelloang tse kang ho ea mabenkeleng, ho ja, ho ikoetlisa, boitšoaro ba thobalano le papali ea chelete. Joalo ka bokhoba ba lithethefatsi, bokhoba ba lithethefatsi tseo e seng ba lithethefatsi li bonts'oa ke matšoao a kenyeletsang takatso, ho se sebetse hantle taolong ea boits'oaro, mamello, ho khaotsa le ho hlaphoheloa hape. Liphetoho tsena boitšoarong li fana ka maikutlo a hore polasetiki e kanna ea etsahala libakeng tsa boko tse amanang le ho lemalla lithethefatsi. Tlhahlobisong ena, ke akaretsa lintlha tse bonts'ang hore ho pepesehela meputso eo e seng ea lithethefatsi ho ka fetola polasetiki ea methapo libakeng tsa boko tse anngoeng ke lithethefatsi tsa tlhekefetso. Patlisiso e fana ka maikutlo a hore ho na le ho tšoana ho 'maloa lipakeng tsa methapo ea pelo e hlohlelletsoang ke meputso ea tlhaho le lithethefatsi le hore, ho latela moputso, ho pepeseha khafetsa meputsong ea tlhaho ho ka baka ts'oaetso ea methapo ea pelo e ka khothalletsang kapa e loantšang boitšoaro bo lemalloang.

2) Mefuta e tloaelehileng ea lisele le mekhoa ea limolek'hule ka botenya le ho lemalla lithethefatsi (2011) - Abstract:

Melemo ea lijo ea hedonic e ka khothaletsa mokhoa oa ho iphepa le ha litlhoko tsa matla li fihletsoe, li tlatsetsa ho matlafeng le botenya. Ka mokhoa o ts'oanang, litlamorao tse matla tsa lithethefatsi tsa tlhekefetso li ka susumetsa takatso ea bona ea ho fetella, ea fella ka ho lemalla. Bokoali bo tloaelehileng bo laola likarolo tse matla tsa lijo tse matlafatsang le lithethefatsi tse lemalloang, 'me litlaleho tsa morao-rao li bontša hore tšebeliso e feteletseng ea lijo kapa lithethefatsi tsa tlhekefetso e etsa hore likarabelo tse tšoanang tsaurouro ho potoloha ka likopi tsa boko li sebetse hantle. Mona, re lekola bopaki bo fanang ka maikutlo a hore botenya le ts'ebeliso ea lithethefatsi li ka arolelana mekhoa e tloaelehileng ea limolek'hule, lisele le tsamaiso.

3) Na Lijo li ka Lemoloa? Bophelo ba Sechaba le Boemo ba Leano (2011) - Litlhaloso tse hlahang:

Tlhahiso-leseling e fana ka maikutlo a hore lijo tse matlafatsoang ka bongata li ka baka ts'ebetso ea ho lemalla. Le ha monyetla oa ho ja o ntse o tsoela pele ho phetoa, lithuto tsa bohlokoa tse ithutoang ho fokotsa litlamorao tsa bophelo bo botle le moruo tsa ho lemalla lithethefatsi li ka ba molemo haholo ho loants'eng mathata a amanang le lijo.

Leha ho na le phapang ea bohlokoa lipakeng tsa lijo le lithethefatsi tse lemalloang, ho hlokomoloha litlamorao tse khahlisang tsa tlhaho le litloaelo tsa tlhekefetso ho ka baka lefu le eketsehang le amanang le lijo le meroalo e amanang le sechaba le moruo. Litšebelisano tsa bophelo bo botle ba sechaba tse 'nileng tsa sebetsa hantle ho fokotsa ts'abo ea lithethefatsi tse lemalloang li ka ba le karolo ho lebiseng botenya le mafu a amanang le ona.

4) Li-Neural Correlates tsa Ts'oaetso ea Lijo (2011) - Litlhaloso tse hlahang:

Patlisiso e hlahisitse mokhoa o tlatsetsang kholisong le ntlafatsong ea botena. Le ha ho tšoana ho sebelisana pakeng tsa botenya le boteng ba lintho tse fumanehang, tsebong ea rona, ha ho na lithuto tse ileng tsa hlahloba lilakane tsa neural tsa boitšoaro bo bobebe ba ho ja.

Mekhoa e ts'oanang ea ts'ebetso ea neural e bohlokoa ho ts'ebetso ea ho jella joaloka ho ja le ho ts'epa litheko: ts'ebetso e phahameng ea ts'ebetso ea moputso ka karabelo ea lijo le ho fokotsa ts'ebetso ea libaka tse thibelang karabelo ea lijo.

5) Lijo le Tlhekefetso: Lihlahisoa tsa Sugars le Hedonic Ho ja Ho Hoholo. (2011) - Litlhaloso tse hlahang:

Ka ho hlakileng, ha se lijo tsohle tse tla ba likhetho tsa bokhoba: Gearhardt et al. ba pheha khang ea hore lijo tse "hyperpalatable" tse nang le mafura, tsoekere le / kapa letsoai, tseo hangata li nang le motsoako oa li-ingredient tse ngata, li ka ba le menyetla e meholo ho feta ea lijo tsa setso tse kang litholoana, meroho le protheine e holang. Re tseba ho tsoa lithutong tsa boitšoaro ba ho fepa hore limatlafatsi tse fapaneng li ka ama li-neuropeptide tse khethehileng tsa boko le li-system tsa neurotransmitter [14,15]. Ho sa le joalo, lithuto tsa pele ho tsa bophelo li fana ka maikutlo a hore tsoekere e ngata ho feta tekano e hlahisa mekhoa e mengata e ts'oanang le ho lemalla ha e bapisoa le mafura a mangata haholo [5].

6) Ho noa ho tlōla, ho tlola botenya, le ho ba le dopamine (2010) - Litlhaloso tse hlahang:

Dopamine ea neurotransmitter e bapala karolo ea bohlokoa potolohong ea moputso oa boko. Ho ja lithethefatsi tse lemalloang haholo tse kang koae ho baka keketseho ea litekanyetso tsa dopamine bokong ba maoto le matsoho ho kenyelletsa matla a boitšoaro bo amanang le ona (1). Boithuto ba morao-rao bo boetse bo fana ka leseli mabapi le karolo ea ts'ebetso ea phetoho ea ho fepa batho ba batenya. Haholo-holo, lithuto tsa positron emission tomography li bontšitse hore striatal dopamine D2 li-receptors li fokotseha ho batho ba batenya haholo ha ba bapisoa le D2 litefiso tse tsoang ho balekane ba bona ba leaner (2). Ntle le moo, ho boetse ho bontšitsoe hore batho ba batenya ho feta tekano ba tloaetse ho ja ho feta tekanyo bakeng sa maikutlo a bokhopo ba maikutlo bo ferekanyang (3). Khaello e makatsang ea lets'oao la dopamine le boetse le bonoe ho batho ba lemaletseng lithethefatsi. Hobane ho ja ho feta tekano ho boetse ho tsamaisoa ke thabo le ho qobelloa ho tsoela pele ho sa na le litlamorao tse mpe, joalo ka ho lemalla lithethefatsi, ho nahanoa hore e kenyelletsa dopamine neurotransmission. Leha ho le joalo, hore na ke mefokolo ena ho D2 receptor e tšoaeang botenya ba koloi kapa hore na batho ba batenya ho feta tekano ba na le bofokoli ka lebaka la ho se sebetse hantle ke potso.

7) Lijo tsa obesogenic li ka 'na tsa fetola ka tsela e sa tšoaneng taolo ea dopamine ea sucrose le tlhahiso ea fructose lipakeng (2011) - Litlhaloso tse hlahang:

Ho tšela lijo tse matlafatsang ka nako e telele ho ka lebisa ho nona haholo, ho fokotsa ho ts'oaroa ha dopamine, le tšebeliso e eketsehileng ea tsoekere ho eketsa moputso o felletseng. Kahoo, ho bonahala eka botenya ka lebaka la ts'ebeliso ea motsoako oa mafura le lijo tse tsoekere ho fapana le likhalori tse eketsehileng tse tsoang mafura a ja feela li ka etsa hore ho be le li-signature tsa D2 tse fokotsoang. Ntle le moo, liphoso tse joalo li bonahala li ama taolo ea ho ja li-fructose.

Liphuputso tsena li bontša ka lekhetlo la pele ho sebelisana ka mokhoa o hlakileng pakeng tsa ho ja lijo le ho laola dopamine ea lijo tse nang le lik'habohaedreite likokoanyana tse nang le bothata ba ho ja. E boetse e fana ka bopaki bo eketsehileng ba hore sucrose le fructose lijoang li tsamaisoa ka tsela e fapaneng le tsamaiso ea dopamine.

9) Mekhoa ea Moputso: Boitsebiso bo Ncha le Litaelo Tsa Bokamoso (2011) - Excerpt:

Lijo li jeoa e le ho boloka botsitso ba motlakase maemong a homeostatic. Ntle le moo, lijo tse fumanehang habonolo li boetse li jelloa bakeng sa thepa ea tsona ea hedonic e ikemetseng maemong a matla. Ts'ebeliso e joalo e amanang le moputso e ka baka ho ja litlhoko tse ngata tsa caloric mme e nkuoa e le sesosa se seholo litekanyetsong tse potlakileng tsa ho ba le botenya linaheng tse tsoetseng pele. Ha ho bapisoa le mokhoa oa ho fepa oa homeostatic, ha ho tsejoe hakaalo ka hore na li-system tsa hedonic bokong li susumetsa joang phepelo ea lijo. Ka ho makatsang, tšebeliso e feteletseng ea lijo tse matlafatsoang e ka baka likarabo tse tsamaisanang le lithethefatsi tsa tlhekefetso. Ho feta moo, bofokoli bo tšoanang ba liphatsa tsa lefutso lits'ebetsong tsa moputso oa boko bo ka eketsa tšitiso ea ho lemalla lithethefatsi le botenya. Mona, tsoelopele ea morao-rao kutloisisong ea rona ea potoloho ea boko e tataisang likarolo tsa hedonic tsa boitšoaro bo fepa li tla hlahlojoa. Hape, bopaki bo hlahang bo fanang ka maikutlo a hore botenya le bokhoba ba lithethefatsi bo ka arolelana mekhoa e tloaelehileng ea hedonic le eona e tla hlahlojoa.

10) Karolo e lefifi ea ho lemalla lijo (2011) - Excerpt:

Bokhobisanong ba lithethefatsi, phetoho ea ts'ebeliso ea lithethefatsi tse tloaelehileng ho latela ts'ebeliso e hokahane le phetoho ho tloha ho matlafatsong e ntle le ho isa matlafatsong e mpe. Ka mantsoe a mang, lithethefatsi qetellong li its'etleha ho thibela kapa ho imolla lipehelo tse mpe tse hlahisoang ke ho ila (mohlala, ho ikhula) kapa maemo a mabe a tikoloho (mohlala, khatello). Mosebetsi oa morao-rao o supile hore phetoho ena ea "lehlakore le lefifi" e bohlokoa hape ntlafatsong ea bokhoba ba lijo. Pele, tšebeliso ea lijo tse matlafatso li na le li matlafatso tse matlafatsang, tse thabisang le tse matlafatsang, "tse khothatsang" tse ka etsang hore likaroloana tsa mmele li fane ka maemo ka mokhoa o hlakileng. Ho ja khafetsa, ka linako tse ling tsa lijo tse matlafatsoang ho ka mpefatsa khatello ea maikutlo le ho nyenyefatsa tsela eo moputso o tsoelang pele o fetoha tlamo ea ho thibela maemo a mabe a maikutlo ka ts'ebeliso e mpe. Matšoenyeho, ho tšoenyeha le ho tepella maikutlo ho bontšitse ho phahama ho hoholo le menyetla ea ho baka mekhoa ea ho ja e joalo ka batho. Mefuta ea liphoofolo e bonts'a hore phihlello ea nako le nako ea lijo tse matlafatsoang e ka lebisa mathateng le maikutlong a ho khaotsa ha lijo li se li sa fumanehe, mamello le ho theoleha ha moroalo oa moputso oa kelello, ho batla lijo tse fumanehang habonolo leha ho ka ba le litlamorao tse mpe ebe o khutlela bocha. ho batla lijo ka lebaka la tšusumetso e joalo e tšoenyang. Mekete e kopantsoeng ho fihlela joale ka lehlakoreng le lefifi la ho lemalla lijo e tšoana hantle le e amanang le ts'ebeliso ea lithethefatsi le joala. Tlhahlobo ea hajoale e akaretsa tlatsetso e tebileng le e matla ea Bart Hoebel ea ho utloisisa karolo ea "lehlakore le lefifi" tšebelisong ea lijo le mosebetsi o amanang le ba ba mo latelang.

TŠEBELETSO E NTSENG:

Makholo a makholo a lithuto tsa batho le tsa batho tse tšehetsang tleleime ea #4 (ho ba teng ha tlhekefetso ea lijo) e phatlalalitsoe ho tloha 2011. Ka mohlala “Lemalla lijo” e khutlisa lintlha tsa 7,400 ho tsoa ho setsebi sa Google, ha a ntse a "Ho lemalla lijo" + neurobiology e khutlisa lintlha tsa 3,330 ho tsoa ho setsebi sa Google. Ho tsoa ho sena lenane la lithuto tse fetang tsa 300 tsa methapo, Ke khethile litlhahlobo tse 'maloa tsa morao-rao ho ts'ehetsa mohlala oa bokhoba ba lijo:

  1. Ho Nona Haholo le Ho Lemalla: Neurobiological Overlaps (2012) Nora Volkow
  2. Botenya bo amahanngoa le ts'ebetso ea boko bo fetotsoeng: ts'ehetso le boikaketsi (2012)
  3. Seoa sa botenya le ho lemalla lijo: ho tšoana le lithethefatsi ho itšetlehile ka lithethefatsi (2012)
  4. Seoa sa botenya: karolo ea ho lemala (2012)
  5. Ho se sebetse ka tsela e tsitsitseng ho tsitsitseng le botenya: Ho fapana le ho tšoana (2013) Nora Volkow
  6. Ho kopana ha bothata ba ho ja likokoana-hloko le mathata a ho sebelisa lithethefatsi: Tlhahlobo le lefu la neurobiology (2013)
  7. Ntho e tloaelehileng ea likokoana-hloko ea ho nona haholo le ho lemala habonolo (2013)
  8. Boemo ba ho ipeha boemong bo bongata bo feteletseng (2013)
  9. Mefuta ea liphoofolo ea ho ja ka mokhoa o qobelloang (2014)
  10. Na ho na le Lijo Tseo U ka li Lemallang? - Karabo (2014)
  11. Lijo Tsa Tšebeliso ea Lithethefatsi Leseli la DSM-5 (2014)
  12. Ho itlopa lijo ka mehlala ea pele-pele (2015)
  13. Maikutlo a hona joale mabapi le ho lemalla lijo (2015)
  14. Ke Lijo Tsefe Tse ka 'Nang Tsa E-ba Meriana? Mesebetsi ea Tlhahlobo, Lihlahisoa tsa Mafura le Mojaro oa Glycemic (2015)
  15. Litšobotsi tsa lefu la ho itlopa joala (2015)
  16. Aberrant mesolimbic dopamine-opiate ho sebelisana ka botenya (2015)
  17. Lijo tse lemalloang e le karolo e ncha ea mokhoa oa botenya (2015)
  18. Ho lemalla ho lemalla-joaloka Mathata a Synaptic ho Botenya bo Feteletseng ba Lijo (2016)
  19. Allostasis ka ho lemalla bophelo bo botle le lijo: fMRI (2016)
  20. Ho khothaletsa boitšoaro ba boleng bo matlafatsang ba lijo: Ke lijo life le lithethefatsi tse tšoanang (2016)
  21. Ho lemalla lijo ho lemalla boitšoaro bo bobe (2016)
  22. Maikemisetso a kelello le a Neurobiological ea Likokoana-hloko tsa Lijo (2016)
  23. Tšusumetso ea Lijo tse Tšoanelang ho Ts'ebetsong ea Ts'ebetso ea Moputso: Tlhahlobo ea Bocha (2016)
  24. Ka mokhoa o moholo o koahelang li-substrate tsa neuronal tsa reactivity ho lithethefatsi, papali ea chelete, lijo le litabeng tsa thobalano: Tlhahlobo e feletseng ea meta (2016)
  25. Neurobiology ea "Ho lemalla lijo" le litlamorao tsa eona bakeng sa kalafo le leano la botenya (2016)
  26. Lijo le lithethefatsi tsa lithethefatsi: Lintho tse tšoanang le tse fapaneng (2017)
  27. Lijo tsa ho Nahana: Mekhoa ea Meputso le Hedonic ho ja Haholo (2017)
  28. Ho kopanya Neural Endophenotypes ho Lemalla le Botenya (2017)
  29. Tšusumetso e ntle ea Lihlahisoa tsa Hyper-Caloric Plastiki ea Neuronal (2017)
  30. Ho ja ho hoholo ha meriana: Bopaki bo hlahelang ba ho qobella ho qapa (2017)

Ho khahlisang, tlhahlobo ea 2017 ea lingoliloeng e hlahisitse mofuta oa tšebeliso ea litšoantšo tse litšila tse tsosang takatso inthaneteng tse tšoanang le mohlala o bonolo o hlahisitsoeng ho Slides 13-17 (Litšoantšo tse manyala tse hlephisang boitšoaro, Thabo le likamano tsa botona le botšehali: Ho ea ho Hedonic Reinforcement Model ea Inthaneteng Inthaneteng Media Media Sebelisa). E fana ka maikutlo a hore lijo tse fumanehang habonolo le marang-rang a marang-rang a nang le marang-rang li na le thepa e ikhethang e ka nkoang e le e ntle haholo ho moreki. Beha lijo tse se nang molemo phepong le ho hasanya marang-rang a lits'oants'o tsa marang-rang li ka fetisa mekhoa e mengata ea ho ikatisa le mefuta ea setso sa bong le lijo tse ngata. Lintlha tse 'maloa tse tsoang mananeong ana:

Khopolo-taba ea maikutlo

Le ha mesebetsi ea pele e ne e nahana hore IPU e ts'oana le papali ea chelete (mohlala, King, 1999) kapa ts'ebeliso ea lithethefatsi (mohlala, Park et al., 2016), mohopolo oa mohopolo oa mofuta ona oa hona joale o tšehelitsoe ka matla ke mosebetsi oa morao-rao mochini o mong oa 'mele: tlala. Likhopolo le mehlala ea tlala le ts'ebeliso ea lijo li sebetsa e le papiso e utloahalang e ka tsebisang mohopolo oa sepheo sa thobalano le boits'oaro, ka ha bobeli bo na le ho tšoana tsoelo-peleng ea kholo ea hore kholo ea thobalano le ts'ebeliso ea lijo lia hlokahala bakeng sa pholoho, tseo ka bobeli li fanang ka meputso ea hedonic , hore ka bobeli li hlohlelletsa boits'oaro bo boholo ba batho, le hore ka bobeli li bonahala li khotsofatsoa ka nakoana ha li khotsofatsoa. Ho latela analogue ena, sehlopha sa lingoliloeng tsa morao tjena se tumisitse likhopolo tsa tlala ea hedonic (Lowe & Butryn, 2007). Ho fapana le ho susumetsoa ke tlhoko ea `` caloric '', tlala ea hedonic e bua ka kotloloho le takatso ea lijo ka lebaka la monyaka oo e o tlisetsang moreki (Lowe & Butryn, 2007). Leha sepheo sa hedonic esale e le karolo ea sepheo sa tlala, phapang ena lipakeng tsa tlala ea tlala le tlala e eketsehile ka tsoelo-pele ea morao-rao tlhahisong ea lijo tse matlafatsoang, kapa lijo tse etselitsoeng ho hohela ka matla likhopolo tse ikhethileng tsa tatso (mohlala. , letsoai, mafura, monate; Avena & Gold, 2011; Gearhardt, Davis et al., 2011; Gearhardt, Davis, Kuschner, & Brownell, 2011). Lijo tsena ke tsa morao-rao (maemong a ntlafatso ea motho) tsoelo-pele e putsa batho ka matla le ho khothaletsa phetoho ea boits'oaro.

Boemong bo bong le bo bong, lijo tse matlafatsoang li ka khothaletsa phetoho mekhoeng ea boits'oaro, empa li na le boikarabello bakeng sa liphetoho tsa lijo tsa setso linaheng tse tsoetseng pele (Fortuna, 2012). Ha lijo li se li fumaneha habonolo, ho ja ho boetse ho monate haholo, 'me ka lebaka leo, lithahasello tsa monyaka tsa tšebeliso ea lijo li tsohile. Ka kopanelo, lintlha tsena li fetotse tsela eo batho ba bangata ba atamelang tlala le lijo maemong a motho ka mong le moetlong (bakeng sa tlhahlobo, bona Pinel et al., 2000), le mekhatlo ea Bophirimela — haholo-holo US — e ba e kholo haholoanyane tseleng ea bona lijong.

Mosebetsing ona kaofela, re emela hore IP e emetse ntho e ts'oanang ea setso ho lijo tse matlafatsang le tlala e kholo mabapi le sepheo sa thobalano le merero e amanang le thobalano. Karolo e 'ngoe le e' ngoe ea mehlala ea rona e hlophisitsoeng e ts'oana e fumanana le lingoliloeng tsa ho ja, 'me papiso e tla tšohloa ka botlalo ka tlase. Kakaretso, lingoliloeng tsa pele li bonts'a hore tlala ea hedon e matlafatsoa ka ho ikholisa ho matlafatseng lijo tse matlafatsang, ka hona e lebisa mekhoeng e mengata ea ho ja le ho ja. Ka mokhoa o ts'oanang, re pheha khang ea hore IP e sebelisoa haholo ka mabaka a hedonic; hore e tiisa ka mokhoa o ikhethileng ka lebaka la phihlello ea eona, ts'ebeliso ea eona, boiphihlelo le mefuta e fapaneng; le hore e kanna ea phahamisa mekhoa e makatsang ea ho etsa thobalano

Tlhekefetso ea thobalano

Joalokaha ho ile ha hlahlojoa qalong ea mosebetsi ona, lingoliloeng tse ngata tse fetileng ho IPU li shebile haholo-holo ho lihlooho tsa bokhoba ba tahi, ho qobelloa le ho hloka maikutlo (Short et al., 2012). Ho feta moo, ho na le khang e hlakileng lithutong tsa pele tsa thuto (mohlala, Cooper et al., 1998) le tse tsebahalang hajoale (mohlala, Foubert, 2016; Wilson, 2014) lingoliloeng tseo IP e nang le litšobotsi tse lemalloang. Ka 'nete, lingoliloeng tsa lipatlisiso li tletse ka lithuto tsa linyeoe le mehlala ea bongaka ea batho ba batlileng kalafo ea ho lemalla IP (mohlala, Ford, Durtschi, & Franklin, 2012; Gola & Potenza, 2016; Griffiths, 2000; Kraus, Meshberg-Cohen, Martino, & Potenza, 2015), hangata e hlalosang batho ba nang le pherekano e kholo le litlamorao tse mpe tse amanang le IPU. Ntle le moo, mohopolo oa IPU o nang le mathata kapa o fetelletseng ha o na likhang, ka lithuto tse 'maloa tse bontšang kamoo batho ba bang ba ka qobelloang kapa ba fetelletseng ts'ebelisong ea bona (mohlala, Crosby & Twohig, 2016; For et al., 2014; Sirianni & Vishwanath, 2016 ). Leha ho le joalo, li-syntheses tse ngata tse hlahlojoang ke lithaka li fihletse qeto ea hore ho bua ka IPU e tloaelehileng e le lemallo ke kahlolo ea pele ho nako (mohlala, Duffy et al., 2016; Kraus, Voon, & Potenza, 2016; Reid, 2016).

Sebakeng sa ho kenella le mehopolo ea ngangisano e joalo, mofuta oa hajoale o hlophisa lingoliloeng ka tsela e ka hlalosang ka nepo ho lemalla kapa ho qobelloa ho feta mefuta ea pejana. Khopolo ena e tšehelitsoe ke mosebetsi oa morao-rao ka papiso ea thuto ea mohlala: tlala. Khothatso e putsang haholo e khotsofatsang koloi ea tlhaho ka ho hlakileng e na le monyetla oa ts'ebeliso e mpe kapa tlhekefetso (mohlala, Gearhardt, Yokum, et al., 2011). Ka har'a takatso ea lijo le botenya, mohopolo oa ho lemalla lijo o sa tsoa fumana tlhokomelo e kholo (mohlala, Gearhardt, White, Masheb, & Grilo, 2013; Hebebrand et al., 2014; Smith & Robbins, 2013). Leha mofuta ona oa ho utloisisa tšebeliso e tlamang ea lijo o se na khang (mohlala, Benton & Young, 2016; Ziauddeen & Fletcher, 2013), e ipakile e le mohopolo o sebetsang bakeng sa kutloisiso le tlhophiso ea boits'oaro bo thata, bo qobelloang kapa bo fetelletseng (Avena, Gearhardt, Khauta, Wang, & Potenza, 2012). Ha u sebelisa lingoliloeng tsena e le mohlala ka nako eo, ho ka etsahala hore mefuta e meng ea ho lemalla le ho qobella batho ba nang le mathata a IPU le eona e na le ts'ebeliso e itseng litlalehong tsa IPU e fetelletseng kapa e sitisang.

Mohlomong monyetla oa hore ngangisano e mabapi le tlhahlobo e nepahetseng ea IPU e nang le bothata e be tlhekefetso, khatello, kapa khatello ea taolo e susumetsang e tsoele pele ka lilemo tse ngata (mohlala, Reid, 2016). Leha ho le joalo, mohlala oa hona joale o batla ho theha IPU ka tsela e sa itšetleheng ka maikutlo a IP e le lekhoba la tlhaho. Joaloka ts'usumetso e atlehileng haholo, IPU e kanna ea susumetsa batho ba fapaneng ka litsela tse ikhethang. Ka mokhoa o tšoanang moo batho ba bang ba nang le tšekamelo ea ho lemalla lijo kapa litloaelo tse ling tsa boitšoaro tse kang ho becha ka methapo, batho ba bang ba kanna ba tsotella mofuta oa moputso oa IP o ka hlahisang mathata a boitšoaro bo ntseng bo eketseha.

SLIDE 15

"Mokhoa ona oa ho itlopa joala" oa lijo le thobalano e kile ea e-ba monyetla oa ho iphetola ha lintho. E re thusitse "ho e fumana ha ho ntse ho fumaneha hantle". Nahana ka liphiri tse theolang nama ea liponto tse 20 ka nama. Kapa ke nako ea ho tlolelana ha liphoofolo 'me u monna oa alpha.

QALANG & ntjhafatswa TSEhetsa:

Taba: "Mokhoa oa ho itlopa joala" oa lijo le thobalano o teng.

Mechine e jang methapo e kenyelletsa ho hlohlelisa dopamine e sa feleng ho hlohlelletsa, mme mohlomong ho hloka boithati (atolosoa holim'a Slide 18, Slide 13, Slide 14, 'me Slide 16). Mona ke hlahisa kakaretso ea hore na ho matlafatsa le ho fokotsa ts'oaetso ho khothalletsa ho itlopa joala joang. Ntle le moo, ho fanoa ka "mekhoa e meng ea ho itlopa joala" ea haufinyane ea lijo tse hlabosang.

Sensitization e lebisa ho batleng ho eketsehileng, litakatso, le ho sitoa ho laola tšebeliso. Sena se lekane ho hohela ho itlopa joala (joalo ka ha ho etsa ka litlolo tse tsoetseng pele). Boikemisetso bo ka holisa litakatso tse hlahisoang ke maikutlo.

Sensitization: Joalokaha ho hlalositsoe li-slide tse ling, ts'ebeliso e fetelletseng ea tšebeliso ea meputso ea tlhaho (ho kopanela liphate, tsoekere, mafura a phahameng, boikoetliso ba ho ikoetlisa) kapa taolo e sa foleng ea hoo e batlang e le lithethefatsi life kapa life tsa tlhekefetso DeltaFosB ho bokella butle-butle boholo ba sistimi ea moputso (PFC, li-nucleus accumbens). DeltaFosB e kenya tšebetsong liphatsa tse ling tsa lefutso tse hlahisang liphetoho tse 'maloa tsa boko, haholoholo ho hlohlelletsa. Sena se bonahatsa joalo ka mokhoa oa ho etsa lintho tse ling hape, litakatso tse matla, le bothata ba taolo ea ts'ebeliso. Ho etsa ntho e ncha hape litakatso tse matla tseo u ka li sebelisang ke matšoao a ho lemalla, 'me ho ka hlahlojoa ka ho nahana ka bokamoso le tlhahlobo ea methapo ea kutlo kapa litlaleho tsa boits'oaro. Ha e le 2017, ho phatlalalitsoe lithuto tse mashome a mabeli tse tlalehang maikutlo a ho hlasimolla kapa litakatso tsa takatso ea boitšoaro bo bobe ho batho ba sebelisang litšoantšo tsa bootsoa kapa batho ba lemaletseng ho kopanela liphate: 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20.

Ho hlaseloa ha maikutlo: Ha litakatso tse ntseng li eketseha li qobella mosebelisi ho itlopa lijo tse litšila tse tsosang takatso ea ho sheba litšoantšo tsa bootsoa. Haeba DeltaFosB e le setsi sa khase bakeng sa ho itlopa lijo, molek'hule ea CREB e sebetsa joaloka mariki. CREB e fokolisa karabelo ea rona ea thabo. E thibela dopamine. CREB e leka ho nka thabo ka lebaka la ho itlopa lijo e le hore u phomole.

Ka mokhoa o makatsang, litekanyetso tse phahameng tsa dopamine li hlohlelletsa tlhahiso ea bobeli ba CREB 'me DeltaFosB. Empa ho benya hoa ketso ea ho leka-lekanya ea CREB / DeltaFosB ke hore e bile teng nako e telele pele batho ba pepesetsoa lintho tse matla tse kang whiskey, cocaine, ice cream, kapa libaka tsa porn tube. Tsena kaofela li na le monyetla oa ho fetisa mekhoa e satiation e sentsoeng, ho kenyeletsoa le likhechana tsa CREB. Ho fetella ho tsoelang pele ho ka boela ha lebisa ho theoha ka potlako ha li-receptors tsa dopamine tsa DopNUMX (joalo ka ha ho bile le likhoto tse tlotsitsoeng lijong tsa junk). Sena se ka holisa litakatso ha li-receptor tsa D2 li sebetsa ho thibela tšebeliso e mpe ea lithethefatsi le meputso ea tlhaho. Boikemisetso bo lebisa mamellong, e leng tlhoko ea boemo bo phahameng e e etsang ho fihlela sephetho se tšoanang. Ha e le ka 2017 lithuto tse tšeletseng tse mabapi le basebelisi ba litšoantšo tsa bootsoa li tlaleha liphetho tse lumellanang le takatso kapa bolulo: 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6.

Mohlomong u ntse u ipotsa hore na ho fetisa maikutlo ho sa feleng ho ka baka litlamorao tse peli tse sa lumellaneng. Pele, ho ka ba teng nyollelo ts'ebetso ea dopamine (sensitization ka DeltaFosB). Taba ea bobeli, e ka ba teng fokotseha ketsahalo ea dopamine (desensitization via CREB). Karabo ke hore e bua haholo ka ho boloka nako. Empa e boetse e mabapi phapang pakeng tsa methapo ea kutlo ho batla 'me rata.

Sensitization e lebisa ho li-spikes tse phahameng tsa dopamine ho arabela likhahla le lisosa tse amanang le ts'ebeliso. Li-spikes tsa dopamine li etsahala pele ho inketsa lithethefatsi kapa ho ipholla litho tsa botona kapa tsa botšehali 'me u na le boiphihlelo ba ho lakatsa. Leha ho le joalo, ha ho pepesetsoa ts'usumetso e tšoanang ea khale ea dopamine (le li-opioid tse nyane) ho lokolloe (desensitization). Ho nyahama hona hoa etsahala nakong tšebeliso ea lithethefatsi kapa ha u ntse u ipholla litho tsa botona kapa botšehali ho ikhotsofatsa. Ketsahalo e etsahalloa ke ntho e sa khahliseng, e ntseng e eketseha ka litakatso tsa ba bang.

Boithuto bo latelang bo hlalosa mekhoa e fapaneng eo ka eona lijo tse fumanehang habonolo li hohelang maikutlo le litlamorao tse hlahisang:

1) Boithuto bo fumana hobaneng re labalabela Chips & Fries (2011) - Litlhaloso tse hlahang:

Lijo tse mafura tse kang li-chips le fries li hlohlelletsa 'mele ho hlahisa lik'hemik'hale tse ts'oanang le tse fumanoang matekoane, bafuputsi ba tlaleha kajeno koranteng ea Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences (PNAS). Lik'hemik'hale tsena, tse bitsoang "endocannabinoids," ke karolo ea potoloho e u bolokang u khutlela ho loma e le 'ngoe feela ea chisi ea chisi, thuto e fumane.

Liphetho li bontšitse hore mafura a lelemeng a baka letšoao le lebisang bokong, 'me ka mor'a moo a fetisetsa molaetsa ka thobong ka sekotlo sa methapo se bitsoang vagus nerve. Molaetsa ona o laela hore ho hlahisoe li-endocannabinoids ka mpeng, tseo ka tsona li tsamaisang letšoao la lipontšo tse ling kaofela tse tsamaisang molaetsa o le mong: E-ja, e-ja, u je!

Molaetsa ona o ka be o thusitse nalaneng ea kholo ea liphoofolo tse anyesang, ho boletse Piomelli. Mafura a bohlokoa bakeng sa ho phela, 'me ho kile ha ba thata ho a fumana lijong tsa mammalia. Empa lefatšeng la kajeno, moo lebenkele le bonolo le tletseng lijo tse se nang phepo le lutseng hukung e ngoe le e ngoe, lerato la rona la ho iphetola ha lintho la mafura le khutlela morao habonolo.

2) Ketso ea "insulin" bokong e ka lebisa ho batenya (2011) - Lijo tse phahameng tsa mafura li etsa hore ho be le ts'oaetso ea tlhaho e matlafatsang ts'ebetso le ho fokotsa ts'ebeliso ea matla. Lintlha:

Lijo tse nang le mafura li etsa hore u be mafura. Ka mor'a equation ena e bonolo ho na le litsela tse rarahaneng tsa ho bontša, tseo li-neurotransmitters tse bokong li laolang matla a mmele.

Ts'ebeliso ea lijo tse nang le mafura a mangata e etsa hore insulin e ngata e lokolloe ke makhopho. Sena se baka moferefere o bonts'ang liseleng tse khethehileng tsa methapo bokong, li-neuron tsa SF-1, moo enzyme P13-kinase e bapala karolo ea bohlokoa. Nakong ea mehato e mengata ea mahareng, insulin e thibela phetisetso ea methapo ea kutlo ka tsela eo maikutlo a ho satiety a hatelletsoeng le ts'ebeliso ea matla e fokotsehile. Sena se khothalletsa ho nona haholo le botenya.

Hypothalamus e bapala karolo ea bohlokoa ho homeostasis ea matla: taolo ea matla a mmele a matla. Li-neuron tse khethehileng karolong ena ea boko, tse tsejoang e le lisele tsa POMC, li sebetsana le methapo ea kutlo 'me kahoo li laola boits'oaro le tšebeliso ea matla. Ha ho jeoa lijo tse mafura a mangata, insulin e ngata e hlahisoa ka har'a manyeme, 'me mohopolo oa eona bokong le ona oa eketseha. Tšebelisano lipakeng tsa insulin le lisele tse shebiloeng bokong le eona e bapala karolo ea bohlokoa taolong ea matla a mmele a matla.

"Ka hona, ho batho ba nonneng haholo, insulin mohlomong e thibela ka mokhoa o sa tobang methapo ea kutlo ea POMC, e ikarabellang bakeng sa maikutlo a ho khora, ka seteishene sa lipakeng sa li-neuron tsa SF-1," ho nahana rasaense. Ka nako e ts'oanang, ho na le keketseho e tsoelang pele ea ts'ebeliso ea lijo. " Bopaki bo tobileng ba hore mefuta e 'meli ea li-neuron e buisana ka tsela ena e ntse e le teng, leha ho le joalo.

Ka mokhoa o tloaelehileng oa lijo, bafuputsi ha ba fumane phapang pakeng tsa lihlopha tse peli. Sena se ne se tla bontša hore insulin ha e na tšusumetso e kholo mosebetsing oa lisele tsena tse batho ba seng bakae. Leha ho le joalo, ha litoeba li fepa lijo tse mafura haholo, batho ba nang le bokooa ba insulin ba fokolang ba ile ba lula ba le boima, athe balekane ba bona ba nang le li-receptor tse sebetsang ka potlako ba ile ba e-ba boima. Melemo ea boima e ne e bakoa ke ho eketseha ha takatso ea lijo le ho fokotsa litšenyehelo tsa khalori. Phello ena ea insulin e ka etsa hore lintho li fetohe ka tsela ea ho iphetola ha 'mele ka lijo tse sa tloaelehang le linako tse telele tsa tlala: haeba phepelo e ngata ea mafura a fumaneha ka nakoana,' mele o ka beha mehloli ea matla ka ho khetheha ka ketso ea insulin .

3) Matšoao a tsoang ka lipid a tsoang kahare a utloang hore na mafura a phehelang hantle (2014) - Mona bafuputsi ba fumane hore ho kenella ha nako e khuts'oane ha mafura a mangata ho baka matšoao a lik'hemik'hale a khothalletsang ho khora, ha ts'ebeliso ea nako e telele ea mafura e fokotsa mekhoa ea ho khora. Tlhaloso:

Ka bokhutšoanyane, tlhaiso-leseling e teng e bonts'a hore OEA, e hlahisoang ke li-enterocytes tse nyane ka nako ea ts'ilo ea lijo tse nang le mafura, e baka satiety ka mokhoa oa paracrine PPARα-Mediated o hlokang ho haptjoa ha methapo ea kutlo e amanang le maikutlo. Karabelo ena e boetse e itšetleha ka ho ba teng ha sistimi ea methapo e nang le kutloelo-bohloko e ka sebetsang ho tsamaisa tlhahiso ea OEA e mafolofolo ka mpeng - mme e kenya phetisetso ea oxytocin, histamine le phetisetso ea dopamine ho CNS. Tlhahlobo e makatsang empa e ntse e sa hlalosehe, hore na ho pepesetsoa hoa mafura a ja lijo nako e telele ho fokotsa maemo a manyane a OEA (124, 125) ho hlahisa lipotso ka mochine o laolang ho saena hoa OEA ka mpeng le karolo eo e ka e bapalang ho oengreating le botenya.

4) Lijo tse se nang phepo e matlafatsa boitšoaro ba ho batla lijo tsa boko (2015) - Ts'ebeliso ea lijo tse latsoehang haholo-holo lijo tse nang le mafura a mangata-e baka liphetoho tsa methapo ea pelo ea dopamine e hlahisang methapo ea kutlo. Ha e le hantle, ho matlafatsa. Sena se ile sa lebisa ho batleng haholoanyane. Litemana tse qotsitsoeng:

(Medical Xpress) - Seoa sa hona joale sa botenya linaheng tse tsoetseng pele e lokela ho ba temoso ho ba boholong lefapheng la linaha tse tsoelang pele ka mebaraka e sa tsoa buloa. Baetsi ba lijo, lik'hamphani tse rekisang lijo tsa lireschorente, liketane tsa phepelo ea lijo le babapatsi ba sebelisana ho theha libaka tseo ho tsona lijo tse bonolo haholo, tse nang le matla a mangata le lintlha tse amanang le tsona li fumanehang habonolo; leha ho le joalo, batho ba ntse ba e-na le meralo ea maiketsetso e lumellanang hantle bakeng sa tikoloho ea khaello ea lijo. Ka mantsoe a mang, mananeo a boko a ka etsa hore ho be thata ho sebetsana le tikoloho ea sejoale-joale ea lijo ka tsela e phelisang hantle.

Batho, joalo ka liphoofolo tsohle, ba na le mananeo a khale a liphatsa tsa lefutso a ikamahantseng ka kotloloho ho netefatsa ho ja lijo le boits'oaro ba ho batla lijo. Maemo a tikoloho a susumetsa haholo boits'oaro bona ka ho fetola meralo ea methapo, mme likhoebo li ntlafalitse mahlale a ho sebelisa karabelo ea monyaka oa batho mme mohlomong ba sa rera ba hlophisitse boko ba batho ho batla likhalori tse ngata. Tikolohong e nang le lijo tse hlabosehang haholo, tse nang le matla a mangata, ho ata ha lijo tse amanang le lijo ho ka lebisa ho batleng ha lijo le ho ja ho feta tekano, e ka etsang hore motho a be motenya haholo.

Sehlopha sa bafuputsi ba Canada Univesithing ea Calgary le Univesithing ea British Columbia haufinyane tjena li phatlalalitse liphello tsa thuto ea mouse ho eona Proceedings of National Academy of Sciences moo ba ileng ba hlahloba mekhoa ea methapo e bakoang ke liphetoho tsena ka mokhoa oa ho batla lijo.

Ba tlaleha hore tšebeliso ea nakoana ea lijo tse matlafatsoang haholo-holo lijo tse nang le mafura a mangata - e hlile e beha boits'oaro bo botle nakong e tlang. Ba fumane hore phello e kopantsoe ke ho matlafatsoa ha phepelo ea phetisetso ea synaptic ho dopamine neurons, 'me e nka matsatsi kamora ho pepesetsoa hora ea 24 ea hora ea ho ja lijo tse nang le mafura a mangata.

Liphetoho tsena li etsahala sebakeng sa boko ba ventral tegmental (VTA) le lipalo tsa eona tsa mesolimbic, sebaka se amehang ho ikamahanya le maemo a tikoloho a sebelisetsoang ho noha sephetho se nang le ts'usumetso-ka mantsoe a mang, VTA e ikarabella bakeng sa ho theha litakatso tsa lintho tse fumanoang li putsa ho ka tsela e itseng.

Bafuputsi ba ngola hore, "Hobane ho nahanoa hore phetisetso e matlafatsang ea synaptic ho li-dopamine neurons ho ka fetola tšusumetso e sa nke lehlakore hore e be tlhaiso-leseling e bohlokoa, liphetoho tsena phetisong ea motsamao oa synaptic li kanna tsa tiisa boitšoaro bo ntseng bo eketseha ba mokhoa oa lijo bo hlokometsoeng matsatsi kamora ho pepesetsoa lijo tse nang le mafura a mangata haholo ' tšebeliso e eketsehileng ea lijo. ”

Matla a ntlafalitsoeng a synaptic a nka matsatsi a mangata ka mor'a ho pepesetsoa lijo tse nang le matla a mangata haholo, 'me a kopantsoe le letsoalo le matla la synaptic. Bafuputsi ba fumane hore ho kenya insulin ka kotloloho ho VTA e hatella phetisetso ea phepelo ea synaptic ho "dopamine neurons" mme e hatella ka botlalo boits'oaro bo batlang lijo bo lemohileng ka mor'a ho fihlella ha hora ea 24 ho lijo tse nang le mafura a mangata.

Tlhahisoleseling e eketsehileng: Ts'ebeliso ea mekhoa e metle ea lijo ea mokhoa oa ho ja ka ho eketseha ka potlako ha methapo ea kutlo ea Vapt. PNAS 2016; e hatisitsoeng pele ho khatiso ea February 16, 2016, DOI: 10.1073 / pnas.1515724113

5) Na li-Orex li kenya letsoho tabeng ea ho noa joala ka mokhoa o tsitsitseng oa ts'ebeliso e khotsofatsang le phetoho ea ho itšetleha ka lithethefatsi / lijo? (2015) - Ho itlopa joala ho lithethefatsi tse lemalloang le lijo tse se nang phepo ho kenyeletsa le mokhoa o mong (ho bolelang hore lithethefatsi li hira mekhoa ea ho iphetola ha lintho bakeng sa ho itlopa lijo).

Li-Orexins (OX) ke li-neuropeptides tse hlophisitsoeng sebakeng sa morao sa hypothalamic se phethang karolo ea mantlha mesebetsing e fapaneng ea 'mele le ea kelello ho kenyeletsa boits'oaro bo matla, khatello ea maikutlo kapa tšusumetso ea ho ja. Tlhahlobo ena ea pampiri tlasa moralo oa potoloho ea bokhoba ba tahi (Koob, 2010), karolo ea sistimi ea OX e le moqapi oa bohlokoa ts'ebetsong e khothalletsoang ea ts'usumetso e kenyelletsang ho kenyelletsa ethanol, lijo tse fumanehang habonolo le lithethefatsi le karolo ea bona ho impulsivity le ho itlopa joala joalo ka likokoana-hloko tse sa itšetlehang joalo ka.

Re fana ka maikutlo a hore tšebeliso ea lithethefatsi kapa lijo tse tsoang ho batho ba tlokotsing e eketsa ts'ebetso ea OX, e eketse ts'ebeliso e ntlafalitsoeng ea ts'ebeliso e mpe e tlisoang ke ts'ebetso e ntle e tla khothaletsa ho itlopa joala bo tlamang le phetoho ea lithethefatsi. / mathata a lijo ka mor'a nako.

6) Ho phahama ha mafura a mangata ho ja lijo tsa ho ja lijo tse fapaneng ho kopanyelletsa dopamine neurons ea sebaka sa ventral tegmental mme ho hloka hore ho bontšoe ghrelin (2015) - Lijo tse nang le mafura a mangata li etsa hore motho a itlope joala ka mekhoa e thehiloeng ho dopamine. Litemana tse qotsitsoeng:

Ho itlopa joala ke boitšoaro bo bonoang mathateng a fapaneng a batho a ho ja. Likhoto tsa Ad libitum tse fepehileng letsatsi le letsatsi le nako e lekantsoeng li pepesetsoa phepelo ea mafura a mangata (HFD) li bonts'a liketsahalo tse matla tsa ho itlopa joala tse ntseng li eketseha butle butle ho feta phihlello ea pele. Keketseho ea tlhahiso e hlahisoa hore e be karolo ea phetoho ho tloha taolong ho ea taolong ea boitšoaro bo qobelloang kapa tahlehelo. Mona, re sebelisitse motswako oa lithuto tsa boits'oaro le neuroanatomical ho litoeba letsatsi le letsatsi le nako e lekantsoeng e pepesitsoeng ho HFD ho fumana sepheo sa boko ba neuronal se kenngoe - joalo ka ha ho bonts'itsoe ke lets'oao la ts'ebetso ea lisele tsa c-Fos - tlasa maemo ana. Hape, re ne re sebelisa litoeba tse sebetsanang le litlhare kapa lefutso ho ithuta karolo ea orexin kapa pontšo ea ghrelin, ka ho latellana, ho feto-fetoha ha boitšoaro bona.

Re fumane hore tse 'nè tsa letsatsi le letsatsi le nako e lekanyelitsoeng ea ho fumana monyetla oa HFD: (i) hyperphagia e matla e nang le profil e ntseng e phahama, (ii) ts'ebetso ea likarolo tse fapaneng tsa sebaka se tlase sa dopamine neurons le li-neurons tseo ka kakaretso e leng , e tsebahatsoang haholo ho feta ts'ebetso e hlokometsoeng kamora ketsahalo e le 'ngoe ea tšebeliso ea HFD, le (iii) ts'ebetso ea ts'ebetso ea methapo ea kutlo ea orexin, leha orexin e tšoaeang blockage e sitoa ho ama ho nyoloha ha tšebeliso ea HFD. Ntle le moo, re fumane hore litoeba tse haelloang ke moea oa "ghrelin receptor" li haella ho matlafatsa tšebeliso ea HFD ka matsatsi a latellanang a ho pepeseha le ho kenya ts'ebetsong tsela e kholo ea mesolimbic ho arabela ts'ebeliso ea HFD. Boitsebiso ba hajoale bo fana ka maikutlo a hore ho nyoloha ha tšebeliso ea mafura a mangata nakong ea phetoho e fapaneng khafetsa ho kenyelletsa li-dopamine neurons tsa sebaka sa karo-karolelano ea ventral mme ho hloka hore ho be le Ghost signin.

7) Lenaneo la li-opioid li-mediate prefrontal cortex li kopana le ho ja (2013) - Lijo tse fumanehang haholo li hlahisitse mokhoa oa ho itlopa lijo ka litoeba. Lintlha:

Ho ba le bothata ba ho ja ke bothata bo kang joala bo lemalloang bo khetholloang ke tšebeliso e ngata ea lijo ka nako e teletsana.

Phuputso ena e ne e reretsoe ho utloisisa karolo ea sistimi ea opioid kahare ho "methapo ea methapo ea methapo" ea mantlha mabapi le lijo tse matlafatsang le tse khothatsang. Bakeng sa morero ona, re koetlisitse likhoto tsa banna ho fumana lijo tse tsoekere, tse fumanehang habonolo kapa litheko tsa Chow bakeng sa hora ea 1.

Ka mor'a moo re ile ra lekola litlamorao tsa mohanyetsi oa opioid receptor antagonist, naltrexone, e fanoeng ka tatellano kapa setsing-ka ho khetheha ka har'a li-nucleus accumbens (NAcc) kapa mPFC ka tekanyo e tsitsitseng ea 1 (FR1) le kemiso e tsoelang pele ea tokisetso ea lijo.

Kamora nako, re ile ra lekola polelo ea mofuta oa proopiomelanocortin (POMC), pro-dynorphin (PDyn) le pro-enkephalin (PEnk), re ngola likhakanyo tsa li-peptide tsa opioids ho NAcc le mPFC ka lihlopha tsena ka bobeli.

Likhoto tse monate li ile tsa potlakisa ho ja ha tsona ka makhetlo a mane. Naltrexone, ha e tsamaisoa ka mokhoa o hlophisehileng mme e le NAcc, e fokotse FR1 e arabelang lijo le tšusumetso ea ho ja tlasa tekanyo e tsoelang pele litlamong tsa Chow le Palatable ka bobeli; ka lehlakoreng le leng, ha e nehelloa ka har'a mPFC, litlamorao e ne e le tsona tse ikhethileng bakeng sa ho itlopa lijo tsa litoeba. Ho feta moo, re fumane keketseho e habeli ho POMC le phokotso ea ∼50% ho polelo ea mofuta oa PDyn ho mPFC ea likhoto tse ntle, ha e bapisoa le likhoto tsa taolo; leha ho le joalo, ha ho liphetoho tse ileng tsa bonoa ho NAcc.

Lintlha tsa rona li fana ka maikutlo a hore marang-rang a tsamaiso ea opioid ho mPFC a etsahale ka mor'a ho fihlella lijo tse fumanehang habonolo, tse ka ikarabellang tlhabollong ea ho ja joaloka ho itlopa lijo.

SLIDE 16

 Ho thoe'ng haeba nako ea ho nyalana e sa khaotse? Bohle ba hits of dopamine ba etsa lintho tse 2:

  • Ntlha ea pele, ba bolella boko ba hao hore u otlile jackpot.
  • Ea bobeli, (bohlokoa haholo) ba etsa hore ho fetole molek'hule e bitsoang ...

TŠEBELETSO EA SEHLOOHO:

Slide 16 ha e na likopo tse ikhethang. Ke phetoho lipakeng tsa li-slide 14/15 le li-slide 17.

SLIDE 17

DeltaFosB - e qalang ho ipokella potolohong ea moputso oa boko ba hau. Ka tšebeliso e fetelletseng ea lithethefatsi kapa meputso ea tlholeho, kaho ena ea DeltaFosB (e qala ho fetola boko mme) e khothaletsa potoloho ea ho itlopa joala le takatso.

TŠEBELETSO EA SEHLOOHO:

Kopo ea slide: Dopamine e phahameng ka ho sa feleng, ka lebaka la tšusumetso e ntle, e ka baka DeltaFosB ea kaho, e hlohlelletsang ho batla (sensitization).

Polelo ya selaete se e thekgwa ke dingwalo tša saense. Ts'ebeliso e fetelletseng ea lithethefatsi tse lemalloang kapa meputso ea tlholeho (ho kenyeletsoa le meputso ea thobalano) e ka lebisa ho bokelleng DeltaFosB, eo le eona e lebisang tlhokomelong le litakatsong tsa ho e sebelisa. Bona lenane le latelang la lithuto tse 130:

Haholo-holo, lithuto tsa methapo li fumane hore bohle litumelo, tsa lik'hemik'hale le tsa boitšoaro, li bonahala li arolelana phetoho ea bohlokoa ea molek'hule: DeltaFosB. Boithuto bo senola hore litla-morao tsa thobalano / li-orgasm le lithethefatsi tse lemalloang (cocaine, meth) li etsa li-molekyuli tse tšoanang, tse hlahisang phetoho e tšoanang ea mantlha ea kelello kahare ho "neurons system" e tšoanang ea moputso. Ka mantsoe a bonolo feela, maemo a phahameng a phasic dopamine a hlohlelletsa tlhahiso ea DeltaFosB. Sena se hlahisa ho hlohlelletsa - the phetoho ea mantlha ea boko tlatsong le litabeng tsa thobalano.

Mona ke tse 'maloa tsa lithuto tse ngata tse phatlalalitsoeng pele ho 2012 tse tšehetsang lipolelo tsa slide ena:

1) DeltaFosB: Molek'hule e tsitsitseng ea ho lemala (2001) - Excerpt:

Ka kopanelo, liphumano tsena tsa pejana li khothaletsa hore ΔFosB, ho ekelletsa ho matlafatseng a kutloisiso ea lithethefatsi tsa tlhekefetso, e hlahisa liphetoho tse lokelang boits'oaro bo khothalletsang boits'oaro ba ho batla lithethefatsi. Kahoo, ΔFosB e ka sebetsa e le "phetoho ea limolek'hule" e thusang ho qala le ho boloka likarolo tsa bohlokoa tsa mmuso o lemaletseng.

2) DeltaFosB: Heke ea Molecular ho Khothaletsoang Mekhoa ka hare ho Nucleus Accumbens? (2006) - Excerpt:

The nucleus accumbens (NAc) ke khale e bonoa e le khokahano lipakeng tsa li-limbic le motor system motheong oa lisebelisoa tsa eona tse fetolehang tse tsoang liphoofolong tse ngata tsa legic cortical, joalo ka cortex ea pele le sepheo sa eona ho meaho e kenyang taolo ea makoloi. pallidum. NAc e boetse e fumana dopaminergic innervation e kholo ho tsoa sebakeng sa ventral tegmental ka tsela ea mesolimbic e kenang haufi-ufi lits'ebetsong tse amanang le moputso le ho lemalla. Kahare ea NAc, litlatsetso tsa dopaminergic le glutamatergic li ka sebelisana ho laola boits'oaro bo tataisoang ke sepheo (mekhoa ea karabelo-sephetho) e khannoang ke meputso ea tlhaho (lijo, metsi, thobalano) kapa lithethefatsi tsa tlhekefetso, le maemo a hlahang a amanang le tsona.

Ho pepesetsoa lithethefatsi khafetsa ho etsa hore ho be le liphetoho tsa nako e telele tsa seleng le tsa limolek'hule kahare ho NAc eo ho nahanoang hore e kenya letsoho molemong oa boits'oaro bo phehellang bo amanang le ho lemalla. Har'a li-adaptation tse joalo, ho kenella ha transcript factor criptionFosB ka har'a dynorphin-medium kati spiny neurons ho ho hohela haholo. ΔFosB e bile molaoli oa pele oa bongoli ba nako e telele bo bonts'itsoeng ho nka karolo lits'ebetsong tsa polasetiki tse amanang le phetoho ea ho lemalla.

Liphetho tsena li bontša ka ho hlaka hore oxpxpression ea ΔFosB ho NAc e ntlafatsa karabelo e matla ebile e eketsa tšusumetso ea lijo. ΔFosB e khothalelitsoe ho ba phetoho ea limolek'hule tse akaretsang ho feto-fetoha hoa likarolo tsa tšusumetso tsa boitsoaro bo tataisoang ke sepheo.

3) Tlhahlobo ea thobalano ka litoeba tsa basali: mekhoa ea cellular le liphello tse sebetsang (2006) - Excerpt:

Ho phahamisoa ha dopamine ho lokolloe hoa li-hamsters tsa basali tse nang le boiphihlelo ho re hopotsa litlamorao tsa ho pepesehela liphoofolo khafetsa lithethefatsing tsa tlhekefetso [75]. Ka har'a lingoliloeng tsena, tekanyo e phahameng ea dopamine ho arabela tekanyetso ea lithethefatsi e bitsoa "sensitization" [75]. Matla a maikutlo a lithethefatsi a tsamaisana le likarabo tse fapaneng tsa cellular tse nahanoang ho matlafatsa katleho ea synaptic le phallo ea tlhahisoleseling tseleng ea mesolimbic. Ts'ebetso e pheta-phetoang ea lintho tse fapaneng tse hlekefelitsoeng tse nang le li-profiles tse fapaneng tsa pharmacological e tla eketsa bolelele ba dendritic le / kapa methapo ea mokokotlo makaleng a ho qetela a dendritic a methapo ea methapo e bohareng [13,23,44,45,64,76,77,78] …… Mehlala e fokolang haholo bakeng sa boiphihlelo ba boits'oaro e hlahisang litlamorao tse tšoanang ho li-dendrites, leha ho kenyelletsoa letsoai la letsoai [79], boitšoaro ba monna bo amanang le thobalano [24] le boitšoaro ba basali ba botona le botšehali [59] e tla fetola dendritic morphology ho li-spiny neurons tse mahareng tsa li-nucleus tse bokellaneng.

4) Tšusumetso ea DFFB ho Nucleus Accumbens ea Moputso oa Tlhaho o Amanang le Boitšoaro (2008) - Excerpt:

Transcript factor deltaFosB (ΔFosB), e kenyellelitsoeng ho nucleus accumbens (NAc) ka ho pepesehela lithethefatsi tsa tlhekefetso, e bonts'itsoe ho fana ka likarabo tse khothatsang litlamong tsena. Leha ho le joalo, ha ho tsejoe letho ka karolo ea ΔFosB ho laola likarabo ho meputso ea tlhaho. Mona, re bonts'a hore litloaelo tse peli tse matla tsa moputso oa tlhaho, ho nwa ka ho lekana le boitšoaro ba thobalano, li eketsa maemo a levelsFosB ho NAc. Joale re sebelisa phetiso ea liphatsa tsa lefutso ea bongata hore re ithute ka tsela eo indFosB induction e susumetsang karabelo ea boitšoaro liputsong tsena tsa tlholeho. Re bontša hore qoelopele ea ΔFosB ea NAc e eketsa mokhoa oa ho ja mme e khothaletsa likarolo tsa boitšoaro ba thobalano Mosebetsi ona o fana ka maikutlo a hore osFosB ha e qobelloe feela ho NAc ka lithethefatsi tsa tlhekefetso, empa hape le ka tsusumetso e ntle ea tlhaho. Ho kenyelletsa moo, liphumano tsa rona li bonts'a ho pepeseha ho sa feleng ho susumetsang ho susumetsang osFosB ho NAc ho ka eketsa tšebeliso ea meputso e meng ea tlhaho.

5) Mekhoa ea phetoho ea ho lemala: karolo ea ΔFosB (2008) - Excerpt:

Litlamorao tsa ΔFosB li ka holisa ntle le taolo ea kutloisiso ea lithethefatsi ka sethethe ho litloaelo tse rarahaneng tse amanang le ts'ebetso ea bokhoba ba tahi.. IceFosB e sebetsa ka thata ho iphelisa koae ka tekanyo e tsoelang pele ea ho ipusa, e fana ka maikutlo a hore ΔFosB e ka hlokomelisa liphoofolo ka tšusumetso ea khothalletso ea koae 'me ka tsela eo ea lebisa ho ts'oarelleng ea ho ts'oaroa hape ka mor'a ho tlohela lithethefatsi (Colby et al. 2003). Litoeba tsa ΔFosB tse fetang tekano li boetse li bonts'a litlamorao tse matlafatsang tsa botahoa (Picetti et al. 2001), mofuta oa phenotype o amanang le tšebeliso e ngata ea joala ho batho. Ka kopanelo, liphumano tsena tsa pejana li khothaletsa hore ΔFosB, ho ekelletsa ho matlafatseng a kutloisiso ea lithethefatsi tsa tlhekefetso, e hlahisa liphetoho tse loketseng boits'oaro bo khothalletsang boitšoaro bo batlang lithethefatsi, le ho ts'ehetsa pono e boletsoeng ka holimo, hore ΔFosB e sebetsa joalo ka phetoho ea limolek'hule bakeng sa motho ea lemalloang mmuso.

Liphumano tsena li fana ka maikutlo a hore ΔFosB sebakeng sena sa boko e khotsofatsa liphoofolo eseng feela bakeng sa meputso ea lithethefatsi empa le ka moputso oa tlhaho, hape e ka kenya letsoho mefuteng ea bokhoba ba tlhaho.

6) DeltaFosB Ho tlōla ho tlōla ho Nucleus Accumbens ho ntlafatsa Moputso oa thobalano Ka Hamsters ea Basyria ea Xyuma (2009) - Excerpt:

Ts'ebetso e phetoang khafetsa ea sisteme ea mesolimbic dopamine e baka liphetoho tse sa feleng tsa boitsoaro bo tsamaisanang le sebopeho sa neural plasticity ho li-nucleus accumbens (NAc). Ha ho bokellwa ha sengoloa sa "transpaper factor" mayFosB e ka ba karolo ea bohlokoa ea polasetiki ena, potso e botsitsoeng phuputsong ea rona ke hore na ΔFosB e laoloa ke boiphihlelo ba thobalano ho basali. Re bonts'itse hore li-hamsters tsa basali tsa Syria tse filoeng boiphihlelo ba thobalano li bonts'a liphetoho tse fapaneng tsa boits'oaro ho kenyelletsa ts'ebetso e eketsehileng ea thobalano le li-hamsters tsa banna, moputso oa thobalano, le karabelo e ntlafalitsoeng ea li-psychomotor stimulants (mohlala, amphetamine).

Re sa tsoa supa hore boiphihlelo ba thobalano bo ekelitse maemo a ΔFosB ho NAc ea li-hamsters tsa basali tsa Syria. Sepheo sa thuto ena e ne e le ho hlahloba litlamorao tse sebetsang tsa tlatsetso ena ka ho bona hore na mathata a fetang a ΔFosB ke litsebi tse amanang le vaerase (AAV) tse amanang le NAc a ka etsisa litlamorao tsa boits'oaro ba thobalano.

Liphoofolo tse nang le AAV-mediated overexpression ea ΔFosB ho NAc li bonts'itse bopaki ba moputso oa thobalano sebakeng se khethiloeng sa paradigm tlas'a maemo ao ho ona liphoofolo tse fumanang ente ea protheine ea AAV-green fluorescent (GFP) ho NAc e sa etsa joalo. Liteko tsa boitšoaro ba thobalano li boetse li bonts'a hore banna ba basali ba pentiloeng le basali ba AAV-ΔFosB ba ekelitse bokhoni ba ho kopitsa joalo ka ha bo lekantsoe ke karolo ea litheko tse kenyelletsang ho kenella kahare ha ho bapisoa le ba batona ba nang le balekane ba AAV-GFP. Liphetho tsena li ts'ehetsa karolo ea ΔFosB ho hokahana le boits'oaro bo khothalletsoang ba tlhaho, khetlong lena boitšoaro ba basali ba thobalano, le ho fana ka leseli le lecha ka liketso tsa endFosB tsa morao-rao.

7) Neuroplasticity tsamaisong ea Mesolimbic e hlahisoang ke moputso oa tlhaho le moputso oa morao-rao oa moputso (2010) - Excerpt:

Boiphihlelo ba botona le botšehali bo etsa hore ho be le liphetoho tse sebetsang le tsa morika tsamaisong ea mesolimbic e ts'oanang le ho pepesetsoa khafetsa ho psychostimulants. Ho feta moo, ho ila boitšoaro ba thobalano kamora ho nyaloa khafetsa ho ne ho hlokahala bakeng sa moputso o eketsehileng oa lithethefatsi le li-arhente tsa dendritic tsa NAc neurons, ho fana ka maikutlo a hore tahlehelo ea moputso oa thobalano e kanna ea tlatsetsa le neuroplasticity ea mesolimbic system. Liphetho tsena li fana ka maikutlo a hore liphetoho tse ling tsamaisong ea mesolimbic li tloaelehile bakeng sa moputso oa tlhaho le oa lithethefatsi mme li ka bapala karolo ea matlafatso ka kakaretso.

8) DeltaFosB ho The Nucleus Accumbens ke ea Bohlokoa Bakeng sa ho Matlafatsa Liphello tsa Moputso oa Thobalano (2010) - Excerpt:

Boiphihlelo ba thobalano bo bonts'itsoe ho baka ho bokellana ha ΔFosB libakeng tse 'maloa tsa bokong ba litho tsa mmele ho kenyelletsa le nucleus accumbens (NAc), medial prefrontal cortex, sebaka sa ventral tegmental le caudate putamen empa eseng medial preoptic nucleus. Kamora nako, maemo a ΔFosB le tšebetso ea eona ho NAc li ile tsa qhekelloa ho sebelisa phetiso ea botona e tsamaeang le vaerase ho ithuta karolo ea eona ea ho hanana le boiphihlelo ba thobalano le boiphihlelo bo susumetsang ts'ebetso ea thobalano. Liphoofolo tse nang le ΔFosB overexpression li bonts'itse ts'ebetso e ntlafalitsoeng ea ts'ebetso ea thobalano le boiphihlelo ba thobalano e amanang le taolo. Ka kopanelo, liphumano tsena li ts'ehetsa karolo ea bohlokoa bakeng sa polelo ea ΔFosB ho NAc bakeng sa litlamorao tse matlafatsang tsa boitšoaro ba thobalano le boiphihlelo bo susumetsang ba thobalano.

Hape, morekisi ea kaholimo-limo oa Moprofesa Norman Doidge ka 2007, "Boko bo a Iphetola ” o khothalelitse hore tlhekefetso ea litšoantšo tsa bootsoa inthaneteng e teng, mme mohlomong e kenyelletsa ho hahoa ha DeltaFosB Lintlha tse tšehetsang slide ena:

Ho tsuba ha litšoantšo tse manyala tse hlephisang boitšoaro Inthaneteng ha ho tšoantšetso. Hase lithethefatsi tsohle tse amanang le lithethefatsi kapa joala. Batho ba ka lemala haholo ho becha, esita le ho sebetsa. Boits'oaro bohle bo bontša ho lahleheloa ke taolo ea ketsahalo, ho qobella ho e batla ntle le liphello tse mpe, ho hlaolela mamello e le hore ba hloke maemo a phahameng le a phahameng a ho khotsofatsa, le phihlelo ea ho tlohela haeba ba sa khone ho etsa ketso e lemalloang.

Ho lemalla lintho tsohle ho kenyelletsa phetoho ea nako e telele, ka linako tse ling ea bophelo bohle, le methapo ea kutlo bokong. Bakeng sa batho ba lemaletseng lithethefatsi, ho leka-lekana ho ke ke ha khoneha, 'me ba tlameha ho qoba ntho kapa ketsahalo ka botlalo hore ba tle ba qobe boitšoaro bo hlephileng. Lino tse tahang tse sa tsejoeng li tsitlella hore ha ho na "makhoba a joala" mme li etsa hore batho ba qetileng mashome a lilemo ba sa noe, ba itlhahisa kopanong ka ho re, "Lebitso la ka ke John, 'me ke lekhoba la tahi." Mabapi le polasetiki ea [boko], hangata e nepahetse.

Bakeng sa ho tseba hore na sethethefatsi sa lithethefatsi se lemaletse hakae, bafuputsi ho National Institutes of Health (NIH) ho la Maryland ba ikoetlisetsa rat hore e tobe bar ho fihlela e fumana lithethefatsi. Ha phoofolo e thatafalloa le ho feta ho sebetsa ho hatella bareki, lithethefatsi le ho feta e li lemalla. Cocaine, hoo e batlang e le lithethefatsi tse ling tsohle tse seng molaong, kapa lithethefatsi tse seng joalo tse kang ho matha li etsa hore neurotransmitter dopamine e sebetse haholoanyane bokong. Dopamine e bitsoa moputsi oa moputso, hobane ha re etsa ho hong — re matha peisong ebe rea hlōla — boko ba rona bo etsa hore e lokolloe. Le ha re khathetse, re na le matla a mangata, thabo e monate, le boits'epo le ho phahamisa matsoho a rona mme ra atleha. Ka lehlakoreng le leng, batho ba lahlehileng ba sa sebetseng joalo ka dopamine, ba felloa ke matla hanghang, ba oele qetellong, 'me ba ikutloa ba le betere. Ka ho tsometsa sistimi ea rona ea dopamine, lintho tse lemalloang li re thabisa ntle le hore re li sebeletse.

Dopamine, joalo ka ha re bone mesebetsing ea Merzenick, le eona e kenya letsoho phetohong ea polasetiki. Keketseho e tšoanang ea dopamine e re thabisang e boetse e kopanya likhokahano tsa neuronal tse ikarabellang bakeng sa boits'oaro bo re lebisitseng ho fihlela sepheo sa rona. Ha Merzenick a sebelisa eleketrode ho hlasimolla sistimi ea moputso oa dopamine ea phoofolo ha a ntse a letsa molumo, tokollo ea dopamine e matlafalitse phetoho ea polasetiki, e holisa setšoantšo sa molumo 'mapeng oa liphoofolo. Khokahano ea bohlokoa le litšoantšo tsa bootsoa ke hore dopamine e boetse e lokolloa ka thabo ea thobalano, e eketsa ts'oaetso ea thobalano ho banna le basali, ho tsamaisa likamano tsa botona le botšehali le ho kenya litsi tsa boithabiso bokong. Kahoo matla a lemalloang a litšoantšo tsa bootsoa.

Eric Nestler, Univesithing ea Texas, o bontšitse kamoo lithethefatsi li bakang liphetoho tsa ka ho sa feleng lipelong tsa liphoofolo. Tekanyetso e le 'ngoe ea lithethefatsi tse ngata tsa lithethefatsi e tla hlahisa protheine, e bitsoang FosB ea moroallo e bokellang li-neurons. Nako le nako ha lithethefatsi li sebelisoa, FosB e mengata ea lifofane e bokella ho fihlela e lahla phetoho ea lefutso, e amang hore na liphatsa tsa lefutso li buletsoe kapa li tima. Ho fokotsa sesebelisoa sena ho etsa liphetoho tse tsoelang pele nako e telele ka mor'a hore meriana e emisoe, e lebisang tšenyo e ke keng ea qojoa tsamaisong ea dopamine ea boko le ho fa phoofolo kotsi ea ho lemala. Lithethefatsi tse sa sebeliseng lithethefatsi, tse kang ho matha le ho noa joala, li boetse li lebisa ho bokelleng ha deltaFosB le liphetoho tse ts'oanang tsa dopamine.

Litšoantšo tse manyala tse hlephisang boitšoaro li tšepisa monyaka o phetseng hantle le phomolo khatellong ea thobalano, empa seo ba atisang ho se tlisa ke ho lemalla, ho mamellana le ho felloa ke thabo. Ho makatsang ke hore bakuli ba batona bao ke neng ke sebetsa le bona hangata ba ne ba lakatsa ho sheba litšoantšo tse manyala empa ba sa li rate. Maikutlo a tloaelehileng ke hore motho ea lemaletseng lithethefatsi o khutlela morao bakeng sa tokiso ea hae e ngata hobane o rata monate oo e fanang ka ona mme ha a rate bohloko ba ho ikhula. Empa ba lemaletseng lithethefatsi ba sebelisa lithethefatsi ha ho le joalo Che tebello ea thabo, ha ba tseba hore ba na le tekanyo e lekaneng ea ho ba phahamisetsa, 'me ba tla lakatsa ho feta pele ba qala ho tlohela. Ho batla le ho li rata ke lintho tse peli tse fapaneng.

Motho ea lemalloang a labalabela ho tsuba hobane boko ba hae ba polasetiki bo nkiloe ke lithethefatsi kapa phihlelo. Sensitization e lebisa tlhokomelong e eketsehileng. Ke ho bokellana ha deltaFosB, e bakoang ke ho pepesa ntho e lemalang kapa e sebetsang, e lebisang tlhokomelong.

Litšoantšo tsa bootsoa li monate haholo ho feta ho khotsofatsa hobane re na le mekhoa e 'meli e fapaneng ea boithabiso bokong ba rona, e' ngoe e tsamaisana le thabo e monate le e thabisang. Sistimi ena e thabisang e amana le thabo ea "takatso" eo re e nahanang ka ntho eo re e lakatsang, joalo ka thobalano kapa lijo tse monate. Neurochemistry ea eona e amana haholo le dopamine, mme e phahamisa boemo ba rona ba khatello.

Mokhoa oa bobeli oa menyaka o amana le khotsofalo, kapa monate oa ho qetella, o eang ho kopanela liphate kapa ho ja lijo, ho khutsisa, ho khotsofatsa monate. Tšebelisano ea eona ea methapo ea methapo e thehiloe ho lokolloa ha endorphins, e amanang le li-opiate le ho fana ka khotso, thabo e thabisang.

Litšoantšo tse manyala tse hlephisang boitšoaro, ka ho fana ka lihlahisoa tse ngata tsa thobalano, li mpefatsa mokhoa oa ho khotsofatsa. Bashebelli ba litšoantšo tsa bootsoa ba hlahisa limmapa tse ncha bokong ba bona, ho latela linepe le livideo tseo ba li bonang. Hobane ke boko ba tšebeliso-kapa-bo-lahleha, ha re theha sebaka sa 'mapa, re labalabela ho e boloka e ts'oeroe. Joalo ka ha mesifa ea rona e felloa ke mamello bakeng sa boikoetliso haeba re lutse letsatsi lohle, le maikutlo a rona a lapetse ho ts'oaroa.

Banna ba lik'homphieutheng tsa bona ba shebileng litšoantšo tsa bootsoa ba ne ba sa ts'oane le litoeba ka masakeng a NIH, ba hatella bareng ho fumana dopamine kapa e lekanang le eona. Le ha ba ne ba sa tsebe, ba ne ba kheloselitsoe lithupelong tsa bootsoa tse fihletseng maemo ohle a hlokahalang bakeng sa phetoho ea polasetiki ea limmapa tsa boko. Kaha li-neuron tse tukang hammoho ka terata, banna bana ba ile ba tloaela ho kopanya litšoantšo tsena litsing tsa boithabiso tsa boko, ka hloko e hlokoang bakeng sa phetoho ea polasetiki. Ba ne ba nahana litšoantšo tsena ha ba le hole le likhomphutha tsa bona, kapa ha ba etsa thobalano le likharebe tsa bona, ba li matlafatsa. Nako le nako ha ba ne ba ikutloa ba thabile ka thobalano mme ba ba le monko o monate ha ba ipholla litho tsa botona kapa botšehali, "spritz ea dopamine," e leng neurotransmitter ea moputso, e ne e kopanya likhokahano tse entsoeng bokong nakong ea mananeo. Moputso ha oa ka oa nolofalletsa boitšoaro feela; e ne e sa khopise lihlong tseo ba neng ba ikutloa ba li reka naga lebenkeleng. Mona ke boitšoaro bo se nang "kotlo," feela moputso.

Lintlha tsa seo ba se fumaneng li thabisa ha liwebsaete li hlahisa lihlooho le litokomane tse fetoletseng boko ba bona ntle le tsebo ea bona. Kaha lipolotiki li na le tlhōlisano, boko ba lipapali bakeng sa litšoantšo tse ncha, tse thabisang li eketsehile ka litšenyehelo tsa se neng se kile sa ba khahla-ke nahana hore ba ile ba qala ho fumana likharebe tsa bona li le tlaase.

TŠEBELETSO E NTSENG:

Ho bohlokoa ho hlokomela hore DeltaFosB e nyenyefatsa ka potlako, ho bolelang hore e tlameha ho hlahlojoa ho batho ba lemaletseng lithethefatsi. Ho feta moo, maemo a DeltaFosB a ka netefatsoa feela kamora lefu. Ka lebaka la moeli ona, maemo a tsamaiso ea moputso oa batho a DeltaFosB a lekantsoe feela phuputsong e le 'ngoe ea batho ba lemaletseng koae ba ipolaileng kapa ba hlokahetseng ba sa kule nako e telele. Likarabo tsa Boitšoaro ba Boitšoaro bo Botle le Boemo ba Phetoho ea Cocaine e sa Tšoaneng E hloka Tlhokahalo ea Motsoako oa Khefutso ea Khefutso e Khathatsang ΔFosB le Calcium / Calmodulin-Dependent Protein Kinase II ho Nucleus Accumbens Shell (2013). Joalokaha ho ne ho lebelletsoe, lits'ebetso tsa moputso oa batho ba lemaletseng koae li ne li na le maemo a phahameng ka mokhoa o sa tloaelehang oa DeltaFosB.

Joalokaha ho hlalositsoe, dopamine e phahameng e hlohlellelitsoeng e baka DeltaFosB, eo ka lehlakoreng le leng e hlahisang khothatso - phetoho ea mantlha ea bokooa litlamong le maemong a thobalano. Sensitization e lebisa ho cue-reactivity, litakatso tse matla, le bothata ba ho laola ts'ebeliso hang ha ts'ebeliso e qaliloe. Cue-reactivity le "litakatso tse matla" tseo u ka li sebelisang ke matšoao a ho lemalla lithethefatsi, 'me li ka hlahlojoa ka ho nahana ka boko le ka liteko tsa kelello kapa boitlaleho. Ho tloha ka Hlakubele 2011, ho phatlalalitsoe lithuto tse mashome a mabeli tsa ho hlohlelletsa kapa ho hlahisa maikutlo ho basebelisi ba litšoantšo tsa bootsoa kapa ba lemaletseng thobalano: 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20. Sena ke sona feela se tšehetsang ka botlalo liqoso tse entsoeng ho Slide 17.

Pampiri ea methapo e phatlalalitsoeng kamora puo ea ka ea TEDx e tšohla bohlokoa ba DeltaFosB ka boitšoaro bo qobelloang ba thobalano: Ho lemalla ho sheba litšoantšo tse manyala tse hlephisang boitšoaro - ts'usumetso e fetisisang e nkiloeng moelelong oa "neuroplasticity" (2013). Tlhaloso:

Ho amohela bopaki bo tšehetsang mohopolo oa bokhoba ba thobalano, ho bohlokoa ho ba le kutloisiso ea mehopolo ea hajoale ea ho ithuta ka lisele le polasetiki. Dendritic arborization le liphetoho tse ling tsa lisele li etella pele ho betla ha gyral (Zatorre, Field, & Johansen-Berg, 2012 Zatorre R. J, Field R. D, Johansen-Berg H. Plasticity ka bohlooho le bo bosoeu: Liphetoho tsa phetoho ea sebopeho sa boko nakong ea ho ithuta. Neuroscience ea Tlhaho. 2012; 15: 528-536. [Setsebi sa Google]) ka ho ithuta, 'me ho ipapisa le moputso ha ho fapane. Bokhoba ba hona e ba mofuta o matla oa ho ithuta, 'me ho tsamaisoa ha methapo ea pelo ho ba kotsi (Kauer & Malenka, 2007 Kauer J. A, Malenka JC Synaptic polasetiki le ho lemalla. Tlhahlobo ea Tlhaho Neuroscience. 2007; 8: 844-858. [Setsebi sa Google]). Lithuto tse amanang le bokhoba ke tšebeliso ea thuto e thehiloeng moputsong mohlaleng ona, ka hona e kenyelletsa lintlha tse tšoanang tsa mongolo le li-neurotransmitters. Mohlala, DeltaFosB e fumanoe lilemong tse fetang tse leshome tse fetileng hore e phahamisoe ka mokhoa o sa ts'oaneng ho li-neuron tse mahareng tsa "li-nucleus" tse bokellaneng bokong ba liphoofolo tse lemaletseng lithethefatsi tse sebelisanang le lithethefatsi (Kelz et al., 1999 Kelz M. B, Chen J, Carlezon W. A, Whisler K, Gilden L, Beckmann A. M, et al. Khopolo ea "transaction factor deltaFosB" bokong e laola maikutlo a cocaine. Tlhaho. 1999; 401: 272-276. [Setsebi sa Google]). Boithuto ba morao-rao bo bontšitse hore e phahame liseleng tsena tse tšoanang ho liphoofolo tse bonts'a ho phahama ho eketsehileng ha meputso ea tlhaho, ho kenyelletsa lijo le thobalano (Nestler, 2005 Nestler EJ Na ho na le tsela e tloaelehileng ea limolek'hule bakeng sa ho lemalla? Neuroscience ea Tlhaho. 2005; 9 (11): 1445-1449. [Setsebi sa Google]).

Maemo a Supraphysiologic a DeltaFosB a shebahala a bonts'a libaka tsa hyperconsumptive tsa bokhoba ba tlhaho (Nestler, 2008 Meetso ea Nestler EJ ea ho lemalla: Karolo ea DFosB. Phetohelo ea Philosophical ea Mokhatlo oa Royal. 2008; 363: 3245-3256. [Setsebi sa Google]). DeltaFosB ha e tšoae lesupa feela empa e boetse e fana ka sebopeho sa boitšoaro ba hyperconsumptive (joalo ka sebapali sa neuroplasticity) e bontšitsoe hantle. Ho sebelisitsoe mekhoa e 'meli e amanang haufi-ufi ho etsa liphatsa tsa lefutso DeltaFosB e ikemetseng ea boitšoaro bo fapaneng. E ngoe e kenyelletsa ho hlahisa mela ea litoeba tsa bitransgenic tse khethollang otaxpress DeltaFosB ka kotloloho libakeng tsa meputso ea striatal, 'me ea bobeli e kenyelletsa phetisetso ea liphatsa tsa lefutso ka li-vector tse amanang le li-virus ho liphoofolo tse kholo, tse ntan'o qobella ho fetisa kapa ho nyenyefatsa ha DeltaFosB. Liphoofolo tsena tse fetotsoeng ka liphatsa tsa lefutso li bonts'a boitšoaro bo bobe ba hyperconsumptive bo kenyeletsang lijo (Olausson et al., 2006 Olausson P, Jentsch J. D, Tonrson N, Neve R. L, Nestler E. J, Tayor JR DeltaFosB ka har'a nucleus accumbens e laola lijo tse matlafalitsoeng tsa ts'ebetso ea ts'ebetso le ts'usumetso. Tlaleho ea Neuroscience. 2006; 26 (36): 9196-9204. [Setsebi sa Google]), wheel wheel (Werme et al., 2002 Werme M, Messer C, Olson L, Gilden L, Thoren P, Nestler E. J, et al. DeltaFosB e laola mabili a tsamaeang. Tlaleho ea Neuroscience. 2002; 22 (18): 8133-8138. [Setsebi sa Google]), le thobalano (Wallace et al., 2008 Wallace D. L, Vialou V, Rios L, Carle-Florence T. L, Chakravarty S, Arvind Kumar A, et al. Tšusumetso ea DeltaFosB bokong e bokellana holim'a boitšoaro bo amanang le moputso oa tlhaho. Tlaleho ea Neuroscience. 2008; 28 (4): 10272-19277. [Setsebi sa Google]). Mohlala, ha oxpxpression ea DeltaFosB e kenngoa ka har'a livaerase tsena ka har'a liphoofolo tse sebetsang, ba bonts'itse ntlafatso ea tšebetso ea thobalano (Hedges, Chakravarty, Nestler, Meisel, 2009 Hedges V. L, Chakravarty S, Nestler E. J, Meisel RL Delta FosB oeverxpression ea li-nucleus e ntlafatsa moputso oa thobalano ho li-hamsters tsa basali tsa Syria. Boko ba Liphoofolo le Boitšoaro. 2009; 8 (4): 442-449. [Setsebi sa Google]; Wallace et al., 2008 Wallace D. L, Vialou V, Rios L, Carle-Florence T. L, Chakravarty S, Arvind Kumar A, et al. Tšusumetso ea DeltaFosB bokong e bokellana holim'a boitšoaro bo amanang le moputso oa tlhaho. Tlaleho ea Neuroscience. 2008; 28 (4): 10272-19277. [Setsebi sa Google]). Ka lehlakoreng le leng, khatello ea DeltaFosB e fokotsa ts'ebetso (Pitchers et al., 2010 Pitchers K. K, Frohmader K. S, Vialou V, Mouzon E, Nestler E. J, Lehman M. N, et al. ΔFosB bokong ba li-nucleus li bohlokoa bakeng sa ho matlafatsa litlamorao tsa moputso oa thobalano. Boko ba Liphoofolo le Boitšoaro. 2010; 9 (7): 831-840. [Setsebi sa Google]), ka hona, e tiisa hore e na le karolo ho "phostologic homeostasis" e tloaelehileng.

Joale ho bonahala eka DeltaFosB ke phetoho ea molek'hule e fetohang lijaneng tse ling tsa gene, e ntan'o fetola phetoho ea methapo ea methapo ea methapo liseleng tsena; ka mantsoe a mang, ba khothalletsa ho ithuta ha neuronal. DeltaFosB e eketsa letsoalo la mokokotlo oa dendritic mokokotlong oa "spiny" ho "nucleus" e bokellanang le liphoofolo tse lemalloang nakong ea nako e telele ea ho khaotsa ho tsitsisa ka ho tsosa protheine ea Cdk5, ka hona e fetoha borokho ho neuroplasticity e atolositsoeng (Bibb et al., 2001 Bibb J. A, Chen J, Taylor J. R, Svenningsson P, Nisha A, Snyder G. L, et al. Litlamorao tsa ho pepesehela cocaine e sa feleng li laoloa ke protheine ea neuronal Cdk5. Tlhaho. 2001; 410 (6826): 376-380. [Setsebi sa Google]; Norrholm et al., 2003 Norrholm S. D, Bibb J. A, Nestler E. J, Ouimet C. C, Taylor J. R, Greengard P. Cocaine-induction proliferation of dendritic spines in nucleus accumbens is itšetleha ka ketsahalo ea cyclin-based kinase-5 . Neuroscience. 2003; 116: 19-22. [Setsebi sa Google]). DeltaFosB e bonts'itsoe e sebetsa ho loop e ntle ea karabo le calcium / Calmodulin-Dependent Protein Kinase II ho hlahisa likarabo tsa cellular tsa neuroplastic ho lemaletseng koae. Taba ea bohlokoa ke hore, mokhatlo ona o ile oa bontšoa hape, ka lekhetlo la pele, bokhobeng ba koae ea batho (Robison et al., 2013 Robison A. J, Violou V, Mazei-Robison M, Feng J, Kourrich S, Collins M, etal. Likarabo tsa boitšoaro le tsa sebopeho sa koae e sa foleng li hloka poloko e kopantsoeng le DeltaFosB le calcium (Calmodulin-Dependent Protein Kinase II khokahanong ea li-nucleus. Tlaleho ea Neuroscience. 2013; 33 (10): 4295-4307. [Setsebi sa Google]).

Bopaki ba morao-rao bo bonts'itse hore DeltaFosB e bohlokoa ho polasetiki ena ea dendritic ka phello ea eona tsamaisong ea meputso ea mesolimbic ho moputso oa thobalano le lithethefatsi, e leng tšusumetso e kopantsoeng le D1 dopamine receptor ho li-nucleus accumbens (Pitchers et al., 2013 Pitchers K. K, Vialou V, Nestler E. J, Laviolette S. R, Lehman M. N, Coolen LM Meputso ea tlhaho le lithethefatsi li sebetsa ka mekhoa e tloaelehileng ea neural polasetiki le DeltaFosB e le mokena-lipakeng oa senotlolo. Tlaleho ea Neuroscience. 2013; 33 (8): 3434-3442. [Setsebi sa Google]). Dopamine e bohlokoa ho abeng boits'oaro ba maikutlo a thobalano (Berridge & Robinson, 1998 Berridge K. C, Robinson TE Mosebetsi oa dopamine moputsong ke ofe: Tšusumetso ea Hedonic, ho ithuta ka moputso, kapa ho hlohlella ho hlohlona? Tlhahlobo ea Patlisiso ea Brain. 1998; 28: 309-369. [Setsebi sa Google]), 'Me liphuputso tsa morao-rao li tšehetsa karolo ea physiologic ts'ebetsong ea thobalano le ka phello ea eona le ts'ebelisano le li-hypothalamic oxytocinergic system (Baskerville, Allard, Wayman, & Douglas., 2009 Baskerville T. A, Allard J, Wayman C, Douglas AJ Dopamine oxytocin o sebetsana le penile erection. Koranta ea Europe ea Neuroscience. 2009; 30 (11): 2151-2164. [Setsebi sa Google]; Succu et al., 2007 Succu S, Sanna F, Melis T, Boi T, Argiolas A, Melis MR Ho hlohlelletsa li-receptor tsa dopamine sebakeng sa potoloho ea li-hypothalamus tsa litekanyetso tsa banna induces ea penile erection mme li eketsa dopamine ea extracellular ho li-nucleus tsa li-bokellase: Ho kenella ha oxytocin e bohareng. Neuropharmacology. 2007; 52 (3): 1034-1043. [Setsebi sa Google]). Tšusumetso ena e bolokiloe ka bophara phyla (Kleitz-Nelson, Dominguez, & Ball, 2010 Kleitz-Nelson H. K, Dominguez J. M, tokollo ea Ball GF Dopamine tikolohong ea medial preoptic e amana le ts'ebetso ea li-hormone le tšusumetso ea thobalano. Neuroscience ea Boitšoaro. 2010; 124 (6): 773-779. [Setsebi sa Google]; Kleitz-Nelson, Dominguez, Cornil, le Ball, 2010 Kleitz-Nelson H. K, Dominguez J. M, Cornil C. A, Ball GJ Na boemo ba tšusumetso ea thobalano bo hokahane le tokollo ea dopamine sebakeng sa medical propathy? Behaviour Neuroscience. 2010; 124 (2): 300-304. [Setsebi sa Google], Pfaus, 2010 Pfaus JG Dopamine: Ho thusa ba batona ho kopitsa bonyane lilemo tse limilione tsa 200: Polelo ea maikutlo ea Kleitz-Nelson et al. (2010). Neuroscience ea Boitšoaro. 2010; 124 (6): 877-880. [Setsebi sa Google]), ho netefatsa hore thobalano, e bohlokoa ho pholoheng ea mefuta, e lula e le bohlokoa. Hypersexuality ka lebaka la ho kenella ha dopaminergic pharmacologic ke mokhoa o tsejoang oa kalafo e joalo, 'me e amana le' tlhoko e fetisisang ea cue-triggered incentive salience-based motivation '(Politis et al., 2013 Politis M, Loane C, Wu K, O'Sullivan S. S, Woodhead Z, Kiferle L, etal. Karabelo ea Neural litšoantšong tsa thobalano tse amanang le kalafo e amanang le kalafo ea lefu la Parkinson. Boko. 2013; 136 (Pt. 2): 400–411. [Setsebi sa Google]). Ho joalo, ho lemalla ho ka hlalosoa e le ho hloka botsitso. Sebakeng sa ho batla se tla ntlafatsa pholoho, ba lemaletseng ba susumetsoa ke takatso ea ho batla leha e le kotsi, ke ts'ebetso ea neuroplastic e khutlisetsang ntlha ea hedonic.

Re bona tšebetso ena ea methapo ea kutlo maemong a lisele ka ho arola dendritic arborization le liphetoho tse ling tsa lisele tse fanang ka 'scaffolding' ea methapo bakeng sa li-synapses tse ncha. Litakatso tse matla tse amanang le satiation e latelang li hlahisitse liphetoho tsena tsa micromorphologic, joalo ka ha ho bonts'itsoe ke mefuta e fapaneng ea ho felloa ke matla joalo ka cocaine (Robinson & Kolb, 1999 Robinson T. E, Kolb B. Liphetoho ho morphology ea dendrites le dendritic spines ho li-nucleus accumbens le cortex ea pele ho kamora kalafo e phetoa-phetoang le amphetamine ea cocaine. Koranta ea Europe ea Neuroscience. 1999; 11: 1598-1604. [Setsebi sa Google]), amphetamine (Li, Kolb, & Robinson, 2003 Li Y, Kolb B, Robinson TE Sebaka sa phetoho e phehellang ea amphetamine e bakang khatello ea methapo ea methapo ea methapo (dendritic spines) e bohareng ba spiny neurons ka har'a li-nucleus tsa li-nucleus le li-caudate-putamen. Neurospsychopharmacology. 2003; 28: 1082-1085. [Setsebi sa Google]), letsoai (Roitman, Na, Anderson, Jones, & Berstein, 2002 Roitman M. F, Na E, Anderson G, Jones T. A, Berstein IL Induction ea takatso ea lijo ea letsoai alters dendritic morphology ho li-nucleus bokellanang le ho hlasimolla likhoto ho amphetamine. Tlaleho ea Neuroscience. 2002; 22 (11): RC225: 1-5. [Setsebi sa Google]), le thobalano (Pitchers, Balfour et al., 2012 Pitchers K. K, Balfour M. E, Lehman M. N, Richtand N. M, Yu L, Coolen LM Neuroplasticity tsamaisong ea mesolimbic e kentsoeng ke moputso oa tlhaho le moputso o latelang. Psychology. 2012; 67: 872-879. [Setsebi sa Google]). Mefuta ea ho fokotsa letsoai e bontšitsoe hore e ka kopanya likarolo tse tšoanang tsa mofuta oa koae, 'me sena se khothaletsoa ke bahanyetsi ba dopamine, ba fana ka maikutlo a hore tlhekefetso ea lithethefatsi e senya mekhoa ea khale ea tšusumetso e bohlokoa ho pholoheng (Liedtke et al., 2011 Liedtke W. B, McKinley M. J, Walker L. L, Zhang H, Pfenning A. R, Drago J, etal. Kameho ea mefuta ea tlhekefetso ho mofuta oa hypothalamic e fetoha e khotsofatsang le ho khotsofatsa takatso ea tlhaho ea takatso ea tlhaho, sodium takatso. Likhatiso tsa Mokhatlo oa Sechaba oa Saense. 2011; 108 (30): 12509-12514. [Setsebi sa Google]).

Ho ts'oaroa ha li-receptor tsa Glutamate ke sesupo sa polasetiki ea synaptic. Ho etsa thobalano, joalo ka moputso o matla oa bokong, ho bonts'itse bopaki ba keketseho e khutsitseng, e bonts'ang keketseho ea palo ea li-receptor tsa NMDA-AMPA, harbinger ea polasetiki ea morao-rao ea synaptic le ho ithuta ha li-synapses tsena hamorao li sa ngolisoe, tse ts'oanang le tse etsahalang ka koae sebelisa (Pitchers, Schmid et al., 2012 Pitchers K. K, Schmid S, Sebastiano A. R, Wang X, Laviolette S. R, Lehman M. N, etal. Boiphihlelo ba moputso oa tlhaho bo fetolang AMPA le phetisetso ea li-receptor tsa NMDA le tšebetso ea li-nucleus. PloS One. 2012; 7 (4): e34700. [Setsebi sa Google]). Ka ho khetheha, phetoho ena ea karo-karolelano e ne e le kapele ebile e tšoarella, 'me e fumanoe ka li-neurus tse bokellanang le li-neurons tse amanang le preortal cortex, sebaka seo e leng sa bohlokoa ho sebelisanang le CSBs (Pitchers, Schmid et al., 2012 Pitchers K. K, Schmid S, Sebastiano A. R, Wang X, Laviolette S. R, Lehman M. N, etal. Boiphihlelo ba moputso oa tlhaho bo fetolang AMPA le phetisetso ea li-receptor tsa NMDA le tšebetso ea li-nucleus. PloS One. 2012; 7 (4): e34700. [Setsebi sa Google]). Ho sena, thobalano e ikhethile har'a meputso ea tlhaho, ka hore moputso oa lijo ha oa ka oa baka phetoho ena e ts'oanang ea polasetiki ea synaptic (Chen et al., 2008 Chen B. T, Bowers M. S, Martin M, Hopf F. W, Guillory A. M, Carelli R. M, etal. Cocaine empa e seng moputso oa tlhaho ho itaola kapa ho ts'oara infosine ea koae ho hlahisa LTP e phehellang ho VTA. Neuron. 2008; 59: 288-297. [Setsebi sa Google]). Ka mokhoa o makatsang, liphetoho tsa neuroplastic ho dendritic morphology le ho ts'oaroa ke glutamate receptor li ile tsa lumellana le boiphihlelo bo eketsehileng ba thobalano le ho eketseha ha maikutlo a amphetamine, e leng tšobotsi e 'ngoe ea ho lemalla. Le kamora matsatsi a 28, ha liphetoho tsena li kokobela, maikutlo a susumetsang takatso ea thobalano ho amphetamine a phehella (Pitchers et al., 2013 Pitchers K. K, Vialou V, Nestler E. J, Laviolette S. R, Lehman M. N, Coolen LM Meputso ea tlhaho le lithethefatsi li sebetsa ka mekhoa e tloaelehileng ea neural polasetiki le DeltaFosB e le mokena-lipakeng oa senotlolo. Tlaleho ea Neuroscience. 2013; 33 (8): 3434-3442. [Setsebi sa Google]), ho matlafatsa le ho feta bopaki ba bokhoba ba tlhaho.

Lithuto tse 'maloa tse khethiloeng mabapi le moputso oa thobalano le DeltaFosB li phatlalalitsoe kamora Boiteko bo Boholo ba Litšoantšo Puisano ea TEDx, le ho tloha tlhahlobo e kaholimo.

1) DeltaFosB: Ho Fetoha ha Molecular bakeng sa Moputso (2013) - Litlhaloso tse hlahang:

Ho kenyelletsa nako e telele joalo SuchFosB, kahare ho libaka tsa moputso, ho bile le tšusumetso liphoofolong tsa liphoofolo tsa bokhoba ba lithethefatsi, ka bopaki bo bongata bo bontšang hore ΔFosB e khothaletsa moputso le tšusumetso ebile e sebetsa e le sesebelisoa sa bohlokoa sa ho hlohlelletsa lithethefatsi le ho eketsa taolo ea lithethefatsi . Sena se netefalitsoe ho batho kamora lefu, ka maemo a phahameng a osBFosB a bonoang libakeng tsa moputso tsa bokooa bo lemaletseng….

Liphumano tsena li fana ka maikutlo a hore "osFosB sebakeng sena sa boko e khotsofatsa liphoofolo eseng feela bakeng sa meputso ea lithethefatsi, empa bakeng sa meputso ea tlhaho, 'me ka hona e khannela boemo bo phahameng ba khothatso bakeng sa meputso ka kakaretso mme e ka ba le seabo ho syndromes ea bokhoba ba tlhaho ...

Haeba khopolo-taba ena e nepahetse, e hlahisa monyetla o khahlisang oa hore maemo a ΔFosB ho NAc kapa mohlomong libakeng tse ling tsa boko a ka sebelisoa e le biomarker ho lekola boemo ba ts'ebetso ea meputso ea motho ka mong, le boemo boo motho a leng ho bona “Lekhoba la tahi,” ka bobeli nakong ea ho lemalla bokhoba le ho tsubella hanyane ka hanyane nakong ea ho tlosoa kapa kalafo e telele. Ts'ebeliso ea ΔFosB joalo ka letšoao la boemo ba bokhoba e bontšitsoe mefuteng ea liphoofolo. Liphoofolo tsa lilemong tsa bocha li bontša ho kenella ΔFosB haholo ha ho bapisoa le liphoofolo tse tsofetseng, tse lumellanang le ho ba kotsing ea tsona ea ho lemalla.

2) Meputso ea Tlhaho le Meriana Molao oa Common Neural Plasticity Mekhoa e nang le DFFB e le Mokena-lipakeng oa Motlakase (2013) - Phuputso ena e hlahlobile litlamorao tsa moputso oa thobalano ho DeltaFosB le litlamorao tsa DeltaFosB mabapi le boits'oaro le moputso. Liphetoho tse tloaelehileng tsa limolek'hule tse tsejoang hore lia etsahala ka ho lemalla lithethefatsi li fumanoe li ts'oana le tse etsahalang ka moputso oa thobalano. Lipotoloho tse tšoanang, mekhoa e ts'oanang, liphetoho tse tšoanang tsa lisele, boits'oaro bo tšoanang bo amanang - le liphapang tse nyane. Litemana tse qotsitsoeng:

Lithethefatsi tsa tlhekefetso li kenya li-neuroplasticity tseleng ea moputso oa tlhaho, haholo-holo li-nucleus accumbens (NAc), ka hona li baka nts'etsopele le polelo ea boitšoaro bo lematsang. Bopaki ba morao-rao bo bonts'a hore meputso ea tlhaho e ka baka liphetoho tse tšoanang ho NAc, e fana ka maikutlo a hore lithethefatsi li ka etsa hore tšebetso ea polasetiki e arolelanoe le moputso oa tlhaho, le ho lumella puisano e ikhethang lipakeng tsa moputso oa tlhaho le oa lithethefatsi.

Ka bobeli, liphumano tsena li bonts'a hore lithethefatsi tsa tlhekefetso le boits'oaro ba moputso oa tlhaho bo sebetsa ka mekhoa e tloaelehileng ea limolek'hule le ea cellular ea taolo ea tlhekefetso ea ts'ebeliso ea lithethefatsi, le hore ts'oaetso ena e eketsehang e kopantsoe ke ΔFosB le sepheo sa eona sa ho ngola se tlase.

Kahoo, meputso ea tlhaho [ea thobalano] le lithethefatsi e sa kopaneng feela tseleng e ts'oanang ea neural, li kopana le baemeli ba tšoanang ba limolek'hule (Nestler et al., 2001; Wallace et al., 2008; Hedges et al., 2009; Pitchers et al., 2010b), mme ho ka etsahala ka li-neuron tse tšoanang ho NAc (Frohmader et al., 2010b), ho susumetsa moferefere le "ho batla" ha mefuta e 'meli ea meputso (Berridge le Robinson, 1998).

3) Tlhōlisano ea Delta JunD ka nucleus accumbens e thibela ho fumana thobalano ka liphate tsa basali tsa Syria (2013) - Litlhaloso tse hlahang:

Boitšoaro bo susumetsoang, bo kenyeletsang boiphihlelo ba botona le botšehali, bo kenya tšebetsong sistamine ea mesolimbic le ho hlahisa liphetoho tse tšoarellang molek'hule le sebopeho ka har'a li-nucleus accumbens. Ntlha ea phetisetso ΔFosB e hokahantsoe ho arola likarolo tsa polasetiki ena tse itšetlehileng ka boiphihlelo.

Re fumane hore overexpression ea ΔJunD e thibetse ho etsoa ha sebaka se khethiloeng ka mor'a liphihlelo tsa khafetsa tsa thobalano. Lintlha tsena, ha li kopantsoe le liphumano tsa rona tsa nakong e fetileng, li fana ka maikutlo a hore osFosB e bohlokoa ebile e lekane bakeng sa boits'oaro ba boitšoaro bo latelang boiphihlelo ba thobalano. Ntle le moo, liphetho tsena li thusa molemong oa lingoliloeng tse ngata tse ntseng li eketseha tse bonts'a tlhokeho ea polelo ea setho sa ΔFosB ka har'a li-nucleus tsa ho amohela ka mokhoa o lumellanang molemong oa tšusumetso e ntle.

4) Nucleus accumbens NMDA e amohelang matla a ho laola li-amphetamine ho etsa hore batho ba khone ho tšoaea sefahleho le marulelo a fapaneng .FosB e bua ka phihlelo ea ho kopanela liphate ka likhoto tsa banna (2015) - Litlhaloso tse hlahang:

Boiphihlelo ba botona le botšehali ho likhoto tsa banna tse lateloang ke nako ea ho itlopa joala ho baka tebello ea ho fumana moputso oa d-Amphetamine (Amph), ho bonahatsoang ke khetho e atolositsoeng ea sebaka sa maemo (CPP) bakeng sa litekanyetso tse tlase tsa Amph. Ntle le moo, boiphihlelo ba thobalano bo etsa hore ho be le polasetiki ea neural ka hare ho nucleus accumbens (NAc), ho kenyelletsoa ho kenella ho deltaFosB, e phethang karolo ea bohlokoa phihlelong ea kutlo ea moputso oa Amph.

Ka bobeli, liphetho tsena li fana ka bopaki ba hore ts'ebetso ea receptor ea NAc NMDA nakong ea boitšoaro ba thobalano e bapala karolo ea bohlokoa ho kopantseng tlhoko ea cFos le polelo ea deltaFosB le boiphihlelo bo latelang bo susumetsang tšusumetso ea sefapano ho moputso oa Amphetamine.

6) Ventral Tegmental Area Tlhahlobo ea lisele tsa thobalano nakong ea Tšebelisano ea ho Kopanela Liphate e Tšoara Meriana ea ho Kopanela Liphate e etsa hore ho se ke ha e- - Litlhaloso tse hlahang:

Lithethefatsi tsa tlhekefetso li sebetsa litseleng tsa neural tse pakeng tsa ho ithuta ka moputso oa tlhaho le ho hopola. Ho pepesehela mekhoa ea moputso oa tlhaho ho ka fetola moputso o latelang o amanang le lithethefatsi. Ka ho khetheha, boiphihlelo ka boitšoaro ba thobalano, bo lateloang ke nako ea ho ila boitšoaro ba thobalano, bo baka moputso o eketsehileng bakeng sa amphetamine ho likhoto tsa banna. Boithuto bona bo bonts'a hore ts'ebetso ea "activation" ea "ventral tegmental sebakeng" dopamine neurons nakong ea boiphihlelo ba thobalano e laola maikutlo a sefapano sa moputso oa amphetamine. Kamora nako, ts'ebetso ea "cell" ea dopamine cell activation e bohlokoa bakeng sa ho tloaela boiphihlelo bo etsoang ka sepheo sa ho sebetsa sa "nucleos" se bokellaneng, sebakeng sa pele sa "cortex". Liphumano tsena li bonts'a karolo ea mesolimbic dopamine ts'ebelisanong lipakeng tsa meputso ea tlhaho le ea lithethefatsi, le ho khetholla mesolimbic dopamine e le mokena-lipakeng oa liphetoho tsa tlokotsi bakeng sa ts'ebeliso ea lithethefatsi kamora ho lahleheloa ke moputso oa tlhaho.

Kamora nako, ho tlameha ho hlokomeloe hore basomi ba Boiteko bo Boholo ba Litšoantšo, joalo ka Nicole Prause, Jim Pfaus, David Ley le Marty Klein kaofela ba boletse hore ho tsosa takatso ea botona kapa botšehali ha ho tšoane ho fapaneng le moputso o mong oa tlhaho (lijo, metsi). Ho sengoloa sena sa HuffPost, Nicole Prause o bontšitse hore ho ipholla litho tsa thobalano le ho shebella malinyane a bapala ho lekana ka methapo ea kutlo.

Ke bolela taba ena hobane Prause o boletse hore o buile le TED makhetlo a 'maloa ho tletleba ka eona Boiteko bo Boholo ba Litšoantšo. TED e lokela ho hlokomela tseko e sa tšehetsoang e hlahisitsoeng ke ba ipolelang hore ke litsebi tsa 'nete. Taba e makatsang ea hore ho shebella malinyane ha e tšoane ka maikutlo ho tloha ho ipholla litho ho ea ho porno e laoloa ke Don Hilton MD sengoloeng sena: Ho lokisa ho se utloisisane ka Neuroscience le Mathata a ho Kopanela Liphate ka Bothata. Sebaka se amehang:

Ha u ntse u bapala le bana ba ka 'na ba sebelisa tsamaiso ea moputso (ntle leha u le motho oa kotsing), ts'ebetso e joalo ha e tšehetse taba ea hore meputso eohle ea tlhaho e tšoana le ea methapo ea maikutlo. Ntlha ea pele, tsoho ea ho kopanela liphate le bo-'mampoli bo etsa hore ho be le li-opioid tse ngata haholo le tse ling tse sa feleng ho feta moputso ofe kapa ofe oa tlhaho. Liphuputso tsa Rat li senola hore litekanyetso tsa dopamine tse hlahang ka ho tsosoa ha thobalano li lekana le tse susumelitsoeng ke tsamaiso ea morphine kapa nicotine.

Ho tsosoa ka thobalano ho boetse hoa ikhetha hobane e sebetsa ka ho toba monehelo o tšoanang oa lisele tsa methapo ea kutlo joalo ka lithethefatsi tse lemalloang. Ka lehlakoreng le leng, ho na le file ea karolo e nyenyane ea ts'ebeliso ea methapo ea lithethefatsi e kenang lipakeng tsa lithethefatsi tse lemalang le meputso ea tlhaho e kang lijo kapa metsi. Ha ho makatse hore ebe bafuputsi ba boetse ba hlokometse hore moputso oa tlhaho oa lijo ha o bake phetoho e tsitsitseng ea syntaptic plasticity joaloka thobalano (Chen le al., 2008).

Leha ho le joalo, sena ha se bolele hore moputso oa lijo tsa tlhaho ha o khone fetoha meriana kapa ho sitisa batho ka bomong le ho fokotsa mathata a bophelo ba sechaba, kapa ho baka boko bo fetoha lipotlelong tsa moputso. Ngaka leha e le efe ea tseba hore botenya ke bophelo bo botle bo amanang le ho ja libilione tsa litšenyehelo tsa bongaka, le dopamine receptor e senyeha boemong ba boko ba boko bo khutlela boleng bo bongata bo tloaelehileng ka ho lahleheloa ke boima ka mor'a ho buuoa ka setho sa gastric. Hape, litlaleho tsa DNA tse hlahisang liprotheine tsa tsamaiso ea bohlokoa molemong oa litakatso tse hlahisoang ke letsoai ho felloa ke metsi e tšoanang le e hlahisoang ke takatso ea lithethefatsi (Leidke et al., 2011, PNAS). A National Geographic Sehlooho sena se boletse hore lithethefatsi "ho senya" meputso ena ea tlhaho, 'me sena ke' nete bakeng sa ho lemala hohle, ebang ke poker, porno kapa popcorn.

Lithethefatsi tse lemalang hase feela ho qhekella lisele tse nang le methapo e nepahetseng e sebelisitsoe nakong ea ho tsosoa ha thobalano, ba khetha mekhoa e tšoanang ea ho ithuta e fetohileng ho re etsa takatso ea thobalano. Ho ts'ehetsa lisele tse ts'oanang tsa methapo ea thobalano e etsang hore ho tsosoa takatso ea thobalano e be e thusang haholo ho hlalosa hore na ke hobane'ng ha meth, cocaine le heroin li ka lemalla joalo. Hape, ka bobeli ho kopanela liphate 'me tšebeliso ea lithethefatsi e ka etsa hore ntho e ngotsoeng ea DeltaFosB e fetole motsoako, e leng se bakang liphetoho tsa "neuroplastic" tse teng hoo e batlang e tšoana le maemo a mabeli a thobalano 'me tšebeliso e sa foleng ea lithethefatsi.

Le hoja e le e rarahaneng haholo hoo e ka hlalosang ka ho qaqileng, liphetoho tse ngata tsa nakoana tsa meriana le li-hormone e etsahala ka orgasm tse sa hlahellang ka meputso efe kapa efe ea tlhaho. Tsena li kenyeletsa ho fokotseha ha li-androgen receptors, li-receptor tse eketsehileng tsa estrogen, li-enkephalins tse eketsehileng tsa hypothalamic le prolactin e eketsehileng. Ka mohlala, ejaculation e etsisa liphello tsa ho sa feleng heroin tsamaiso ka moputso tsamaiso ea methapo ea methapo (ventral tegmental sebakeng seo, kapa VTA). Ka ho khetheha, ho khaotsa ho qeta nakoana ho fokotsa dopamine e hlahisang lisele tsa methapo e fokolang ho sebelisoa ha heroin e sa foleng, e lebisang tlhokomelong ea nakoana ea dopamine setsing sa moputso (nucleus accumbens).

Thuto ea fMRI ea 2000 o bapisa ho sebelisoa ha boko ka melemo e 'meli e fapaneng ea tlhaho, e' ngoe ea eona e ne e le litšoantšo tsa bootsoa Ho tsuba ha Cocaine le ho laola bophelo bo botle li ne li shebella lifilimi tsa: 1) likamano tsa ho kopanela liphate tse hlakileng, 2), le 3) batho ba tsubang crack cocaine. Liphello: lithethefatsi tsa k'hok'heine li ne li batla li tšoana le ha li shebella litšoantšo tsa bootsoa le ho shebella lintlha tse amanang le lithethefatsi. (Ka ts'ebetso, bobeli ba cocaine le ho laola bophelo bo botle bo ne bo e-na le mekhoa e tšoanang ea bokooa ba litšoantšo tsa bootsoa.) Leha ho le joalo, bakeng sa lithethefatsi le litsamaiso, mekhoa ea ts'ebetso ea boko ha ho shebella litšoantšo tsa tlhaho e fapane ka ho feletseng le mekhoa ea ho sheba litšoantšo tsa bootsoa. Ka mantsoe a mang, ho na le mabaka a mangata a likokoana-hloko re ba le mokhelo ka tsela e fapaneng le ea ho bapala le malinyane kapa ho shebella ha letsatsi le likela. Bashemane ba limilione ba lilemong tsa bocha le banana ba ntseng ba eketseha ha ba shebelle malinyane feela inthaneteng, mme Mindgeek oa tseba hore ho etsa libilione likhethong tsa papatso u reha sebaka "Pornhub," eseng "PuppyHub!"

Leqephe lena la bobeli le na le li-slide tsa 18 ka 35